1.
Maserati
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Maserati is an Italian luxury vehicle manufacturer established on 1 December 1914, in Bologna. The companys headquarters are now in Modena, and its emblem is a trident and it has been owned by the Italian-American car giant Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and FCAs Italian predecessor Fiat S. p. A. since 1993. In May 2014, due to plans and product launches. This caused them to production of the Quattroporte and Ghibli models. Maserati is placing a production output cap at 75,000 vehicles globally, the Maserati brothers, Alfieri, Bindo, Carlo, Ettore, and Ernesto were all involved with automobiles from the beginning of the 20th century. Alfieri, Bindo and Ernesto built 2-litre Grand Prix cars for Diatto, in 1926, Diatto suspended the production of race cars, leading to the creation of the first Maserati and the founding of the Maserati marque. One of the first Maseratis, driven by Alfieri, won the 1926 Targa Florio, Maserati began making race cars with 4,6,8 and 16 cylinders. The trident logo of the Maserati car company is based on the Fountain of Neptune in Bolognas Piazza Maggiore, in 1920, one of the Maserati brothers, artist Mario, used this symbol in the logo at the suggestion of family friend Marquis Diego de Sterlich. Alfieri Maserati died in 1932, but three brothers, Bindo, Ernesto and Ettore, kept the firm going, building cars that won races. The brothers continued in engineering roles with the company, Racing successes continued, even against the giants of German racing, Auto Union and Mercedes. In back-to-back wins in 1939 and 1940, a Maserati 8CTF won the Indianapolis 500, the war then intervened, Maserati abandoned car making to produce components for the Italian war effort. During this time, Maserati worked in fierce competition to construct a V16 town car for Benito Mussolini before Ferry Porsche of Volkswagen built one for Adolf Hitler and this failed, and the plans were scrapped. Once peace was restored, Maserati returned to making cars, the Maserati A6 series did well in the racing scene. Key people joined the Maserati team, alberto Massimino, an old Fiat engineer, with both Alfa Romeo and Ferrari experiences oversaw the design of all racing models for the next ten years. With him joined engineers Giulio Alfieri, Vittorio Bellentani, and Gioacchino Colombo, the focus was on the best engines and chassis to succeed in car racing. These new projects saw the last contributions of the Maserati brothers and this new team at Maserati worked on several projects, the 4CLT, the A6 series, the 8CLT, and, pivotally for the future success of the company, the A6GCS. Other racing projects in the 1950s were the 200S, 300S, 350S, Maserati retired from factory racing participation because of the Guidizzolo tragedy during the 1957 Mille Miglia, though they continued to build cars for privateers. Maserati became more and more focused on building road-going grand tourers, the 1957 Maserati 3500 GT marked a turning point in the marques history, as its first ground-up grand tourer design and first series produced car
2.
Automotive design
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Automotive design is the profession involved in the development of the appearance, and to some extent the ergonomics, of motor vehicles or more specifically road vehicles. This most commonly refers to automobiles but also refers to motorcycles, trucks, buses, coaches, the functional design and development of a modern motor vehicle is typically done by a large team from many different disciplines included within automotive engineering. Automotive design in context is primarily concerned with developing the visual appearance or aesthetics of the vehicle. Automotive design is practiced by designers who usually have an art background, the task of the design team is usually split into three main aspects, exterior design, interior design, and color and trim design. Graphic design is also an aspect of design, this is generally shared amongst the design team as the lead designer sees fit. Design focuses not only on the outer shape of automobile parts. The aesthetic value will need to correspond to ergonomic functionality and utility features as well, though not all the new vehicular gadgets are to be designated as factory standard items, some of them may be integral to determining the future course of any specific vehicular models. The stylist responsible for the design of the exterior of the vehicle develops the proportions, shape, Exterior design is first done by a series of digital or manual drawings. Progressively, drawings that are more detailed are executed and approved by appropriate layers of management, Clay and or digital models are developed from, and along with the drawings. The data from these models are used to create a full sized mock-up of the final design. With three- and five-axis CNC milling machines, the model is first designed in a computer program and then carved using the machine. Even in times of high-class 3d software and virtual models on power walls, here the emphasis is on ergonomics and the comfort of the passengers. The procedure here is the same as with exterior design, the color and trim designer is responsible for the research, design, and development of all interior and exterior colors and materials used on a vehicle. These include paints, plastics, fabric designs, leather, grains, carpet, headliner, wood trim, Color, contrast, texture, and pattern must be carefully combined to give the vehicle a unique interior environment experience. Designers work closely with the exterior and interior designers, designers draw inspiration from other design disciplines such as, industrial design, fashion, home furnishing, architecture, and sometimes product design. Specific research is done into global trends to design for two to three model years in the future. Trend boards are created from research in order to keep track of design influences as they relate to the automotive industry. The designer then uses this information to develop themes and concepts that are further refined and tested on the vehicle models
3.
Car classification
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Governments and private organizations have developed car classification schemes that are used for innumerable purposes including regulation, description and categorization, among others. This article details commonly used classification schemes in use worldwide, vehicles can be categorized in numerous ways. Regulatory agencies may also establish a vehicle classification system for determining a tax amount, in the United Kingdom, a vehicle is taxed according to the vehicles construction, engine, weight, type of fuel and emissions, as well as the purpose for which it is used. Other jurisdictions may determine vehicle tax based upon environmental principles, such as the user pays principle, another standard for road vehicles of all types that is used internationally, is ISO 3833-1977. In the United States, since 2010 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety uses a scheme it has developed that takes into account a combination of both shadow and weight. The United States Federal Highway Administration has developed a scheme used for automatically calculating road use tolls. There are two categories depending on whether the vehicle carries passengers or commodities. Vehicles that carry commodities are further subdivided by number of axles and number of units, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has developed a classification scheme used to compare fuel economy among similar vehicles. Passenger vehicles are classified based on a total interior passenger. Trucks are classified based upon their gross vehicle weight rating, heavy duty vehicles are not included within the EPA scheme. A similar set of classes is used by the Canadian EPA, in Australia, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries publishes its own classifications. This is a table listing several different methods of vehicle classification. Straddling the boundary between car and motorbike, these vehicles have engines under 1.0 litre, typically only two passengers, and are sometimes unorthodox in construction. Some microcars are three-wheelers, while the majority have four wheels, microcars were popular in post-war Europe, where their appearance led them to be called Bubble cars. More recent microcars are often electric powered, the size of ultracompact cars will be less than minicars, but have engine greater than 50cc displacement and able to transport 1 or 2 persons. Ultracompact cars cannot use standard, because of strict safety standards for minicars. The regulation about running capacity and safety performance of cars will be published in early autumn. Today, there are smaller than ultracompact cars, called category-1 motorized vehicles which it has 50cc displacement or less
4.
Maserati A6
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Maserati A6 were a series of grand tourers, racing sports cars and single seaters made by Maserati of Italy between 1947 and 1956. They were named for Alfieri Maserati and for their straight-six engine, the 1. 5-litre straight-six was named A6 TR, and was based on the pre-war Maserati 6CM,65 bhp. It first appeared in the A6 Sport or Tipo 6CS/46, a prototype, developed by Ernesto Maserati. This became the A61500 Pininfarina-designed two-door berlinetta, first shown at the 1947 Salon International de lAuto in Geneva, a 2-litre straight-six was used in the A6 GCS two-seater, «G» denoting Ghisa, cast iron block, and «CS» denoting Corsa & Sports. Fifteen cars were made 1947-1953, of these being two-seaters, the A6G were a series of two-door coupe and spyders by Zagato, Pininfarina, Pietro Frua, Ghia, Bertone, Carrozzeria Allemano and Vignale. The acronyms identifying each model are interpreted as follows, A6, G, «Ghisa», cast iron, the engine block material. CS, «Corsa Sport», for racing sports car, CM, «Corsa Monoposto», for single seater racing car. «1500» or «2000» indicate the rounded up total engine displacement in cubic centimetres, the A61500 grand tourer was Maseratis first production road car. Development was started in 1941 by the Maserati brothers, but it was halted as priority shifted to wartime production, the first chassis, bodied by Pininfarina, debuted at the Geneva Salon International de lAuto in March 1947. This first prototype was a two-door, two-seat, three window berlinetta with triple square portholes on its fully integrated front wings, a tapered cabin, the car was put into low volume production, and most received Pininfarina coachwork. For production Pininfarina toned down the design, switching to conventional headlamps. Later cars received a different 2+2 fastback body style, sixty-one A6 1500s were built between 1947 and 1950, when it began to be gradually replaced by the A6G2000. The A61500 was powered by a 1,488.24 cc inline six, with an overhead camshaft. Top speed varied from 146 to 154 km/h, the chassis was built out of tubular and sheet steel sections. Suspension was by double wishbones at the front and solid axle at the rear, with Houdaille hydraulic dampers, the improved A6G2000 began to replace the A61500 from 1950. The A6 engine was enlarged, precisely to 1,954.3 cc with a bore and stroke of 72x80 mm, also thanks to triple carburettors, output was between 90–100 hp and top speed 160 to 180 km/h. The chassis retained the same measurements of the A61500, the model debuted at the 1950 Turin Motor Show, wearing Pininfarina coachwork. Just sixteen cars were built, all between 1950 and 1951, nine received 2+2 fastback bodies by Pininfarina, Frua built four convertibles and one coupé, lastly one got Vignale coupé bodywork designed by Giovanni Michelotti
5.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
6.
Turin Auto Show
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The Turin Motor Show was an auto show held annually in Turin, Italy. The first official show took place between 21 and 24 April 1900, at the Castle of Valentino, becoming a permanent fixture in Turin from 1938 having shared it with Milan and Rome until that time. From 1972, the show was held bi-annually and in 1984, the event was last held in Turin in 2000 and cancelled from 2002, resulting in the Bologna Motor Show taking over the role of Italys International Motor Show. From 2015, Turin will again hold a Motor Show, albeit as a festival to keep exhibitors costs down. It will be held in the precinct of the Parco del Valentino. A. T,5 concept Lancia Appia The 1954 36th Salone dellAutomobile was inaugurated by Italian President Luigi Einaudi on 21 April and closed on 2 May. The exhibitors were 450 from 11 countries, including 66 car manufacturers and 22 coachbuilders, Production cars Alfa Romeo 1900 Super Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint Fiat 1100 Familiare Fiat 1400 A Fiat 1900 A Lancia Aurelia series II Concept cars and prototypes Alfa Romeo B. A. T. 7 by Bertone Fiat Turbina Fibreglass-bodied Fiat 8V At least 30 vehicle models from different manufacturers designed by Michelotti Alfa Romeo B. A. T. 9 concept Alfa Romeo Giulietta Italian President Giovanni Gronchi, escorted by a troop of Corazzieri, the motor show closed on 2 May. There were 490 exhibitors from 12 countries, including 65 car manufacturers, the exhibitors were 524 from 13 countries, including 72 car manufacturers and 21 coachbuilders. It saw the presence of 580 exhibitors from 15 countries, including 70 car manufacturers and 13 coachbuilders. Production cars Lancia Fulvia Berlina GTE, Coupé1.3 S, Sport 1.3 S, the change in date was to avoid clashing with the Geneva Motor Show. Instead, it becomes a public festival held at the historical Parco del Valentino
7.
Spider
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Spiders are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other orders of organisms, Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea colonization. As of November 2015, at least 45,700 spider species, anatomically, spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into two tagmata, the cephalothorax and abdomen, and joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel. Unlike insects, spiders do not have antennae, in all except the most primitive group, the Mesothelae, spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods, as all their ganglia are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs and their abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of glands. Spider webs vary widely in size, shape and the amount of thread used. It now appears that the orb web may be one of the earliest forms. Spider-like arachnids with silk-producing spigots appeared in the Devonian period about 386 million years ago, true spiders have been found in Carboniferous rocks from 318 to 299 million years ago, and are very similar to the most primitive surviving suborder, the Mesothelae. The main groups of spiders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, first appeared in the Triassic period. It is estimated that 25 million tons of spiders kill 400–800 million tons of prey per year. Spiders use a range of strategies to capture prey, trapping it in sticky webs, lassoing it with sticky bolas, mimicking the prey to avoid detection. Spiders guts are too narrow to take solids, and they liquefy their food by flooding it with digestive enzymes and they also grind food with the bases of their pedipalps, as arachnids do not have the mandibles that crustaceans and insects have. Male spiders identify themselves by a variety of courtship rituals to avoid being eaten by the females. Males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their life spans. Females weave silk egg-cases, each of which may contain hundreds of eggs, females of many species care for their young, for example by carrying them around or by sharing food with them. A minority of species are social, building communal webs that may house anywhere from a few to 50,000 individuals, social behavior ranges from precarious toleration, as in the widow spiders, to co-operative hunting and food-sharing. Although most spiders live for at most two years, tarantulas and other spiders can live up to 25 years in captivity. While the venom of a few species is dangerous to humans, scientists are now researching the use of venom in medicine
8.
Maserati Quattroporte
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The Maserati Quattroporte is a four-door sports luxury saloon produced by Italian car manufacturer Maserati. The name translated from Italian literally means four doors, there have been six generations of this car, with the first introduced in 1963, and the current model launched in 2013. The original Maserati Quattroporte was built between 1963 and 1969 and it was a large saloon car powered by V8 engines—both firsts for a series production Maserati. The task of styling the Quattroporte was given to Turinese coachbuilder Pietro Frua, while the design was by Frua, body construction was carried out by Vignale. The Quattroporte was introduced at the October-November 1963 Turin Motor Show, the Tipo 107 Quattroporte joined two other grand tourers, the Facel Vega and the Lagonda Rapide, capable of traveling at 200 km/h on the new motorways in Europe. It was equipped with a 4. 1-litre V8 engine, producing 260 hp DIN at 5,000 rpm, Maserati claimed a top speed of 230 km/h. The car was exported to the United States, where federal regulations mandated twin round headlamps in place of the single rectangular ones found on European models. Between 1963 and 1966,230 units were made, in 1966, Maserati revised the Tipo 107, adding the twin headlights already used on the U. S. model. A leaf-sprung solid axle took place of the previous De Dion tube, the interior was completely redesigned, including the dashboard which now had a full width wood-trimmed fascia. In 1968 alongside the 4. 1-litre a 4. 7-litre version became also available, top speed increased to a claimed 255 km/h, making the Quattroporte 4700 the fastest four-door saloon in the world at the time. Around 500 of the series were made, for a total of 776 Tipo 107 Quattroportes. The first generation Quattroporte had a unibody structure, complemented by a front subframe. Front suspension was independent, with springs and hydraulic dampers. On both axles there were anti-roll bars, brakes were solid Girling discs all around. A limited slip differential was optional, the long lived quad cam, all-aluminium Maserati V8 engine made its début on the Quattroporte. In 1971, Karim Aga Khan ordered another special on the Maserati Indy platform, rory Brown was the chief engineer. It received the 4. 9-litre V8 engine, producing 300 PS, Carrozzeria Frua designed the car, the prototype of which was displayed in Paris 1971 and Geneva 1972. The car was ready, even receiving its own chassis code
9.
Maserati GranTurismo
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The Maserati GranTurismo is a two-door, four-seat coupé produced by the Italian car manufacturer Maserati. It shares the platform of the Maserati Quattroporte V and parts of the Ferrari 599 GTB, the vehicle was unveiled at the 2007 Geneva Motor Show. The GranTurismo has a coefficient of 0.33. The standard version has a 4.2 litre V8 engine designed in conjunction with Ferrari with 405 PS, the 2+2 body has been derived from the Maserati Quattroporte V, with double-wishbone front suspensions and a multilink rear suspension. The car is a GT that emphasizes comfort in harmony with speed and driver-enjoyment. The S version was unveiled at the 2008 Geneva Motor show and features the 4.7 litre V8 engine shared with the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione and it is mated to the 6-speed sequential semi-automatic transmission from the Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano. With a transaxle layout weight distribution improved to 47% front and 53% rear, the standard suspension set-up is fixed-setting steel dampers, with the Skyhook adaptive suspension available as an option. It was available in the North American market only for 2009 MY, the vehicle was unveiled in Paul Ricard circuit, in France. It went on sale in 2009-10 at Maserati Corse with MSRP of €135,000, Maserati names this setup the perfect gran turismo car, based on the perfect synthesis of its performance and luxury components. The vehicle was unveiled in 2009 Geneva Motor Show and it is a customization programme based on the works on GranTurismo MC Concept. The programme was offered in GranTurismo S, with the product line expanded to all GranTurismo vehicle. A GranTurismo S with MC Sport Line parts was unveiled in 2008 Bologna Motor Show, replacing both the GranTurismo S and S Automatica, the Granturismo Sport was unveiled in March 2012 at the Geneva Motor Show. The revised 4. 7L engine is rated 460 PS, the Sport features a unique, MC Stradale inspired front fascia, new headlights and new, sportier steering wheel and seats. The ZF six-speed automatic gearbox is now standard, while the six-speed sequential transaxle is available as an option, the latter has steering wheel-mounted paddle shifters, a feature that’s optional with the automatic gearbox. In September 2010, Maserati released that they will be showing a new version of the GranTurismo - the MC Stradale - at the 2010 Paris Motor Show. It is also 110 kg lighter from the GranTurismo, and more aerodynamic than any previous GranTurismo model - all with the fuel consumption as the regular GranTurismo. The body modifications make the car 48 mm longer, the MC Stradale is the first GranTurismo to break the 300 km/h barrier, with a claimed top speed of 303 km/h. US market MCs do not have the Stradale part of the name, pirelli has custom-designed extra-wide 20-inch PZero Corsa tyres to fit new flow-formed alloy wheels
10.
Maserati MC12
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The Maserati MC12 is a limited production two-seater sports car produced by Italian car maker Maserati to allow a racing variant to compete in the FIA GT Championship. The car entered production in 2004, with 25 cars produced, the MC12 is longer, wider and taller and has a sharper nose and smoother curves than the Enzo Ferrari, which has faster acceleration, better braking performance and a higher top speed. The top speed of the Maserati MC12 is 330 kilometres per hour whereas the top speed of the Enzo Ferrari is 350 kilometres per hour, the MC12 was developed to signal Maseratis return to racing after 37 years. The road version was produced to homologate the race version, one requirement for participation in the FIA GT is the production of at least 25 road cars. Three GT1 race cars were entered into the FIA GT with great success, Maserati began racing the MC12 in the FIA GT toward the end of the 2004 season, winning the race held at the Zhuhai International Circuit. The racing MC12s were entered into the American Le Mans Series races in 2005 but exceeded the size restrictions, under the direction of Giorgio Ascanelli, Maserati began development of an FIA GT-eligible race car. This car, which would eventually be named the MC12, was called the MCC and it was to be developed simultaneously with a road-going version. Frank Stephenson did the majority of the styling, but the initial shape was developed during wind tunnel testing from an idea had by Giorgetto Giugiaro. The MCC has a similar body shape to the MC12. Andrea Bertolini served as the chief test driver throughout development, although testing was done by Michael Schumacher. During the development process, the MCC name was set aside after Maserati established the official name. The car is based heavily on the Enzo Ferrari, using a modified version of the Ferrari Dino V12, the same gearbox. The windshield is the only externally visible component shared with the Enzo, the increased size creates greater downforce across the MC12s body in addition to the downforce created by the two-metre spoiler. The MC12 is a coupe with a targa top roof. The mid-rear layout keeps the centre of gravity in the middle of the car, the standing weight distribution is 41% front and 59% rear. At speed, however, the downforce provided by the rear spoiler affects this to the extent that at 200 kilometres per hour the downforce is 34% front and 66% rear. Even though the car is designed as a vehicle and is a modification of a racing car. The interior is a mix of gel-coated carbon fibre, blue leather and silver Brightex, the body of the car, made entirely of carbon fibre, underwent extensive wind tunnel testing to achieve maximum downforce across all surfaces
