1.
First Lady of the United States
–
First Lady of the United States is the informal but accepted title held by the wife of the President of the United States, concurrent with the presidents term of office. Although the first lady’s role has never been codified or officially defined, melania Trump is the current First Lady. While the title was not in use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington. During her lifetime she was referred to as Lady Washington. Since the 1790s the role of first lady has changed considerably and it has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Additionally, over the individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors. Historically, should a president be unmarried, or a widower, the use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D. C. social circles. The title first gained recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as the First Lady of the Land while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B, the frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled The First Lady in the Land, by the 1930s, it was in wide use. Use of the later spread from the United States to other nations. The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States, the position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society, the role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House and she organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four main themes of the first ladyship, as public woman, as political celebrity, as political activist. Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital and this socializing became known as the Republican Court and provided elite women with an opportunity to play backstage political role
First Lady of the United States
–
Incumbent
Michelle Obama
First Lady of the United States
–
Dolley Madison was said to be the first President's wife to be referred to as "First Lady" at her funeral in 1849.
First Lady of the United States
–
First Ladies (from left to right)
Michelle Obama,
Laura Bush, former Secretary of State and presidential candidate
Hillary Clinton,
Barbara Bush, and
Rosalynn Carter during the dedication of the
George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum in 2013.
First Lady of the United States
–
Missouri Governor
John Ashcroft and First Lady
Barbara Bush with a "Parents as Teachers" group at the
Greater St. Louis Ferguson-Florissant School District in October 1991. Mrs. Bush (in rocking chair) is reading
Brown Bear, Brown Bear to the children.
2.
Chester A. Arthur
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Chester Alan Arthur was an American attorney and politician who served as the 21st President of the United States, he succeeded James A. Garfield upon the latters assassination. At the outset, Arthur struggled to overcome a slightly negative reputation and he succeeded by embracing the cause of civil service reform. His advocacy for, and subsequent enforcement of, the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act was the centerpiece of his administration, Arthur was born in Fairfield, Vermont, grew up in upstate New York, and practiced law in New York City. He served as general in the New York Militia during the American Civil War. Following the war, he devoted time to Republican politics. In 1878, the new president, Rutherford B, Hayes, fired Arthur as part of a plan to reform the federal patronage system in New York. When Garfield won the Republican nomination for president in 1880, Arthur, after just half a year as vice president, Arthur found himself in the executive mansion due to the assassination of his predecessor. To the surprise of reformers, Arthur took up the cause of reform and he signed the Pendleton Act into law and strongly enforced its provisions. He gained praise for his veto of a Rivers and Harbors Act that would have appropriated federal funds in a manner he thought excessive. He presided over the rebirth of the United States Navy, but was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus, suffering from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure the Republican Partys nomination in 1884, he retired at the close of his term. Journalist Alexander McClure later wrote, No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted as Chester Alan Arthur, more generally respected, alike by political friend and foe. The New York World summed up Arthurs presidency at his death in 1886, No duty was neglected in his administration, mark Twain wrote of him, t would be hard indeed to better President Arthurs administration. Over the 20th and 21st centuries, however, Arthurs reputation mostly faded among the public, Chester Alan Arthur was born October 5,1829, in Fairfield, Vermont. Arthurs mother, Malvina Stone, was born in Vermont, the daughter of George Washington Stone, malvinas family was primarily of English and Welsh descent, and her grandfather, Uriah Stone, fought in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. His father, William Arthur, was born in Dreen, Cullybackey, County Antrim, Ireland, he graduated college in Belfast. Arthurs mother met his father while William Arthur was teaching at a school in Dunham, Quebec, the two married in Dunham on April 12,1821, soon after meeting. After their first child, Regina, was born, the Arthurs moved to Vermont and they quickly moved from Burlington to Jericho, and finally to Waterville, as William received positions teaching at different schools. William Arthur became an outspoken abolitionist, which made him unpopular with members of his congregations
Chester A. Arthur
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Chester Alan Arthur
Chester A. Arthur
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Arthur married
Ellen Herndon in 1859.
Chester A. Arthur
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The
New York Custom House (formerly the Merchants' Exchange building at
55 Wall Street) was Arthur's office for seven years.
Chester A. Arthur
–
A cartoon depicting President
Rutherford B. Hayes kicking Arthur out of the New York Custom House
3.
Lucretia Garfield
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Lucretia Rudolph Garfield, wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881. Her ancestry includes German, Welsh, English and Irish, Lucretia Garfields paternal great-grandfather immigrated to Pennsylvania from Württemberg, the Eclectic Institute believed in the education of women and because of this Lucretia became an educated women of her time. Lucretia studied all of the classics, and learned to speak Greek, Latin, French, additionally, she studied science, biology, math, history, and philosophy. She graduated from Hiram College and then became a teacher and she first met James Garfield in 1849 while she was attending school at Hiram College where James was her teacher in Chester, Ohio. He then went to Williams College while she stayed behind to begin teaching in Cleveland, Ohio and Bayou and they then began correspondence and became engaged shortly after. Garfield was attracted to her intellect and appetite for knowledge. Never a faithful fiancé or husband, James took on several lovers, Lucretia, kept up her studies and her teaching determined to have something to fall back on if ever she found herself unmarried. She didnt want to have to depend on her father to support her, both James and Crete were 26 when they married on November 11,1858 at the home of the brides parents in Hiram. Although both were members of the churches of Christ, the nuptials were performed by Henry Hitchcock, the newlyweds did not take a honeymoon but instead set up housekeeping immediately in Hiram. His service in the Union Army from 1861 to 1863 kept them apart, but after his first winter in Washington as a freshman Representative, the family remained together. With a home in the capital as well as one in Mentor, Ohio, in Washington, D. C. they shared intellectual interests with congenial friends, she went with him to meetings of a locally celebrated literary society. They read together, made social calls together, dined with each other, two died in early childhood, Eliza Arabella Trot Garfield and Edward Garfield. Four sons and a daughter lived to maturity, Harry Augustus Garfield - lawyer, educator, James Rudolph Garfield - lawyer, public official. Educated at private schools in Cleveland and Connecticut, she in 1888 married Joseph Stanley-Brown, presidential secretary during Garfields term and she lived in New York and Pasadena, California. He followed his brothers to Williams College and Columbia Law School. He settled in Boston, where he prospered as partner in the firm of Warren & Garfield, a graduate of Williams College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he settled in Cleveland, where he worked as an architect from offices in the James A. Garfield Building. He served as chairman of the Cleveland Planning Commission 1929-1942 and was active in the American Institute of Architects, James Garfields election to the presidency brought a cheerful family to the White House in 1881. Aside from hosting dinners and receptions, Lucretia advised her husband on who to select as cabinet officers and her choice for Secretary of State, James Blaine, proved to be successful
Lucretia Garfield
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Lucretia Garfield
Lucretia Garfield
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The Garfield children
Lucretia Garfield
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Garfield family
4.
Rose Cleveland
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Rose Elizabeth Cleveland, was the de facto First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother, President Grover Clevelands two administrations. Rose Elizabeth Cleveland was born in Fayetteville, New York, on June 14,1846, known to her family as Libby, Rose was the youngest of nine children born to Reverend Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland. In 1853 the family moved to Holland Patent, New York, where her father was settled as pastor of the Presbyterian church, Rose was 7 at the time of her fathers death. She stayed in Holland Patent to care for her widowed mother, Grover Cleveland, Roses elder brother, was 16 years old at the time. Determined to support his family, Grover left school, and he headed off to New York City to work as a teacher at the State School for the Blind to help support his family. Rose was educated at Houghton seminary in Clinton, New York and she became a teacher at Houghton in order to support herself and her widowed mother. Rose also taught at the Collegiate Institute in Lafayette, Indiana, and at a school in Muncy, Pennsylvania. At Muncy Seminary Rose was known for her personality and independence. Rose gained a nickname throughout her circle of friends in Muncy, Rose then prepared a course of historical lectures, one lecture in particular focused on Altruistic Faith, which she delivered before the students of Houghton seminary and at other schools. In the 1880s Rose returned to Holland Patent to care for her ailing mother, during this time Rose taught at Sunday School and did some work in literature. When not employed in this manner, she devoted herself to her mother in the homestead at Holland Patent until her mothers death in 1882. After Ann Neal Clevelands death, Rose was left alone at the known as The Weeds. Rose continued to teach Sunday School and give lectures, in one lecture on altruistic faith, she stated, We cannot touch humanity at large, except as we touch humanity in the individual. We make the world a place through our concrete relationships, not through our vague. We must each find a true partner someone who understands and appreciates us and our deepest craving is for recognition--to be known by another human being for what we truly are. When her elder brother, Grover Cleveland, won the election as 22nd President of the United States, Rose became First Lady and she stood by her brother as First Lady during his inauguration and his two initial bachelor years in the White House. During her early tenure as First Lady, Rose received front-page treatment from the New York Times about her appearance during her second reception at the White House, the newspaper reported that Miss Cleveland wore a dress of black satin, with entire overdress of Spanish lace. The satin bodice was cut low and sleeveless, and the transparent lace revealed the shoulders, Rose Cleveland did not completely fit into Washington high society
Rose Cleveland
–
Rose Cleveland
5.
Greenwich (town), New York
–
Greenwich is a town in the southwest part of Washington County, New York, United States. The town is located on the west border of the county, the population was 4,896 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area, Greenwich features several homes that were a part of the Underground Railroad. The Town of Greenwich contains a village also named Greenwich, the Horicon tribe is believed to be part of the early native population of the town. Families began settling the area around 1763, the town was originally part of five land patents, Saratoga, Kettlehuyn, Cuyler, Campbell, and Argyle. The Town of Greenwich was formed part of the Town of Argyle in 1803. In 1809, the community of Whipple City incorporated as a village, in 1867, the name was changed to Greenwich. Greenwich views itself as having been an important location along the Underground Railroad, a historical marker was placed in Mowry Park detailing the locations of former safe houses. The Greenwich and Johnsonville Railroad brought rail service to the area in 1870, the Coffin Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 44.4 square miles. It lies within the Cambridge valley region in between the Adirondack Mountains and Green Mountain Range of Vermont, the west town line is defined by the Hudson River with Saratoga County on the opposite shore. New York State Route 40 is a highway through the center of the town. NY29 is an east-west highway located near the town line. NY40 and NY29 join near Middle Falls, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,896 people,1,927 households, and 1,358 families residing in the town. The population density was 111.3 people per square mile, there were 2,101 housing units at an average density of 47.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 81% White,0. 31% Black or African American,0. 06% Native American,0. 82% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 18% from other races, and 0. 78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 65% of the population,24. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the family size was 3.01
Greenwich (town), New York
–
A
farm in Greenwich
Greenwich (town), New York
–
Location in
Washington County and the state of
New York.
6.
Albany, New York
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Albany is the capital of the U. S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County. Roughly 150 miles north of New York City, Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River, the population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census. With a Census-estimated population of 98,4242013, the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state and 38th in the United States. Fortune 500 companies that have offices in Albany include American Express, J. P. Morgan and Chase, Merrill Lynch, General Electric, Verizon, Goldman Sachs, International Paper, and Key Bank. In the 21st century, the Capital District has emerged as an anchor of Tech Valley. This was the first European settlement in the state, settled by Dutch colonists who built Fort Nassau for fur trading in 1614 and they formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples, two major Native American nations in the region. The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange, in 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements, renaming the city as Albany, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was chartered in 1686 under English rule. It became the capital of New York State in 1797, following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War, Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of government in the Western Hemisphere. During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th, Albany was a center of trade, Albanys main exports at the time were beer, lumber, published works, and ironworks. Beginning in 1810, Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the United States, in the 20th century, the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, the precursor of todays Albany International Airport. During the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in the state capital and it marshalled the power of immigrants and their descendants in both cities. In the early 21st century, Albany has experienced growth in the high-technology industry, Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century, with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services. The city has rebounded from the decline of the 1970s and 1980s. Albany is known for its history, commerce, culture, architecture. Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009, Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. The Hudson River area was inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Mohican, who called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw
Albany, New York
–
Clockwise from top: Albany skyline from
Rensselaer; middle-class housing in the
Helderberg neighborhood;
Palace Theatre;
Empire State Plaza from the
Cultural Education Center;
North Pearl Street at Columbia Street; and the State Quad at
SUNY Albany.
Albany, New York
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This 1895 map of Albany shows the gridded
block system as it expanded around the former
turnpikes.
Albany, New York
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The
steamer Albany departs for
New York City; at the height of steam travel in 1884, more than 1.5 million passengers took the trip.
Albany, New York
–
The
Albany Institute of History & Art
7.
Emma Willard School
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The first womens higher education institution in the United States, it was founded by womens rights advocate Emma Willard in 1821, and has an endowment of $83 million. Emma Willard is an independent college-preparatory day and boarding school enrolling students in grades 9–12, class sizes are kept at a 16-student maximum, the typical student to teacher ratio is 6 to 1. Advanced Placement preparation is offered in all disciplines, students also may enroll in courses at neighboring Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Most students take five courses each semester, classes meet four or five times each week for fifty minutes, though lab sciences, seminars, and AP sections meet for varying lengths of time. An ESL program offers intermediate and advanced-level curriculum for international students, all students must fulfill a community service requirement and take physical education or its equivalent each semester in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh grades. Seniors must take at least ten weeks, Emma Willard offers inquiry-based classes across all disciplines. In keeping with philosophy of personal development providing its own benchmarks. The grading system uses letter and number grades and it goes as follows, A, A−, B+, B, B−, C+, C, C−, etc. accompanied usually by a number indicating where on the spectrum the individual student falls. Over one-third of the students participate in Practicum each year, Emma Willard students worked to make Emma Willard School the first fair trade high school in the United States in 2010. In 1821, Emma Hart Willard opened the Troy Female Seminary in Troy, having taught for several years, Emma Willard perceived the egregious disparity in what girls learned compared to boys. In 1819, Willard promoted a comprehensive secondary and postsecondary female educational institution and her address to the office of New York’s “innovative” governor DeWitt Clinton met with initial success. However, the New State legislature at Albany, on hearing her request, responded with mixed sentiment, many of the wives of prominent men steadfastly supported and promoted her educational agenda to their friends and associates. Thereafter, the City of Troys Common Council eventually raised $4,000 that would facilitate Willard’s purchase of a flagship building for her proposed seminary for young women. She had already obtained inexpensive accommodation in a nearby historic Waterford, there, she had come to rent two nondescript long and narrow stone structures, former pre-Colonial Dutch estates outbuildings in a picturesque setting along the mighty Mohawk River. The propertys border still abuts the Erie Canal’s first but long-defunct stone lock, however, in early 1821, a critical funds shortage from to a brief economic downturn that had impacted the region made her be compelled to close her Waterford Academy. Toward the close of 1821, she secured $4,000 in funding and relocated to Troy, the Albany Academy for Boys had been established in March 1813, just downstream from Waterford and her temporary school, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute opened in 1824. She was able to found the Troy Female Seminary for young ladies of means. From its establishment in 1821 until 1872, the seminary admitted 12,000 students. The Troy Female Seminary promoted the education of girls as well as women teachers in training
Emma Willard School
–
Gaudet Patientia Duris Patience Rejoices in Adversity
8.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Barack Obama since January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
President of the United States
–
Presidential Seal
President of the United States
–
Obama signing legislation at the
Resolute desk
President of the United States
–
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, successfully preserved the
Union during the
American Civil War
9.
Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur
–
Ellen Lewis Nell Herndon Arthur was the wife of the 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur. She died of pneumonia before her husband was elected vice-president in November 1880, Ellen Lewis Herndon, called Nell, was born in Culpeper Court House, Virginia, the daughter of William Lewis Herndon and Frances Elizabeth Hansborough（10 October 1817 -05 April 1878）. Her father was an officer who gained national renown in 1857 when he went down with his ship. It was the largest loss of life in a commercial shipping disaster, Herndon had safely evacuated 152 women and children to another vessel during the severe hurricane off Cape Hatteras, but his ship could not be saved. Nell was 20 when her father died, one of her fathers cousins was Matthew Fontaine Maury, another notable naval officer and explorer. Nell and Chester A. Arthur were introduced in 1856 by her cousin Dabney Herndon Maury, Arthur proposed to her on the porch of the U. S. Hotel in Saratoga Springs, New York after a brief courtship, Arthur, aged 30, married Herndon, aged 22, on October 25,1859, at Calvary Episcopal Church in New York City. The day was her fathers birthdate, the couple were known for their parties in their Lexington Avenue townhouse in Manhattan. A talented soprano, Nell Arthur sang with the Mendelssohn Glee Club, the Arthurs appeared to have a strong marriage, but it was strained by both Chesters political activities, which took much of his time, and the divided loyalties of the Civil War. While Arthur was serving in the New York militia during the conflict, his wife privately sympathized with the Confederacy and he became a gentleman of leisure. President Arthur on his deathbed warned his son not to go into politics, alan Arthur traveled extensively, maintained a fine stable of horses, and relied on polo for exercise. A celebrated playboy, at age 36 he married Myra Townsend Fithian, the couple separated after 16 years of marriage and divorced in 1927. Eventually he settled in Colorado Springs, in 1934 he married Rowena Graves, a real estate and insurance businesswoman. Ellen Hansbrough Herndon Arthur - Still a child while her father was president and she married Charles Pinkerton and lived in New York City. Nells social network widened Chesters political contacts, Nell and Chester became a power couple who were noted for their ambition to gain the recognition and prestige that would accompany Chesters rise in politics. Nell brought to her significant social connections with the élite families of New York, among her friends in her address book were the Vanderbilts, Astors. Her mothers wealth allowed them such as the three-story Lexington Avenue brownstone townhouse with expensive furnishings from Tiffany’s. Her singing as a soloist at the Mendelssohn Glee Club earned her renown of her own, in January 1880, Nell Arthur came down with a cold
Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur
–
Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, c. 1857-1870
10.
Vermont
–
Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the other U. S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermonts western border with the state of New York, Vermont is the 2nd-least populous of the U. S. states, with nearly 50,000 more residents than Wyoming. The capital is Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the U. S, the most populous municipality, Burlington, is the least populous city in the U. S. to be the most populous within a state. As of 2015, Vermont continued to be the producer of maple syrup in the U. S. It was ranked as the safest state in the country in January 2016, for thousands of years inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Mohawk, much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by Frances colony of New France. France ceded the territory to Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years War, for many years, the nearby colonies, especially the provinces of New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area. Settlers who held land titles granted by New York were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, ultimately, those settlers prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for 14 years, aside from the original 13 states that were formerly colonies, Vermont is one of only four U. S. states that were previously sovereign states. Vermont was also the first state to join the U. S. as its 14th member state after the original 13, while still an independent republic, Vermont was the first of any future U. S. state to partially abolish slavery. It played an important geographic role in the Underground Railroad, Vermont is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States and comprises 9,614 square miles, making it the 45th-largest state. It is the state that does not have any buildings taller than 124 feet. Land comprises 9,250 square miles and water comprises 365 square miles, making it the 43rd-largest in land area, in total area, it is larger than El Salvador and smaller than Haiti. The west bank of the Connecticut River marks the eastern border with New Hampshire. 41% of Vermonts land area is part of the Connecticut Rivers watershed, Lake Champlain, the major lake in Vermont, is the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States and separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state. From north to south, Vermont is 159 miles long and its greatest width, from east to west, is 89 miles at the Canada–U. S. Border, the narrowest width is 37 miles at the Massachusetts line, the states geographic center is approximately three miles east of Roxbury, in Washington County. There are fifteen U. S. federal border crossings between Vermont and Canada, the origin of the name Vermont is uncertain, but likely comes from the French les Verts Monts, meaning the Green Mountains
Vermont
–
Vermont State House in
Montpelier
Vermont
–
Flag
Vermont
–
The Hancock Overlook, on Route 100 in
Hancock, Vermont.
Vermont
–
Burlington, Vermont's largest city
11.
Continental Army
–
The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Congress on June 14,1775, the Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and troops that remained under control of the individual states or were otherwise independent. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war, most of the Continental Army was disbanded in 1783 after the Treaty of Paris ended the war. The 1st and 2nd Regiments went on to form the nucleus of the Legion of the United States in 1792 under General Anthony Wayne and this became the foundation of the United States Army in 1796. The Continental Army consisted of soldiers from all 13 colonies, and after 1776, when the American Revolutionary War began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19,1775, the colonial revolutionaries did not have an army. As tensions with Great Britain increased in the leading to the war. Training of militiamen increased after the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774, colonists such as Richard Henry Lee proposed forming a national militia force, but the First Continental Congress rejected the idea. On April 23,1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress authorized the raising of an army consisting of 26 company regiments. New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut soon raised similar, on July 18,1775, the Congress requested all colonies form militia companies from all able bodied effective men, between sixteen and fifty years of age. It was not uncommon for men younger than sixteen to enlist as most colonies had no requirement of consent for those under twenty-one. Four major-generals and eight brigadier-generals were appointed by the Second Continental Congress in the course of a few days, after Pomeroy did not accept, John Thomas was appointed in his place. As the Continental Congress increasingly adopted the responsibilities and posture of a legislature for a sovereign state, as a result, the army went through several distinct phases, characterized by official dissolution and reorganization of units. Soldiers in the Continental Army were citizens who had volunteered to serve in the army, early in the war the enlistment periods were short, as the Continental Congress feared the possibility of the Continental Army evolving into a permanent army. The army never numbered more than 17,000 men, turnover proved a constant problem, particularly in the winter of 1776–77, and longer enlistments were approved. Major General Philip Schuylers ten regiments in New York were sent to invade Canada, the Continental Army of 1776, reorganized after the initial enlistment period of the soldiers in the 1775 army had expired. Despite attempts to broaden the recruiting base beyond New England, the 1776 army remained skewed toward the Northeast both in terms of its composition and of its geographical focus. This army consisted of 36 regiments, most standardized to a battalion of 768 men strong and formed into eight companies. Enlistment terms extended to three years or to the length of the war to avoid the crises that depleted forces
Continental Army
Continental Army
–
Infantry of the Continental Army.
Continental Army
–
1778 Drawing of a member of the
Stockbridge Militia (from Revolutionary War diary of
Johann Von Ewald)
Continental Army
–
Continental Army Plaza,
Williamsburg, Brooklyn
12.
American Revolution
–
The British responded by imposing punitive laws on Massachusetts in 1774 known as the Coercive Acts, following which Patriots in the other colonies rallied behind Massachusetts. Tensions escalated to the outbreak of fighting between Patriot militia and British regulars at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, the conflict then developed into a global war, during which the Patriots fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War. The Continental Congress determined King George IIIs rule to be tyrannical and infringing the rights as Englishmen. The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy, Congress rejected British proposals requiring allegiance to the monarchy and abandonment of independence. The British were forced out of Boston in 1776, but then captured and they blockaded the ports and captured other cities for brief periods, but failed to defeat Washingtons forces. After a failed Patriot invasion of Canada, a British army was captured at the Battle of Saratoga in late 1777, a combined American–French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in 1781, effectively ending the war in the United States. The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the conflict, confirming the new nations complete separation from the British Empire. The United States took possession of all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, with the British retaining control of Canada. Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of a new Constitution of the United States. Historians typically begin their histories of the American Revolution with the British victory in the French and Indian War in 1763, the lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory, temporarily barred to settlement. For the prior history, see Thirteen Colonies, in 1764, Parliament passed the Currency Act to restrain the use of paper money which British merchants saw as a means to evade debt payments. Parliament also passed the Sugar Act, imposing customs duties on a number of articles, none did and Parliament passed the Stamp Act in March 1765 which imposed direct taxes on the colonies for the first time. All official documents, newspapers, almanacs, and pamphlets—even decks of playing cards—were required to have the stamps, the colonists did not object that the taxes were high, but because they had no representation in the Parliament. Benjamin Franklin testified in Parliament in 1766 that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire, stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable. London had to deal with 1,500 politically well-connected British officers who became redundant, in 1765, the Sons of Liberty formed. They used public demonstrations, boycott, violence, and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable, in Boston, the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson. Several legislatures called for united action, and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765, moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a Declaration of Rights and Grievances stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen. Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise, the Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval
American Revolution
–
John Trumbull 's
Declaration of Independence, showing the
Committee of Five presenting its work to Congress
American Revolution
–
Notice of Stamp Act of 1765 in newspaper
American Revolution
–
Burning of the
Gaspee
American Revolution
–
This 1846
lithograph by
Nathaniel Currier was entitled "The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor"; the phrase "
Boston Tea Party " had not yet become standard.
13.
Cullybackey
–
Cullybackey or Cullybacky is a village in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It lies 3 miles north of Ballymena, on the banks of the River Main and it is a predominantly Protestant area with most of the residents being of Scottish descent. It had a population of 2,569 people in the 2011 Census, Cullybackey was part of the ancient kingdom of Dál nAraidi. Evidence of ancient dwellers in the area have been throughout the years, including the remains of Crannogs. Christian Missionary Mackevet erected a monastery in the area and this won him the argument and the monastery was built, supplying the area with a place of learning for many centuries afterwards. In 1778 a corps was raised by John Dickey of Cullybackey House, in 1847, the village contained 235 residents and contained about 50 houses. Matilda Cullen Knowles, scientist, was here in 1864. The family of Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States, the ancestral home and interpretive centre is Arthur Cottage. Jessica Kurten, Olympic horse rider and representative of Ireland, neil Smutty Robinson, a well-known motorcycle racer and British 250cc Championship winner, who was killed, aged 24, in 1986. Steven Davis - Southampton and Northern Ireland Footballer, Andy Millar, MBE - Cullybackey Scout Leader. In 1943 Andy started as a member of 1st Cullybackey Cub Pack and he was awarded the MBE for his lifelong contribution to Scouting in 2013. Arthur Cottage, the home of Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States, from 1881 to 1885, is close to the village. It is a restored 18th-century farmhouse with open flax-straw thatched roof, usually open to the public through the spring and summer months but currently closed until further notice due to extensive damage caused by fire in 2011. The old Methodist church on the banks of the river was opened in 1839 as the Original Secession Church and it later became the United Free Church of Scotland. When the United Free clergy withdrew from Ireland in 1923, the congregation became Methodists, the Cunningham Memorial Presbyterian Church Craigs Church of Ireland, which was designed by celebrated 19th-century architect Sir Charles Lanyon and built in 1840. The current owners have renovated the property and gardens. On 24 March 2000, a woman died after a collision involving a train and her car at a level crossing at Station Road. None of the 88 passengers on board the train travelling from Belfast to Derry was hurt, ulsterbus Buses also run to, and through, the village on the 115 route from Monday to Saturday
Cullybackey
–
Cullybackey Main Street
14.
County Antrim
–
County Antrim ) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland and one of the nine counties of the province of Ulster, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland. Adjoined to the north-east shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 3,046 square kilometres and has a population of about 618,000, County Antrim has a population density of 203 people per square kilometer /526 people per square mile. The majority of Belfast, the city of Northern Ireland, is in County Antrim. It is currently one of two counties of Ireland to have a majority of the population from a Protestant background, according to the 2001 census. The other is County Down to the south, a large portion of Antrim is hilly, especially in the east, where the highest elevations are attained. The range runs north and south, and, following this direction, the most remarkable cliffs are those formed of perpendicular basaltic columns, extending for many miles, and most strikingly displayed in Fair Head and the celebrated Giants Causeway. From the eastern coast the hills rise instantly but less abruptly, all are somewhat exposed to the easterly winds prevalent in spring. It is partially arable, and supports a small population, islandmagee is a peninsula separating Larne Lough from the North Channel. The valleys of the Bann and Lagan, with the shores of Lough Neagh. These two rivers, both rising in County Down, are the ones of importance. The latter flows to Belfast Lough, the former drains Lough Neagh, the fisheries of the Bann and of Lough Neagh are of value both commercially and to sportsmen, the small town of Toome, at the outflow of the river, being the centre. Immediately below this point lies Lough Beg, the Small Lake, County Antrim has a number of air, rail and sea links. Northern Irelands main airport, Belfast International Airport, at Aldergrove is in County Antrim, Belfast International shares its runways with the Royal Air Force base RAF Aldergrove, which otherwise has its own facilities. It is the fifth-largest regional air cargo centre in the UK, there are regular services to Great Britain, Europe and North America. The region is served by George Best Belfast City Airport, a mile east of Belfast city centre on the County Down side of the city. Two of Northern Irelands main ports are in County Antrim, Larne, ferries sail from Larne Harbour to destinations including Cairnryan and Troon in Scotland, and Fleetwood in England. The Port of Belfast is Northern Irelands principal maritime gateway, serving the Northern Ireland economy and it is a major centre of industry and commerce and has become established as the focus of logistics activity for Northern Ireland. Around two-thirds of Northern Irelands seaborne trade, and a quarter of that for Ireland as a whole, is handled at the port, the population of County Antrim was 615,384 according to recent census information, making it the most populous county in Northern Ireland
County Antrim
–
The famed Glens of Antrim at Glendun
County Antrim
–
Fair Head seen from Ballycastle
County Antrim
–
Columnar
basalt at Giant's Causeway
15.
Ireland
–
Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
Ireland
–
Satellite image of Ireland on 11 October 2010
Ireland
–
The
Gowran Ogham Stone,
Christianised c.6th Century. On display in
St. Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran.
Ireland
–
The Uragh Stone Circle a
Neolithic stone circle in Gleninchaquin Park,
County Kerry
16.
Belfast
–
Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, the second largest on the island of Ireland, and the heart of the tenth largest Primary Urban Area in the United Kingdom. On the River Lagan, it had a population of 286,000 at the 2011 census and 333,871 after the 2015 council reform, Belfast was granted city status in 1888. Belfast played a key role in the Industrial Revolution, and was an industrial centre until the latter half of the 20th century. It has sustained a major aerospace and missiles industry since the mid 1930s, industrialisation and the inward migration it brought made Belfast Irelands biggest city at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, Belfast remains a centre for industry, as well as the arts, higher education, business, and law, additionally, Belfast city centre has undergone considerable expansion and regeneration in recent years, notably around Victoria Square. Belfast is served by two airports, George Best Belfast City Airport in the city, and Belfast International Airport 15 miles west of the city. Although the county borough of Belfast was created when it was granted city status by Queen Victoria in 1888, the site of Belfast has been occupied since the Bronze Age. The Giants Ring, a 5, 000-year-old henge, is located near the city, Belfast remained a small settlement of little importance during the Middle Ages. The ONeill clan had a presence in the area, in the 14th century, Cloinne Aodha Buidhe, descendants of Aodh Buidhe ONeill built Grey Castle at Castlereagh, now in the east of the city. Conn ONeill of the Clannaboy ONeills owned vast lands in the area and was the last inhabitant of Grey Castle, evidence of this period of Belfasts growth can still be seen in the oldest areas of the city, known as the Entries. Belfast blossomed as a commercial and industrial centre in the 18th and 19th centuries, industries thrived, including linen, rope-making, tobacco, heavy engineering and shipbuilding, and at the end of the 19th century, Belfast briefly overtook Dublin as the largest city in Ireland. The Harland and Wolff shipyards became one of the largest shipbuilders in the world, in 1886 the city suffered intense riots over the issue of home rule, which had divided the city. In 1920–22, Belfast became the capital of the new entity of Northern Ireland as the island of Ireland was partitioned, the accompanying conflict cost up to 500 lives in Belfast, the bloodiest sectarian strife in the city until the Troubles of the late 1960s onwards. Belfast was heavily bombed during World War II, in one raid, in 1941, German bombers killed around one thousand people and left tens of thousands homeless. Apart from London, this was the greatest loss of life in a raid during the Blitz. Belfast has been the capital of Northern Ireland since its establishment in 1921 following the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and it had been the scene of various episodes of sectarian conflict between its Catholic and Protestant populations. These opposing groups in conflict are now often termed republican and loyalist respectively. The most recent example of conflict was known as the Troubles – a civil conflict that raged from around 1969 to 1998
Belfast
–
Top: Skyline of Belfast Middle top left to right,
Queen's University Belfast,
Albert Memorial Clock, Belfast, The Boat,
Titanic Belfast Bottom left to right:
Belfast City Hall, view of Belfast with
Samson and Goliath.
Belfast
–
Belfast Castle
Belfast
–
Donegall Square in the early 1900s
Belfast
–
Aftermath of the Blitz in May 1941
17.
Troy, New York
–
Troy is a city in the U. S. State of New York and the seat of Rensselaer County. The city is located on the edge of Rensselaer County. Troy has close ties to the cities of Albany and Schenectady. The city is one of the three centers for the Albany Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of 1,170,483. At the 2010 census, the population of Troy was 50,129, troja est, which means Ilium was, Troy is. Before European arrival, the area was settled by the Mahican Indian tribe, the Dutch began settling in the mid 17th century, the patroon Kiliaen van Rensselaer called the area Pafraets Dael, after his mother. Control of New York passed to the English in 1664 and in 1707 Derick Van der Heyden purchased a farm near todays downtown area, in 1771, Abraham Lansing had his farm in todays Lansingburgh laid out into lots. Responding to Lansings success to the north, in 1787, Van der Heydens grandson Jacob had his extensive holdings surveyed and laid out into lots as well, in 1789, Troy got its current name after a vote of the people. In 1791, Troy was incorporated as a town and extended east across the county to the Vermont line, in 1796, Troy became a village and in 1816 it became a city. Lansingburgh, to the north, became part of Troy in 1900, prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Mohican Indians had a number of settlements along the Hudson River near the confluence with the Mohawk River. The land comprising the Poesten Kill and Wynants Kill areas were owned by two Mohican groups, the land around the Poesten Kill was owned by Skiwias and was called Panhooseck. The area around the Wynants Kill, was known as Paanpack, was owned by Peyhaunet, the land between the creeks, which makes up most of downtown and South Troy, was owned by Annape. South of the Wynants Kill and into present-day North Greenbush, the land was owned by Pachquolapiet and these parcels of land were sold to the Dutch between 1630 and 1657 and each purchase was overseen and signed by Skiwias, the sachem at the time. In total, more than 75 individual Mohicans were involved in deed signings in the 17th century, the site of the city was a part of Rensselaerswyck, a patroonship created by Kiliaen van Rensselaer. Dirck Van der Heyden was one of the first settlers, in 1707, he purchased a farm of 65 acres which in 1787 was laid out as a village. One skeleton was female and Caucasian with an iron ring, the other was Native-American and male. The name Troy was adopted in 1789 before which it had known as Ashleys Ferry. The township included Brunswick and Grafton, Troy became a village in 1801 and was chartered as a city in 1816
Troy, New York
–
The Troy waterfront along the
Hudson River, 2009
Troy, New York
–
Illustration for Arrow Collar, 1907. J.C. Leyendecker.
Troy, New York
–
Troy's Union Depot ca.1900
Troy, New York
–
Troy, as viewed from across the
Hudson River looking east,
circa 1909
18.
Vice President of the United States
–
The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
Vice President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Joe Biden since January 20, 2009
Vice President of the United States
–
Vice Presidential seal
Vice President of the United States
–
John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency following the death of his
predecessor. In doing so, he insisted that he was the president, not merely an acting president.
Vice President of the United States
–
President
Lyndon Johnson is sworn in, following the
assassination of President
John Kennedy.
19.
James Garfield
–
James Abram Garfield was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4,1881, until his assassination later that year. He is the only sitting House member to be elected president, Garfield was raised in humble circumstances on an Ohio farm by his widowed mother. He worked at various jobs, including on a canal boat, beginning at age 17, he attended several Ohio schools, then studied at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1856. A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican and he married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and served as a member of the Ohio State Senate. Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh. He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohios 19th District, throughout Garfields extended congressional service after the Civil War, he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction, but later favored an approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen. At the 1880 Republican National Convention, Senator-elect Garfield attended as campaign manager for Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman, and gave the presidential nomination speech for him. When neither Sherman nor his rivals – Ulysses S. Grant and James G. Blaine – could get votes to secure the nomination. In the 1880 presidential election, Garfield conducted a front porch campaign. Garfield made notable diplomatic and judiciary appointments, including a U. S. Supreme Court justice, Garfield advocated agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reform, eventually passed by Congress in 1883 and signed into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur, Presidents due to the short length of his presidency. James Garfield was born the youngest of five children on November 19,1831, in a log cabin in Orange Township, now Moreland Hills, Orange Township was located in the Western Reserve, and like many who settled there, Garfields ancestors were from New England. James father Abram had been born in Worcester, New York and he instead wed her sister Eliza, who had been born in New Hampshire. James was named for a brother, dead in infancy. In early 1833, Abram and Eliza Garfield joined the Church of Christ, Abram Garfield died later that year, his son was raised in poverty in a household led by the strong-willed Eliza. James was her child, and the two remained close for the rest of her life. Eliza Garfield remarried in 1842, but soon left her husband, Warren Belden
James Garfield
–
Brady -
Handy photograph of Garfield, taken between 1870 and 1880
James Garfield
–
Birthplace site of James Garfield
James Garfield
–
Garfield at age 16
James Garfield
–
Lucretia Garfield in the 1870s
20.
White House
–
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
White House
–
Top: the northern facade, facing
Lafayette Square Bottom: the southern facade, facing
The Ellipse
White House
–
First Presidential Mansion:
Samuel Osgood House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: April 1789 - February 1790.
White House
–
Second Presidential Mansion:
Alexander Macomb House, Manhattan, New York. Occupied by Washington: February - August 1790.
White House
–
Third Presidential Mansion:
President's House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Occupied by Washington: November 1790 – March 1797. Occupied by Adams: March 1797 – May 1800.
21.
Washington, D.C.
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
–
Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
–
Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington, D.C.
–
Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
–
Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
22.
Julia Tyler
–
Julia Gardiner Tyler was the second wife of John Tyler, who was the tenth President of the United States, and served as First Lady of the United States from June 26,1844, to March 4,1845. Julia Gardiner Tyler was born in 1820 on New Yorks Gardiners Island and she was the daughter of David Gardiner, a landowner and New York State Senator, and Juliana MacLachlan Gardiner. Her ancestry was part Dutch, part Scottish and part English and she was raised in the town of East Hampton and the small hamlet of Bay Shore. In 1839, she shocked polite society by appearing, posed with a man and identified as The Rose of Long Island. Her family took her to Europe to avoid publicity and allow her notoriety to subside. They first left for London, arriving on October 29,1840 and they visited England, France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Ireland and Scotland before returning to New York in September 1841. On January 20,1842, the 21-year-old Julia was introduced to President John Tyler at a White House reception, after the death of his first wife, Letitia Christian Tyler, on September 10,1842, Tyler made it clear that he wished to get involved with Julia. Initially the high-spirited and independent-minded northern beauty felt little attraction to the grave, reserved Virginia gentleman and he first proposed to her on February 22,1843, when she was 22, at a White House Masquerade Ball. She refused that and later proposals he made, the increased time spent together prompted public speculation about their relationship. Julia, her sister Margaret, and her father joined a Presidential excursion on the new steam frigate Princeton, David Gardiner, along with a number of others, lost his life in the explosion of a huge naval gun called the Peacemaker. Julia was devastated by the death of her adored father and she spoke often in later years of how the Presidents quiet strength sustained her during this difficult time. Tyler comforted Julia in her grief and won her consent to a secret engagement, because of the circumstances surrounding her fathers death, the couple agreed to marry with a minimum of celebration. President Tyler was 54 years old, while Julia was just 24, Tylers oldest daughter, Mary, was 5 years older than her fathers new wife. The marriage made Julia the first First Lady to marry a President who was already in office at the time of the wedding, the brides sister Margaret and brother Alexander were bridesmaid and best man. Only the Presidents son, John Tyler III, represented the grooms family, Tyler was so concerned about maintaining secrecy that he did not confide his plans to the rest of his children. Although his sons accepted the sudden union, the Tyler daughters were shocked. The news was broken to the American people, who greeted it with keen interest, much publicity. It was awkward for the eldest Tyler daughter, Mary, to adjust to a new stepmother five years younger than herself, one daughter, Letitia, never made peace with her stepmother
Julia Tyler
–
Julia Tyler
Julia Tyler
–
Sherwood Forest Plantation in
Charles City County, Virginia, in which she and
John Tyler lived after leaving the
White House.
23.
Harriet Lane
–
Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston, acted as First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her uncle, lifelong bachelor James Buchanan, from 1857 to 1861. Lane is among at least thirteen women who have served as First Lady but were not married to the President, in appearance Hal Lane was of medium height, with masses of light, almost golden-colored hair. Harriet Lanes family was from Franklin County, Pennsylvania and she was the youngest child of Elliott Tole Lane, a merchant, and Jane Ann Buchanan Lane. She lost her mother when she was 9, when her fathers death 2 years later made her an orphan, she requested that her uncle, James Buchanan. In 1854, she joined him in London, where he was minister to the Court of St. Jamess, Queen Victoria gave dear Miss Lane the rank of ambassadors wife, admiring suitors gave her the fame of a beauty. The capital welcomed its new Democratic Queen to the White House in 1857, Harriet was a popular hostess during the four years of the Buchanan presidency. Women copied her hair and clothing styles, parents named their daughters for her, while in the White House, she used her position to promote social causes, such as improving the living conditions of Native Americans in reservations. She also made a point of inviting artists and musicians to White House functions. For both her popularity and her work, she has been described as the first of the modern first ladies. The presidential yacht was named for her—the first of several ships to be named for her and her tact did not falter, but her task became impossible—as did her uncles. Seven states had seceded by the time Buchanan retired from office and returned with his niece to his spacious country home, Wheatland, near Lancaster, during her time in England, Sir Fitzroy Kelly, then Prime Minister Palmerstons attorney general, proposed to her in marriage. Queen Victoria was strongly in favor of this match, as it would keep Lane in England, Lane considered the advantages of a number of bachelors. Her uncle cautioned Lane against rushing precipitately into matrimonial connections as his ward found her potential suitors pleasant, Lane eventually married a Baltimore banker called Henry Elliott Johnston at the age of 36. They had two sons but within 18 years her uncle, her husband, and her children died, Harriet wrote her will in 1895 and lived another eight years, during which the countrys general prosperity greatly increased the value of her estate. A codicil of 1903 increased her gift by one third but said only half the total was to be spent on the building. The remainder was specially to provide for the maintenance, education and training of choirboys. This bequest founded the prestigious school that today is called St. Albans School. At Harriet Lane Johnstons funeral, services were conducted by Bishop Satterlee and she was buried in Green Mount Cemetery, Baltimore, Maryland, her grave marked with a Celtic cross like the Peace Cross on the cathedral close
Harriet Lane
–
Harriet Lane
Harriet Lane
Harriet Lane
–
Lane-Johnston Building, St. Albans School
24.
James Buchanan
–
James Buchanan, Jr. was the 15th President of the United States, serving immediately prior to the American Civil War. He is the president from Pennsylvania, the only president to remain a lifelong bachelor. Beginning in the 1820s, he represented Pennsylvania in the United States House of Representatives and later the Senate, Buchanan was nominated by the Democratic Party in the 1856 presidential election, on a ticket with former Kentucky Representative John C. He defeated both the incumbent President Pierce and Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas to win the nomination and his subsequent election victory took place in a three-man race against Republican John C. Shortly after taking office, Buchanan lobbied the Supreme Court to issue a ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford. He allied with the South in attempting to gain the admission of Kansas to the Union as a state under the Lecompton Constitution. In the process, he alienated both Republican abolitionists and Northern Democrats, most of whom supported the principle of sovereignty in determining a new states slaveholding status. He was often called a doughface, a Northerner with Southern sympathies, and he fought with Douglas, in the midst of the growing sectional crisis, the Panic of 1857 struck the nation. Buchanan indicated in his 1857 inaugural address that he would not seek a second term, he kept his word, Breckinridge in the 1860 presidential election. In response, seven Southern states declared their secession from the Union, Buchanans view was that secession was illegal, but that going to war to stop it was also illegal, and so didnt confront the new polity militarily. Buchanan, an attorney, was noted for his mantra, I acknowledge no master, Buchanan supported the United States during the Civil War, and publicly defended himself against charges that he was responsible for the Civil War. Shortly after the Union victory, he published his memoirs, Mr. Buchanans Administration on the Eve of Rebellion and he died in 1868 at age 77. Buchanan aspired to be a president who would rank in history with George Washington, historians who participated in a 2006 survey voted his failure to deal with secession the worst presidential mistake ever made. His parents were both of Ulster Scots descent, the father having emigrated from Milford, County Donegal, Ireland, one of eleven siblings, Buchanan was the oldest child in the family to survive infancy. Shortly after Buchanans birth the family moved to a farm near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, Buchanans father became the wealthiest person in town, becoming a prosperous merchant and investing in real estate. The family home in Mercersburg was later turned into the James Buchanan Hotel, Buchanan attended the village academy and, starting in 1807, Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Though he was expelled at one point for poor behavior, he pleaded for a second chance. Later that year, he moved to Lancaster, which, at the time, was the capital of Pennsylvania, James Hopkins, the most prominent lawyer in Lancaster, accepted Buchanan as a student, and in 1812 Buchanan was admitted to the bar after an oral exam
James Buchanan
–
James Buchanan
James Buchanan
–
Buchanan statue in National Portrait Gallery
James Buchanan
–
Buchanan's birthplace relocated log cabin in Mercersburg, PA
James Buchanan
–
An anti-Buchanan political cartoon from the 1856 election
25.
Adolphus Greely
–
Adolphus Washington Greely, was an American Polar explorer, a United States Army officer and a recipient of the Medal of Honor. Greely was born on 27 March 1844, in Newburyport, Massachusetts and he began his long and distinguished military career shortly after the outbreak of the American Civil War. On 26 July 1861 he enlisted in the 19th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment at the age of 17, over the next two years he worked his way up the enlisted ranks to 1st sergeant. On 18 March 1863 he was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in the 81st United States Colored Infantry and he was promoted to 1st lieutenant on 26 April 1864 and to captain on 4 April 1865. After the war he received a brevet to major to rank from 13 March 1865 for faithful and he was mustered out of the Volunteer Army on 22 March 1867. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on 27 May 1873, in 1881, First Lieutenant Greely was given command of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition on the ship Proteus. Promoted by Henry W. Howgate, its purpose was to one of a chain of meteorological-observation stations as part of the First International Polar Year. The expedition also was commissioned by the US government to collect astronomical and polar magnetic data, which was carried out by the astronomer Edward Israel, another goal of the expedition was to search for any clues of the USS Jeannette, lost in the Arctic two years earlier. Greely was without previous Arctic experience, but he and his party were able to discover many hitherto unknown miles along the coast of northwest Greenland, the expedition also crossed Ellesmere Island from east to west and Lt. James B. Lockwood and David L. Brainard achieved a new farthest north record of 83°238, in 1882, Greely sighted a mountain range during a dog sledding exploration to the interior of northern Ellesmere Island and named them the Conger Range. He also sighted the Innuitian Mountains from Lake Hazen, two consecutive supply parties failed to reach Greelys party encamped at Fort Conger on Ellesmere Island in 1882 and 1883. In accordance with his instructions for this case, Greely decided in August 1883 to abandon Fort Conger and they reached Cape Sabine expecting to find food and equipment depots from the supply ships, but these had not been provided. With winter setting in Greely and his men were forced to winter at Cape Sabine with inadequate rations, a rescue expedition, led by Capt. Winfield Scott Schley on the USRC Bear, was sent to rescue the Greely party. Greely and the survivors were themselves near death, one of the survivors died on the homeward journey. The returning survivors were venerated as heroes, though the heroism was tainted by accusations of cannibalism during the remaining days of low food. An exhibition on the Greely expedition was part of the Columbian Exposition in 1893 and was captured on stereoscopic images, in 1906, he served as military commander over the emergency situation created by the San Francisco earthquake. On February 10,1906, he was promoted to general and on March 27,1908, he retired. In 1911 he represented the United States Army at the coronation of King George V, on March 21,1935, a special act of Congress awarded Greely the Medal of Honor in recognition of his long and distinguished career
Adolphus Greely
–
Adolphus Greely in 1887
Adolphus Greely
–
Steamer Proteus in Arctic 1881
Adolphus Greely
–
The six survivors of the U.S. Army's Greely Arctic expedition with their U.S. Navy rescuers, at Upernavik, Greenland, 2–3 July 1884. Probably photographed on board the USS Thetis.
Adolphus Greely
–
Stereoscopic image of the Greely expedition exhibition at the
Columbian Exposition, 1893
26.
Booker T. Washington
–
Booker Taliaferro Washington was an American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the African-American community, Washington was from the last generation of black American leaders born into slavery and became the leading voice of the former slaves and their descendants. They were newly oppressed in the South by disenfranchisement and the Jim Crow discriminatory laws enacted in the post-Reconstruction Southern states in the late 19th, Washington was a key proponent of African-American businesses and one of the founders of the National Negro Business League. His base was the Tuskegee Institute, a black college in Alabama. As lynchings in the South reached a peak in 1895, Washington gave a speech, known as the Atlanta compromise and he called for black progress through education and entrepreneurship, rather than trying to challenge directly the Jim Crow segregation and the disenfranchisement of black voters in the South. But, secretly, he also supported court challenges to segregation and restrictions on voter registration, black militants in the North, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, at first supported the Atlanta compromise but after 1909 and they tried with limited success to challenge Washingtons political machine for leadership in the black community but also built wider networks among white allies in the North. His long-term goal was to end the disenfranchisement of the vast majority of African Americans, in 1856, Washington was born into slavery in Virginia as the son of Jane, an African-American slave. After emancipation, she moved the family to West Virginia to join her husband Washington Ferguson, as a young man, Washington worked his way through Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute and attended college at Wayland Seminary. In 1881, Washington was named as the first leader of the new Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, Washington attained national prominence for his Atlanta Address of 1895, which attracted the attention of politicians and the public. He became a spokesperson for African-American citizens. He built a network of supporters in many black communities, with black ministers, educators. Washington played a dominant role in politics, winning wide support in the black community of the South. He gained access to top leaders in politics, philanthropy. Washingtons efforts included cooperating with people and enlisting the support of wealthy philanthropists. This work continued for years after his death. Washington argued that the surest way for blacks to gain equal rights was to demonstrate industry, thrift, intelligence. Northern critics called Washingtons widespread organization the Tuskegee Machine, after 1909, Washington was criticized by the leaders of the new NAACP, especially W. E. B
Booker T. Washington
–
Booker T. Washington, 1905
Booker T. Washington
–
Washington early in his career.
Booker T. Washington
–
Photograph of a history class conducted at the Tuskegee Institute in 1902.
Booker T. Washington
–
Booker T. Washington's house at
Tuskegee University
27.
Amasa J. Parker, Jr.
–
Amasa Junius Parker was a member of the New York State Senate and a Major General of the National Guard of New York. Amasa Junius Parker, Jr. was the son of Amasa J. Parker and he graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York in 1863 and the Albany Law School in 1864. He fought in the American Civil War and became a major and he was a trustee of Union College and the Albany Law School. He was active in the National Guard of New York and was a colonel in command of the Tenth Division during the breakup of the Albany Railroad Strike of 1877, Parker was one of the authors of the book Banking Law of New York. He was also an editor of the Parkers New York Criminal and Penal Codes as well as The Parkers Pocket Code of Civil Procedure, Parker was buried at the Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York. AMASA PARKER IS DEAD IN ALBANY in NYT on May 3,1938
Amasa J. Parker, Jr.
–
Amasa J. Parker (1893)
28.
Schuyler Merritt
–
Schuyler Merritt was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticuts 4th congressional district from 1917 to 1931 and 1933 to 1937. He is the namesake of the Merritt Parkway and he was born in New York City, in 1853, the son of Matthew F. Merritt and Mariah Shaw Merritt. His father had served in the Connecticut General Assembly. He moved with his parents to Stamford, Connecticut in 1855, schuyler prepared for college at private schools in that city and graduated from Yale College in 1873 and from Columbia Law School in 1876. He was interested in the manufacture of locks and keys and also engaged in banking from 1877–1917, Merritt was member of the Connecticut constitutional convention in 1904 and a member of the Connecticut State Board of Education 1910–1916. Later, he was a delegate to the 1916 Republican National Convention and he was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-fifth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Ebenezer J. Hill. Merritt was reelected to the Sixty-sixth and to the five succeeding Congresses and served from November 6,1917 and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1930 but was again elected to the Seventy-third and Seventy-fourth Congresses. Merritt again ran for reelection in 1936 to the Seventy-fifth Congress, after leaving Congress, he continued his interests in the Yale & Towne Manufacturing Company and the First Stamford National Bank. Merritt died in Stamford in 1953 at the age of 99, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Stamford Historical Society article on Merritt
Schuyler Merritt
–
Schuyler Merritt
29.
Albany Rural Cemetery
–
The Albany Rural Cemetery was established October 7,1844, in Menands, New York, just outside the city of Albany, New York. It is renowned as one of the most beautiful, pastoral cemeteries in the United States, many historical American figures are buried there. On April 2,1841, an association was formed to bring the cemetery into being, a committee of the association selected the site on April 20,1844. The cemetery originally contained 100 acres and this portion was consecrated October 7,1844. The first interment was made in May,1845, located near the entrance is the Louis Menand House. In 1868, bodies from other cemeteries were removed and reinterred in Albany Rural Cemetery. President Chester A. Arthur - the 21st President of the United States, was interred at Albany Rural Cemetery in Lot 8, Section 24, along with his wife Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur and his memorial was designed by Ephraim Keyser and dedicated on June 15,1889. Friends of the former president contributed a fund that provided $10,000 for the memorial, Erastus Corning - founder and president of the New York Central Railroad, and is located on a large circular plot in Lot 2, Section 31. Erastus Corning 2nd - the great-grandson of Erastus Corning and the mayor of Albany for 41 years and he is also in the Corning family plot. John Van Buren - son of President Martin Van Buren, is buried in lot 28, John Van Buren, a handsome attorney known as Prince John, died at sea on October 13,1866, while on the voyage from Liverpool to New York. His grave in Lot 28, Section 62 is marked by an Italian marble cross, general Stephen Van Rensselaer, the last patroon, who died in 1839, was founder of the scientific school which later became Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. His grave is located at Lot 1, Section 14, senator and Governor of New Jersey and a signatory to the Constitution of the United States. Paterson ended his career as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court and he is interred in the same plot as his son-in-law, Stephen Van Rensselaer. Thomas Kirby Van Zandt, a painter of horses. Daniel Manning, who died in 1887, was a journalist, politician and banker and his grave is located in Lot 5, Section 27. Erastus Dow Palmer, a sculptor, is buried in Lot 15. He worked in an Albany studio producing statuary and portrait busts for many years before he died in 1904 and he produced two statues which are on exhibit at the United States Capitol Building in Washington D. C. the Robert Livingston Statue and Peace in Bondage. Several of Mr. Palmers works adorn markers at the cemetery, one of which is titled The Angel at the Sepulchre which is located in Lot 1, Section 31, Palmer also designed the granite monument at the grave of William Learned Marcy, a U. S
Albany Rural Cemetery
–
Albany Rural Cemetery
Albany Rural Cemetery
–
Grave of President Chester A. Arthur
30.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
31.
ABC-CLIO
–
ABC-CLIO, LLC is a publishing company for academic reference works and periodicals primarily on topics such as history and social sciences for educational and public library settings. ABC-CLIO provides service to fifteen different online databases which contain one million online textbooks. The company consults academic leaders in the fields they cover in order to provide authority for their reference titles, the headquarters are located in Santa Barbara, California. ABC-CLIO was founded in 1953 as a privately held corporation by Eric Boehm with its first publication, during the 1960s, a sister bibliographic and abstract publication on American history was added, America, History and Life, which was considered an award-winning title. The company entered into publishing with electronic data in the 1960s and in 1975. During the 1980s, ABC-CLIO expanded into providing primary reference books such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in the 1990s, ABC-CLIO began to provide access to its humanities database on CD-ROM. The Exegy Current Events CD-ROM was named Best Disc of the Year by Library Journal, in 1998, ABC-CLIO provided electronic access to America, History and Life. By the 2000s, one of companys most popular products had become online databases for researching many topics in the field of the humanities, in 2001, ABC-CLIO began to publish eBooks, initially providing 150 different titles to schools and libraries. The companys reference books had won awards, and the company started a series of subject-related online databases for secondary school use. In 2004, the acquired the quarterly historical journal, Journal of the West. In 1996, ABC-CLIO merged with a publishing company, Intellimation. The merger brought Becky Snyder, ABC-CLIOs current president, from Intellimation and it sold Historical Abstracts and America, History and Life to EBSCO Publishing in 2007. In 2009-03-18, Libraries Unlimited announced the acquisition of Linworth Publishing, Journal of the West In 2008, ABC-CLIO acquired the Greenwood Publishing Group from Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. The deal gave ABC-CLIO a perpetual license to use the imprints of Greenwood Press, acquiring the publishing group gave ABC-CLIO access to Greenwood Press, Praeger Publishers, Praeger Security International and Libraries Unlimited. Greenwood focuses on publishing full-text reference works which are authoritative on various topics, Libraries Unlimited came to ABC-CLIO as part of a deal with Greenwood Press. In 2012, Kathyrn Suárez was named Publisher for this division focuses on publishing for librarians. ABC-CLIO databases are provided under the umbrella of ABC-CLIO Solutions, there are fifteen different databases providing access to different subject areas. ABC-CLIO Solutions provides digital curriculum with multimedia content, text-to-speech features, translation tools which covers topics relating to history
ABC-CLIO
–
ABC-CLIO
32.
Library of Congress
–
The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
Library of Congress
–
Construction of the
Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888, to May 15, 1894.
Library of Congress
Library of Congress
–
The West façade of the Library of Congress in 1898
Library of Congress
–
The Library of Congress inside the
U.S. Capitol Building c. 1890
33.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
–
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
–
First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
–
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
–
The New York Times newsroom, 1942
34.
List of First Ladies of the United States
–
The First Lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The First Lady is not a position, it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president, traditionally, the First Lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office. She has her own staff, including the White House Social Secretary, the Chief of Staff, the Press Secretary, the Chief Floral Designer, and the Executive Chef. The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House, according to the White House and the National First Ladies Library, there have been 47 First Ladyships. Following Donald Trumps inauguration on January 20,2017, his wife, Melania Trump, became the 47th official First Lady, succeeding Michelle Obama, the first First Lady was Martha Washington, married to George Washington. Presidents John Tyler and Woodrow Wilson had two official First Ladies, both remarried during their presidential tenures, one woman who was not married to a President is still considered an official First Lady, Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor James Buchanan. The other non-spousal relatives who served as White House hostesses are not recognized by the First Ladies Library, in 2007, the United States Mint began releasing a set of half-ounce $10 gold coins under the First Spouse Program with engravings of portraits of the First Ladies on the obverse
List of First Ladies of the United States
–
Incumbent
Michelle Obama since January 20, 2009
List of First Ladies of the United States
–
01.0 1
List of First Ladies of the United States
–
02.0 2
List of First Ladies of the United States
–
03.0 3
35.
Martha Washington
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Martha Washington was the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Although the title was not coined until after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States, during her lifetime she was often referred to as Lady Washington. Widowed at 25, she had four children with her first husband Daniel Parke Custis, two of her children by Custis survived to young adulthood. She brought great wealth to her marriage to Washington, which enabled him to buy land and she also brought nearly 100 dower slaves for her use during her lifetime, they and their descendants reverted to her first husbands estate at her death and were inherited by his heirs. She and Washington did not have children together but they did rear her two children by Daniel Parke Custis, including son John Jacky Parke Custis, as well as helped both of their extended families. Martha Dandridge was born on June 2,1731 on her parents plantation Chestnut Grove in the British colony, Province of Virginia. She was the oldest daughter of John Dandridge, a Virginia planter and immigrant from England, by his wife Frances Jones, who was of American birth and English, Welsh, and French descent. Martha had three brothers and four sisters, John, William, Bartholomew, Anna Marie Fanny Bassett, Frances Dandridge, Elizabeth Aylet Henley, Marthas father may also have fathered an out-of-wedlock half-brother to Martha named Ralph Dandridge, who was probably white. They had four children together, Daniel, Frances, John, Daniel and Frances died in childhood. The other two children, John Parke Custis and Martha Parke Custis, survived to young adulthood, in all, she was left in custody of some 17,500 acres of land and 300 slaves, apart from other investments and cash. According to her biographist, she ran the five plantations left to her when her first husband died. Martha Dandridge Custis, age 27, and George Washington, age nearly 27, married on January 6,1759, as a man who lived and owned property in the area, Washington likely knew both Martha and Daniel Parke Custis for some time before Daniels death. During March 1758 he visited her twice at White House, the time he came away with either an engagement of marriage or at least her promise to think about his proposal. At the time, she was also being courted by the planter Charles Carter, Washingtons suit was of blue and silver cloth with red trimming and gold knee buckles. The bride wore purple silk shoes with spangled buckles, which are displayed at Mount Vernon. The couple honeymooned at White House for several weeks before setting up house at Washingtons Mount Vernon estate and they appeared to have had a solid marriage. Martha and George Washington had no children together, but they raised Marthas two surviving children and her daughter, nicknamed Patsy, died as a teenager during an epileptic seizure, classed as SUDEP. John Parke Jacky Custis returned from college to comfort his mother, Custis later married and had children, he served as an aide to Washington during the siege of Yorktown in 1781 during the American Revolutionary War
Martha Washington
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Martha Washington as a young woman
Martha Washington
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Tinted engraving by
John Chester Buttre (1821–1893), after the portrait by
Gilbert Stuart
Martha Washington
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Martha Dandridge Custis in 1757:
mezzotint by John Folwell (1863) after a portrait by John Wollaston
Martha Washington
36.
Abigail Adams
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Abigail Adams was the closest advisor and wife of John Adams, as well as the mother of John Quincy Adams. John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters, and their letters are filled with discussions on government. Her letters also serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front, Abigail Adams was born at the North Parish Congregational Church in Weymouth, Massachusetts, to William Smith and Elizabeth Smith. On her mothers side she was descended from the Quincy family, through her mother she was a cousin of Dorothy Quincy, wife of John Hancock. Adams was also the great-granddaughter of John Norton, founding pastor of Old Ship Church in Hingham, Massachusetts, the only remaining 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in Massachusetts. Smith married Elizabeth Quincy in 1742, and together they had four children and their only son, born in 1746, died of alcoholism in 1787. As with several of her ancestors, Adamss father was a liberal Congregationalist minister, Smith did not focus his preaching on predestination or original sin, instead he emphasized the importance of reason and morality. In July 1775 his wife Elizabeth, with whom he had married for 33 years. In 1784, at age 77, Smith died, Abigail did not receive formal schooling, she was frequently sick as child, which may have been a factor which prevented her from receiving an education. Later in life, Adams would also consider that she was deprived an education because females were given such an opportunity. Her grandmother, Elizabeth Quincy, also contributed to Adams education, as she grew up, Adams read with friends in an effort to further her learning. As an intellectually open-minded woman for her day, Adams ideas on womens rights and government would play a major role, albeit indirectly. She became one of the most erudite women ever to serve as First Lady, as third cousins, Abigail and John had known each other since they were children. In 1762, John accompanied his friend Richard Cranch to the Smith household, Cranch was engaged to Adams older sister, Mary, and they would be the parents of federal judge William Cranch. John was quickly attracted to the petite, shy, 17-year-old brunette who was bent over some book. He was surprised to learn she knew so much poetry, philosophy. Smith, Abigails father, presided over the marriage of John Adams, after the reception, the couple mounted a single horse and rode off to their new home, the small cottage and farm John had inherited from his father in Braintree, Massachusetts. Later they moved to Boston, where his law practice expanded, the couple welcomed their first child nine months into their marriage
Abigail Adams
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Abigail Adams
Abigail Adams
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Abigail Adams in later life
Abigail Adams
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One of last letters sent by
Thomas Jefferson at
Monticello to Abigail Adams, May 1817
Abigail Adams
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Abigail Adams by
Gilbert Stuart
37.
Martha Jefferson Randolph
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Martha Jefferson Randolph was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, and his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. Born at Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia and she married Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr. who served as a politician at the federal and state levels and was elected a governor of Virginia. Martha was very close to her father in his old age, Martha Jefferson was born on September 27,1772 at Monticello, her fathers estate in Virginia, which was then British America, to Thomas Jefferson and Martha Wayles Skelton. During her parents ten years of marriage, they had six children, Martha Patsy, Jane, a son who lived for only a few weeks in 1777, Mary Wayles Polly, Lucy Elizabeth, only Martha and Mary survived more than a few years. Martha was tall and slim with angular features and red hair and her paternal grandparents were Peter Jefferson, a planter and surveyor who died when her father was Thirty Three, and Jane Randolph. Jefferson vaguely knew that his grandfather had a place on the Fluvanna River which he called Snowden after a mountain in Wales near which the Jeffersons were supposed to have once lived and her mother was the only child and daughter of John Wayles and his first wife, Martha Eppes. Her maternal grandfather died in 1773, and her parents inherited 135 slaves,11,000 acres, the debts took her father years to satisfy, contributing to his financial problems. Her mother died on September 6,1782, four months after the birth of the Jeffersons last child and she later wrote that about this period, stating in those melancholy rambles I was his constant companion, a solitary witness to many a violent burst of grief. Her mother asked her father to never again, and he never did. Her request has been attributed to protective feelings for her children, from age 12 to 17, after her mothers death, she lived in Paris with her father while he served as U. S. Jefferson enrolled her at the Pentemont Abbey, a convent school. After Patsy expressed a desire to convert to Catholicism and said she was considering religious orders, in 1790 at the age of 18, Martha married Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr. a planter. Soon after their marriage, her father, Thomas Jefferson, deeded eight slaves from Monticello as a gift, including Molly Hemings. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, who married Jane Hollins Nicholas, ellen Wayles Randolph, who was named after deceased sister, and was married to Joseph Coolidge Cornelia Jefferson Randolph. Virginia Jefferson Randolph, who married Nicholas Philip Trist, James Madison Randolph, who was the first child born in the White House. Benjamin Franklin Randolph, who married Sally Champe Carter, meriwether Lewis Randolph, who married Elizabeth Martin. After his death, Martin remarried to Andrew Jackson Donelson, a nephew of President Andrew Jackson, septimia Anne Randolph, who married Dr. David Scott Meikleham. George Wythe Randolph, who briefly in 1862 was Secretary of War of the Confederate States of America, Martha Randolph educated her children at home, likely with the help of private tutors, as most planters did
Martha Jefferson Randolph
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Portrait by
Thomas Sully
38.
Dolley Madison
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Dolley Payne Todd Madison was the wife of James Madison, President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She was noted for her social graces, which boosted her husband’s popularity as President. In this way, she did much to define the role of the President’s spouse, Dolley Madison also helped to furnish the newly constructed White House. When the British set fire to it in 1814, she was credited with saving the classic portrait of George Washington, in widowhood, she often lived in poverty, partially relieved by the sale of her late husband’s papers. Mary Coles, a Quaker, had married John Payne, a non-Quaker, three years later, he applied and was admitted to the Quaker Monthly Meeting in Hanover County, Virginia, where Coles parents lived, and they reared their children in the Quaker faith. By 1769, the Paynes had returned to Virginia, and young Dolley grew up in comfort at her parents plantation in rural eastern Virginia and became deeply attached to her mothers family. Eventually she had three sisters, Lucy, Anna, and Mary, and four brothers, Walter, William Temple, Isaac, in 1783, following the American Revolutionary War, John Payne emancipated his slaves, as did numerous slaveholders in the Upper South. Some, like Payne, were Quakers, who had long encouraged manumission, others were inspired by revolutionary ideals. From 1782 to 1810, the proportion of blacks to the total black population in Virginia increased from less than one percent to 7.2 percent. Payne moved his family to Philadelphia, where he went into business as a starch merchant, in January 1790, Dolley Payne had married John Todd, a Quaker lawyer in Philadelphia. They quickly had two sons, John Payne and William Temple, after Mary Payne left Philadelphia in 1793, Dolleys sister Anna Payne moved in with them to help with the children. By mid-September 20,000 people had fled the city, at age 25 Dolley Todd was a widow with her young son Payne to support. Dolley Payne Todd and James Madison, who represented Virginia in the U. S. House of Representatives, in May 1794, Burr made the formal introduction between the young widow and Madison, who at 43 was a longstanding bachelor 17 years her senior. A brisk courtship followed, and by August, Dolley accepted his marriage proposal, as he was not a Quaker, she was expelled from the Society of Friends for marrying outside her faith. They were married on September 15,1794, and lived in Philadelphia for the three years. In 1797, after eight years in the House of Representatives, James Madison retired from politics and he returned with his family to Montpelier, the Madison family plantation in Orange County, Virginia. There they expanded the house and settled in, when Thomas Jefferson was elected as the third president of the United States in 1800, he asked Madison to serve as his Secretary of State. Madison accepted and moved Dolley, her son Payne, her sister Anna and they took a large house, as Dolley believed that entertaining would be important in the capital
Dolley Madison
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Dolley Madison
Dolley Madison
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Engraving of Dolley, c. 1800.
Dolley Madison
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A
daguerreotype of Dolley in 1848, by Mathew B. Brady
Dolley Madison
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External video
39.
Elizabeth Monroe
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Elizabeth Kortright Monroe was First Lady of the United States from 1817 to 1825, as the wife of James Monroe, fifth President. Due to the condition of Elizabeths health, many of the duties of official hostess were assumed by her eldest daughter. Born in New York City on June 30,1768, Elizabeth was the youngest daughter of Lawrence Kortright, a wealthy merchant and her father was one of the founders of the New York Chamber of Commerce. During the Revolutionary War, he was owner of several privateers fitted out at New York. He purchased land tracts in what is now Delaware county, New York, Elizabeth acquired social graces and elegance at an early age. She grew up in a household with four siblings, Sarah, Hester, John. According to the records of Trinity Church, New York, Elizabeths mother, Hannah, died on September 6 or 7,1777. The cause of death was recorded as resulting from Child Bed, an unidentified sibling of Elizabeth, age 13 months, succumbed to flux and fever a few days later. Mother and infant were both buried at St. Georges Chapel in New York, at the time of their deaths, Elizabeth was nine years old. A historian later wrote that this blaze was due to the mismanagement of British troops while directing the firefighters, Elizabeth, age 10, with her father and siblings, survived the fire unscathed. Elizabeth first caught the attention of James Monroe in 1785 while he was in New York City serving as a member of the Continental Congress, James, age twenty-seven, married Elizabeth, age seventeen, on February 16,1786, at her fathers home in New York City. The marriage was performed by Reverend Benjamin Moore, and recorded in the records of Trinity Church. After a brief honeymoon on Long Island, the returned to New York to live with her father until Congress adjourned. Their first child, whom they named Eliza Kortright Monroe, was born in December,1786, in 1794, James was appointed United States Minister to France by President George Washington. The Monroes also provided support and shelter to the American citizen Thomas Paine in Paris and this association led to a friendship between the family of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Monroes. James was recalled from his Ambassadorship in 1796, due to his support of France in the opposition of the Jay Treaty, the Monroes returned to Virginia where he became Governor. A son, James Monroe, Jr. was born in 1799, during this time, Elizabeth suffered the first of a series of seizures and collapses, which would plague her for the rest of her life, and gradually cause her to restrict social activities. The Monroes third child, a daughter whom they named Maria Hester, was born in Virginia in early 1802, in 1803, President Jefferson appointed James to be United States Minister to Great Britain, and also the United States Minister to Spain
Elizabeth Monroe
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Elizabeth Monroe
Elizabeth Monroe
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Obverse
Elizabeth Monroe
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Reverse
Elizabeth Monroe
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Obverse (bronze medal)
40.
Louisa Adams
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Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, wife of John Quincy Adams, was First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829. Joshua Johnson was originally from Maryland, Louisa had six sisters, Ann, Caroline, Harriet, Catherine, Elizabeth, and Adelaide, and a brother, Thomas. She grew up in London and Nantes, France, where the family took refuge during the American Revolution and she met John Quincy Adams at her fathers house in Coopers Row, near Tower Hill, London. Her father had appointed as United States consul general in 1790. Adams at first showed interest in her sister but soon settled on Louisa. Adams, aged 30, married Louisa, aged 22, on July 26,1797, at the church of All Hallows-by-the-Tower. Her parents left Europe in 1797 and went to the U. S, when her father was forced into bankruptcy, President John Adams appointed him as U. S. Her father died in Frederick, Maryland, in 1802 of severe fever and some mental problems and her mother died in September 1811, in her mid-fifties, and is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery. Louisa was sickly, plagued by headaches and frequent fainting spells. She had several miscarriages over the course of her marriage and she left her two older sons in Massachusetts for education in 1809 when she took two-year-old Charles Francis Adams to Russia, where Adams served as a Minister. Despite the glamour of the court, she had to struggle with cold winters, strange customs, limited funds. An infant daughter born in 1811 died the next year, peace negotiations called Adams to Ghent in 1814 and then to London. To join him, she made a journey across war-ravaged Europe by coach in winter. Roving bands of stragglers and highwaymen filled her with unspeakable terrors for her son, the next two years gave her an interlude of family life in the country of her birth. Music enhanced her Tuesday evenings at home, and theater parties contributed to her reputation as an outstanding hostess, the pleasures of moving into the White House in 1825 were dimmed by the bitter politics of the election, paired with her deep depression. Though she continued her weekly drawing rooms, she preferred quiet evenings of reading, composing music and verse, as First Lady, she became reclusive and depressed. For a time, she regretted ever having married into the Adams family, in his diary for June 23,1828, her husband recorded her winding silk from several hundred silkworms that she has been rearing, evidently in the White House. She thought she was retiring to Massachusetts permanently, but in 1831 her husband began seventeen years of service in the United States House of Representatives, the untimely deaths of her two oldest sons added to her burdens
Louisa Adams
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Louisa Adams
Louisa Adams
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Louisa Adams c. 1821–25, by
Charles Bird King
Louisa Adams
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External video
Louisa Adams
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Obverse
41.
Sarah Yorke Jackson
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Sarah Yorke Jackson was the daughter-in-law of U. S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and de facto First Lady of the United States from November 26,1834 to March 4,1837, Sarah was born on July 16,1803 into a wealthy family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her father Peter Yorke, a sea captain and successful merchant and her mother Mary Haines Yorke died during a trip to New Orleans in 1820 leaving Sarah and her two sisters orphaned. She was raised by two aunts, Mrs. George Farquhar and Mrs. Mordecai Wetherill, Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr. the adopted son of Andrew Jackson, in Philadelphia on November 24,1831. After an extended honeymoon at the White House, the new couple left for The Hermitage, the couple remained at the Hermitage managing the plantation until a fire destroyed much of the main house in 1834. The couple and their two children went to Washington to live with President Jackson at the White House. Sarah arrived at the White House on November 26,1834, the President referred to Sarah as the mistress of the Hermitage rather than White House hostess, apparently to avoid any possible ill feeling between the two women. The arrangement was awkward but appeared to work relatively smoothly. It was the time in history when there were two women simultaneously acting as White House hostess. She took over all duties as White House hostess after Emily Donelson fell ill with tuberculosis and she remained at the White House until Jacksons term expired in 1837, but made several lengthy trips including one to the Hermitage to oversee its reconstruction. She lived at the plantation with her husband and father-in-law until the former President’s death in 1845, the couple continued to live at the Hermitage until shortly before the Civil War when they moved to Mississippi. The state of Tennessee later purchased the plantation as a memorial to Andrew Jackson and she died on August 23,1887 in Nashville, Tennessee
Sarah Yorke Jackson
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Sarah Yorke Jackson
42.
Angelica Singleton Van Buren
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Sarah Angelica Singleton Van Buren, was the daughter-in-law of the 8th United States President Martin Van Buren. She was married to the Presidents son, Abraham Van Buren and she assumed the post of First Lady because the presidents wife, Hannah Van Buren, had died 17 years earlier and he remained unwed throughout the rest of his life. Although she was never married to a president, she is the youngest woman ever to hold the title of First Lady, sarah Angelica Singleton was born in Wedgefield, South Carolina, the daughter of Richard Singleton and his wife, Rebecca Travis Coles. She was the fourth of six children, Van Buren was educated at the Columbia Female Academy in South Carolina and Madame Grelauds French School in Philadelphia. Van Buren was a student at Madame Grelauds and the school gave her the opportunity to meet a more diverse group of people. Although all of students at Madame Grelauds were wealthy, they included Roman Catholic and Sephardi Jews, in 1838, Van Buren visited Washington, D. C. with her sister. Former First Lady Dolley Madison, a cousin of Rebecca Travis Coles, decided to play matchmaker, eight months later, Angelica Singleton married Abraham Van Buren on November 27,1838 in Wedgefield. The marriage strengthened President Van Burens ties to the Old South, following the wedding, Van Buren assumed the duties of hostess at the White House with great success. In the spring of 1839, the took a extended trip through England. The trip was a success and when Van Buren returned to Washington. Angelica and other honored female guests began standing on a dais in the Blue Room to greet guests at the beginning of White House functions, although the French Ambassador enjoyed the reception, Americans did not. In March 1840, Angelica gave birth to the couples first child, Rebecca died a few months later. After leaving the White House, the couple had four sons, after Martin Van Buren was defeated for re-election in 1840, Angelica and her husband lived at the Van Buren home of Lindenwald, in Kinderhook, NY, wintering at her family home in South Carolina. From 1848 until her death, she lived in New York City, singletons Graveyard, her familys plantation cemetery near Wedgefield, South Carolina James C. The Presidents of the United States, 1789-1914, Angelica Van Buren biography at American Presidents Blog Angelica Singleton Van Buren Collection at University of South Carolina
Angelica Singleton Van Buren
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Angelica Singleton Van Buren
Angelica Singleton Van Buren
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Signature
43.
Anna Harrison
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She was the last First Lady to have been born in British America. Anna was born at her fathers estate Solitude, just outside Morristown, New Jersey on July 25,1775, to Judge John Cleves Symmes and her father was a Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court and later became a prominent landowner in southwestern Ohio. She grew up on Long Island, receiving a broad education for a woman of the times. She attended Clinton Academy at Easthampton, Long Island, and the school of Isabella Graham in New York City. When she was thirteen years old, Anna went with her father and stepmother into the Ohio wilderness, while visiting relatives in Lexington, Kentucky in the spring of 1795, she met Lieutenant William Henry Harrison, in town on military business. Harrison was stationed at nearby Fort Washington, Annas father thoroughly disapproved of Harrison, largely because he wanted to spare his daughter the hardships of army camp life. Despite his decree that the two stop seeing each other, the courtship flourished behind his back. While her father was away on business in Cincinnati, the couple eloped and married on November 22,1795 at the home of Dr. Stephen Wood, treasurer of the Northwest Territory, the couple honeymooned at Fort Washington, as Harrison was still on duty. Two weeks later, at a dinner for General Mad Anthony Wayne. Addressing Harrison sternly, Symmes demanded to know how he intended to support a family with Anna, Harrison responded by my sword, and my own right arm, sir. Not until his son-in-law had achieved fame on the battlefield did Symmes come to accept him, the couple apparently had a happy marriage despite the succession of tragedies in the untimely deaths of five of their grown children. His service in Congress as territorial delegate from Ohio gave Anna and their children a chance to visit his family at Berkeley and her third child was born on that trip, at Richmond in September 1800. Harrisons appointment as governor of Indiana Territory took them farther into the wilderness, he built a handsome house at Vincennes, Indiana that blended fortress. Facing war in 1812, the moved to the farm at North Bend. When William was inaugurated in 1841, Anna was detained by illness at their home in North Bend and she decided not to accompany him to Washington. President-elect Harrison asked his daughter-in-law Jane Irwin Harrison, widow of his son, to accompany him. Half a dozen other relatives happily went with them, on April 4, exactly one month after his inauguration, President Harrison died. Anna was packing for the move to the White House when she learned of Williams death in Washington, following Williams death she lived with her son John Scott in North Bend, and helped raise his children, including eight-year-old Benjamin who later became President of the United States
Anna Harrison
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Anna Harrison
Anna Harrison
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Grouseland, the Harrison home in Vincennes
44.
Letitia Christian Tyler
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Letitia Christian Tyler, first wife of John Tyler, was First Lady of the United States from 1841 until her death. Born at the Cedar Grove plantation in New Kent County, Virginia, Letitia Christian was the daughter of Colonel Robert Christian, a prosperous planter, Letitia was shy, quiet, pious, and by all accounts, selfless and devoted to her family. She met John Tyler, then a law student, in 1808 and their five-year courtship was restrained and it was three weeks before the wedding that Tyler first kissed her — on the hand. They married on Tylers 23rd birthday at Cedar Grove, her familys home and their 29-year marriage appears to have been a happy one. Letitia Tyler avoided the limelight during her husbands political rise, preferring domestic responsibilities to those of a public wife, during his congressional service, she remained in Virginia except for one visit to Washington during the winter of 1828-1829. In 1839, she suffered a stroke that left her an invalid. As first lady, she remained in the living quarters of the White House, she came down once. John and Letitia Tyler had four daughters and three sons live to maturity, Mary Tyler-Jones - In 1835 she married Henry Lightfoot Jones, Robert Tyler - lawyer, public official. Having served as his fathers secretary in the White House, he settled in Philadelphia. He also was chief clerk of the supreme court. As a leader of the Democratic Party in Pennsylvania, Robert Tyler promoted the career of James Buchanan, at the outbreak of the American Civil War, he fled Philadelphia when an antisouthern mob attacked his home. He returned to Virginia, where he served as register of the Treasury of the Confederacy, penniless after the war, he settled in Montgomery, Alabama, and there regained his fortunes as a lawyer, editor of the Montgomery Advertiser, and leader of the state Democratic Party. John Tyler, III - lawyer, public official, like his older brother, he also became a lawyer, served as private secretary to his father and campaigned for James Buchanan. During the Civil War, he served as assistant secretary of war of the Confederacy, after the war, he settled in Baltimore, where he practiced law. Under the Grant administration, he was appointed to a position in the IRS in Tallahassee. In 1839, she married James Semple, whom her father appointed a purser in the U. S. Navy, the marriage was an unhappy one. At the close of the American Civil War, she left her husband to open a school, elizabeth Tyler-Waller - At a White House wedding in 1842, she married William N. Waller. She died from the effects of childbirth at age 27, alice Tyler-Denison - In 1850 she married the Reverend Henry M. Denison, an Episcopal rector in Williamsburg
Letitia Christian Tyler
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Letitia Tyler
45.
Priscilla Cooper Tyler
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Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper Tyler was the daughter-in-law of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She served as official White House hostess and de facto First Lady of the United States from September 10,1842 to June 26,1844, Priscilla Cooper was born in New York City in 1816. Her father Thomas Apthorpe Cooper was a stage actor and producer. Her mother Mary Fairlee Cooper was a New York socialite, Priscilla began to work as an actress at the age of 17. Thomas Apthorpe Cooper achieved great success in the business and they lived in a grand house on Broadway. The familys fortunes were reversed during the Panic of 1837, the family lost their house and at one point were reduced to subsisting on radishes and strawberries. While playing Desdemona in a production of Othello in Richmond, Virginia, she met Robert Tyler, in Victorian America, acting was considered a scandalous profession and actresses had little social standing. The addition of the Coopers financial woes seemed to conspire to make any match between the two unlikely, despite their social differences, the couple wed in Bristol, Pennsylvania on September 12,1839. After their marriage, the moved to Williamsburg, Virginia to live with Roberts family. John and Letitia Tyler warmly welcomed her into the Tyler family, Priscilla became close to her father-in-law and their fondness for each other grew quickly. John Tyler even allowed her to open an account in every store in Williamsburg, John Tyler was the successful candidate for Vice President of the United States in the 1840 election. After the sudden death of President William Henry Harrison just one month after taking office, by the time John Tyler assumed the Presidency, his wife Letitia was a semi-invalid. The president asked Priscilla to assist him as White House hostess, Priscilla was described as extroverted, attractive, intelligent, and witty. Priscillas status as a surrogate or proxy hostess reflected a trend during the antebellum years in which younger female family members stood in for the wives of presidents. Martha Jefferson Randolph established the precedent when she acted as hostess for her widowed father. Emily Donelson, wife of Andrew Jacksons nephew, served as hostess during the Jackson administration, angelica Singleton Van Buren, daughter-in-law of Jacksons successor, the widower Martin Van Buren, served as official hostess from 1837 to 1841. Mary Taylor, daughter of President Zachary Taylor, became official hostess in place of her mother, as did Mary Abigail Fillmore. Finally, Harriet Lane, James Buchanans niece, acted as hostess for the only president in American history
Priscilla Cooper Tyler
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Priscilla Cooper Tyler
46.
Julia Gardiner Tyler
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Julia Gardiner Tyler was the second wife of John Tyler, who was the tenth President of the United States, and served as First Lady of the United States from June 26,1844, to March 4,1845. Julia Gardiner Tyler was born in 1820 on New Yorks Gardiners Island and she was the daughter of David Gardiner, a landowner and New York State Senator, and Juliana MacLachlan Gardiner. Her ancestry was part Dutch, part Scottish and part English and she was raised in the town of East Hampton and the small hamlet of Bay Shore. In 1839, she shocked polite society by appearing, posed with a man and identified as The Rose of Long Island. Her family took her to Europe to avoid publicity and allow her notoriety to subside. They first left for London, arriving on October 29,1840 and they visited England, France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Ireland and Scotland before returning to New York in September 1841. On January 20,1842, the 21-year-old Julia was introduced to President John Tyler at a White House reception, after the death of his first wife, Letitia Christian Tyler, on September 10,1842, Tyler made it clear that he wished to get involved with Julia. Initially the high-spirited and independent-minded northern beauty felt little attraction to the grave, reserved Virginia gentleman and he first proposed to her on February 22,1843, when she was 22, at a White House Masquerade Ball. She refused that and later proposals he made, the increased time spent together prompted public speculation about their relationship. Julia, her sister Margaret, and her father joined a Presidential excursion on the new steam frigate Princeton, David Gardiner, along with a number of others, lost his life in the explosion of a huge naval gun called the Peacemaker. Julia was devastated by the death of her adored father and she spoke often in later years of how the Presidents quiet strength sustained her during this difficult time. Tyler comforted Julia in her grief and won her consent to a secret engagement, because of the circumstances surrounding her fathers death, the couple agreed to marry with a minimum of celebration. President Tyler was 54 years old, while Julia was just 24, Tylers oldest daughter, Mary, was 5 years older than her fathers new wife. The marriage made Julia the first First Lady to marry a President who was already in office at the time of the wedding, the brides sister Margaret and brother Alexander were bridesmaid and best man. Only the Presidents son, John Tyler III, represented the grooms family, Tyler was so concerned about maintaining secrecy that he did not confide his plans to the rest of his children. Although his sons accepted the sudden union, the Tyler daughters were shocked. The news was broken to the American people, who greeted it with keen interest, much publicity. It was awkward for the eldest Tyler daughter, Mary, to adjust to a new stepmother five years younger than herself, one daughter, Letitia, never made peace with her stepmother
Julia Gardiner Tyler
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Julia Tyler
Julia Gardiner Tyler
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Sherwood Forest Plantation in
Charles City County, Virginia, in which she and
John Tyler lived after leaving the
White House.
47.
Sarah Childress Polk
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Sarah Childress Polk was the wife of the 11th President of the United States, James Polk, serving as First Lady of the United States from 1845 to 1849. Sarah Childress was born in 1803 to Joel Childress, a prominent planter, merchant, and land speculator, Sarah met James Polk while both were receiving instruction from Samuel P. Black in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, he was 19, she was 12. Several years later James began courting her, legend says Andrew Jackson called her “wealthy, pretty, ambitious, and intelligent, ” and urged James K. Polk to marry her. In 1823 the two became engaged, and on January 1,1824, Sarah Childress, aged 20, married James Polk, aged 28, the Polks had no children of their own, but raised a nephew, Marshall Tate Polk as their personal ward. After her husbands death, Mrs. Polk assumed guardianship of a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton. In physical appearance, Sarah was fairly tall, with hair that was parted in the middle and worn in ringlets, dark brown eyes. She had prominent teeth that caused her to tighten her lips, giving her a disapproving look and she usually dressed in vibrant blues, reds and maroons, that suited her dark coloring. During Polks political career, Sarah assisted her husband with his speeches, gave him advice on policy matters, in Washington as a congressmans wife during the administrations of John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin Van Buren, Mrs. Polk very much enjoyed her social duties. Calhouns wife, Floride Calhoun, and most of the members wives. In 1845, Sarah Polk became the 11th First Lady of the United States and she was lively, charming, intelligent, and a good conversationalist. President Polk at times discussed policy matters with her, while she enjoyed politics, she also cautioned her husband, whose health was never robust, against overwork. A devout Presbyterian, as First Lady she banned dancing, card games, when she attended the Inaugural Ball, she did not dance. She hosted the first annual Thanksgiving dinner at the White House, unlike Julia Tylers waltzes, the Polk entertainments were sedate and sober affairs which earned the First Lady the nickname Sahara Sarah. After attending the inauguration of James Polks successor, Zachary Taylor, on March 5,1849, he and Sarah left by horse and carriage to their new home Polk Place in Nashville, Tennessee. Three months later, James Polk died, having had the shortest retirement of any former U. S. President, the United States government granted her a yearly pension of $5,000. Sarah Polk lived at Polk Place for 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady, and always wore black. She died on August 14,1891, at age 87, only 41 when her husband became president, she outlived several of her successors including Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes. Only a handful of first ladies have lived longer -- Anna Harrison, Barbara Bush, Edith Bolling Wilson, Betty Ford, Lady Bird Johnson, Nancy Reagan, Bess Truman, and Rosalynn Carter
Sarah Childress Polk
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Sarah Childress Polk
Sarah Childress Polk
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Sarah and James
Sarah Childress Polk
Sarah Childress Polk
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Polk in her later years
