1.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
2.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
3.
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736, due in part to an agreeable climate, Santa Monica became a famed resort town by the early 20th century. The city has experienced a boom since the late 1980s through the revitalization of its core, significant job growth. The Santa Monica Pier remains a popular and iconic destination, Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language, the first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,1769. Named after the Christian saint Monica, there are two different accounts of how the name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica, another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her sons early impiety. In Los Angeles, several battles were fought by the Californios, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. US government sovereignty in California began on February 2,1848, in the 1870s the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall and it is Santa Monicas oldest extant structure. By 1885, the towns first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel, around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica, the two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field for the Douglas Aircraft Company, in 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles in 175 days, the Douglas Company kept facilities in the city until the 1960s. The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply, one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt, in the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica. The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall, the main Post Office and Barnum Hall were also among other WPA projects
4.
Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale
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Forest Lawn Memorial Park is a privately owned cemetery in Glendale, California. It is the location of Forest Lawn, a chain of six cemeteries in Southern California. Forest Lawn Glendale was founded in 1906 as a cemetery by a group of businessmen from San Francisco. Dr. Hubert Eaton and C. B. Sims entered into a contract with the cemetery in 1912. Eaton took over the management of the cemetery in 1917, Eaton was a firm believer in a joyous life after death. A number of plaques which state Eatons intentions are signed The Builder, frederick Llewellyn, Eatons nephew, became CEO of Forest Lawn in 1966. In 1987 he was succeeded by his son, John Llewellyn, for many decades the cemetery refused black, Jewish, and Chinese burials. The Forest Lawn Museum in Glendale was founded in 1957 and displays art, artifacts, the museum has hosted solo exhibitions for Henri Matisse, Winslow Homer, Ian Hornak, Francisco Goya, Rembrandt, Marc Davis and Reuben Nakian among many others. The objects in Forest Lawns permanent collection represent specific locations and peoples from around the world, there are sections for India, Africa, the Middle East, East and Southeast Asia, the United States, South America, Australia and Europe. D. The stained glass collection includes portions of William Randolph Hearsts former collection and owns the work of Albrecht Dürer, all of these precious art pieces are put in storage or hidden behind temporary walls when a special display is on site. The six Forest Lawn cemeteries contain about 1,500 statues, about 10% of which are reproductions of works of art. On display in the Hall of the Crucifixion is the painting by the Polish artist Jan Styka entitled The Crucifixion. It is the largest permanently mounted religious painting in the world, the main gates of Forest Lawn – Glendale are claimed to be the worlds largest wrought iron gates. Over 60,000 people have actually been married here, including Ronald Reagan, more than 250,000 people are buried at Forest Lawn, and over a million people visit it each year, including thousands of schoolchildren on field trips. Many commentators have considered Forest Lawn to be a unique American creation, the Great Mausoleum was fashioned after Campo Santo in Genoa, Italy and contains many of the most highly sought after interment places within Forest Lawn, Glendale. Within the portion of the Great Mausoleum accessible to the public is the Court of Honor where individuals are inducted as Immortals by Forest Lawns Council of Regents, the rest of the structure is protected by guards and is closed to the public. Time magazine described it as the New Worlds Westminster Abbey, in 2009 the cemetery became the focus of intense media interest surrounding the private interment of Michael Jackson in the privacy of Holly Terrace in the Great Mausoleum. List of United States cemeteries Providencia Ranch The Loved One – a satirical novel inspired by Forest Lawn, official website Evelyn Waughs witty essay, Half in love with easeful death, imagines archaeologists in 1000 years coming upon Forest Lawn
5.
Owen Moore
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Owen Moore was an Irish actor in American films, appearing in more than 279 movies spanning from 1908 to 1937. S. Anchoria and was inspected on Ellis Island in May 1896, settled around Toledo, Ohio, Moore and his siblings went on to careers in motion pictures in Hollywood. While working at D. W. Griffiths Biograph Studios, Moore met a young Canadian actress named Gladys Smith whom he married on January 7,1911 and their marriage was kept secret at first because of the strong opposition of her mother. However, Gladys Moore would soon overshadow her husband under her stage name, in 1912, he signed on with Victor Studios, co-starring in a number of their films with studio owner/actress Florence Lawrence. Mary Pickford left Biograph Studios to join the Independent Moving Pictures to replace their major star, Pickford’s Canadian friend, carl Laemmle, the owner of IMP who soon merged IMP into Universal Studios, agreed to sign her husband as part of the deal. This humiliation, together with his wifes meteoric rise to fame, drastically affected Moore and alcohol became a problem led to violent behavior. In 1916, Pickford met actor Douglas Fairbanks, Pickford filed for a divorce from Moore, Pickford and Fairbanks married just days later in 1920. He also appeared in films for his own company as well as Goldwyn. Moore married a second time to another silent film actress, Katherine Perry, with the advent of sound film, Moores career declined and he became basically a supporting actor for newer stars. He competed, as the lead, with Cary Grant and Noah Beery, Sr. for the attentions of Mae West in She Done Him Wrong. His last film appearance was as a director in the 1937 drama A Star Is Born starring Janet Gaynor. After years of fighting alcoholism, Owen Moore died in Beverly Hills, California from an attack and was interred in the Calvary Cemetery in East Los Angeles. For his contribution to the picture industry, Owen Moore has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6727 Hollywood Boulevard. Owen Moore at the Internet Movie Database Owen Moore at Find a Grave Menefee, David Sweet Memories ISBN1469966956
6.
Douglas Fairbanks
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Douglas Fairbanks was an American actor, screenwriter, director, and producer. He was best known for his roles in silent films such as The Thief of Bagdad, Robin Hood. Fairbanks was a member of United Artists. Fairbanks was also a member of The Motion Picture Academy. With his marriage to Mary Pickford in 1920, the couple became Hollywood royalty and Fairbanks was referred to as The King of Hollywood, a nickname later passed on to actor Clark Gable. Though widely considered as one of the biggest stars in Hollywood during the 1910s and 1920s and his final film was The Private Life of Don Juan. Fairbanks was born Douglas Elton Thomas Ullman in Denver, Colorado and he had two half-brothers, John Fairbanks, Jr. and Norris Wilcox, and a full brother, Robert Payne Ullman. Douglas Fairbankss father, Hezekiah Charles Ullman was born in Berrysburg, Pennsylvania and he was the fourth child in a Jewish family consisting of six sons and four daughters. Charless parents, Lazarus Ullman and Lydia Abrahams, had immigrated to the U. S. in 1830 from Baden, when he was 17, Charles started a small publishing business in Philadelphia. Two years later, he left for New York to study law and he was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1856 and began building a substantial practice. At the onset of the Civil War, Charles joined the Union forces and he engaged in several battles, was wounded, and later became a captain in the 5th Pennsylvania Reserves. Charles left the service in 1864 and returned to his law practice, law Association, a forerunner of the American Bar Association. Charles met Ella Adelaide Marsh, after she married his friend and client John Fairbanks, the Fairbankses had a son, John, and shortly thereafter John Senior died of tuberculosis. Ella, born into a wealthy southern Catholic family, was overprotected, consequently, she was swindled out of her fortune by her husbands partners. Even the efforts of Charles Ullman, acting on her behalf, distraught and lonely, she met and married a courtly Georgian, Edward Wilcox, who turned out to be an alcoholic. After they had a son, Norris, she divorced Wilcox with Charles acting as her own lawyer in the suit, the pretty southern belle soon became romantically involved with Charles and agreed to move to Denver with him to pursue mining investments. They arrived in Denver in 1881 with her son, John and they were married and in 1882 had a child, Robert and then a second son, Douglas, a year later. Charles purchased several mining interests in the Rocky Mountains, and he re-established his law practice, Charles Ullman, after hearing of his wifes philandering, abandoned the family when Douglas was five years old
7.
Charles "Buddy" Rogers
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Charles Edward “Buddy” Rogers was an American film actor and musician. During the peak of his popularity in the late 1920s and early 1930s he was publicized as Americas Boy Friend, Rogers was born to Maude and Bert Henry Rogers in Olathe, Kansas. He studied at the University of Kansas where he became a member of Phi Kappa Psi. In the mid-1920s he began acting professionally in Hollywood films, a talented trombonist skilled on several other musical instruments, Rogers performed with his own dance band in motion pictures and on radio. During World War II, he served in the United States Navy as a training instructor. According to American Dance Bands On Record and Film, compiled by Richard J. Johnson and Bernard H. Shirley, instead, he was a film actor who fronted a band for publicity purposes. His later bands were organized by Milt Shaw, in 1930, he recorded two records for Columbia as a solo singer with a small jazz band accompanying. In 1932, he signed with Victor and recorded four sweet dance band records, in 1938, he signed with Vocalion and recorded six swing records. Nicknamed Buddy, his most remembered performance in film was opposite Clara Bow in the 1927 Academy Award winning Wings, in 1968, he appeared as himself in an episode of Petticoat Junction entitled Wings, a direct reference to the silent movie. For his contribution to the picture industry, Rogers has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6135 Hollywood Blvd. Respected by his peers for his work in film and for his humanitarianism, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to him in 1993. In 1937, Rogers became the husband of silent film legend Mary Pickford. Their romance had begun in 1927, when they co-starred in My Best Girl, the couple adopted two children—Roxanne and Ronald Charles —and remained married for 42 years until Pickfords death in 1979. Rogers died in Rancho Mirage, California, in 1999 at the age of 94 of natural causes, Buddy Rogers, Star of Wings And Band Leader, Dies at 94
8.
Charlotte Hennessey
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Charlotte Hennessey Smith was a Canadian silent film actress and the mother of Mary, Lottie, and Jack Pickford, who all became actors. Born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada to Irish Catholic parents from County Kerry and she married John Charles Smith, son of English Methodist immigrants. She agreed to rear their children in his Methodist faith, the couple had three children, Gladys Louise, later actress Mary Pickford, Charlotte, later actress Lottie Pickford, and John Charles, later actor Jack Pickford. In 1898, Smiths husband John Charles died from a blood clot caused by an accident when he was a purser with the Niagara Steamship Lines. Charlotte Smith struggled to make a living and she allowed her eldest daughter to take some theatre roles in Toronto in parts for children and, as the other children grew, toured with them with theater companies around the United States. They moved to New York, where Gladys, the oldest landed a role on Broadway, soon she was able to get some film work, and changed her name to Mary Pickford at the request of a director. Later both her siblings adopted Pickford as a surname for their acting work, after her daughter, Gladys, known then as actress Mary Pickford, started getting film roles, Charlotte Smith acted in minor parts in three silent films in 1910 and 1911, with her daughter. All three children, Mary, Lottie, and Jack Pickford, became actors, although only Mary Pickford achieved great fame, Charlotte Smith continued to play a large role in managing her childrens careers. She negotiated her daughter Mary Pickfords landmark contracts in the United States as a child star, Smith took a role in United Artists and the Mary Pickford Film Company, founded by her daughter, until her death. On March 22,1928, Smith died of breast cancer after refusing surgery and she had already had several major operations. She was buried in the Pickford plot at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale and she bequeathed $200,000 each in trust to her two younger children, Jack and Lottie, and to Lotties daughter Gwynne. A Victim of Jealousy The Impalement Sweet Memories Charlotte Hennessey at the Internet Movie Database Charlotte Pickford at Find a Grave
9.
Lottie Pickford
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Lottie Pickford was a Canadian-born silent film actress, and socialite. She was the sister of fellow actress Mary Pickford and actor Jack Pickford, one of her best known roles was in The Diamond from the Sky directed by William Desmond Taylor in 1915. Pickfords career is overshadowed by that of her siblings and though she was a notable figure in the 1920s, her films. She was born Charlotte Smith, to John Charles Smith and Charlotte Hennessy, Pickford was named for her mother. She was the child, born a year and two months after her sister Gladys Smith and two years before her brother John Charles Smith, called Jack. She quickly became her fathers favorite, much to her sisters annoyance, after mistakenly believing she was a boy when first born, her father lovingly gave her the boyish nickname, Chuckie. Pickfords father left the family while she was young, and Gladys took on responsibilities, Lottie and Jack became extremely close, banding together against their sister who they saw as strict. Lottie idolized her brother Jack, and they remained throughout their lifetimes. Despite her tense relationship with Mary, she was protective of her, in need of extra income the family began to act. On January 8,1900, Gladys and Lottie appeared in The Silver King, Lottie was either offered a lesser sum than her sister or was part of a packaged deal. The family eventually moved to New York City where they all acted in productions, sometimes together. At one point Lottie and Gladys had to travel on their own for one production, of the family, Gladys was the breakout star. Her family members were attached to her as a contractual stipulation. After she started in films, she took the name Mary Pickford, Lottie and Jack also used the surname Pickford in their acting careers. Mary was influential in getting her siblings on the payroll after she started acting in films, in 1907, Mary adopted the stage name Mary Pickford. The rest of the family adopted the Pickford name by the time began appearing in films. Mary signed with D. W. Griffiths Biograph Company in 1909, between 1909 and 1910, Mary made eighty shorts, Jack made twenty-eight, and Lottie made twenty-five. Of the three Pickfords, Lotties talents were considered the weakest, actress Linda Arvidson said Mary had decided her sister was not pretty enough for films, and had done her best to keep her away from Biograph
10.
Jack Pickford
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Jack Pickford was a Canadian-born American actor, film director and producer. He was the brother of actresses Mary and Lottie Pickford. After their father deserted the family, all three Pickford children began working as actors on the stage. Mary Pickford later became a popular silent film actress, producer. By the late 1920s, his career had begun to decline due to his penchant for partying and frequent use of drugs, in 1933, Pickford died in Paris of progressive multiple neuritis, aged thirty-six. John Charles Smith born in 1896 in Toronto, Ontario, to John Charles Smith, an English immigrant odd-job man of Methodist background, and Charlotte Hennessy Smith and he was called Jack as a child. His alcoholic father left the family while Pickford was a young child and this incident left the family impoverished. Out of desperation, Charlotte allowed Jack and his two sisters Gladys and Lottie to appear onstage, beginning with Gladys, the eldest. This proved a source of income and, by 1900, the family had relocated to New York City. Due to the work the family was constantly separated until 1910 when Gladys signed with Biograph Studios, by that time his sister Gladys Smith had been transformed into Mary Pickford. Following suit, the Smiths changed their names to Pickford. Soon after signing with Biograph, Mary secured jobs for all the family, when the Biograph Company headed West to Hollywood, only Mary was to go, until Jack pleaded to join the company as well. Much to Marys protest, Charlotte threw him on the train as it left the station, the company arrived in Hollywood, where Jack acted in bit parts during the stay. Mary soon became a star, and by 1917 had signed a contract for $1 million with First National Pictures. As part of her contract, Mary saw to it that her family was brought along, giving the now-named Jack Pickford a lucrative contract with the company as well, by the time he signed with First National, Pickford had played bit parts in 95 shorts and films. Though Pickford was considered an actor, he was seen as someone who never lived up to his potential. In 1917 he starred in one of his first major roles as Pip in the adaptation of Charles Dickens Great Expectations, during World War I, Pickford served a stint in the Navy, afterward he returned to making films. By 1923, his roles had gone from several a year to one, in 1928, he finished his last film, acting as Clyde Baxter in Gang War
11.
Pickford-Fairbanks Studios
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At various times, the location was also known as Pickford-Fairbanks Studios, the United Artists Studio, Warner Hollywood Studios, and its name since 1999, The Lot. The site was acquired by Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks and dubbed Pickford-Fairbanks Studios in 1919 and it was later renamed the United Artists Studio in 1928, as it was being used by several independent producers, including Samuel Goldwyn, that distributed through United Artists. Although Goldwyn did not control the deed for the land, he, Schenck left United Artists in 1935, leaving his share of the deed to Goldwyn, and Fairbanks died in 1939, leaving his share to Pickford. When Goldwyn left United Artists in 1940, he sought to rename the lot Samuel Goldwyn Studio, Pickford and Goldwyn fought over the name and ownership of the property until a court ordered that the lot be auctioned in 1955. James Mulvey, Goldwyns most trusted confidant and president of Samuel Goldwyn Inc. outbid Pickford for the property. The lot officially became Samuel Goldwyn Studio and remained so until Warner Brothers purchased the site in 1980, Warner Bros. sold the property in 1999 and the name was officially changed to its longtime unofficial nickname, The Lot. Across the street is the Formosa Cafe, a legendary Hollywood hangout, the studio was awarded with the Academy Award for Best Sound in 1968 for the film In the Heat of the Night. United Artists Goldwyn Pictures The Samuel Goldwyn Company Samuel Goldwyn Films Samuel Goldwyn Productions Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Samuel Goldwyn Television
12.
United Artists
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United Artists is an American film and television entertainment studio. The studio was bought, sold and restructured over the ensuing century. On December 14 of the year, however, MGM acquired the 48% stake of UAMG it did not own. UA was incorporated as a joint venture on February 5,1919, by Pickford, Chaplin, Fairbanks, each held a 20% stake, with the remaining 20% held by lawyer William Gibbs McAdoo. The idea for the venture originated with Fairbanks, Chaplin, Pickford, already Hollywood veterans, the four stars talked of forming their own company to better control their own work. They were spurred on by established Hollywood producers and distributors who were tightening their control over salaries and creative decisions. With the addition of Griffith, planning began, but Hart bowed out before anything was formalized, when he heard about their scheme, Richard A. Rowland, head of Metro Pictures, is said to have observed, The inmates are taking over the asylum. The four partners, with advice from McAdoo, formed their distribution company and its headquarters was established at 729 Seventh Avenue in New York City. The original terms called for each of the stars to produce five pictures each year, UAs first film was a success. Without selling stock to the public, following the other studios, as a result, production was slow and the company distributed an annual average of five films during its first five years. By 1924 Griffith had dropped out and the company was facing a crisis, veteran producer Joseph Schenck was hired as president. He had been producing pictures for a decade, and he brought commitments for films starring his wife, Norma Talmadge, his sister-in-law, Constance Talmadge, contracts were signed with independent producers, most notably Samuel Goldwyn, and Howard Hughes. In 1933, Schenck organized a new company with Darryl F. Zanuck, called Twentieth Century Pictures, Schenck formed a separate partnership with Pickford and Chaplin to buy and build theaters under the United Artists name. They began international operations, first in Canada and then in Mexico, by the end of the 1930s, United Artists was represented in over 40 countries. When he was denied a share in 1935, Schenck resigned. He set up 20th Century Pictures merger with Fox Film Corporation to form 20th Century Fox, al Lichtman succeeded Schenck as company president. Other independent producers distributed through United Artists in the 1930s including, Walt Disney Productions, Alexander Korda, Hal Roach, David O. Selznick, as the years passed, and the dynamics of the business changed, these producing partners drifted away. Samuel Goldwyn Productions and Disney went to RKO, and Wanger to Universal Pictures, in the late 1930s, UA turned a profit
13.
Charlie Chaplin
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Sir Charles Spencer Charlie Chaplin, KBE was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film. Chaplin became an icon through his screen persona the Tramp and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, Chaplins childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. As his father was absent and his mother struggled financially, he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine, when he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor. At 19, he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company, Chaplin was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a fan base. Chaplin directed his own films from a stage and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual. By 1918, he was one of the figures in the world. In 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid, followed by A Woman of Paris, The Gold Rush and he refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights and Modern Times without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political, and his film, The Great Dictator. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and he was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and he abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux, Limelight, A King in New York, and A Countess from Hong Kong. Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in and he was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramps struggles against adversity, many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. In 1972, as part of an appreciation for his work. He continues to be held in regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times
14.
D.W. Griffith
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David Wark D. W. Griffith was an American director, writer, and producer who pioneered modern filmmaking techniques. Griffith is best remembered for The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance, the Birth of a Nation made use of advanced camera and narrative techniques, and its popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film in the United States. Today, it is noted for its radical technique and condemned for its inherently racist philosophy. The film was subject to boycotts by the NAACP and, after screenings of the film had caused riots at several theaters, Intolerance, his next film, was, in part, an answer to his critics. By the time of his feature, The Struggle, he had made roughly 500 films. Griffith is one of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and he is credited with popularizing the use of the close-up shot. Griffith was born on a farm in Oldham County, Kentucky, Jacob was a Confederate Army colonel in the American Civil War and was elected as a Kentucky state legislator. He attended a one-room schoolhouse where he was taught by his older sister, after his father died when he was ten, the family struggled with poverty. When Griffith was 14, his mother abandoned the farm and moved the family to Louisville, Griffith then left high school to help support the family, taking a job in a dry goods store and later in a bookstore. Griffith began his career as an actor in touring companies. Meanwhile, he was learning how to become a playwright, but had little success—only one of his plays was accepted for a performance, Griffith then decided to become an actor, and appeared in many films as an extra. Griffith began making films in 1908, and released his first feature film, Judith of Bethulia. A few years earlier, in 1907, Griffith, still struggling as a playwright, Porter rejected Griffiths script, but gave him an acting part in Rescued from an Eagles Nest instead. Finding this attractive, Griffith began to explore a career as an actor in the picture business. At Biograph, Griffiths career in the industry would change forever. In 1908, Biographs main director Wallace McCutcheon grew ill, and his son, Wallace McCutcheon, McCutcheon, Jr. however, was not able to bring the studio any success. As a result, Biograph co-founder, Henry Harry Marvin, decided to give Griffith the position, Griffith would end up directing forty-eight shorts for the company that year. His short In Old California was the first film shot in Hollywood, four years later he produced and directed his first feature film Judith of Bethulia, one of the earliest to be produced in the United States
15.
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academys corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors, the roster of the Academys approximately 6,000 motion picture professionals is a closely guarded secret. While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, the Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially known as The Oscars. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2017, the notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences began with Louis B. He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and he met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetsonto to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having a banquet was discussed. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry, actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts, everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6,1927 and their first organizational meeting was held on May 11. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president and that night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five groups, or branches. The original five were, Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers, the initial concerns of the group had to do with labor. However, as went on, the organization moved further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations. By July 1928 the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented, during July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This award of merit for distinctive achievement is what we know now as the Academy Award, the initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, the screening room was not completed until April 1929. With the publication of Report on Incandescent Illumination in 1928, the Academy began a history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers, in 1929 Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created Americas first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures
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Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
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Academy Award for Best Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
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Coquette (film)
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Coquette is a 1929 American Pre-Code drama film, starring Mary Pickford. The film was a box office success, for her role, Pickford won the second Academy Award for Best Actress. Norma Besant, daughter of a Southern doctor, is a flirt and has many suitors. Her father Dr. Besant favors Stanley, who is taken with Norma, however Norma has met a simple man named Michael Jeffrey who she has fallen madly in love with. Dr. Besant disapproves of Michael and orders Norma to never see him again, Norma gives him their word, then promptly plans to marry Michael in 6 months, when hes made good in the hills so he can buy her a home in the valley. A few months pass and Michael sneaks down from the hills to see Norma at a Country Club dance, wanting more time alone they sneak off to Michaels mothers cabin. According to Norma they made coffee and talked all night about the future and she returns home the next day at 4am. However someone has spotted the couple and begun to spread rumors around town destroying Normas reputation, Michael is furious and vows he will ask her father for her hand in marriage immediately. Dr. Besant is furious and a verbal exchange takes place with Michael leaving, vowing to run away with Norma as soon as possible. Dr. Besant orders Norma to her room and leaves, pistol in hand, as Normas brother tries to distract her Stanley arrives, telling Norma that Michael was fatally wounded by her father. Norma runs to Michaels cabin where he dies in her arms, Dr. Besants lawyer friend arrives begging Norma to lie to the police to save her fathers life. Norma refuses, but later as the trial wears on she changes her mind and she takes the stand and lies about Michael, trying to save her father. Norma breaks down under cross examination and her father comes to comfort her on the witness stand, as he tells her she does not have to lie anymore, he spots the gun on the evidence table. After comforting Norma, Dr. Besant approaches the bench and confesses his guilt and he then takes the gun and kills himself in front of the court. Later we see Stanley waiting for Norma, who has been in the judges chambers and he offers to walk her home, but Norma refuses, saying she would like to walk home alone. Mary Pickford as Norma Besant Johnny Mack Brown as Michael Jeffery Matt Moore as Stanley Stan Wentworth John St. Polis as Dr. John M. Besant William Janney as James Jimmy Besant Henry Kolker as Dist. The film was adapted for the screen by John Grey, Allen McNeil, and Sam Taylor from the play by George Abbott and Ann Preston Bridgers, the play originally opened in New York City on November 8,1927 with Helen Hayes in the title role. William Cameron Menzies provided set decoration, or production design, with the film crediting him for settings, the song Coquette, written by Johnny Green and Carmen Lombardo, has since become a jazz standard
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American cinema
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The cinema of the United States, often metonymously referred to as Hollywood, has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. The dominant style of American cinema is Classical Hollywood Cinema, which developed from 1917-1960, while the French Lumière Brothers are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema, it is American cinema that soon became the most dominant force in an emerging industry. Since the 1920s, the American film industry has grossed more money every year than that of any other country, in 1878, Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion. In 1894, the worlds first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City, the United States was in the forefront of sound film development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U. S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, Los Angeles, director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of film grammar. Orson Welless Citizen Kane is frequently cited in critics polls as the greatest film of all time. T, the Extra-Terrestrial, Jurassic Park, Titanic, Avatar, The Avengers, Furious 7, Jurassic World, and Star Wars, The Force Awakens. Today, American film studios collectively generate several hundred movies every year, muybridges accomplishment led inventors everywhere to attempt to make similar devices that would capture such motion. In the United States, Thomas Edison was among the first to produce such a device, the history of cinema in the United States can trace its roots to the East Coast where, at one time, Fort Lee, New Jersey was the motion picture capital of America. The industry got its start at the end of the 19th century with the construction of Thomas Edisons Black Maria, in 1909, a forerunner of Universal Studios, the Champion Film Company, built the first studio. They were quickly followed by others who either built new studios or who leased facilities in Fort Lee, such notables as Mary Pickford got their start at Biograph Studios. In New York, the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, was built during the silent film era, was used by the Marx Brothers, the Edison Studios were located in the Bronx. Chelsea, Manhattan was also frequently used, other major centers of film production also included Chicago, Florida, Texas, California, and Cuba. The film patents wars of the early 20th century led to the spread of film companies across the U. S and they started filming on a vacant lot near Georgia Street in downtown Los Angeles. While there, the decided to explore new territories, traveling several miles north to Hollywood. Griffith then filmed the first movie shot in Hollywood, In Old California, a Biograph melodrama about California in the 19th century. Griffith stayed there for months and made several films before returning to New York, after hearing about Griffiths success in Hollywood, in 1913, many movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by Thomas Edison, who owned patents on the movie-making process. Nestor Studios of Bayonne, New Jersey, built the first studio in Hollywood in 1911, Californias more hospitable and cost-effective climate led to the eventual shift of virtually all filmmaking to the West Coast by the 1930s. In Los Angeles, the studios and Hollywood grew, before World War I, movies were made in several U. S. cities, but filmmakers gravitated to southern California as the industry developed
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American Film Institute
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The American Film Institute is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the moving picture arts in America. AFI is supported by funding and public membership. The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, a board of trustees chaired by Sir Howard Stringer and a board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens, Jr. and Jean Picker Firstenberg. <ref>AFI Board of Trustees etc. American Film Institute. October 2014. Retrieved December 24,2014. </ref>Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation. The institute established a program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981, the film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school. AFI educates audiences and recognizes excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists. In 1969, the established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel and Paul Schrader, mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year, in 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer and screenwriter James L. Brooks joined AFI as Artistic Director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr. Robert Wise. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as Dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years, jan Schuette took over as Dean in 2014. AFI Conservatorys alumni have careers in film, television and on the web and they have been recognized with all of the major industry awards – Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award. The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database, early print copies of this catalog may also be found at your local library. Each year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films and ten outstanding television programs, the awards are a non-competitive acknowledgement of excellence. The Awards are announced in December and a luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics and historians, with movies selected based on the films popularity over time, historical significance, citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. AFI operates two film festivals, AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs in Silver Spring, Maryland, AFI Fest is the American Film Institutes annual celebration of artistic excellence
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Classical Hollywood cinema
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For centuries the only visual standard of narrative storytelling was the theatre. Since the first narrative films in the 1890s, filmmakers sought to capture the power, most of these filmmakers started as directors on the late 19th century stage, and likewise most film actors had roots in vaudeville or theatrical melodramas. Early film-makers largely failed to both the limitations and the freedom of the new medium. Visually, early films had adapted little from the stage. Regardless of any merit they had in the proscenium, these narrative films lost both their power and their realism on the cinematic frame, melodrama and vaudeville only emphasized the artificiality of film, and likewise stagy visuals on film appeared two-dimensional and static. Before the visual style which would become known as classical continuity, scenes were filmed in full shot and used carefully choreographed staging to portray plot, cutting was extremely limited, and mostly consisted of close-ups of writing on objects for their legibility. By the early 1910s, film-making was beginning to fulfill its artistic potential, films worldwide began to noticeably adopt visual and narrative elements which would be found in classical Hollywood cinema. In the world generally and America specifically, the influence of Griffith on film-making was unmatched, equally influential were his actors in adapting their performances to the new medium. Lillian Gish, the star of The Mothering Heart, is noted for her influence on screen performance techniques. D. W. Griffiths 1915 epic The Birth of a Nation was groundbreaking for film as a means of storytelling — a masterpiece of narrative with numerous innovative visual techniques. The film initiated so many advances in American cinema that it was rendered obsolete within a few years, though 1913 was a global landmark for film-making,1917 was primarily an American one. The era of classical Hollywood cinema is distinguished by a narrative, the narrative and visual style of classical Hollywood style would further develop after the transition to sound-film production. The primary changes in American film-making came from the industry itself. This mode of production, with its star system bankrolled by several key studios, had preceded sound by several years. By mid-1920 most of the prominent American directors and actors, who had worked independently since the early 10s, the beginning of the sound era itself is ambiguously defined. Some begin the start of the era with The Jazz Singer. Others begin the era at 1929, when the silent age had definitively ended, for instance, Cedric Gibbons and Herbert Stothart always worked on MGM films, Alfred Newman worked at Twentieth Century Fox for twenty years, Cecil B. DeMilles films were almost all made at Paramount Pictures, director Henry Kings films were made for Twentieth Century Fox
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University Avenue (Toronto)
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University Avenue is a major north-south road in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Beginning at Front Street West in the south, the heads north to end at College Street just south of Queens Park. At its north end, the Ontario Legislative Building serves as a prominent terminating vista, University Avenue begins at the intersection of Front and York streets near Union Station and heads northwest for a short distance before turning north. At Adelaide Street West, the avenue divides slightly, leaving room for a median of greenery, the avenue ends at College Street, where it splits into Queens Park Crescent East and Queens Park Crescent West. Between these two roads is Queens Park, the home of the Ontario Legislative Building and this landmark creates a terminating vista for those looking north along University. The legislatures site was home to the main building of the University of Toronto. Today, the university surrounds the legislature building, north of Bloor Street, the road continues as Avenue Road. While Yonge Street is the heart of the city and Bay Street the financial hub, University Avenue is Torontos most ceremonial thoroughfare. The boulevard is unusually wide for Canadian cities, as it expands from 6 lanes wide to eight lanes wide, the speed limit is 50 km/h, reduced from 60 km/h. The northernmost part of the street is dominated by a series of hospitals and these include the Toronto General Hospital, Mount Sinai Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, and the Hospital for Sick Children. This stretch is occasionally referred to as Hospital Row by locals, the intersection of University and College is also home to the headquarters of Ontario Power Generation. The rest of the street is home to a variety of corporate offices, historically, this imposing street has been met with mixed reviews. University Avenue has matured and mellowed somewhat since Bertons unfavourable observation, though paving is still characterized by poured concrete and asphalt for most sidewalks, restaurants now dot the southern end of University Avenue. Recently completed at the intersection of University and Queen Street is the Four Seasons Centre, which is the new home of the Canadian Opera Company, osgoode Hall presents stately architecture and a welcome green space. During the holiday season, festive lights illuminate the trees and shrubs of the boulevard, unlike most major streets in Toronto, there are no rooftop billboards visible from University Avenue due to a bylaw. A portion of the University line portion of the Yonge-University-Spadina subway line runs the length of University Avenue, University Avenue was originally made up of two streets, College Avenue and University Street, and separated by a fence, but it was eventually removed and the streets were merged. The merged street ended at Queen Street until 1931, when it was extended southward to Front Street, University Avenue features many landmark buildings and monuments. My Times, Living with history 1947-1995, ISBN 0-385-25528-4 Google Maps of University Avenue
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Methodism
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Methodism, or the Methodist movement, is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and Johns brother Charles Wesley were also significant leaders in the movement and it originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate Church after Wesleys death. Because of vigorous missionary work, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, Wesleys theology focused on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian. Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include an assurance of salvation, imparted righteousness, the possibility of perfection in love, the works of piety and the primacy of Scripture. Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all, in theology and this teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people. However, Whitefield and several others were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the latter position, Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the works of mercy. These ideals are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens and schools to follow Christs command to spread the gospel, the movement has a wide variety of forms of worship, ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage. Denominations that descend from the British Methodist tradition are generally less ritualistic, Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church. In Britain, the Methodist Church had an effect in the early decades of the making of the working class. In the United States, it became the religion of many slaves who later formed black churches in the Methodist tradition. The Methodist revival began with a group of men, including John Wesley and his younger brother Charles, the Wesley brothers founded the Holy Club at the University of Oxford, where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at Lincoln College. The club met weekly and they set about living a holy life. They were accustomed to receiving Communion every week, fasting regularly, abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury and frequently visited the sick, the fellowship were branded as Methodist by their fellow students because of the way they used rule and method to go about their religious affairs. John, who was leader of the club, took the attempted mockery, unsuccessful in their work, the brothers returned to England conscious of their lack of genuine Christian faith. They looked for help to Peter Boehler and other members of the Moravian Church, at a Moravian service in Aldersgate on 24 May 1738, John experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion, when he felt his heart strangely warmed. Charles had reported an experience an few days previously. Considered a pivotal moment, Daniel L. John Wesley came under the influence of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius, Arminius had rejected the Calvinist teaching that God had pre-ordained an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally. Conversely, George Whitefield, Howell Harris, and Selina Hastings, George Whitefield, returning from his own mission in Georgia, joined the Wesley brothers in what was rapidly to become a national crusade
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Irish Catholic
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Irish Catholics are people who are Catholic and Irish. Divisions between Irish Catholics and Irish Protestants played a role in the history of Ireland from the 16th to the 20th century, especially the Home Rule Crisis. While religion broadly marks the delineation of these divisions, the contentions were primarily political, in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 Catholics and Presbyterians, who were not part of the established Church of Ireland, found common cause. Irish Catholics are found in countries around the world, especially in the English-speaking world. Emigration following the Famine in the late 1840s saw the population drop from over 8 million to just over 4 million, today, Irish Catholics are very well established in the United States and are part of mainstream American society. Endnotes Library of Congress The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America, describes the book ISBN 0-8132-0896-3 St. Colman Mac Duagh On Irish Catholics of Australia
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Tom show
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Tom show is a general term for any play or musical based on the 1852 novel Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The novel attempts to depict the reality of slavery. Even though Uncle Toms Cabin was the novel of the 19th century. Some of these shows were essentially minstrel shows that utilized caricatures and stereotypes of black people, Tom shows were popular in the United States from the 1850s through the early 1900s. Stage plays based on Uncle Toms Cabin—Tom shows—began to appear while the story itself was still being serialized and these plays varied tremendously in their politics—some faithfully reflected Stowes sentimentalized antislavery politics, while others were more moderate, or even pro-slavery. A number of the productions also featured songs by Stephen Foster, including My Old Kentucky Home, Old Folks at Home, Stowe herself never authorized dramatization of her work, because of her puritanical distrust of drama. Eric Lott, in his book Love and Theft, Blackface Minstrelsy, all Tom shows appear to have incorporated elements of melodrama and blackface minstrelsy. Rice, famous in the 1830s for his comic and clearly racist blackface character Jim Crow, later became the most celebrated actor to play the role of Tom. The best-known Tom Shows were those of George Aiken and H. J. Conway, Aikens original Uncle Toms Cabin focused almost entirely on Little Eva, a sequel, The Death of Uncle Tom, or the Religion of the Lonely told Toms own story. The two were combined in an unprecedented evening-long six-act play. It also focuses heavily on George Harris, the New York Times reported that his defiant speech received great cheers from an audience of Bowery bhoys and ghals. After a long and successful run beginning November 15,1852 in Troy, New York, the play opened in New York City July 18,1853, where its success was even greater. Conways production opened in Boston the same day Aikens opened in Troy and its politics were much more moderate. Sam and Andy become, in Lotts words, buffoons, criticism of slavery was placed largely in the mouth of a newly introduced Yankee character, a reporter named Penetrate Partyside. St. Clares role was expanded, and turned more of a pro-slavery advocate. Legree rigs the auction that gets him ownership of Tom, beyond this, Conway gave his play a happy ending, with Tom and various other slaves freed. Showmen felt that Stowes novel had a flaw in that there was no clearly defined comic character, so there was no role for a comedian, and consequently little relief from the tragedy. Eventually it was found that the character of Marks the Lawyer could be played as a broad caricature for laughs, dressing him in foppish clothes
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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Harriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe was an American abolitionist and author. She came from the Beecher family, a religious family. It depicts the life for African Americans under slavery. It reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and it energized anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. She wrote 30 books, including novels, three memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential for both her writings and her public stands on issues of the day. Harriet Elisabeth Beecher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, on June 14,1811 and she was the seventh of 13 children born to outspoken Calvinist preacher Lyman Beecher and Roxana, a deeply religious woman who died when Stowe was only five years old. Roxanas maternal grandfather was General Andrew Ward of the Revolutionary War, among her classmates was Sarah P. Willis, who later wrote under the pseudonym Fanny Fern. In 1832, at the age of 21, Harriet Beecher moved to Cincinnati, Ohio to join her father, who had become the president of Lane Theological Seminary. There, she joined the Semi-Colon Club, a literary salon and social club whose members included the Beecher sisters, Caroline Lee Hentz, Salmon P. Chase, Emily Blackwell. Areas of the city had been wrecked in the Cincinnati riots of 1829, Beecher met a number of African Americans who had suffered in those attacks, and their experience contributed to her later writing about slavery. Riots took place again in 1836 and 1841, driven also by native-born anti-abolitionists and it was in the literary club that she met Calvin Ellis Stowe, a widower who was a professor at the seminary. The two married on January 6,1836 and he was an ardent critic of slavery, and the Stowes supported the Underground Railroad, temporarily housing several fugitive slaves in their home. Most slaves continued north to freedom in Canada. The Stowes had seven children together, including twin daughters, in 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law, prohibiting assistance to fugitives and strengthening sanctions even in free states. At the time, Stowe had moved with her family to Brunswick, Maine and their home near the campus is protected as a national historic resource in her honor. Stowe claimed to have a vision of a slave during a communion service at the college chapel. However, what more likely allowed her to empathize with slaves was the loss of her eighteen-month-old son and she even stated the following, Having experienced losing someone so close to me, I can sympathize with all the poor, powerless slaves at the unjust auctions
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Josiah Henson
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Josiah Henson was an author, abolitionist, and minister. Following the success of Stowes novel, Henson issued a version of his memoir in 1858. Father Hensons Story of His Own Life, interest in his life continued, and nearly two decades later, his life story was updated and published as Uncle Toms Story of His Life, An Autobiography of the Rev. Josiah Henson. Josiah Henson was born on a farm near Port Tobacco, Charles County, when he was a boy, his father was punished for standing up to a slave owner, for which he received one hundred lashes. In addition, his ear was nailed to the whipping post. His father was sold to someone in Alabama. Following his familys death, young Josiah was separated from his mother, brothers. His mother pleaded with her new owner, Isaac Riley, and Riley agreed to buy back Henson so she could at least have her youngest child with her, on condition he would work in the fields. Riley would not regret his decision, for Henson rose in his owners esteem, in 1825, Mr. Riley fell onto economic hardship and was sued by a brother in law. Desperate, he begged Henson, with tears in his eyes, Mr. Riley then told him that he needed to take his eighteen slaves, to his brother, in Kentucky, by foot. They arrived in Davies County, Kentucky, in the middle of April 1825 at the plantation of Mr. Amos Riley, in September 1828, Henson returned to Maryland in an attempt to buy his freedom from Issac Riley. He tried to buy his freedom by giving his master $350, which he had saved up, originally, Henson only needed to pay the extra $100 by note. Mr. Riley however, added an extra zero to the paper, cheated of his money, Henson returned to Kentucky and then escaped to Kent County, Upper Canada, in 1830, after learning he might be sold again. Josiah Hensons settlement offered former slaves, who had escaped from the U. S. a chance to start a new life in Upper Canada and he founded a settlement and laborers school for other fugitive slaves at Dawn, British Upper Canada. Henson crossed into Upper Canada via the Niagara River with his wife Nancy and their four children, never to return to the United States. The legislation did not immediately end slavery in the colony, but it did prevent the importation of slaves, by the time Henson arrived, others had already made Upper Canada home, including Black Loyalists, from the American Revolution, and refugees from the War of 1812. In 1833, slavery was outlawed, in the British Empire, at this time, the Canadians were still a part of colonial, British Canada. Josiah Henson first worked farms near Fort Erie, then Waterloo, moving with friends to Colchester, by 1834, to set up a Black settlement, on rented land
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Chauncey Olcott
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Chauncey Olcott was an American stage actor, songwriter and singer of Irish descent. He was born in Buffalo, New York and his mother, Margaret, was a native of Killeagh, County Cork. In the early years of his career Olcott sang in minstrel shows, lillian Russell played a major role in helping make him a Broadway star. Olcott combined the roles of tenor, actor, lyricist and composer in many productions and he wrote the complete scores to Irish musicals such as Sweet Inniscara, A Romance of Athlone, Garrett OMagh, and Old Limerick Town. For other productions he collaborated with Ernest R. Ball and George Graff in works such as The Irish Artist, Barry of Ballymore, Macushla, there are some 20 such works between 1894 and 1920. He was a songwriter who captured the mood of his Irish-American audience by combining melodic and rhythmic phrases from traditional Irish music with melancholy sentiment. Sometimes he borrowed tunes from others, such as the track from Macushla from Irish composer Dermot Macmurrough or Too Ra Loo Ra Loo Ral by James Royce Shannon for his production Shameen Dhu. In 1925, an illness forced him to retire. His body was brought home and interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, Olcotts life story was told in the 1947 Warner Bros. motion picture My Wild Irish Rose starring Dennis Morgan as Olcott. The films plot was based on the biography by Olcotts widow, Rita Olcott, in 1970, Olcott was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. Rita Olcott, Song in His Heart, mari Kathleen Fielder, Chauncey Olcott, Irish-American Mother-Love, Romance and Nationalism, in, Éire-Ireland 22 no. Williams, Twas Only an Irishmans Dream
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Edmund Burke
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Burke criticized British treatment of the American colonies, including through its taxation policies. Burke is remembered for his support for Catholic emancipation, the impeachment of Warren Hastings from the East India Company, in the nineteenth century Burke was praised by both conservatives and liberals. Subsequently, in the century, he became widely regarded as the philosophical founder of modern conservatism. Burke was born in Dublin, Ireland, Burke adhered to his fathers faith and remained a practising Anglican throughout his life, unlike his sister Juliana who was brought up as and remained a Roman Catholic. Although never denying his Irishness, Burke often described himself as an Englishman, according to the historian J. C. D. Clark, this was in an age before Celtic nationalism sought to make Irishness and Englishness incompatible. As a child he spent time away from the unhealthy air of Dublin with his mothers family in the Blackwater Valley in County Cork. He received his education at a Quaker school in Ballitore, County Kildare, some 67 kilometres from Dublin. He remained in correspondence with his schoolmate from there, Mary Leadbeater, in 1744, Burke started at Trinity College Dublin, a Protestant establishment, which up until 1793, did not permit Catholics to take degrees. The minutes of the meetings of Burkes Club remain in the collection of the Historical Society, Burke graduated from Trinity in 1748. Burkes father wanted him to read Law, and with this in mind he went to London in 1750, after eschewing the Law, he pursued a livelihood through writing. The late Lord Bolingbrokes Letters on the Study and Use of History was published in 1752 and this provoked Burke into writing his first published work, A Vindication of Natural Society, A View of the Miseries and Evils Arising to Mankind, appearing in Spring 1756. Burke imitated Bolingbrokes style and ideas in a reductio ad absurdum of his arguments for atheistic rationalism, Burke claimed that Bolingbrokes arguments against revealed religion could apply to all social and civil institutions as well. Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire, all the reviews of the work were positive, with critics especially appreciative of Burkes quality of writing. Some reviewers failed to notice the ironic nature of the book, a minority of scholars have taken the position that, in fact, Burke did write the Vindication in earnest, later disowning it only for political reasons. It was his only purely philosophical work, and when asked by Sir Joshua Reynolds and French Laurence to expand it thirty years later and it was to be submitted for publication by Christmas 1758. G. M. Young did not value Burkes history and claimed that it was demonstrably a translation from the French. Lord Acton, on commenting on the story that Burke stopped his history because David Hume published his, Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766. On 12 March 1757, Burke married Jane Mary Nugent, daughter of Dr Christopher Nugent and their son Richard was born on 9 February 1758, an elder son, Christopher, died in infancy
30.
The Warrens of Virginia (play)
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The Warrens of Virginia is a dramatic play set during the American Civil War by playwright William C. de Mille. It was produced on Broadway by David Belasco in 1907 and was the basis for two films in 1915 and in 1924, the play was also the basis for a novelization by author George Cary Eggleston in 1908. The Warrens of Virginia premiered in New York at the Belasco Theater on December 3,1907, the production ran for a total of 380 performances, finally closing in October,1908. The producer was Broadway impresario David Belasco, and the show starred Charles Waldron as Lt. Ned Burton and it was at Belascos insistence that she adopted the stage name Mary Pickford for the show. Another notable supporting player, in the role of Arthur Warren, was the playwrights brother, deMille, who went on to direct The Warrens of Virginia in a silent film version in 1915. Actor DeWitt Jennings was the only cast member to appear in both the Broadway production and the 1915 film, blake - Raymond L. Bond Sapho - Mrs. Charles G. Craig Arthur Warren - Cecil B. De Peyster - Stanhope Wheatcroft At the Virginia plantation of Gen. Warren, griffins nephew, Ned Burton, who has been courting Gen. Warrens daughter, Agatha, now proposes marriage to her. But before she can answer, a courier arrives with news of the shelling of Fort Sumter, the Confederate States will declare their secession from the Union. Four years later, starving Confederate troops wait desperately for a supply train, after Ned is invited to call at the Warren home, Gen. Griffin plants phony orders on him so that they will be found and the train re-routed. The ruse works and the train is destroyed. When Ned is about to be shot as a spy, Agatha arranges his escape, when Lee surrenders, Ned is freed. Thinking that he betrayed her, Agatha rebukes Ned, but Gen. Griffin explains his deceptive ploy, and Agatha now accepts Neds marriage proposal
31.
William C. deMille
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William Churchill de Mille was an American screenwriter and film director from the silent movie era through the early 1930s. He was also a noted playwright prior to moving into film, once he was established in film he specialized in adapting Broadway plays into silent films. He was the brother of the versatile Cecil B. DeMille, who altered the capitalization of his last name when he went to Hollywood, in 1903 he married Anna Angela George, the daughter of notable economist Henry George. Anna bore William two children, Agnes de Mille – named after a sister who died in childhood – who became a noted choreographer and Peggy George. In 1905 he became successful Broadway playwright, following its development in 1904 and his first play, Strongheart was eventually released as a movie by his brother as Braveheart. Two of Williams works, The Warrens of Virginia and The Woman were produced by the flamboyant impresario David Belasco, the former featured future film star Mary Pickford and Cecil, both struggling actors playing minor roles. He wrote a number of sketches including In 1999, Food, Poor Old Jim, The Squealer, The Martyrs. Cecil eventually moved to Hollywood, and William followed and his directorial debut was The Only Son. Though not as today as Cecil, he was one of the silent film eras most respected directors. And though most of his silents have been lost, those that remain, one of the writers involved in the film was Clara Beranger, whom deMille would marry in 1929. At about this time, William also met Lorna Moon, an established New York author from Scotland, who also wrote sophisticated Hollywood comedies. In 1998, Richard de Mille, who had grown up in Cecils household, revealed in the memoir My Secret Mother, Richard had been adopted by Cecil B. and Constance DeMille to avoid a family scandal. Apparently, Williams wife never knew the truth of Richards birth, in addition to his filmmaking fame, William deMille was an early member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. With Douglas Fairbanks, he co-hosted the 1st Academy Awards in 1929 and he also served as President of the Academy briefly. DeMille helped found the USC Film School in 1929, and after his East Coast theatrical career failed to revive in the early 1930s, DeMille died in 1955 while living in Playa del Rey, California, and was interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery. New York, NY, E. P. Dutton, notes William C. deMille at the Internet Broadway Database William C. deMille at the Internet Movie Database William deMille profile, silentgents. com William C. deMille profile, Virtual-History. com
32.
Cecil B. DeMille
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Cecil Blount DeMille was an American filmmaker. Between 1913 and 1956, he made a total of 70 features and he is acknowledged as a founding father of the cinema of the United States and the most commercially successful producer-director in film history. His films were distinguished by their scale and by his cinematic showmanship. He made silent films of every genre, social dramas, comedies, Westerns, farces, morality plays, DeMille began his career as a stage actor in 1900. He later moved to writing and directing stage productions, some with Jesse Lasky, DeMilles first film, The Squaw Man, was also the first feature film shot in Hollywood. Its interracial love story made it a hit and it put Hollywood on the map. The continued success of his productions led to the founding of Paramount Pictures with Lasky and his first biblical epic, The Ten Commandments, was both a critical and financial success, it held the Paramount revenue record for twenty-five years. In 1927 he directed The King of Kings, a biography of Jesus of Nazareth, the Sign of the Cross was the first sound film to integrate all aspects of cinematic technique. Cleopatra was his first film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, after more than thirty years in film production, DeMille reached the pinnacle of his career with Samson and Delilah, a biblical epic which did an all-time record business. Along with biblical and historical narratives, he directed films oriented toward neo-naturalism. He went on to receive his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director for his circus drama The Greatest Show on Earth and his last and most famous film, The Ten Commandments, is currently the sixth-highest-grossing film of all time, adjusted for inflation. He was also the first recipient of the Golden Globe Cecil B, DeMille Award, which was later named in his honor. There are several variants of DeMilles surname and his familys Dutch surname was originally spelled de Mil and then became de Mille. As an adult, he adopted the spelling DeMille for professional purposes, the family name de Mille was used by his children Cecilia, John, Richard, and Katherine. DeMilles brother William and his daughters, Margaret and Agnes, as well as DeMilles granddaughter, Cecilia de Mille Presley, Cecil Blount DeMille was born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, while his parents were vacationing there, and grew up in Washington, North Carolina. His father, Henry Churchill de Mille, was a North Carolina-born dramatist and lay reader in the Episcopal Church and his mother was Matilda Beatrice DeMille, whose parents were both of German Jewish heritage. She emigrated from England with her parents in 1871 when she was 18, Beatrice grew up in a middle-class English household. DeMilles mother was related to British politician Herbert Louis Samuel, DeMilles parents met as members of a music and literary society in New York
33.
David Belasco
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David Belasco was an American theatrical producer, impresario, director and playwright. He was the first writer to adapt the short story Madame Butterfly for the stage, Belasco pioneered many innovative new forms of stage lighting and special effects in order to create realism and naturalism. He began working in a San Francisco theatre doing a variety of jobs, such as call boy. He received his first experience as a stage manager while on the road and he said, We used to play in any place we could hire or get into—a hall, a big dining room, an empty barn, any place that would take us. He said that there, seeing people die under such peculiar circumstances made him all the more particular in regard to the psychology of dying on the stage. I think I was one of the first to bring naturalness to bear in death scenes, later I was to go deeper into such studies. By March 1874, he was back at work in San Francisco and his recollections of that time were published in Hearsts Magazine in 1914. He eventually was given the opportunity to act and serve as a stage manager, a gifted playwright, Belasco went to New York City in 1882 where he worked as stage manager for the Madison Square Theatre, and then the old Lyceum Theatre while writing plays. By 1895, he was so successful that he set himself up as an independent producer and he also helped establish careers for dozens of notable stage performers, many of whom went on to work in films. Among them were Leslie Carter, dubbed The American Sarah Bernhardt, whose association with Belasco skyrocketed her to fame after her roles in Zaza. Ina Claires lead in Polly with a Past and The Gold Diggers, Belasco wrote a lead part for 18-year-old Maude Adams, in his new play, Men and Women, which ran for 200 performances. Other stars whose careers he helped launch included Jeanne Eagels, who would achieve immortality as Sadie Thompson in Rain. Belasco discovered and managed the careers of Lenore Ulric and David Warfield and he launched the career of Barbara Stanwyck, which included changing her name. More than forty motion pictures have been made from the plays he authored. Many prominent performers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries sought the opportunity to work with Belasco, among them were D. W. Griffith, Helen Hayes, Lillian Gish, Mary Pickford and Cecil B. DeMilles father had close friends with Belasco, and after DeMille graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. DeMilles later methods of handling actors, using lighting and directing films, was modeled after Belascos staging techniques. Pickford appeared in his plays The Warrens of Virginia at the first Belasco Theatre in 1907, the two remained in touch after Pickford began working in Hollywood, Belasco appeared with her in the 1914 film adaptation of A Good Little Devil
34.
American Mutoscope and Biograph Company
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The Biograph Company, also known as the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, was a motion picture company founded in 1895 and active until 1928. The company was distinguished with pioneering director D. W. Griffith and such actors as Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, an unrelated company, with the same name, was incorporated in California in 1991. As of 2012, its operations are suspended, the company was started by William Kennedy Dickson, an inventor at Thomas Edisons laboratory who helped pioneer the technology of capturing moving images on film. Dickson left Edison in April 1895, joining with inventors Herman Casler, Henry Marvin, in the summer of 1896 the Biograph projector was released, offering superior image quality to Edison’s Vitascope projector. The company soon became a leader in the industry, with distribution and production subsidiaries around the world including the British Mutoscope Company. In 1899 it changed its name to the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, the camera used friction feed, instead of Edison’s sprocket feed, to guide the film to the aperture. The camera itself punched a hole on each side of the frame as the film was exposed at 30 frames per second. Biograph offered prints in both formats to exhibitors until 1905, when it discontinued the larger format, the occasional narrative film, usually a comedy, was typically shot in one scene, with no editing. Spurred on by competition from Edison and British and European producers, as the stories became more complex, the films became longer, with multiple scenes to tell the story, although an individual scene was still usually presented in one shot without editing. Biographs production of actualities ended by 1908 in favor of the narrative film, the companys first studio was located on the roof of 841 Broadway at 13th Street in Manhattan, known then as the Hackett Carhart Building and today as the Roosevelt Building. The set-up was similar to Thomas Edisons Black Maria in West Orange, New Jersey, as of 1988, the foundations of this machinery were still extant. The company moved in 1906 to a brownstone mansion at 11 East 14th Street near Union Square. This was Biographs first indoor studio, and the first movie studio in the world to rely exclusively on artificial light, Biograph moved again in 1913, as it entered feature film production, to a new, state-of-the-art studio on 175th Street in the Bronx. In order to make the audience aware that they were watching an American Biograph movie the AB logo would be prominently placed in random parts of the movie. Director D. W. Griffith joined Biograph in 1908 as a writer and actor, but within months became their principal director. In 1908, the head director Wallace McCutcheon grew ill, and his son, Wallace McCutcheon Jr. took his place. As a result of failed productions, studio head Henry Marvin gave the position of head director to Griffith. Although Griffith did not invent these techniques, he made them a part of the film vocabulary
35.
D. W. Griffith
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David Wark D. W. Griffith was an American director, writer, and producer who pioneered modern filmmaking techniques. Griffith is best remembered for The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance, the Birth of a Nation made use of advanced camera and narrative techniques, and its popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film in the United States. Today, it is noted for its radical technique and condemned for its inherently racist philosophy. The film was subject to boycotts by the NAACP and, after screenings of the film had caused riots at several theaters, Intolerance, his next film, was, in part, an answer to his critics. By the time of his feature, The Struggle, he had made roughly 500 films. Griffith is one of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and he is credited with popularizing the use of the close-up shot. Griffith was born on a farm in Oldham County, Kentucky, Jacob was a Confederate Army colonel in the American Civil War and was elected as a Kentucky state legislator. He attended a one-room schoolhouse where he was taught by his older sister, after his father died when he was ten, the family struggled with poverty. When Griffith was 14, his mother abandoned the farm and moved the family to Louisville, Griffith then left high school to help support the family, taking a job in a dry goods store and later in a bookstore. Griffith began his career as an actor in touring companies. Meanwhile, he was learning how to become a playwright, but had little success—only one of his plays was accepted for a performance, Griffith then decided to become an actor, and appeared in many films as an extra. Griffith began making films in 1908, and released his first feature film, Judith of Bethulia. A few years earlier, in 1907, Griffith, still struggling as a playwright, Porter rejected Griffiths script, but gave him an acting part in Rescued from an Eagles Nest instead. Finding this attractive, Griffith began to explore a career as an actor in the picture business. At Biograph, Griffiths career in the industry would change forever. In 1908, Biographs main director Wallace McCutcheon grew ill, and his son, Wallace McCutcheon, McCutcheon, Jr. however, was not able to bring the studio any success. As a result, Biograph co-founder, Henry Harry Marvin, decided to give Griffith the position, Griffith would end up directing forty-eight shorts for the company that year. His short In Old California was the first film shot in Hollywood, four years later he produced and directed his first feature film Judith of Bethulia, one of the earliest to be produced in the United States
36.
Nickelodeon (movie theater)
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The nickelodeon was the first type of indoor exhibition space dedicated to showing projected motion pictures. Usually set up in converted storefronts, these small, simple theaters charged five cents for admission, Nickelodeon was concocted from nickel, the name of the U. S. For unknown reasons, in 1949 the lyricist of a popular song, incorporated the refrain Put another nickel in, in the nickelodeon…, evidently referring to either a jukebox or a mechanical musical instrument such as a coin-operated player piano or orchestrion. The meaning of the word has been muddied ever since, the earliest films had been shown in peep show machines or projected in vaudeville theaters as one of the otherwise live acts. Nickelodeons drastically altered film exhibition practices and the habits of a large segment of the American public. Although they were characterized by continuous performances of a selection of short films, film historian Charles Musser wrote, It is not too much to say that modern cinema began with the nickelodeons. The name Nickelodeon was first used in 1888 by Austins Nickelodeon, however, the term was popularized by Harry Davis and John P. Harris, who opened their small storefront theatre with that name on Smithfield Street in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on June 19,1905. They called it the Nickelodeon, joining nickel with the Greek word for an enclosed theater adopted by the 18th-century Odéon in Paris. Although it was not the first theater to show films, in 1919 a news article stated that it was the first theater in the world devoted exclusively to exhibition of moving picture spectacles, larger nickelodeons sometimes had the capacity for well over 1000 people. Other well-known nickelodeon owners were the Skouras Brothers of St. Louis, nickelodeons radically altered the mode of representation that corresponded with changes in the modes of distribution and the types of films being made. Around 1903, longer multi-shot films became prevalent, and this shift brought about important innovations in the distribution of films with the establishment of film exchanges. Film exchanges would buy films from manufacturers and then rent them out to exhibitors, with a steady supply of different films, exhibitors finally had the possibility to open venues where films were the central attraction. They did not have to worry about finding new audiences because the audience would return again and again to watch different films. Exhibition practices greatly varied and programs lasted anywhere from ten minutes to an hour, often, programs ran continuously and patrons would join a program already in progress when they arrived and stay as long as they liked. While some nickelodeons only showed films, others offered shows that combined films with vaudeville acts or illustrated songs, the desirability of longer films, which enabled nickelodeons to grow the way they did, was the result of a number of factors. For one, economic competition between film production companies put pressure on them to more elaborate, and often longer, films. Also, longer films were more attractive as the price paid by exhibitors depended on a length and the longer a film. Directors had a desire to make longer films because it meant greater artistic innovation as they tried to find new ways to engage audiences
37.
Charwoman
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A charwoman, char or charlady is an English house cleaner. The expression was used in the United States before 1950. The word has the roots as chore woman, one hired to do odd chores around the house. A char or chare was a turn in the sixteenth century, unlike a maid or housekeeper, typically live-in positions, the charwoman usually worked for hourly wages, usually on a part-time basis, often having several different employers. The position often features in fiction, one notable character is Ebeneezer Scrooges charwoman Mrs. Dilber who appears in Charles Dickenss A Christmas Carol. Another well-known fictional char is Ada Harris, the character in Paul Gallicos novel Mrs Arris goes to Paris. In the British radio comedy series Its That Man Again, Dorothy Summers played the part of Mrs Mopp, a charwoman also appears in Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis. Motion pictures also had its share of charwoman characters, the best example of this is probably the series of films that featured the funny and feisty Irish charwoman Mrs. Riley, a creation of the music hall comedian Arthur Lucan. The publics enthusiasm for his stage character prompted him to make her a part of his repertoire. In 1963, Peggy Mount starred as charwoman Mrs. Corbett, U. S. comedian Carol Burnett made a charwoman character into a signature routine during her television career with Garry Moore and later on her own popular long-running variety show. In the comic strip Andy Capp, Andys wife Flo is a charwoman
38.
Florence La Badie
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Florence La Badie /ˌlɑːbɑːˈdiː/ was an American actress in the early days of the silent film era. Though little known today, she was a star between 1911 and 1917. Her career was at its height when she died at age 29 from injuries sustained in an automobile accident, Florence La Badie was one of the most important and popular actresses of the early motion picture era. She appeared in 30 films for Biograph starting in 1909 and 166 silent films from 1911 through 1917 for the Thanhouser studio in New Rochelle, a daredevil at heart, she was known as “Fearless Flo” for taking risks and performed many of her own stunts. She was a frequent subject for articles and letters in fan and trade magazines, Florence La Badie was born Florence Russ on April 27,1888 to Horace B. and Marie C. After the death of her father and the inability of her mother to care, Florence. The Internet Movie Database also lists her birthplace as New York City, Florences adoptive parents were Joseph E. La Badie, was a prominent attorney in Montreal, and his wife and her adoptive uncle, Oddiehon LaBadie, maintained an estate in nearby St. Lambert. Florence was educated in New York City schools and at the Convent of Notre Dame in Montreal, the New York Times published an article the following day, Thursday October 18,1917, reporting the throng of friends and fans attending her funeral. She was buried in a grave in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. While having been raised in Montreal, in a deposition on October 8,1917. This legal deposition was dated five days before Florences death, there evidence to support that she was the granddaughter of a Louisa Russ, who had purchased the family plot in Green-Wood. Having completed her studies, she was offered work as a model in New York City. Once there, in early 1908 she obtained a part in a stage play. Following this, she signed to tour one of the road companies. Given an impromptu bit part, Florence was invited back to Biographs studios to participate in film later that year. She would go on to several films under the renowned D. W. Griffith, with her first credited film being in the 1909 film The Politicians Love Story, starring Mack Sennett. In 1911, her career took a leap when she was hired by Edwin Thanhouser of the Thanhouser Film Corporation in New Rochelle, with her sophistication and beauty, Florence La Badie soon became Thanhousers most prominent actress, appearing in dozens of films over the next two years
39.
West Coast of the United States
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The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the contiguous Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. As a region, this term most often refers to the states of California. More specifically, it refers to an area defined on the east by the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert, the U. S. Census groups the five states of California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii together as the Pacific States division. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the Census Bureaus Pacific Region was approximately 47.8 million – about 15. 3% of US population. The largest city on the west coast of the United States is Los Angeles, small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska. Between 16,500 BCE and 13,500 BCE, ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America, Alaska Natives, indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and California indigenous peoples eventually descended from the Paleo-Indians. They developed various languages and established trade routes, later, Spanish, British, French, Russian, and American explorers and settlers began colonizing the area. The West Coast of the United States has a climate in its Northern edge towards the Canada–US border. The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the areas during summer. In far Northern California there is a difference of 17 °C between Eurekas and Willow Creek in spite of only 25 miles separating the locations and Willow Creek being located at a 500 metres elevation, coastal fog is also prevalent in keeping shoreline temperatures cool. Since the West Coast has been populated by more recently than the East Coast. Additionally, its demographic composition underlies its cultural difference from the rest of the United States. Californias history first as a major Spanish colony, and later Mexican territory, has given the lower West Coast a distinctive Hispanic tone, which it also shares with the rest of the Southwest. Similarly, two of the three cities in which Asian Americans have concentrated, San Francisco and Los Angeles, are located on the West Coast, San Franciscos Chinatown, the oldest in North America, is a vibrant cultural center. The West Coast also has a large share of green cities within the United States. Other writers, like Jean Baudrillard, Mike Davis, and Umberto Eco, have made related statements on Californian culture, in the Northwest, Portland and Seattle are both considered among the coffee capitals of the world. While Starbucks originated in Seattle, both towns are known for coffee roasters and independent coffeeshops. In the Pacific Northwest at large, which includes the Canadian west coast, the culture has significantly shaped by the environment, especially by its forests, mountains
40.
Carl Laemmle
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Carl Laemmle was a pioneer in American film making and a founder of Universal Studios. Laemmle produced or worked on over 400 films, regarded as one of the most important of the early film pioneers, Laemmle was born in modern-day Germany. He emigrated to the United States in 1884 and worked in Chicago for 20 years before he began buying nickelodeons, eventually expanding into a distribution service. Laemmle was born on 17 January 1867 in Laupheim, in the Kingdom of Württemberg, in Germany, to a Jewish family and his parents were born with the same surname and were first cousins. As a youth, he was an apprentice in Ichenhausen and he worked a variety of jobs, but by 1894 he was the bookkeeper of the Continental Clothing Company in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where he introduced a bolder advertising style. In 1906, Laemmle quit his job and started one of the first motion picture theaters in Chicago and he challenged Thomas Edisons monopoly on moving pictures under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. After moving to New York, Carl Laemmle got involved in producing movies, forming Independent Moving Pictures, the city was the site of many new movie-related businesses. They founded the Company with studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey, in 1915, the studio moved to 235 acres of land in the San Fernando Valley, California. Universal maintained two East Coast offices, The first was located at 1600 Broadway, New York City and this building, initially known as The Studebaker building, was razed around 2004-5. The second location to house Universals executive offices was at 730 Fifth Avenue, many years later,445 Park Avenue was the location of Universals executive offices. After moving to California, Laemmle purchased as a residence for his family the home of film pioneer Thomas Ince on Benedict Canyon Drive. The house was razed in the early 1940s, Laemmle also maintained a large apartment for himself and his two children, Rosabelle Laemmle and Carl Jr. at 465 West End Avenue, New York City, one block off Riverside Drive near the Hudson River. In 1916, Laemmle sponsored the $3,000 three-foot-tall solid silver Universal Trophy for the winner of the annual Universal race at the Uniontown Speedway board track in southwestern Pennsylvania, Universal filmed each race from 1916 to 1922. in the title role, and The Man Who Laughs. In the early and mid-1930s, Laemmles son, Carl Laemmle and his occasional successes included Back Street, 1936s Show Boat. Carl Laemmle and his son were forced out of the company in 1936 during the Great Depression. He died from disease on September 24,1939 in Beverly Hills, California. Laemmle was entombed in the Chapel Mausoleum at Home of Peace Cemetery, to ensure and facilitate their immigration, Laemmle contacted American authorities, members of the House of Representatives and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. He also intervened to try to secure entry for the refugees on board the SS St. Louis, who were sent back from Havana to Europe in 1939
