1.
U.S. Route 29 in Maryland
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U. S. Route 29 is a north–south United States highway that runs for 1,036 miles from the western suburbs of Baltimore, Maryland, to Pensacola, Florida. It serves the cities of Columbia and Ellicott City and provides the westernmost north–south route between Washington D. C. and Baltimore. US29 in Maryland was an addition to the United States Numbered Highway System fabricated in 1926. Since its redesignation, it has been realigned and upgraded many times, US29 emerges from Washington, D. C. along Georgia Avenue. Running alongside the Jessup Blair Park it intersects MD410, the East–West Highway, now a divided highway, US29 continues north, intersecting MD193 just beyond the Capital Beltway, this highway provides access to I-495 that is not available at the aforementioned interchange. After crossing the Northwest Branch Park the route is now known as Columbia Pike and it interchanges with MD650 to the northwest of the former Naval Surface Weapons Center. The route passes through Paint Branch Park, over the Paint Branch, running northwest of Fairland Regional Park US29 reaches its first major freeway segment at Burtonsville, bypassing a former, heavily curved at-grade expressway portion through the town. At this point, it downgrades into a divided expressway until it enters Howard County. The 0. 92-mile bypassed section of the old road is officially designated US 29A with street signs that say Old Columbia Pike which previously ended at MD198, the route crosses the Rocky Gorge Reservoir and enters Howard County just beyond the northern end of the bypass. It intersects Old Columbia Road just beyond the reservoir and then upgrades into a six-lane grade-separated almost-freeway within its interchange with MD216 at Scaggsville. North of the interchange, US29 intersects several major routes that serve the town of Columbia, Shaker Drive/Seneca Drive, Broken Land Parkway, MD175, near the MD108 interchange the northbound carriageway has another direct turnoff to Diamondback Drive. Beyond the MD108 interchange, US29 upgrades again into a fully limited-access six-lane grade-separated freeway as it encounters the western terminus of MD100. The eight-lane segment narrows to six lanes again as it encounters the northern end of the US29 expressway at U. S. Route 40 within Ellicott City. Beyond US40, US29 interchanges with Interstate 70 at a modified directional cloverleaf, at the US40 interchange, a monument dedicating the highway to the division has been installed and can be seen from both carriageways. After much deliberation, AASHO and Virginia assented to the modifications, in 1835 Columbia Pike surrendered its Montgormery and Anne Arundel County roads and bridges to the State of Maryland. The Washington, Colesville and Ashton Turnpike Company was established in 1870 in Maryland in the United States, “Toll Gate #1” was located just as travelers approached the end of the turnpike at Sligo. The small wooden toll gate, located at the intersection of today’s Georgia Avenue and Dale Drive, closed in 1910 with the death of its last toll keeper, by the mid 1910s, privately run turnpikes had ceased operations with the establishment of Maryland’s State Roads Commission. On April 1,1930, Harvey and Blanche Kreuzberg opened Mrs. K’s Toll House Restaurant in the house at 9201 Colesville Road
2.
Route 27 (MTA Maryland)
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Route 27 is a bus route operated by the Maryland Transit Administration in Baltimore. The line currently runs from the Reisterstown Plaza Metro Subway Station in northwest Baltimore to Port Covington in South Baltimore through downtown, the line also serves the communities of Pimlico, Mt. Washington, Cross Keys, Hampden, and Cherry Hill, and the Greyhound bus terminal. The bus route is the successor to the 10 Roland Park,12 Westport, the northern portion of the present Route 27 is nearly identical to the No.25 streetcar line that operated during Baltimores streetcar era. The Hampden line in Baltimore was the first electric streetcar that operated in the United States, the no.25 designation was used for service on Falls Road up until 1959. Service on Falls Road was provided by Route 10 between 1959 and 1982, then by Route 27 since 1982, the no.25 streetcar started operating in 1897. The initial route of the line was along the Falls Road corridor, the ultimate goal of the construction of the line was to provide rail service to Pennsylvania. The line then operated to Gwynn Oak Junction, and had branches to Cheswolde, in 1901, the route was modified to serve Remington and Hampden. In 1923, the line was shortened from Pikesville to Key Avenue in Cheswolde, in 1936, Camden Station was made into the southern terminus. The conversion from a line to buses took place in stages in 1949. First, the no.25 bus line operated from Mt. Washington to Camden Station, the Mt. Washington to Belvedere section became a part of the no.25 bus in 1951. No.47 service would eventually be absorbed into Bus Route 5, the no.25 bus line would become a part of Route 10 in 1959, which it would remain a part of until 1982. There were two routings through North Baltimore between 36th Street and Coldspring Lane, one along Falls Road, and the other via Roland Avenue and this structure remained in place as part of Route 27 until 2008. In 1970, the no.25 designation was assigned to a line that is operated by the Baltimore Streetcar Museum, in 1982, Route 10, which at the time was operating from Pimlico to Dundalk, was once again split to allow better schedule adherence. But with no.25 being unavailable due to its use for the streetcar museum, the no.27 designation had previously been used for one other service in Baltimore transit history. The Washington Boulevard streetcar line, which started operating in 1905, was designated no.27 and this was converted into an electric trolley bus in 1938, and a rubber tire bus in 1957, when it absorbed then Route 52, and was extended to Lansdowne. In 1959, this route was combined with Bus Route 11, and remained a part of Route 11 until 2008, when the service was split from Route 11, and became a part of Route 36. In 1992, in conjunction with the opening of the Central Light Rail Line, service between Howard Street and Little Italy, and selected trips to Canton were eliminated. The lines frequency was reduced, as the line duplicated light rail service
3.
Maryland State Highway Administration
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The Maryland State Highway Administration is the state sub-agency responsible for maintaining Marylands numbered highways outside of Baltimore City. It is now a division of the establishment of the Maryland Department of Transportation and is currently overseen by an administrator. The headquarters for MSHA is located in Baltimore City, office of Maintenance, which provides assistance with recurring maintenance tasks that require more intensive study—particularly roadway safety and resurfacing projects. The Statewide Operations Center is responsible for requesting incident response teams for incidents on State roadways, responders may including police, fire, medical, CHART, HazMat, MEMA, environmental, or maintenance teams. This facility is equipped to operate as a Statewide Transportation Emergency Operations Center. The signal shop, which provides personnel and equipment for the maintenance, the sign shop, which designs and fabricates signing for use throughout the entire state. All are crucial in the maintenance of current roadways as well as the development of new ones, however, the Districts and OOTS still control decisions regarding the installation, modification, and removal of signals. A result of agreement is that it relieves MdSHA of some of the additional resource cost of the regular duties with regards to signals. There are seven districts in the State and these districts at the least, have divisions for traffic, construction, maintenance, and utilities. Each district also oversees several maintenance shops—typically one per county, the following is a table of the districts, counties within their jurisdiction, and their respective headquarters. Maryland Roads portal MdSHA website CHART website
4.
National Road
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The National Road was the first major improved highway in the United States built by the federal government. Built between 1811 and 1837, the 620-mile road connected the Potomac and Ohio Rivers and was a main path to the West for thousands of settlers. When rebuilt in the 1830s, it became the second U. S. road surfaced with the macadam process pioneered by Scotsman John Loudon McAdam, construction began heading west in 1811 at Cumberland, Maryland, on the Potomac River. The road has also referred to as the Cumberland Turnpike, the Cumberland–Brownsville Turnpike, the Cumberland Pike, the National Pike. Today, much of the alignment is followed by U. S. Route 40, with various portions bearing the Alternate U. S. Route 40 designation, or various state-road numbers. In 2002, the road, including extensions east to Baltimore and west to St. Louis, was designated the Historic National Road. Construction of the Cumberland Road was authorized on March 29,1806, from there, where the Braddock Road turned north towards Pittsburgh, the new National Road/Cumberland Road continued west to Wheeling, West Virginia, also on the Ohio River. The contract for the construction of the first section was awarded to Henry McKinley on May 8,1811, for more than 100 years, a simple granite stone was the only marker of the roads beginning in Cumberland, Maryland. In June 2012, a monument and plaza were built in that towns Riverside Park, completed in 1824, these feeder routes formed what is referred to as an eastern extension of the federal National Road. On May 15,1820, Congress authorized an extension of the road to St. Louis, on the Mississippi River, in 1849, a bridge was completed to carry the National Road across the Ohio River at Wheeling. The Wheeling Suspension Bridge, designed by Charles Ellet Jr. was at the time the worlds longest bridge span at 1,010 feet from tower to tower, maintenance costs on the Cumberland Road were becoming more than Congress was willing to bear. In agreements with Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, the road was to be reconstructed and resurfaced, the section that ran over Haystack Mountain, just west of Cumberland, was abandoned and a new road was built through the Cumberland Narrows. On April 1,1835, the section from Wheeling to Cumberland was transferred to Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The last congressional appropriation was made May 25,1838, and in 1840, Congress voted against completing the unfinished portion of the road, construction of the National Road stopped in 1839. Much of the road through Indiana and Illinois remained unfinished and was transferred to the states. In 1912, the Cumberland National Road was chosen to become part of the National Old Trails Road, five Madonna of the Trail monuments, donated by the Daughters of the American Revolution, were erected along the old National Road. In 1927, the National Road was designated as the part of U. S. Highway 40, which still generally follows the National Roads alignment with occasional bypasses, realignments. The mostly parallel Interstate 70 now provides a route for through travel without the many sharp curves, steep grades
5.
Old Main Streets Scenic Byway
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Areas, small towns and wildlife areas along the Chesapeake Bay, and beaches along the Atlantic Ocean. The Historic National Road Scenic Byway travels from Keysers Ridge to Baltimore along the route of the National Road. The road is designated an All-American Road, the byway enters Maryland in Garrett County along US40, following that route to Keysers Ridge. Here, the National Road follows US40 Alternate, heading through the Savage River State Forest and reaching Grantsville, the road passes through Frostburg, where the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad is located, and La Vale, where the La Vale Tollgate House is located. The byway comes to Cumberland, which has many historic transportation sites, at this point, the byway follows US40 Scenic and crosses Sideling Hill. The byway follows MD144 again and continues to Hancock, where the byway has access to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Western Maryland Rail Trail. Past Hancock, the Historic National Road Scenic Byway follows I-70 before splitting onto US40, with a detour along MD56, the byway continues to Hagerstown, which has South Prospect Street Historic District among other historic sites. In Hagerstown, the runs along Franklin Street, Locust Street, Baltimore Street. After Hagerstown, the Historic National Road Scenic Byway follows US40 Alternate through Funkstown to Boonsboro, at this point, the byway crosses the Appalachian National Scenic Trail and heads across South Mountain State Park. The road continues through Middletown and reaches Frederick, where the heads onto US40. In Frederick, the byway has access to the National Museum of Civil War Medicine, past Frederick, the National Scenic Road Scenic Byway continues along MD144 and passes through New Market before reaching Mount Airy, where it briefly follows MD27 before following MD144 again. The byway reaches Ellicott City, which is home to the Ellicott City Station, the road continues through Catonsville before heading into Baltimore. Here, the Historical National Road Scenic Byway heads along Lombard Street, passing through the Union Square neighborhood before passing by the B&O Railroad Museum, the Mountain Maryland Scenic Byway loops across the mountains of Western Maryland. The byway begins in Keysers Ridge and follows I-68 west to Friendsville, at this point, the byway continues south along MD42 toward US219. The Mountain Maryland Scenic Byway followed US219 to McHenry, which is home to Wisp Ski Resort, the byway heads west on Mayhew Inn Road and Swallow Falls Road, coming to Swallow Falls State Park. A spur on Cranesville Road provides access to Cranesville Swamp Preserve, the Mountain Maryland Scenic Byway continues south along Herrington Manor Road and comes to Herrington Manor State Park before heading to the historic town of Oakland. From Oakland, the byway follows MD135 through Mountain Lake Park and Deer Park, a detour in the state forest follows MD560. There are also diversions along MD495 to rural areas of the Allegany Highlands, MD38 to Kitzmiller, the mainline of the byway continues to descend Backbone Mountain on MD135 before heading along MD36
6.
Maryland Route 355
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Maryland Route 355 is a 36. 75-mile north–south road in western central Maryland in the United States. The southern terminus of the route is Friendship Heights, the border between Washington, D. C. and Bethesda, Maryland, from there it continues south as Wisconsin Avenue into Washington. The northern terminus is just north of an overpass with Interstate 70 and U. S. Route 40 in the city of Frederick in Frederick County, where the road continues north through Frederick towards MD26. The southern portion of the route from the D. C. border to Germantown is a suburban four- to six-lane divided highway lined with many businesses. North of Germantown, the route is predominantly a two lane road until it reaches Frederick, where it passes through commercial areas in the southern part of the city. MD355 is the route of US240, which was planned in 1926 to run from Washington, D. C. north to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, however. This route served as the primary connector linking Frederick and points west to Washington, during the 1950s, US240 was relocated in stages to the Washington National Pike, a freeway between Bethesda and Frederick shared with I-70S. MD355 was designated onto the alignment of US240 between Bethesda and Frederick as each stage of freeway was built. MD355 was also designated through Frederick along Market Street, which was the alignment of US15 through the city before it was moved to a bypass in 1959. US240 was decommissioned in 1972, and MD355 was extended south along the former US240 to the Washington, D. C. border. In 2006, the interchange with US15 at the northern terminus was removed. By 2009, a four lane divided bypass of Urbana for MD355, MD355 is a part of the main National Highway System from the District of Columbia in Friendship Heights to I-495 in Bethesda. MD355 begins in Friendship Heights, Montgomery County at the intersection with Western Avenue NW and it heads north from this point on Wisconsin Avenue, a six-lane divided highway. Wisconsin Avenue continues south into Washington, ending in Georgetown at an intersection with K Street underneath the Whitehurst Freeway just north of the Potomac River and it comes to an intersection with MD191. Past this intersection, MD355 enters Bethesda, where it heads back into areas with high-rise buildings. In downtown Bethesda, the road intersects MD410 one-way eastbound, the road continues through the community and passes by Bethesda Theatre, a 1938 Art Deco cinema. It leaves the area of Bethesda and becomes Rockville Pike at the intersection with Glenbrook Parkway / Woodmont Avenue. Past the naval hospital and the NIH, the road intersects Cedar Lane, after this intersection, it heads north into wooded areas, passing near residences as well as the Bethesda Meeting House, an 1850 wood-frame church
7.
Germantown, Maryland
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Germantown is an urbanized census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland. If Germantown were to incorporate as a city, it would become the second largest incorporated city in Maryland, Germantown is located approximately 25–30 miles outside of the U. S. capital of Washington, D. C. and is an important part of the Washingtonian metropolitan area. Germantown has the assigned ZIP codes of 20874 and 20876 for delivery and 20875 for post office boxes, in the 1830s and 1840s, the central business area was focused around the intersection of Liberty Mill Road and Clopper Road. Several German immigrants set up shop at the intersection and the became known as German Town. Germantown did not have a school until after the end of the American Civil War. During that time, education was handled at homes, in 1868, a one-room schoolhouse was built on Maryland Route 118, near Black Rock Road, which hosted children from both Germantown and neighboring Darnestown. In 1883, a larger schoolhouse was built closer to Clopper Road. Another, newer school was constructed in 1910, on what is now the site of Germantown Elementary School and this school had four rooms, with two downstairs and two upstairs, with each room housing two grade levels. After the eighth grade, the students would head via train to nearby Rockville, although it avoided much of the physical destruction that ravaged other cities in the region, the American Civil War was still a cause of resentment and division among residents of Germantown. Many Germantown residents, particularly those of German ancestry, were against slavery and had sons fighting for the Union Army. In contrast, other residents of Germantown, particularly those of English ancestry, owned slaves, late in the summer and fall of 1861, there were more than twenty thousand Union Army soldiers camped to the west of Germantown, in neighboring Darnestown and Poolesville. Occasionally, these soldiers would come to Germantown and frequent the stores there, in September 1862 and in June 1863, several regiments of Union Army soldiers marched north on Maryland Route 355, on their way to the Battle of Antietam, and the Battle of Gettysburg, respectively. In July 1864, General Jubal Early led his army of Confederate soldiers down Maryland Route 355 to attack the Union capital of Washington, throughout the course of the war, Confederate raiders would often come through the Germantown area. Local farmers in the Germantown area lost horses and other livestock to both Union and Confederate armies, on April 20,1865, George Atzerodt, a co-conspirator in the assassination of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln, was captured in Germantown. He was assigned by John Wilkes Booth to assassinate U. S, vice President Andrew Johnson, but did not do it and instead fled Washington, D. C. on the night of the Lincoln assassination. He was captured at the farm of his cousin Hartman Richter, Atzerodt was hanged on July 7,1865, along with Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, and David Herold at Washington, D. C. s Fort McNair. George Atzerodt had come to the town with his family from Prussia when he was nine years old. When he was about 14 his father moved the family to Virginia and he was living in Port Tobacco during the Civil War, and supplementing his meager income as a carriage painter by smuggling people across the Potomac River in a row boat
8.
Maryland Route 108
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Maryland Route 108 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Maryland. The highway runs 34.23 miles from MD27 in Damascus to MD175 in Columbia, MD108 is an S-shaped highway that winds through the northern Montgomery County and central Howard County. The highway connects the Montgomery County communities of Laytonsville, Olney, Sandy Spring, MD108 serves as the northern edge of Columbia and connects several of the planned communitys suburban villages. MD108 originally connected Damascus with Olney and this highway was constructed between the mid-1920s and early 1930s. MD108 from Olney to Columbia, part of Clarksville Pike, was constructed as MD28 from Olney to Ashton. The highway was constructed near Columbia in the mid-1910s and from there to Olney in the late 1910s, MD108 east of US29 originally consisted of a county road and MD531, which was built in the early 1930s and later became MD175. MD108 was extended east from Olney to Ashton in the mid-1940s, the highway was extended to its present eastern terminus in the mid-1970s. MD108 was expanded to a highway in Columbia in the late 1980s. MD108 begins at a intersection with MD27 in the center of Damascus. The latter highway north and west from the intersection, MD108 heads east as four-lane Main Street. The street reduces to two lanes just east of Woodfield Road, which heads south as MD124, MD 108s name changes to Damascus Road at Howard Chapel Road at the east end of the village. The highway heads southeast and meets the end of Annapolis Road Road. MD108 meets the end of MD650 in the hamlet of Etchison. The route intersects Brink Road and Sundown Road next to the Layton House in the center of the town of Laytonsville, MD108 veers southeast out of Laytonsville and continues along Laytonsville Olney Road. The highway passes a pair of gold courses and the historic home Oaks II, MD108 also passes near the historic homes The Ridge, via Muncaster Road, and Clover Hill, via Zion Road. The route expands to a divided highway at the western edge of Olney. In the center of the suburb, MD108 intersects MD97. MD108 veers northeast, drops to two lanes, and passes through the community of Sandy Spring, which is named for the nearby Sandy Spring Friends Meetinghouse
9.
Damascus, Maryland
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Damascus is a census-designated place and an unincorporated area in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. In the early 20th century, there existed an incorporated municipality lasting a quarter century, the area currently known as Damascus was granted by the new state of Maryland to Nathaniel Pigman in 1783. On February 14,1819, War of 1812 veteran named Edward Hughes bought a 40-acre section of the grant, james Madison, the fourth U. S. President, appointed Hughes postmaster of the developing community of Damascus in 1816. Damascus is located at the intersection of two roads in upper Montgomery County, Ridge Road and Damascus Road. Hughes received permission from Congress for a route through the town. Hughes called his town The Pleasant Plains of Damascus after Damascus, a newspaper in Frederick, Maryland, wrote of Hughess growing town, There is at this place an extensive opening for mechanics of all the different kinds, and it bids fair to improve very fast. There is at present two blacksmith shops, a shop and a store in the place -- a tailor, a wheel wright, and a shoemaker are much wanted. This was the Damascus of 1816, the new township drew settlers from Anne Arundel County as well as from Montgomery County. The town remains a center for rural communities like Clagettsville, Browningsville, Cedar Grove, Woodfield, Kings Valley, Purdum. In spite of spiraling population growth and encroaching development, old timers feel like Damascus retains its rural. The Damascus Community Fair—a fully agricultural fair that has been in operation since 1940—attracts thousands of visitors annually in the first weekend of September, 4-H clubs are thriving, and in the past 10 years three new equestrian centers have opened within 5 miles of downtown Damascus. November 17,2009, marked the opening of the Damascus Heritage Society Museum—a project years in the making that aims to preserve the history of Damascus. The original idea for the museum belonged to John Grigg, who was in attendance at the opening along with supporters, sharing apple cider. The museum is located in a building behind the Damascus Public Library. The grand-opening featured a ribbon cutting ceremony, and Damascus’s first fire truck, currently on display is an exhibit highlighting the Damascus Volunteer Fire department, but the exhibits are scheduled to change every few months. As an unincorporated area, Damascus boundaries are not officially defined, Damascus is recognized by the United States Census Bureau as a census-designated place, and by the United States Geological Survey as a populated place located at 39°16′16″N 77°12′22″W. Damascus has the highest point in the county at 866 ft above sea level, Damascus is west of the fall line between the Piedmont of Appalachia and the Atlantic coastal plain. Damascus is known for its landscape and family-owned farms
10.
Maryland Route 80
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Maryland Route 80 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Fingerboard Road, the highway runs 14.79 miles from MD85 in Buckeystown east to MD27 near Damascus, MD80 connects Buckeystown and Urbana in southern Frederick County with Damascus in far northern Montgomery County. At the suburban community of Urbana, the route has junctions with Interstate 270, MD80 was constructed between MD27 and MD75 in the mid- to late 1920s. The highway was built from Urbana to MD75 in the mid-1930s, MD80 was relocated at its western end in the mid-1970s and relocated and expanded through Urbana in the 2000s. MD80 begins at an intersection with MD85 south of the Buckeystown Historic District, the highway heads east as two-lane Fingerboard Road, which meets the eastern end of Michaels Mill Road immediately before crossing the Monocacy River. As MD80 approaches I-270, the highway veers southeast to parallel the Interstate, the route expands to a four-lane divided highway as it curves east and meets the freeway at a four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange, the southbound I-270 ramps meet MD80 at a roundabout. MD80 has another roundabout with Sugarloaf Parkway before meeting MD355 Business east of the center of Urbana. The highway intersects MD355, the main east–west street through the development in Urbana, before becoming undivided. Shortly after passing through the hamlet of Kemptown, the highway enters Montgomery County, MD80 continues as Kemptown Road a short distance southeast to its terminus at MD27 in the hamlet of Claggettsville north of Damascus. Fingerboard Road is likely named for a sign pointing toward a cannery in Monrovia. The MD75 concurrency next to the fingerboard was the first segment of Fingerboard Road paved around 1921, MD 80s old concurrency with U. S. Route 240 was paved as a concrete road in 1923. US240 through Urbana was widened to 20 feet by 1930, the first segment of MD80 proper built was from MD27 at Claggettsville west to Penn Shop Road, which was paved as a concrete road in 1925 and 1926. Another stretch of concrete was built from MD75 east to Lynn Burke Road in 1926 and 1927, the western segment was extended part of the way to Bartholows Road in 1928. The Fingerboard–Claggettsville highway was completed when the gap through Kemptown was completed in 1929 and 1930, Fingerboard Road from Urbana to Centerville just east of modern Carriage Hill Drive was built as a treated earth road between 1933 and 1935. This semi-modern road was completed east to MD75 in 1936, the final section of MD80 from Buckeystown to Urbana was constructed as a concrete road around 1938. The Urbana–Fingerboard highway was widened and resurfaced between 1950 and 1952, MD 80s interchange with the new Washington National Pike was also constructed in that time span. Shortly thereafter, MD80 was widened between US240 and the new freeway, the old highway with which MD80 passed through the center of Urbana became US240 Alternate in 1954 and MD355 in 1955. MD 80s present alignment west of the Monocacy River was constructed between 1973 and 1975, the old road, now named Michaels Mill Road, was redesignated MD880 and remained in the state highway system until 2008
11.
Interstate 70 in Maryland
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Interstate 70 is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs from Cove Fort, Utah to Baltimore, Maryland. In Maryland, the Interstate Highway runs 93.62 miles from the Pennsylvania state line in Hancock east to the Interstates eastern terminus near its junction with I-695 at a park and ride in Baltimore. I-70 is the primary east–west Interstate in Maryland, the Interstate Highway connects Baltimore—and Washington via I-270—with Western Maryland, the Interstate serves Frederick and Hagerstown directly and provides access to Cumberland via its junction with I-68 at Hancock. I-70 runs concurrently with its predecessor highway, U. S. Route 40, from Hancock to Indian Springs in Washington County and from Frederick to West Friendship in Howard County. I-70s route from Frederick to West Friendship was constructed as a divided highway relocation of US40 in the early to mid-1950s, the first section of the Interstate to be marked as I-70 was an upgrade of US40 near Hancock in the early 1960s. The remainder of the Interstate highway in Maryland west of Frederick was built on a new alignment in the mid- to late 1960s, I-70 was constructed from West Friendship to its present terminus in Baltimore in the late 1960s. The highway from Bartonsville in Frederick County to West Friendship was upgraded to Interstate standards in the mid-1970s, the final non-limited access portion of I-70 between Frederick and Bartonsville was eliminated in the mid-1980s. The Interstate has been upgraded through Frederick in a series of projects began in the late 1990s. I-70 was intended to enter Baltimore as an east–west freeway that had been proposed since the 1940s. Around 1960, I-70 was planned passing through a pair of parks and several neighborhoods in West Baltimore to end at an interchange with I-95 and I-83 at the Inner Harbor in Downtown Baltimore. A subsequent proposal based on a review of the 1960 plan moved I-70 to a new alignment that triggered community opposition, a new plan was introduced around 1970 that would have moved I-70s eastern terminus to Southwest Baltimore. However, community opposition to the Interstates planned route through the city resulted in I-70 being removed from city plans in the early 1980s. I-70 has several official designations along its course through Maryland, the Interstate Highway is designated Eisenhower Memorial Highway from the Pennsylvania state line east to I-270 in Frederick. All of I-70 in Frederick County was designated the Korean War Veterans Memorial Highway by the Maryland General Assembly in 2002, large stone markers featuring reliefs of the Korean Peninsula were erected in the median of I-70 in Myersville and Mount Airy in 2004. Along its concurrency with US40 from I-270 in Frederick to east of West Friendship, the Interstate is unnamed from US40 near West Friendship to its eastern terminus in Baltimore. Like all mainline Interstates, I-70 is a part of the National Highway System for its entire length, I-70 enters Washington County, Maryland concurrent with US522 from Fulton County, Pennsylvania north of the town of Hancock. Just south of the line, the four-lane freeway has a full Y interchange with I-68 and US40. US40 begins to run concurrently with I-70 just as US522 leaves I-70 at another full Y interchange through which I-70 curves to the east, US522 heads south, providing access to downtown Hancock before crossing the Potomac River into West Virginia
12.
U.S. Route 40 in Maryland
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U. S. Route 40 in the U. S. state of Maryland runs from western Maryland to Cecil County in the states northeastern corner. With a total length of over 200 miles, it is the longest numbered highway in Maryland. Almost half of the overlaps with Interstate 68 or Interstate 70, while the old alignment is generally known as U. S. Route 40 Alternate, U. S. Route 40 Scenic. West of Baltimore, the portions where it does not overlap an Interstate highway are mostly two-lane roads, the portion east of Baltimore is a four-lane divided highway, known as the Pulaski Highway. From Cumberland west to Pennsylvania, US40 is the successor to the historic National Road, east of Cumberland, towards Baltimore, US40 follows several former turnpikes, most notably the Cumberland Turnpike and Baltimore and Frederick-town Turnpike. The route from Baltimore northeast to the Delaware state line follows another historic corridor towards Philadelphia, including the old Baltimore, U. S. Route 40 enters Maryland from Pennsylvania in far western Marylands Garrett County, carrying the name National Pike. It passes through farmland on this side of the state. U. S. Route 40 shares the roadway with U. S. Route 219 until it joins I-68 traveling eastward towards Cumberland, U. S. 40/I-68 passes into Allegany County just west of Frostburg. The highway traverses historic Cumberland Narrows mountain gap to the county seat, the previous alignments of US40, carrying the name National Pike, are either U. S. Also several significant histories and guide books have been published throughout the 20th Century to describe its features, hazards, at the Sideling Hill Creek Bridge, I-68/US40 passes into Washington County, just west of Bellegrove, Maryland. The I-68/US40 roadway later passes through a 340-foot massive deep cut in Sideling Hill. Just to the east of the cut is the site of the former Sideling Hill Exhibit Center, US40 then defaults onto Interstate 70 at Exit 1 of the latter route, coming down from the northwest at the large truck stop plazas at Breezewood, Pennsylvania. U. S. Route 522 is also carried by I-70, heading southeast out of Hagerstown, US40 diverges into two separate routes, US40 and US40 Alt. US40 parallels Interstate 70, its longtime, cross-country travel partner, lee held back oncoming Union armies under General George B. McClellan just prior to the horrific Battle of Antietam in September 1862. US40 enters Frederick County in Myersville, Maryland, the road passes through South Mountain, and goes underneath I-70 with no access. US40 continues traveling in a direction, running through the towns of Myersville. In Frederick, US40 uses Patrick Street, before merging back onto the US15 north-south expressway for a short distance and it leaves US15 and rejoins I-70 on the southern and eastern outskirts of Frederick. Old MD144 on the 19th Centurys Old National Road once again takes over along the old 1920s era alignment of US40, i-70/US40 runs shortly through Carroll County in Mount Airy, Maryland, interchanging with Maryland Route 27
13.
Mount Airy, Maryland
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Mount Airy is a town located in Carroll and Frederick counties in the U. S. state of Maryland. It is part of both the Washington Metropolitan Area and Baltimore Metropolitan Area, as of the 2010 census the population was 9,288. Outside of the limits, the surrounding countryside is colloquially referred to as Mount Airy or the Four-County Area by locals. The Four-County Area derives its name from the fact that the community encompasses portions of Frederick, Carroll, Montgomery, Mt. Airy was established in 1830 and continued to develop throughout the decade, beginning with the construction of house settlements along Parrs Ridge. A man named Henry Bussard built the first of these houses and this town was known for its train station on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad at Parrs Ridge. The railroad ran from Baltimore to Frederick, cities to the east and west, respectively, following 1830, the town received its official name after the suggestion of Mount Airy from an Irish B&O worker who complained about his freezing ears on a windy work day. Over the years, milling, canning and sewing industries initially helped support Mt. Airys economy, the towns proximity to the National Road contributed to its growth. The National Road ran west from Baltimore to Illinois, three great fires caused setbacks in growth, but the town rebuilt every time. When Carroll County defined its permanent boundaries in 1837, Mount Airy was divided between two counties, Carroll and Frederick, the town has remained in two counties since that time. About one mile south of the town is the junction of Carroll, Frederick, Howard, the town was originally settled in the early 1830s by a core group of six families. Dorsey, Davis and Bussard were the most prominent names in that first settlement, because Mount Airy sits at an elevation of 830 feet, a series of four inclined planes were constructed in order for the trains to climb the steep hills. Locomotives and cars were lifted with the assistance of horses and steam winches, passengers had to disembark during this process. Plane #4, located west of the town at the intersection of Woodville Road, in 1839 the planes were abandoned, and the new line was constructed north of where Mount Airy is today. This was a result of powerful locomotives that had been constructed. In 1901, a tunnel was constructed on the south side of town. The town named the first resident, Henry Bussard, the agent for the new train station. Mr. Bussard was the first major landowner in Mount Airy, by 1846, the town was sparsely settled with several houses, a store, barber shop and shoemaker shop. Pine Grove Chapel, circa 1846, now a monument, was constructed to fill the need for a community church
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Maryland Route 808
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Maryland Route 808 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Maryland. Officially MD 808A and known as Main Street, the highway runs 2.34 miles from Ridgeville Boulevard north to MD27 within Mount Airy. MD808 follows the Carroll–Frederick county line for a portion of its length near its southern terminus, the county line portion is considered to be in Carroll County for maintenance purposes. MD808 is the old alignment of MD27 through Mount Airy, a portion of Main Street was paved by 1910, the sections south and north of the town center were constructed in the early 1910s and late 1910s, respectively. MD808 was assigned to Main Street after MD 27s bypass of Mount Airy was completed in the mid-1970s, MD808 begins at an intersection with Ridgeville Boulevard, the original route of U. S. Route 40, in the Ridgeville section of Mount Airy. Main Street continues south as a street to an intersection with MD27 just north of that highways interchange with Interstate 70. MD808 heads north through residential subdivisions following the Carroll–Frederick county line on top of a ridge, south of Sunset Avenue, the state highway fully enters Carroll County. MD808 continues north through the Mount Airy Historic District, where the highway crosses paths with the former right-of-way of the Mount Airy Loop of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The state highway passes Buffalo Road, which forms the Carroll–Frederick county line for several miles, MD808 passes through the hamlet of Dorceytown before reaching its northern terminus at an intersection with MD27. The ridge was originally crossed by the Baltimore and Fredericktown Turnpike at Ridgeville, by 1910, a paved road connected the turnpike and the Mount Airy Loop of the railroad. The ridge-top road north 1.5 miles from Mount Airy, the state road was paved as a 14-foot wide macadam road from the turnpike in Ridgeville south to the Howard County line in 1913. The highway from the center of Mount Airy north through Dorceytown was completed as a 15-foot wide concrete road in 1920, MD27 from its southern terminus in Germantown north to Westminster was originally designated MD29 when the first state-numbered routes were established in Maryland in 1927. MD 27s interchange with I-70 was constructed when US40 was relocated as a divided highway through Ridgeville in 1953 and 1954. MD 27s bypass of Mount Airy was constructed from Dorceytown south to Ridgeville Boulevard in 1972, the I-70 interchange was reconstructed as part of I-70s upgrade to Interstate standards in 1975. The bypass was completed from Ridgeville Boulevard south to the I-70 interchange in 1977, the entire route of MD 808A is in Mount Airy. The state highway follows the Carroll–Frederick county line between its terminus and a point south of Sunset Avenue. The county line portion is considered to be in Carroll County for maintenance purposes, the remainder of the highway is in Carroll County. MD 808B is the designation for Spring Mills Road, a 0. 23-mile spur from MD27 that preserves a section of old alignment of MD27 south of Westminster
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Maryland Route 26
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Maryland Route 26 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as Liberty Road, the highways runs 44.10 miles from U. S. Route 15 in Frederick east to MD140 in Baltimore. The highway also serves as a thoroughfare in the western part of Baltimore. MD26 is maintained by the Maryland State Highway Administration outside of Baltimore, MD26 follows much of the course of three turnpikes established in the 19th century. The Frederick–Libertytown segment of Liberty Road was reconstructed in the early 1920s, the remainder of MD26 between Libertytown and Eldersburg was built in the mid- to late 1920s and early 1930s. MD26 was one of the original state-numbered highways designated in 1927, however, improvements to the highway at the Baltimore end began in the late 1910s and continued periodically through the 1950s. MD26 was reconstructed from Frederick to Eldersburg throughout the 1950s, many bypassed portions of the old road became parts of MD850. MD26 was extended west to modern US15 in the late 1950s as a divided highway and that divided highway was extended east to MD194 in Ceresville in the late 1990s. MD26 begins at a trumpet interchange with US15 on the north side of the city of Frederick. There is no access from southbound US15 to eastbound MD26, MD26 heads east as a four-lane divided highway through a mixed commercial and industrial area. The state highway has an intersection with Wormans Mill Road and Routzhan Way, the first intersection, which was formerly MD355, provides the missing movements from the Market Street intersection. East of the river, the highway meets the southern end of MD194 at the hamlet of Ceresville. The divided highway continues north as MD194 toward Woodsboro and MD26 turns east onto a two-lane road, MD26 continues east through farmland where it crosses Israel Creek and passes through the village of Mount Pleasant. The state highway forms the street of Libertytown, where the highway meets the southern end of MD550, intersects MD75. MD26 crosses Dollyhyde Creek and several branches of the North Fork of Linganore Creek while passing to the north of Unionville and to the south of the historic Pearre-Metcalfe House. The state highway enters Carroll County at its intersection with Buffalo Road where the highway is paralleled by the first of many segments of Old Liberty Road, MD850, to the south. MD26 is paralleled by a section of MD850 as the highway enters the hamlet of Taylorsville. Two more segments of MD850 parallel MD26 through Winfield, MD26 is paralleled by several county-maintained sections of Old Liberty Road as it approaches the center of Eldersburg
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Maryland Route 407
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Maryland Route 407 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Maryland. Known as Marston Road, the highway runs 3.81 miles from MD31 near Marston east to MD27 near Taylorsville. MD407 was constructed in the early to mid-1930s, MD407 begins at an intersection with MD31 northwest of Marston and south of New Windsor. The state highway heads southeast as a road through farmland to the village of Marston. East of Marston, MD407 veers southeast and passes through the hamlet of Dennings, the state highway reaches its eastern terminus at MD27 north of Taylorsville. The roadway continues southeast as county-maintained Baker Road, which leads to the historic McMurray-Frizzell-Aldridge Farm, construction on the first section of MD407 from MD31 through Marston began shortly after 1930. That section and a segment to west of Dennings were completed as a concrete road by 1933. The final portion through Dennings to MD27 was completed in 1936, MD407 has changed very little since it was constructed. The entire route is in Carroll County, Maryland Roads portal MDRoads, MD407
17.
Maryland Route 97
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Maryland Route 97 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Maryland. The route runs 55.27 mi from U. S. Route 29 in Silver Spring, Montgomery County north to the Pennsylvania border in Carroll County, where the road continues into that state as Pennsylvania Route 97. Throughout most of Montgomery County, MD97 is known as Georgia Avenue and it is a suburban four- to six-lane divided highway from Silver Spring north to Olney. From here, the route continues as a rural two-lane road north through Brookeville, MD97 continues through Carroll County where it passes through the county seat of Westminster. With the creation of the U. S. Highway System in 1926, MD97 was first designated by 1933 from MD 27/MD410 in Silver Spring to north of US40 in Cooksville. Two portions of the route between Cooksville and Westminster became MD570 in 1939, in 1956, MD97 was extended north from Cooksville to the Pennsylvania border northwest of Emmitsburg, Frederick County. It replaced the two sections of MD570 and replaced the MD32 designation between Westminster and the Pennsylvania border, MD97 was rerouted to bypass Westminster in 1960 and was moved to a new alignment between Westminster and Taneytown in 1965, both former alignments became MD32. In 1961, the route was realigned between MD26 and MD32, with the segment becoming MD854. MD97 was rerouted to its current northern terminus in 1979, replacing that portion of US140, MD97 runs through the Washington, D. C. suburbs in Montgomery County, connecting several communities including Silver Spring, Wheaton, Glenmont, Norbeck, and Olney. It continues north from there into rural areas of Howard and Carroll counties, passing through the Carroll County seat of Westminster, MD97 has two stretches along which it is a part of the National Highway System. The highway is a principal arterial from its terminus in Silver Spring north to Brookeville Road in Brookeville. Within that section, MD97 is a connector from I-495 north to MD192 in Forest Glen. The highway is also a principal arterial from MD32 at Fenby north to MD140 in Westminster, MD97 is a part of the main National Highway System along its concurrency with MD140 in Westminster. MD97 begins at an intersection with US29 and MD384 in downtown Silver Spring in Montgomery County, heading north on Georgia Avenue, Washington Metros Red Line runs below the route at this point. The route intersects the terminus of MD390, which heads south. It continues north as an undivided road with reversible lanes through commercial areas before coming to a modified cloverleaf interchange with I-495. Past this interchange, the road becomes a highway again. MD97 passes more residences and continues toward Wheaton, the road heads into business areas again as it intersects MD586 near the Westfield Wheaton shopping mall
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Maryland Route 140
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Maryland Route 140 is a 49-mile state highway in the U. S. state of Maryland. MD140 is a part of the main National Highway System from I-795 in Reisterstown to US15 in Emmitsburg, the remaining portions of MD140 between its southern terminus in Baltimore and I-795 are classified as National Highway System principal arterials. MD140 begins as a couplet of streets at North Avenue northwest of downtown Baltimore, northbound MD140 follows Fulton Avenue, which is a two-way street on both sides of North Avenue, and the southbound route follows one-way Monroe Street. Northbound MD140 follows four-lane divided Fulton Avenue north for three blocks between the Penn North neighborhood to the east and Mondawmin on the west, the route reaches a four-way intersection with Pennsylvania Avenue and Reisterstown Road, which head southeast and northwest, respectively. Fulton Avenue veers northeast while MD140 turns northwest onto Reisterstown Road, Monroe Avenue immediately expands to two lanes and intersects the parkway, heads southeast, then veers south toward southbound MD 140s terminus at North Avenue. One block north of the convergence of the couplet, the highway intersects Liberty Heights Avenue. Adjacent to the MD 140–MD26 intersection is the Mondawmin station of the Baltimore Metro Subway, MD140 continues northwest as a six-lane boulevard along the northeast edge of the Liberty Square neighborhood. MD140 and MD129 diverge at a intersection with Druid Park Drive that does not allow direct access from southbound MD140 to northbound MD129. MD140 continues northwest as an undivided highway paralleled by MD129 one block to the east through the Park Circle neighborhood. At Belvedere Avenue, MD140 veers northwest and enters an area within the Woodmere neighborhood. The highway intersects Northern Parkway and passes between the neighborhoods of Glen to the northeast and Reisterstown Station on the southwest, within the latter neighborhood is the Reisterstown Road Plaza shopping center and its attendant Subway station. MD140 passes along the edge of the Falstaff neighborhood before leaving the city of Baltimore south of Seven Mile Lane. MD140 continues northwest through Pikesville as an undivided highway that passes the Pikesville Armory, Suburban Club Golf Course. North of that county highway, the highway gains a center turn lane. MD140 meets the end of MD130 and passes the campus of Garrison Forest School in Garrison. Within Owings Mills, the highway intersects a two-way ramp with Owings Mills Boulevard, passes under the boulevard and CSXs Hanover Subdivision. Shortly after entering Reisterstown, MD140 intersects Franklin Boulevard and Cherry Hill Road, the highway veers north, its name changes to Main Street, and it reduces to two lanes, with occasional center turn lanes, as it enters the Reisterstown Historic District. At the north end of the area, the roadway continues north as MD30 and MD140 turns northwest onto two-lane Westminster Pike
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Westminster, Maryland
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Westminster is a city in northern Maryland, United States. It is the seat of Carroll County, the citys population was 18,590 at the 2010 census. Westminster is a community within the Baltimore-Towson, MD MSA. William Winchester purchased approximately 167 acres of land called Whites Level in 1754 which became known as the city of Winchester. E. B, in a later trial at the Westminster Court House the four men were acquitted, the reason cited was self-defense. Since 1868, Westminster has held an annual Memorial Day parade, just north of Westminster is the farm at which Whittaker Chambers hid the so-called pumpkin papers. A historic marker states that Westminster was the first place in the nation to offer Rural Free Delivery postal service, Westminster is the birthplace of Sargent Shriver, the Democratic candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1972, and the first director of the Peace Corps. On March 10,2006, members of the Westboro Baptist Church picketed the funeral of Matthew A. Snyder who had killed in the Iraq War. Church members stood on city property adjoining St. John Catholic Church where the took place. Snyders father sued the church for violating his privacy, the United States Supreme Court in March 2011 ruled in Snyder v. Phelps that church members had a free speech right to picket. On Friday, June 26,2015 the City of Westminster lit the Westminster Fiber Network, the City partnered with Ting Inc. a subsidiary of Tucows, to light the network and provide gigabit services. Westminster is located at 39°34′36″N 77°0′0″W, Westminster is approximately 36.5 miles driving distance northwest of Baltimore and 37.5 miles driving distance southwest of York, Pennsylvania. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.64 square miles. Westminster lies in the subtropical climate zone, with hot and humid summers. Due to its elevation, distance from the Chesapeake Bay and urban heat island, temperatures in Westminster are often lower than in Baltimore. Westminsters historical tornado activity is slightly above the Maryland state average, on April 16,2011, a tornado was confirmed to have touched down around 8,00 pm EST. On July 19,1996, an F3 tornado struck 5.5 miles away from the Westminster city center, injuring three people and causing $5 million in damages. On April 15,1952, an F3 tornado hit 15.5 miles away from the city center, injuring four people and causing between $500,000 and $5,000,000 in damages. As of the census of 2010, there were 18,590 people,7,161 households, the population density was 2,803.9 inhabitants per square mile
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Maryland Route 482
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Maryland Route 482 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Maryland. Known as Hampstead Mexico Road, the highway runs 5.45 miles from MD27 in Mexico east to MD30 Business in Hampstead. In conjunction with MD27, MD482 connects Westminster with Hampstead, the state highway was constructed at both ends in the early 1930s, the middle section was completed in the late 1940s. MD482 was relocated in Mexico around 1960 and in Hampstead in 2009, MD482 begins at an intersection with MD27 in Mexico. The roadway continues west as Guadelupe Drive into the community of New Mexico. In Mexico, MD482 intersects Old Manchester Road, which is unsigned MD 852G, and Leisters Church Road, the state highway heads east as a two-lane road through farmland that traverses Aspen Run and the East Branch of the North Branch of the Patapsco River. Just after entering the town of Hampstead, MD482 meets MD30 at a roundabout, the state highway passes North Carroll High School and crosses over CSXs Hanover Subdivision before reaching its eastern terminus at MD30 Business. The roadway continues east as municipally-maintained Fairmount Road, MD482 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from MD27 to MD849 in Mexico. MD482 proper was constructed from MD87 east to near Brodbeck Road, the eastern section of the state highway was extended west over the East Branch in 1936. The two sections of MD482 were united when the section was improved in 1947. After MD87 was removed from the highway system in 1956. MD482 was relocated when its roundabout at the MD30 Hampstead Bypass was constructed in 2009 concurrent with the completion of the bypass, the entire route is in Carroll County. MD 482A is the designation for Lare Street, a 0. 04-mile section of old alignment of MD482 between the route and First Street in Hampstead. Maryland Roads portal MDRoads, MD482
21.
Maryland Route 30
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Maryland Route 30 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Maryland. MD30 is a major, two-lane regional highway in western Baltimore County, locally, the highway serves the towns of Manchester and Hampstead, the latter town is bypassed by the highway but served by a business route. Regionally, MD30 connects Reisterstown and Baltimore with Hanover, Pennsylvania, MD30 originated in the colonial era as part of a wagon road connecting the fledgling port of Baltimore with the new settlement that was to become Hanover. This highway was improved as a turnpike in the 19th century, MD30 was constructed as a state road by the Maryland State Roads Commission in the late 1910s and early 1920s, and it became one of the original state-numbered highways in 1927. The state highway was relocated and widened near Reisterstown in the late 1930s, however, the construction of the bypass was continually delayed due to environmental issues and politics. The bypass was constructed between 2006 and 2009, the old highway through Hampstead became MD30 Business. A MD30 bypass of Manchester has also been discussed since the 1960s, MD30 begins within the Reisterstown Historic District at an intersection with MD140, which heads south as Main Street and northwest as Westminster Pike. As the highway leaves Reisterstown, Old Hanover Pike splits to the northeast, Old Hanover Pike reconnects with the state highway where the highway briefly parallels CSXs Hanover Subdivision and passes to the east of the Montrose Mansion and Chapel. At the hamlet of Woodensburg, the old road splits northeast again to follow the railroad through the village of Boring, the railroad and old road return to MD30 again just north of the state highways intersection with MD91. MD30 parallels the railroad through the community of Upperco, which is known as Arcadia. Shortly after entering Carroll County, MD30 curves northwest and meets the end of MD30 Business. The state highway passes under Houcksville Road and over Shiloh Road before meeting MD482 at a roundabout, MD30 reunites with the northern end of MD30 Business at a roundabout in the community of Greenmount. The state highway, once again named Hanover Pike, has a short four-lane divided section through an area before reducing to two lanes. MD30 enters the town of Manchester as Main Street as the passes by Manchester Valley High School. In the center of town, the highway intersects Westminster Street and York Street, MD30 meets the northern end of MD27 on the northern edge of downtown and the southern end of MD86 at the north town limit. There is no access from southbound MD30 to northbound MD86, that movement is made via Hallie Avenue. MD30 crosses Dug Hill Ridge just north of MD86 and passes through the community of Melrose, the state highway follows the upper reaches of the South Branch of Gunpowder Falls through a ridge to the rivers source before reaching its northern terminus at the Pennsylvania state line. The highway continues as PA94 through southwestern York County to Hanover, the latter branch became known as the Hanover Turnpike or the Baltimore and Hanover Turnpike and had ceased to collect tolls by 1899
22.
Manchester, Maryland
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Manchester is a small incorporated town in northeastern Carroll County, Maryland, United States, located just south of the Pennsylvania state line and north of Baltimore. The population was 4,808 at the 2010 census, Manchester was incorporated in 1834 and is the second oldest incorporated area in Carroll County after Westminster, which was incorporated in 1818. The town was formed as a part of Baltimore County. It is governed by a mayor and an elected five-person town council. Manchester lies in the continental climate region, marked by cold and snowy winters but humid. This climate is ideal for growing farmed crops in the such as tomatoes, sweet corn and squash. Manchester is a commuting town where residents travel to work in the greater Baltimore Metropolitan Area. The Town of Manchester, officially incorporated in 1834, was known as Manchester Germantown. However, the name Germantown referred to a community west of Manchester that was incorporated with the town. The town was laid out in Baltimore County and remained a part of that county until the creation of Carroll County on January 19,1837. Prior to European colonization, the Susquehannock people occupied the territory now within the borders of Manchester, at the center of town stands an intersection of what were once two important Native American trails. One part of the trail connected the Potomac and Susquehanna rivers, the latter trail was laid out in 1737 as the first public road in what is now Carroll County by Robert Owings. The first land grant in the area, a tract of 150 acres known as Stevens Hope, was given to Samuel Stevens, the first settlers were English but later immigration brought people of German descent. There were many land grants, the first one touching the present confines of town was made in 1758. In 1765 Captain Richard Richards was granted a tract of 67 acres of land which was named New Market, Richards laid out the town of Manchester, naming it after his home town in England. From the 18th century until the earliest parts of the 20th century, the custom of the German residents of making noodles and stringing them on lines outside their homes would give the town the nickname Noodle Doosey. Later, Manchester would receive another nickname when the German custom of making ginger cakes brought on Gingercake Town. Manchester was the home of one of the first colleges in Carroll County when, in 1858, Irving College, named after poet Washington Irving, was established by Dr. Ferdinand Dieffenbach
23.
Montgomery County, Maryland
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Montgomery County, officially the County of Montgomery, is a county in the U. S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 census, the population was 971,777 and it is the most populous county in Maryland. The county seat and largest municipality is Rockville, although the place of Germantown is the most populous place. Montgomery County is included in the Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV Metropolitan Statistical Area, as one of the most affluent counties in the United States, it also has the highest percentage of residents over 25 years of age who hold post-graduate degrees. In 2011, it was ranked by Forbes as the 10th richest in the United States, the Maryland state legislature named Montgomery County after Richard Montgomery, the county was created from lands that had at one point or another been part of Frederick County. The name use of Montgomery and Washington County were seen as further defiance to Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War, the countys nickname of MoCo is derived from Montgomery County, after the pattern of SoHo, Manhattan. The countys motto, adopted in 1976, is Gardez Bien, the countys motto is also the motto of its namesakes family. Before European immigration, the now known as Montgomery County was covered in a vast swath of forest crossed by the creeks and small streams that feed the Potomac. A few small villages of the Piscataway, members of the Algonquian people, were scattered across the southern portions of the county. Captain John Smith of the English settlement at Jamestown was probably the first European to explore the area, during his travels along the Potomac River and throughout the Chesapeake region. These lands were claimed by Europeans for the first time when George Calvert and he and other early claimants had no intention of settling their families. They were little more than speculators, securing grants from the colonial leadership, thus, it was not until approximately 1715 that the first British settlers began building farms and plantations in the area. Most of these settlers were small farmers, growing wheat. Many of the farmers owned slaves and they transported the tobacco they grew to market through the Potomac River port of Georgetown. Sparsely settled, the farms and taverns were nonetheless of strategic importance as access to the interior. General Edward Braddocks army traveled through the county on the way to its disastrous defeat at Fort Duquesne during the French, like other regions of the American colonies, the region that is now Montgomery County saw protests against British taxation in the years before the American Revolution. In 1774, local residents met at Hungerfords Tavern and agreed to break off commerce with Great Britain, following the signing of the Declaration of Independence, representatives of the area helped to draft the new state constitution and began to build a Maryland free of proprietary control. The leaders of the new county chose as their county seat an area adjacent to Hungerfords Tavern near the center of the county, the newly formed Montgomery County supplied arms, food and forage for the Continental Army during the Revolution, in addition to soldiers
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Howard County, Maryland
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Howard County is a county located in the central part of the U. S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 census, the population was 287,085 and its county seat is Ellicott City. Howard County is included in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD Metropolitan Statistical Area, however, recent development in the south of the county has led to some realignment towards the Washington, D. C. media and employment markets. The county is home to Columbia, a planned community of approximately 100,000 founded by developer James Rouse in 1967. Howard County is frequently cited for its affluence, quality of life, with an estimated median household income of $108,844 in 2012, Howard County had the third-highest median household income of any U. S. county in 2013. The main population center of Columbia/Ellicott City was named second among Money magazines 2010 survey of Americas Best Places to Live, Howard Countys schools frequently rank first in Maryland as measured by standardized test scores and graduation rates. In 2010, the center of population of Maryland was located in the Howard County town of Jessup and he was the fifth governor of Maryland from 1788 to 1791. The lands of prehistoric Howard County were populated by Native Americans, the Maryland Historical Trust has documented sites along the Patapsco, Patuxent, Middle and Little Patuxent River valleys. In 1652, the Susquehannock tribes signed a treaty with Maryland. In 1800, the center of U. S. population as calculated by the US Census Bureau was found in what is now Howard County. In 1838, Dr. William Watkins of Richland Manor proposed the Howard District of Anne Arundel County, after several adjournments, the area of western Anne Arundel County was designated the Howard District in 1839. The district had the status as a county except that it was not separately represented in the Maryland General Assembly. In 1841, the county built its first courthouse in Ellicott City, at the January 1851 constitutional convention, Thomas Beale Dorsey submitted a petition led by James Sykes. A committee was formed with Dorsey, Bowie, Smith, Harbine, after several postponements, the district was erected officially as Howard County on March 7,1851. The plantations of modern Howard County used slave labor as early as 1690, at the time of the Underground Railroad, some Howard County residents assisted slaves who were escaping to freedom. This was particularly risky, as many prominent plantation families were Confederate sympathizers during the Civil War, Maryland was exempt from the Emancipation Proclamation, later abolishing slavery in the update of the Maryland Constitution in November 1864. On May 1,1883 Howard County joined Anne Arundel and Hardford County in liquor prohibition, by 1899, Howard County contained 400 miles of dirt and 48 miles of stone roads, including three paid turnpikes maintained by 118 men. Most traffic consisted of loads delivered to rail crossings, in 1909, County Commissioners Hess, Werner and ONeil were charged with malfeasance regarding contract bids
25.
Frederick County, Maryland
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Frederick County is a county located in the northern part of the U. S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the population was 240,336, Frederick County is included in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. Like other outlying sections of the Washington metropolitan area, Frederick County has experienced a population increase in recent years. The county is associated with Western Maryland, depending on the definition used. It borders the southern border of Pennsylvania and the border of Virginia. The county is home to Catoctin Mountain Park and to the U. S. Armys Fort Detrick and it has also been the home to several celebrated historical figures like Francis Scott Key, Chris Rose, Zach Taylor, Matt Bennett, Thomas Johnson, Roger B. The namesake of Frederick County and its county seat is unknown, Frederick County was created in 1748 from parts of Prince Georges County and Baltimore County. In 1776, Frederick County was divided into three parts, the westernmost portion became Washington County, named after George Washington, the southernmost portion became Montgomery County, named after another Revolutionary War general, Richard Montgomery. The northern portion remained Frederick County, in 1837 a part of Frederick County was combined with a part of Baltimore County to form Carroll County which is east of current day Frederick County. The county has a number of properties on the National Register of Historic Places, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 667 square miles, of which 660 square miles is land and 7.2 square miles is water. It is the largest county in Maryland in terms of land area, Frederick County straddles the boundary between the Piedmont Plateau Region and the Appalachian Mountains. The countys two prominent ridges, Catoctin Mountain and South Mountain, form an extension of the Blue Ridge, the Middletown Valley lies between them. The summary statistics for Frederick County from the U. S. Census 2000 are provided to compare, as of the 2010 United States Census, there were 233,385 people,84,800 households, and 61,198 families residing in the county. The population density was 353.5 inhabitants per square mile, there were 90,136 housing units at an average density of 136.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 81. 5% white,8. 6% black or African American,3. 8% Asian,0. 3% American Indian,2. 9% from other races, and 2. 8% from two or more races. The total of those self-identifying as Hispanic or Latino origin made up 7. 3%, and those persons who were white alone made up 77. 8% of the population. In terms of ancestry,26. 3% were German,17. 4% were Irish,12. 1% were English,7. 2% were Italian, the average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.17. The median age was 38.6 years, the median income for a household in the county was $81,686 and the median income for a family was $95,036
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Carroll County, Maryland
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Carroll County is a county located in the U. S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 census, the population was 167,134, Carroll County is included in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area. While predominantly rural, the county has become increasingly suburban in recent years, Carroll County was created in 1837 from parts of Baltimore and Frederick Counties, see Hundred. It was named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the American Declaration of Independence, during the American Civil War, the population of Carroll County was sharply divided between supporters of the Union and the Confederacy. In 1863, there were significant troop movements through the county as part of the Gettysburg campaign. E. B, in 2013 the Carroll County Board of Commissioners voted to make English the official language of the county. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 453 square miles. Topographically, Carroll County is located within the Piedmont Plateau region, with characteristic upland terrain of rolling hills, the most prominent relief is Parrs Ridge, which bisects the county from southwest to northeast. The highest point is in the part of the county on Dug Hill along Deep Run Road. Carroll County is bordered on the north by the Mason–Dixon line with Pennsylvania, Carroll County is bordered on the west by Frederick County, across the Monocacy River and Sams Creek. Other major streams in the county include Big Pipe Creek, Little Pipe Creek, and Double Pipe Creek, Bear Branch, the Piney Run Reservoir is in the southern part of the county. Three railroad lines cross Carroll County, the old Baltimore and Ohio Old Main Line crosses the southern part of the county from east to west, with former stations in Sykesville and Mount Airy. The original Western Maryland Railway main line runs southeast to northwest through Carrollton, Westminster, New Windsor. The old Baltimore and Hanover Railroad runs further to the east through Hampstead, Millers, two of these railroad lines are now operated by CSX Transportation, the former WM main line is now operated by Maryland Midland Railway. York County, Pennsylvania Baltimore County Howard County Frederick County Adams County, the population density was 336 people per square mile. There were 54,260 housing units at a density of 121 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 69% White,2. 28% Black or African American,0. 22% Native American,0. 75% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 31% from other races, and 0. 73% from two or more races. 0. 99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,30. 5% were of German,14. 0% Irish,11. 1% United States or American,10. 7% English and 7. 3% Italian ancestry. 17. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.18
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Maryland highway system
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The Maryland highway system is a network of highways owned and maintained by the U. S. state of Maryland. In addition to the nationally numbered Interstate Highways and U. S. Highways, All three types of highways together provide access to all incorporated and unincorporated areas in all 23 counties of Maryland as well as the independent city of Baltimore. Maryland has 16 Interstate highways, including six primary Interstates and ten auxiliary Interstates, the longest Interstate in Maryland is Interstate 95, while the shortest Interstate is I-295. Maryland also contains an unsigned Interstate, I-595, a former Interstate, I-170, and an intracounty Interstate, I-97, Maryland has 14 U. S. Highways, including seven primary U. S. Highways and seven auxiliary U. S. highways, the longest U. S. highway in Maryland is U. S. Route 40, while the shortest U. S. highway is US522. Maryland also contains six former U. S. highways, Maryland has a unitary system of numbered state highways with numbers between 2 and 999. The longest Maryland state highway is Maryland Route 2, while state highways are less than 0.5 mi in length. Most of the shortest highways are unsigned, there are other systems of highways in Maryland that are not marked but are numbered internally. County highways, All 23 counties have internal numerical designations for all highways under their jurisdiction, municipal highways, Every city, town, and village maintains an internal system of numerically designated municipal streets. Federal government or agency highways, Highways maintained by the government or agencies such as the Maryland-National Capital Park. State reservation highways, Highways maintained by agencies of the state of Maryland. Examples of highways within this categories include streets on state university campuses, access roads to parks and state forests. The vast majority of Interstate, U. S. and state highways are constructed by, All toll facilities in the state and limited access highways within Baltimore except I-83 are constructed and maintained by the Maryland Transportation Authority. All U. S. and state highways and I-83 within Baltimore are maintained by the Baltimore City Department of Transportation, portions of U. S. and state highways within particular cities and towns are maintained by the respective municipalities
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Maryland Scenic Byways
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Areas, small towns and wildlife areas along the Chesapeake Bay, and beaches along the Atlantic Ocean. The Historic National Road Scenic Byway travels from Keysers Ridge to Baltimore along the route of the National Road. The road is designated an All-American Road, the byway enters Maryland in Garrett County along US40, following that route to Keysers Ridge. Here, the National Road follows US40 Alternate, heading through the Savage River State Forest and reaching Grantsville, the road passes through Frostburg, where the Western Maryland Scenic Railroad is located, and La Vale, where the La Vale Tollgate House is located. The byway comes to Cumberland, which has many historic transportation sites, at this point, the byway follows US40 Scenic and crosses Sideling Hill. The byway follows MD144 again and continues to Hancock, where the byway has access to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the Western Maryland Rail Trail. Past Hancock, the Historic National Road Scenic Byway follows I-70 before splitting onto US40, with a detour along MD56, the byway continues to Hagerstown, which has South Prospect Street Historic District among other historic sites. In Hagerstown, the runs along Franklin Street, Locust Street, Baltimore Street. After Hagerstown, the Historic National Road Scenic Byway follows US40 Alternate through Funkstown to Boonsboro, at this point, the byway crosses the Appalachian National Scenic Trail and heads across South Mountain State Park. The road continues through Middletown and reaches Frederick, where the heads onto US40. In Frederick, the byway has access to the National Museum of Civil War Medicine, past Frederick, the National Scenic Road Scenic Byway continues along MD144 and passes through New Market before reaching Mount Airy, where it briefly follows MD27 before following MD144 again. The byway reaches Ellicott City, which is home to the Ellicott City Station, the road continues through Catonsville before heading into Baltimore. Here, the Historical National Road Scenic Byway heads along Lombard Street, passing through the Union Square neighborhood before passing by the B&O Railroad Museum, the Mountain Maryland Scenic Byway loops across the mountains of Western Maryland. The byway begins in Keysers Ridge and follows I-68 west to Friendsville, at this point, the byway continues south along MD42 toward US219. The Mountain Maryland Scenic Byway followed US219 to McHenry, which is home to Wisp Ski Resort, the byway heads west on Mayhew Inn Road and Swallow Falls Road, coming to Swallow Falls State Park. A spur on Cranesville Road provides access to Cranesville Swamp Preserve, the Mountain Maryland Scenic Byway continues south along Herrington Manor Road and comes to Herrington Manor State Park before heading to the historic town of Oakland. From Oakland, the byway follows MD135 through Mountain Lake Park and Deer Park, a detour in the state forest follows MD560. There are also diversions along MD495 to rural areas of the Allegany Highlands, MD38 to Kitzmiller, the mainline of the byway continues to descend Backbone Mountain on MD135 before heading along MD36
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Maryland Route 28
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Maryland Route 28 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs 37.38 miles from U. S. Route 15 in Point of Rocks east to MD182 in Norwood, the western portion of MD28 is a rural highway connecting several villages in southern Frederick County and western Montgomery County. By contrast, the portion of the state highway is a major east–west commuter route, particularly within Gaithersburg. MD28 was an original 1927 Maryland state highway, the state highway originally extended north and east through Olney to Ashton, but the highway was rolled back to Norbeck in the 1940s. MD28 was extended east to its present eastern terminus in the early 1980s, the original western terminus was in Tuscarora, but the state highway was extended to Point of Rocks around 1970. The highway is part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from MD112 in Darnestown to MD182 in Norwood. MD28 begins at an intersection with US15 in Point of Rocks, the state highway heads east as two-lane Clay Street, which parallels CSXs Metropolitan Subdivision rail line and the linear Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park through town. MD28 passes the Point of Rocks station of MARCs Brunswick Line where the Metropolitan Subdivision, the state highway parallels and then crosses at grade to the south side of the Old Main Line Subdivision at the east end of town. MD28 continues east as Tuscarora Road, which crosses Washington Run, the highway passes through the hamlet of Tuscarora before reaching a three-way intersection with MD85, which heads north as Buckeystown Pike. MD28 turns southeast onto Dickerson Road, MD28 heads southeast and crosses the Monocacy River at Furnace Ford shortly before entering Montgomery County. Immediately after Mt. Ephraim Road, MD28 turns south, MD28 crosses the Little Monocacy River before the intersection with Martinsburg Road, which heads southwest toward the Dickerson Generating Station and Whites Ferry. MD28 continues southeast as Darnestown Road toward Beallsville, where the highway intersects MD109, the highway passes the Hanover Farm House at Four Streams Golf Club and crosses Dry Seneca Creek. MD28 crosses Seneca Creek and passes Seneca Creek State Park before entering Darnestown, within Darnestown, the state highway intersects MD118 and MD112. MD28 continues southeast along the edge of Gaithersburg and passes by the new urbanist development Kentlands. The highway crosses Muddy Branch parallel to a pair of spurs on the south designated MD899. After the state highway expands to six lanes and intersects Muddy Branch Road, MD28 curves south through the western part of Rockville and meets the western end of Gude Drive, which provides a bypass of downtown Rockville, and the eastern end of Darnestown Road. The highway curves east again and crosses Watts Branch within its seven-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with Interstate 270, MD28 continues through the West Montgomery Avenue Historic District as a two-lane road with center turn lane. MD28 becomes a highway and its name changes to Veirs Mill Road at Monroe Street shortly before its oblique intersection with MD355 to the north of Richard Montgomery High School
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State highway
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Depending on the state, state highway may be used for one meaning and state road or state route for the other. In some countries such as New Zealand, the state is used in its sense of a nation. By this meaning a state highway is a maintained and numbered by the national government rather than local authorities. Australias State Route system covers urban and inter-regional routes that are not included in the National Route or the National Highway systems and these routes are marked with a blue shield. Sometimes a state route may be formed when a national route is decommissioned. Most states and territories have introduced an alphanumeric numbering system. Brazil is another country that is divided into states and has state highways, canada is divided into provinces and territories, each of which maintains its own system of provincial or territorial highways. Canadas federal National Highway System is a dual system which includes the Trans-Canada Highway network. Italys Strade Statali extend for some 18,000 km, overseen by the Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strade founded in 1946, State highways in India are numbered highways that are laid and maintained by state governments. Mexicos State Highway System is a system of urban and state routes constructed and maintained by each Mexican state, the main purpose of the state networks is to serve as a feeder system to the federal highway system. All states except the Federal District operate a road network, each state marks these routes with a white shield containing the abbreviated name of the state plus the route number. New Zealand state highways are national highways – the word state in this sense means government or public, New Zealands state highway system is a nationwide network of roads covering the North Island and the South Island. As of 2006, just under 100 roads have a State Highway designation, the NZ Transport Agency administers them. The speed limit for most state highways is 100 km/h, with reductions when one passes through a populated area. The highways in New Zealand were originally designated on a system, national and provincial, with national highways having a higher standard. Now all of them are state highways, and the network consists of SH1 running the length of main islands, SH 2–5 and 10–58 in the North Island, and SH 6–8. National and provincial highways are numbered north to south. State Highway 1 runs the length of both islands, local highways are the next important roads under the National highways
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Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
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Drainage basin
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A drainage basin or catchment area is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins. Other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin and water basin. In closed drainage basins the water converges to a point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake. The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the covered by the basin. Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter, drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units, which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks, in a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. Drainage basins of the oceans and seas of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans, the following is a list of the major ocean basins, About 48. 7% of the worlds land drains to the Atlantic Ocean. The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic, The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U. S. The Mediterranean Sea basin includes much of North Africa, east-central Africa, Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, Turkey, and the areas of Israel, Lebanon. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Oceans drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earths land. It drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, Burma, antarctica comprises approximately eight percent of the Earths land. The five largest river basins, from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon, the Río de la Plata, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi. The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all land drains to endorheic lakes or seas or sinks, the largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, which drains into the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and numerous smaller lakes. Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, in endorheic bodies of standing water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this is the Dead Sea, drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important
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County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
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Maryland Route 31
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Maryland Route 31 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Maryland. Known for most of its length as New Windsor Road, the highway runs 16.95 miles from MD26 in Libertytown east to MD140 in Westminster. MD31 connects the county seats of Frederick and Westminster via Libertytown in eastern Frederick County, MD31 originally extended from Frederick to Manchester, using the paths of what are now MD26 and MD27. MD26 assumed MD31 west of Libertytown in 1933 and MD27 took over MD 31s route north of Westminster in 1967, the Westminster–Manchester portion of the state highway was constructed as one of the original state roads in the early 1910s. The remainder of the highway was built in the early to mid-1920s, MD31 was relocated north of Westminster in the late 1950s and south of Westminster in the mid-1960s. The bypassed sections of the highway became parts of MD852. MD31 begins at an intersection with MD26 on the end of Libertytown. The state highway heads east as a road through farmland that passes through a pair of curves in the hamlet of Oak Orchard before crossing Sams Creek into Carroll County at Englars Mill. After intersecting MD407 near the village of Marston, MD31 veers north, the state highway crosses the east–west line of the Maryland Midland Railway and heads north through the New Windsor Historic District as High Street. A short distance north of Main Street, which heads east as unsigned MD 831J, MD31 veers east to an intersection with Green Valley Road, which heads north as MD75. MD31 turns south onto Green Valley Road, then turns east onto Main Street one block east of its previous intersection with Main Street, the old alignment parallels the present alignment to the north through the Wakefield Valley. MD31 crosses Turkeyfoot Run and briefly parallels the railroad before meeting the end of MD852 near the Wakefield Valley Golf Course. There is no access from eastbound MD31 to northbound MD140 at the terminal intersection. MD31 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial from Stone Chapel Road east to MD140 in Westminster, MD31 was one of the original Maryland state-numbered highways in 1927. In addition to connecting Libertytown and Westminster, MD31 originally connected Frederick with Libertytown along what is now MD26, the highway from Westminster to Manchester was designated one of the original state roads by the Maryland State Roads Commission in 1909. The highway was completed from the Westminster city limit north to Cranberry Station on the Western Maryland Railway in 1911, the road was extended to just south of Mexico in 1913, in addition, construction on the state road began from the Manchester end. The gap between Mexico and south of Manchester was filled in 1914, MD31 from Westminster to New Windsor was started in 1919, the 15-foot wide concrete road between the two towns was completed by 1921. Other portions of the highway completed in 1921 included concrete within the town of Manchester
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Maryland Route 852
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Maryland Route 852 is a collection of state highways in the U. S. state of Maryland. These 11 highways are service roads related to and sections of an old alignment of MD31 between New Windsor and Manchester in Carroll County, between Westminster and Manchester, the sections of MD852 follow MD27, which replaced MD31 north of Westminster in 1967. What are now parts of MD852 were originally constructed as MD31 around 1920 south of Westminster, the sections of MD852 were assigned north of Westminster in the late 1950s and south of Westminster in the mid-1960s. There are three sections of MD852, MD852 runs 3.72 miles from MD31 in New Windsor east to MD31 near Westminster. MD 852K runs 2.19 miles from MD31 near Westminster to Main Street in Westminster, MD 852G runs 2.70 miles from MD27 in Westminster to MD27 in Mexico. MD852 begins at an intersection with MD31 just east of the town of New Windsor. The state highway heads north perpendicular to MD31, then curves east and starts to follow old alignment at its intersection with MD 852M, MD852 follows a curvy path through farmland in the Wakefield Valley. After crossing Little Pipe Creek just west of its intersection with Adams Mill Road, MD852 runs along the southwestern edge of Wakefield Valley Golf Course before reaching its eastern terminus at MD31 southwest of Westminster. MD 852K begins at an intersection with MD31 a short distance east of MD 852s eastern terminus southwest of Westminster, the state highway heads south as Stone Chapel Road to a three-way intersection where Stone Chapel Road turns west as a county highway. MD 852K turns east onto New Windsor Road, MD 852K closely parallels the eastbound direction of MD31, serving as a service road for properties on the south side of the two highways. There appears to be a connector between MD31 and MD 852K at MD 31s intersection with Tahoma Farm Road, however, access between the two highways was cut off in 2008 when a traffic signal was added at the MD 31–Tahoma Farm Road intersection. MD 852K diverges from MD31 just inside the city limit of Westminster, MD 852K becomes municipally-maintained just south of where houses start to line the westbound side of the highway. MD 852G begins at an intersection with MD27 just north of the highways crossing of the Maryland Midland Railway. MD 852G heads southeast to the intersection of MD 852H and Lucabaugh Mill Road, MD 852G curves to the northeast and passes through a mix of farmland and scattered residences. In the village of Mexico, the highway intersects MD482. North of Mexico, MD 852G veers north and reaches its terminus at MD27. MD31 from New Windsor to Westminster was originally constructed as a 15-foot wide concrete road between 1919 and 1921, the state highway was widened to 21 feet with a pair of 3-foot wide macadam shoulders between 1936 and 1939. MD852 was assigned to its present course after MD 31s present alignment was constructed between 1963 and 1965, MD 852K was assigned to its present course after MD 31s present alignment from southwest of Westminster to MD140 was completed in 1967
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Interstate 270 (Maryland)
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It consists of the 32. 60-mile mainline as well as a 2. 10-mile spur that provides access to and from southbound I-495. I-270 is known as the Washington National Pike, and makes up the easternmost stretch of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Highway, most of the southern part of the route in Montgomery County passes through suburban areas around Rockville and Gaithersburg that are home to many biotech firms. This portion of I-270 is up to twelve lanes wide and consists of a local-express lane configuration as well as high-occupancy vehicle lanes that are in operation during peak travel times. North of here, I-270 continues through rural areas into Frederick County, with the creation of the Interstate Highway System a few years later, the road was designated as I-70S along with US240. The concurrent US240 designation was removed in 1972 and I-70S became I-270 in 1975, increasing traffic levels led to a $200 million widening of the road in Montgomery County to its current configuration and further increased traffic. I-270 heads northwest from an interchange with I-495 and MD355 in suburban Bethesda, Montgomery County as a six-lane freeway. The left lane on each side is used as a vehicle lane in the northbound direction between 3,30 and 6,30 PM weekdays and in the southbound direction between 6,00 and 9,00 AM weekdays. At the southern terminus, I-270 only has access to and from the direction of I-495. The road turns west and comes to an interchange with MD187, from there, I-270 continues west as a ten-lane freeway and merges with I-270 Spur, which provides access to and from southbound I-495. Past this interchange, I-270 continues north as a freeway with an HOV lane. Past Montrose Road, I-270 continues north into the Rockville area, turning northwest before it comes to a single-point urban interchange with MD189, the road continues to a modified cloverleaf interchange with MD28. Past MD28, the freeway passes numerous business parks and some wooded areas before coming to an interchange with Shady Grove Road, I-270 continues past more suburban development before coming to a northbound exit and southbound entrance with MD117. Past MD124, the lanes in the northbound direction ends, and I-270 head northwest as an eight-lane freeway with four southbound lanes. It passes through wooded areas, leaving Gaithersburg, and comes to an interchange with Middlebrook Road, the freeway narrows to six lanes again past at this interchange, with three lanes in each direction including a northbound HOV lane. I-270 continues into the Germantown area and interchanges with MD118, a short distance later, after passing by some business parks, I-270 comes to an interchange with MD27 and Father Hurley Boulevard. Past MD27, I-270 heads into rural areas of woods with some farm fields. The road interchanges with MD121 in Clarksburg and the northbound HOV restriction ends past this interchange, the power lines stop paralleling the route and it continues through more rural areas of woods and farms, running closely parallel to MD355. The median widens, with trees in the middle, and I-270 has weigh stations on both sides, the highway reaches Hyattstown, where it has an interchange with MD109
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Little Seneca Creek
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Little Seneca Creek is an 14. 0-mile-long stream in Montgomery County, Maryland, roughly 18 miles northwest of Washington, D. C. The creek drains portions of Clarksburg, Germantown, and Boyds and it rises south of Damascus and flows southward about 4.8 miles to Little Seneca Lake, a reservoir created by construction of a dam on the creek. The reservoir empties to the portion of the creek, which flows south about 6.6 miles to Seneca Creek, which drains to the Potomac River. A portion of the creek below the lake is a water stream that supports wild rainbow. The creek and reservoir are a water source as part of the Little Seneca system. A Special Protection Area was designated that requires additional controls for stormwater runoff, however, the county reported in 2010 that its recent requirements for new construction projects had not been sufficient to prevent water quality impairment. Several large land development projects were constructed in Clarksburg and elsewhere in the watershed over the past several years, the county conducted biological monitoring of stream conditions and documented declines in water quality associated with the new construction. More comprehensive site designs to minimize runoff, such as conservation design or low impact development designs, were recommended. In 2014, the County Council set additional limits on development projects in order to protect the quality of the Tenmile Creek tributary and adjacent habitat. com
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Seneca Creek (Potomac River)
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Seneca Creek is a 5. 8-mile-long stream in Montgomery County, Maryland, USA, roughly 16 miles northwest of Washington, D. C. It drains into the Potomac River, the creek begins with two main tributaries, Great Seneca Creek,21.5 miles long, begins in Damascus and flows south past Montgomery Village, Germantown, Gaithersburg and Seneca Creek State Park. Little Seneca Creek,14.0 miles long, rises in the Clarksburg area, flows south through Little Seneca Lake and Black Hill Regional Park, another major tributary, Dry Seneca Creek, empties into Seneca Creek west of Darnestown. The creek continues south and passes under Seneca Aqueduct/Rileys Lock of the Chesapeake, there is about a 600 feet change in elevation from the streams upper sources to its mouth at the Potomac. Seneca Creek has an area of 121 square miles. Depending on conditions, parts of the creek are navigable by light watercraft, near Riley’s Lock there is a boat ramp into the creek which provides access to the Potomac River. An area of about 6,300 acres along 14.75 miles of the creek has been set aside as Seneca Creek State Park. It has trails including the 16.5 miles Seneca Creek Greenway Trail, the 10 miles Schaeffer Farm Trail, parking and picnic areas are provided at various locations in the park. Long Draught Creek, a small north of Gaithersburg has been dammed to form the 90 acres Clopper Lake which is the centerpiece of the parks day use area. This area includes picnic areas, a disc golf course, boat rentals for the lake. Just west of the mouth is the Seneca Quarry, the quarry that provided the red sandstone for the Smithsonian Castle. The remains of the 1837 stone cutting mill are still intact, though unmarked, both are within state park lands. During the 1920s and 1930s Seneca was a vacation spot for people from lower Montgomery County and Washington who came to Seneca for the cooler temperatures, boating, swimming. There was a hotel near the canal and cottages lined the creek until they were washed away or destroyed by the floods that have affected this area. Unfortunately Seneca has been the site of many drownings and boating accidents over the years, today the area is a popular local recreation area. List of Maryland rivers Locks on the C&O Canal Real-time Water Flow Data for Seneca Creek - US Geological Survey Seneca Creek State Park - official site The Great Seneca Creek Watershed, Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection. WAMU88.5 FM Metro Connection, From Stone to Bright Red Structure, A Tour of the Seneca Quarry, March 30,2012
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Potomac River
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The Potomac River /pəˈtoʊmək/ is located along the mid-Atlantic Ocean coast of the United States and flows into the Chesapeake Bay. The river is approximately 405 miles long, with an area of about 14,700 square miles. In terms of area, this makes the Potomac River the fourth largest river along the Atlantic coast of the United States, over 5 million people live within the Potomac watershed. The river forms part of the borders between Maryland and Washington, D. C. on the left descending bank and West Virginia and Virginia on the right descending bank. The majority of the lower Potomac River is part of the State of Maryland, exceptions include a small tidal portion within the District of Columbia, and the border with Virginia being delineated from point to point. Except for a portion of its headwaters in West Virginia. The South Branch Potomac River lies completely within the state of West Virginia except for its headwaters, the Potomac River runs 405 miles from the Fairfax Stone in West Virginia on the Allegheny Plateau to Point Lookout, Maryland, and drains 14,679 square miles. The length of the river from the junction of its North and South Branches to Point Lookout is 302 miles, the average flow is 10,800 ft³/s. The largest flow recorded on the Potomac at Washington, D. C. was in March 1936 when it reached 425,000 ft³/s. The lowest flow recorded at the same location was 600 ft³/s in September,1966. The source of the North Branch is at the Fairfax Stone located at the junction of Grant, Tucker, the source of the South Branch is located near Hightown in northern Highland County, Virginia. The rivers two branches converge just east of Green Spring in Hampshire County, West Virginia, to form the Potomac. Once the Potomac drops from the Piedmont to the Coastal Plain at Little Falls, tides further influence the river as it passes through Washington, D. C. salinity in the Potomac River Estuary increases thereafter with distance downstream. The estuary also widens, reaching 11 statute miles wide at its mouth, Potomac is a European spelling of Patowmeck, the Algonquian name of a Native American village, perhaps meaning something brought. Native Americans had different names for different parts of the river, calling the river above Great Falls Cohongarooton, meaning honking geese and Patawomke below the fall, meaning river of swans. The spelling of the name has many forms over the years from Patawomeke to Patawomeck, Patowmack. The rivers name was decided upon as Potomac by the Board on Geographic Names in 1931. The river itself is at least two years old, likely extending back ten to twenty million years before present when the Atlantic Ocean lowered and exposed coastal sediments along the fall line
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Monocacy River
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The Monocacy River is a free-flowing left tributary to the Potomac River, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean via the Chesapeake Bay. The river is 58.5 miles long, with an area of about 744 square miles. It is the largest Maryland tributary to the Potomac, the name Monocacy comes from the Shawnee name for the river, Monnockkesey, which translates to river with many bends. The first town settled in Western Maryland, Monocacy, also gets its name from this river. The Monocacy National Battlefield lies alongside part of the river, marking an 1864 engagement during the American Civil War, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal crosses over the river at the Monocacy Aqueduct, the largest of the 11 aqueducts on the canal. The river rises in Carroll County, Maryland, west of the town of Harney. The river is formed by the confluence of Marsh Creek and Rock Creek, about 60% of the Monocacy watershed is dedicated to agricultural use, about 33% of the watershed is forested. The city of Frederick and its suburbs form the largest urban area within the watershed, the 960 square mile water shed averages a flow of 600 Mgd at the mouth where it enters the Potomac River. Dendrology of the Watershed, The vegetation of the watershed is very similar to one would expect to find thorough the piedmont and valley. I would like to highlight some of the species, species that may be moving into the watershed do to climate change. A very good source for pant and tree information is the USDA-NRCS Plant Fact Sheets at. However, it has one of the greatest nonpoint source pollution problems in the state due in part to runoff from the 3,500 farms, livestock operations. The Maryland Department of the Environment has listed the Monocacy with impaired water quality for sediment, a major tributary basin, the Double Pipe Creek watershed, is also impaired for sediment and bacteria. Generally nutrients from water can be reduced to around 10 ppm using low tech solutions. Bio filters in a laboratory setting have been shown to remove up to 85% of phosphorus, 70% nitrogen, although these results were observed in a controlled setting, a lower % removal would still make a significant impact in real world use given proper sizing and maintenance. In urban areas the goal is to treat and address storm water where it falls and to storm surges in the water system that often increase the sediment, nutrient. This approach has a benefit of reducing scouring of the local stream beds to allow for stream bank stabilization. A side benefit is a increase in quality of life in hares with a high % of impervious surfaces, the state of Maryland has several good examples of storm water management systems in their design
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Double Pipe Creek
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Double Pipe Creek, sometimes called Pipe Creek, is a major tributary of the Monocacy River in Carroll County and Frederick County in Maryland, located several miles north and west of Westminster. The creek is only 1.6 miles long, but is formed by the confluence of two longer streams, Big Pipe Creek and Little Pipe Creek. The creeks watershed extends as far east as Manchester, Maryland, and includes the towns of Union Bridge, Taneytown, New Windsor and Westminster. The main stem of the creek is formed from the confluence of Big Pipe Creek,31.6 miles long, with headwaters near Manchester, and Little Pipe Creek,24.9 miles long, with headwaters in Westminster. From the confluence, near Detour, Maryland, Double Pipe flows west for 1.6 miles to its mouth at the Monocacy, the watershed area of Double Pipe Creek is 192.6 square miles. Tributaries include Bear Branch, Big Pipe Creek, Little Pipe Creek, Meadow Branch, Double Pipe Creek, the portion of Little Pipe Creek west of Union Bridge, and the western section of Sams Creek form part of the legal boundary between Frederick County and Carroll County. The Maryland Department of the Environment has identified water quality violations for Double Pipe Creek and tributaries, specifically for sediment, nutrients, the principal sources of bacteria appear to be failing septic tanks from residences and/or businesses, pet waste and waste from farm animals. The pollution sources for sediment include agricultural runoff and urban runoff, before the battle broke out at Gettysburg, General Meade had planned a defensive position for the Army of the Potomac at Pipe Creek, making use of its broad slopes and open fields of fire. In the alternate history Gettysburg, by Gingrich and Forstchen, General Lee seizes Pipe Creek as his defensive line, list of Maryland rivers Monocacy & Catoctin Watershed Alliance
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Patuxent River
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The Patuxent River is a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay in the state of Maryland. The 937-square-mile Patuxent watershed had a growing population of 590,769 in 2000. It is the largest and longest river entirely within Maryland, the fifty-two mile-long tidal estuary is never wider than 2.3 miles. It marks the boundary between Montgomery, Prince Georges, Charles and St. Marys counties on the west and Howard, Anne Arundel, the Chesapeake estuarys deepest point,130 feet below sea level, is in the lower Patuxent. The Little Patuxent River, the Middle Patuxent River, and the Western Branch are the three largest tributaries, the Middle Patuxent flows into the Little Patuxent just upstream from the historic Savage Mill in Savage. The Little Patuxent then joins the Patuxent just southwest of Crofton, the Middle Patuxent flows 24 miles through the middle of Howard County, while the Little Patuxent flows 38 miles through northeast and southeast Howard County and western Anne Arundel County. Native Americans have lived along the Patuxent River since at least 6500 BC, an archaeological dig at Pig Point uncovered the oldest known artifacts in the Mid Atlantic states, including pottery, arrow and spear points and remnants of wigwams, fires and foodways. The site was probably a center of trade in the region and has one of the best unbroken archaeological records on the East Coast, the Pig Point site includes the oldest structures ever found in Maryland, wigwam post holes dating to the 3rd century. The Patuxent River was first named on the map resulting from the 1608 voyage upriver by Jamestown. This was most likely the second visit by Europeans to the Patuxent, in 1699, Thomas Browne, a Patuxent Ranger, followed the river from the Snowden plantation to where Clarksville is sited. By the 1730s, the Snowden iron ore furnace just southeast of Laurel, was shipping pig iron downriver from the current vicinity of the 1783 Montpelier Mansion, also part of Patuxent River Park. In August 1814, Commodore Joshua Barney and his Chesapeake Bay Flotilla were trapped in the Patuxent by the British fleet under Admiral Sir George Cockburn. To keep them from British hands, Barneys men ignited the magazines of his ships in the four mile stretch above Pig Point when the British approached, the British then launched their attack on Washington, D. C. from their warships in the Patuxent at Benedict. 22 miles From there, the troops marched through, Nottingham, Upper Marlboro, Bladensburg, tobacco farming dominated the Patuxents economy for the two centuries following settlement, with about sixty percent of Marylands tobacco coming from the Patuxent valley by the late 18th century. The Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission constructed two dams on the branch in the mid-20th century. The state of Maryland classifies the T. Howard Duckett Dam as high hazard because large releases of water areas of North Laurel. The Middle and Little Patuxent watersheds include nearly all of Columbia, Maryland, including its downtown urban Lake Kittamaqundi, Columbia is a large planned community in Howard County that opened in 1967. This in turn led to a complete destruction of a once thriving seafood industry along the brackish portion of the river
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Patapsco River
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The Patapsco River is a 39-mile-long river in central Maryland which flows into the Chesapeake Bay. The rivers tidal portion forms the harbor for the city of Baltimore, with its South Branch, the Patapsco forms the northern border of Howard County, Maryland. The name Patapsco is derived from the Algonquian pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth, the Patapsco proper begins at the confluence of the North and South Branches, near Marriottsville, approximately 15 miles west of downtown Baltimore. The 19. 4-mile-long South Branch rises further west at Parrs Spring, where Howard County, Carroll, Frederick, the North Branch flows 20.9 miles southward from its origins in Carroll County. Through most of its length, the Patapsco is a minor river, the last 10 miles, however, form a large tidal estuary inlet of Chesapeake Bay. The inner part of this provides the harbor of Baltimore, composed of the Northwest Harbor. The Patapsco estuary is south of the Back River and north of the Magothy River, the Patapsco has a watershed area of 680 square miles, or 632 square miles of land. Thus, its watershed area is 7% water. Patapsco Valley State Park is adjacent to 32 miles of the Patapsco and its branches, the river cuts a gorge 100–200 feet deep within the park, which features rocky cliffs and tributary waterfalls. Liberty Dam and its reservoir, located on the North Branch, is a component of the Baltimore city water system. Besides Baltimore, the river flows through Ellicott City and Elkridge. John Smith was the first European to explore the river noting it on his 1612 map as the Bolus River, the Red river, was named after the clay color, and is considered the old Bolus, as other branches were also labelled Bolus on maps. As the river was not navigable beyond Elkridge, it was not a path of commerce with only one ship listed as serving the northern branch. The Patapsco valley was used as the route of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroads original main line west constructed from 1829 onwards, many old railroad bridges were constructed in the valley, most notably the Thomas Viaduct and the Patterson Viaduct, of which ruins remain. Flour mills and a dam were formerly powered by the river. The valley is prone to flooding, though at long intervals, in 1972 as a result of rainfall from the remnants of Hurricane Agnes, in which Ellicott City and the Old Main Line sustained serious damage. In July 2016 a historic flood ravaged Main Street - leaving two dead, the mouth of the Patapsco River forms Baltimore harbor, the site of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. This is where Francis Scott Key, while aboard a British ship, wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, today, a red, white, and blue buoy marks the spot where the HMS Tonnant was anchored
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National Highway System (United States)
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Altogether, it constitutes the largest highway system in the world. Individual states are encouraged to focus federal funds on improving the efficiency, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 provided that certain key routes such as the Interstate Highway System, be included. The National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 is a United States Act of Congress that was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 28,1995, the legislation designated about 160,955 miles of roads, including the Interstate Highway System, as the NHS. Aside from designating the system, the act served several other purposes, the act also created a State Infrastructure Bank pilot program. Ten states were chosen in 1996 for this new method of road financing and these banks would lend money like regular banks, with funding coming from the federal government or the private sector, and they would be repaid through such means as highway tolls or taxes. In 1997,28 more states asked to be part of the program, ohio was the first state to use a state infrastructure bank to start building a road. An advantage to this method was completing projects faster, state laws, all urban areas with a population of over 50,000 and about 90% of Americas population live within 5 miles of the network, which is the longest in the world
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Partial cloverleaf interchange
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A partial cloverleaf interchange or parclo is a modification of a cloverleaf interchange. The design has been received, and has since become one of the most popular freeway-to-arterial interchange designs in North America. It has also used occasionally in some European countries, such as Germany, Croatia, Italy, the Netherlands. A diamond interchange has four ramps, a cloverleaf interchange has eight ramps, as does a stack interchange. These are fully separated, unlike a parclo - traffic flows without stops on all ramps. A parclo has four or six ramps, not very common are five ramps to handle a specific demand, in Ontario, the specific variation is identified by a letter/number suffix after the name. Other jurisdictions do not have naming conventions, so Ontarios naming conventions are used in this article, the letter A designates that two ramps meet the freeway before the driver crosses the arterial road, while B designates that two ramps meet the freeway past the crossing. The number designates how many quadrants of the interchange contain ramps, in left-hand drive countries, the ramps function the same as in right-hand drive countries, but ramps with the same designation appear visually reversed. Common parclo configurations include the Parclo A2, Parclo B2 and Parclo A4, Parclo A2 and B2 configurations contain four ramps. On each side of the freeway there is a loop ramp, in Parclo A2, the loop ramps serve as on-ramps and the directional ramps serve as off-ramps. In Parclo B2 the roles are reversed, both on- and off-ramps require controlled intersections at the arterial road. The Parclo A2 and B2 ramps are usually longer and allow for higher speeds than their A4 counterparts because of rural land availability. It is possible to upgrade an A2 to an A4 by adding directional ramps, the Parclo A-4 contains 6 ramps. On each side on the freeway, there is a ramp, followed by a loop ramp. This also makes sense since freeways have a higher capacity than arterials and right-turn ramps serve effectively to absorb capacity. Some parclos have the right-turning on-ramp leave the road after the exit ramp intersection. This configuration is used when another road meets the freeway off-ramp. Traffic exiting the freeway to the road is provided with a long, relatively straight exit ramp
Historic National Road
Old Main Streets Scenic Byway
MD 355 near Germantown
MD 30 in Manchester
→_at_Maryland_State_Route_355_(Frederick_Road)_in_Germantown,_Montgomery_County,_Maryland.jpg)
_at_Maryland_State_Route_30_(Main_Street)_in_Manchester,_Carroll_County,_Maryland.jpg)
_just_north_of_the_Patuxent_River_in_northwestern_Howard_County,_Maryland.jpg)
MD 355 (Frederick Road) to I-270 / Ridge Road south – Gaithersburg, Clarksburg
MD 108 east (Main Street) to MD 124 – Laytonsville
MD 80 west (Kemptown Road) – Urbana
MD 144 east (Old National Pike) – Lisbon
I-70 / US 40 (Baltimore National Pike) – Frederick, Baltimore
MD 808 south (Main Street)
MD 26 (Liberty Road) – Eldersburg, Libertytown
MD 407 west (Marston Road) – Marston
MD 97 / MD 140 (Baltimore Boulevard) – Baltimore, Taneytown, Gettysburg
MD 482 east (Hampstead Mexico Road) – Hampstead
