Prince William County, Virginia
Prince William County is a county on the Potomac River in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 402,002, on July 1, 2015, the population was estimated to be 451,721, making it Virginia's second-most populous county, its county seat is the independent city of Manassas. A part of Northern Virginia, Prince William County is part of the Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2012 it had the seventh highest income of any county in the United States. At the time of European encounter, the main inhabitants of the area that would become Prince William County were the Doeg, an Algonquian-speaking sub-group of the Powhatan tribal confederation; when John Smith and other English explorers ventured to the upper Potomac River beginning in 1608, they recorded the name of a village the Doeg inhabited as Pemacocack. It was located on the west bank of the Potomac River about 30 miles south of present-day Alexandria.
Unable to deal with European diseases and firepower, the Doeg abandoned their villages in the area by 1700. As population increased in the area, Prince William County was created by an act of the General Assembly of the colony of Virginia in 1731; the area encompassed by the act creating Prince William County included all of what became the counties of Arlington, Fairfax and Loudoun. These became independent jurisdictions; the county was named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, the third son of King George II. In 1790 the population of the county was 58% white; the county had been an area of tobacco plantations, but planters were changing to cultivate mixed crops due to soil exhaustion and changes in the market. In the first two decades after the Revolution, the number and percentage of free blacks increased in Virginia as some whites freed their slaves, based on revolutionary ideals. On March 19, 1892, two men, Lee Heflin and Joseph Dye, were lynched in Haymarket, they had been convicted of the murder of a girl and sentenced to death, but the mob did not want to wait for the legal system.
The men were hanged from trees at the edge of woods. The Washington Post said. There is too much of it throughout the country, it spreads like a contagion so long as public sentiment tacitly approves it." It was unusual. The county was agricultural for decades. Into the early 20th century, the population was concentrated in two areas, one at Manassas, the other near Occoquan and Woodbridge along the Potomac River, an important transportation route. Beginning in the late 1930s, suburban residential development began and new housing was developed near the existing population centers in Manassas. In 1960 the population was 50,164. Continued suburbanization and growth of the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area caused that to increase in the following decades. There was expansion of federal and commercial activities in Northern Virginia in the late 20th century. By 2000, this was the third-most populous local jurisdiction in Virginia. From 2000 to 2010, the population increased by 43.2%. This was the first county in Virginia to be minority-majority: the new majority is composed of Hispanic, African American, Asian.
In 2012 it was the seventh-wealthiest county in the country. The estimated population of 2014 is more than 437,000. In 1994 The Walt Disney Company bought extensive amounts of land in Haymarket for a proposed Disney's America theme park. Local resistance to the resort, because of its perceived adverse effects on the historic Manassas Battlefield, led to its end as a viable idea. William B. Snyder, a local business man convinced Disney to sell the property to him. Snyder, in turn, sold off most of the land to developers, except for the 405 acres donated to the National Capital Area Council of the Boy Scouts, who used the land to create Camp Snyder for Cub Scouts; the Marine Corps Heritage Museum and the Hylton Performing Arts Center opened in the 21st century. The American Wartime Museum is to be located in this county. During the commemoration of the Sesquicentennial of the Civil War, re-enactment of the famous First and Second Battles of Manassas was planned. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 348 square miles, of which 336 square miles is land and 12 square miles is water.
It is bounded on the north by Fairfax Counties. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the independent cities of Manassas and Manassas Park with Prince William County for statistical purposes: Loudoun County – north Fairfax County – northeast Charles County, Maryland – southeast Stafford County – south Fauquier County – west Manassas – center Manassas Park – center Featherstone National Wildlife Refuge Manassas National Battlefield Park Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge Prince William Forest Park The county is divided into seven magisterial districts: Brentsville, Coles
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of Princeton University and as the 34th governor of New Jersey before winning the 1912 presidential election; as president, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. He led the United States during World War I, establishing an activist foreign policy known as "Wilsonianism." Born in Staunton, Wilson spent his early years in Augusta and Columbia, South Carolina. After earning a Ph. D. in political science from Johns Hopkins University, Wilson taught at various schools before becoming the president of Princeton. As governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913, Wilson broke with party bosses and won the passage of several progressive reforms, his success in New Jersey gave him a national reputation as a progressive reformer, he won the presidential nomination at the 1912 Democratic National Convention.
Wilson defeated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and Progressive Party nominee Theodore Roosevelt to win the 1912 presidential election, becoming the first Southerner to serve as president since the American Civil War. During his first term, Wilson presided over the passage of his progressive New Freedom domestic agenda, his first major priority was the passage of the Revenue Act of 1913, which lowered tariffs and implemented a federal income tax. Tax acts implemented a federal estate tax and raised the top income tax rate to 77 percent. Wilson presided over the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, which created a central banking system in the form of the Federal Reserve System. Two major laws, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act, were passed to regulate and break up large business interests known as trusts. To the disappointment of his African-American supporters, Wilson allowed some of his Cabinet members to segregate their departments. Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers.
He won re-election by a narrow margin in the presidential election of 1916, defeating Republican nominee Charles Evans Hughes. In early 1917, Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany after Germany implemented a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, Congress complied. Wilson presided over war-time mobilization but devoted much of his efforts to foreign affairs, developing the Fourteen Points as a basis for post-war peace. After Germany signed an armistice in November 1918, Wilson and other Allied leaders took part in the Paris Peace Conference, where Wilson advocated for the establishment of a multilateral organization known as the League of Nations; the League of Nations was incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles and other treaties with the defeated Central Powers, but Wilson was unable to convince the Senate to ratify that treaty or allow the United States to join the League. Wilson suffered a severe stroke in October 1919 and was incapacitated for the remainder of his presidency.
He retired from public office in 1921, died in 1924. Scholars rank Wilson as one of the better U. S. presidents, though he has received strong criticism for his actions regarding racial segregation. Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born to a Scots-Irish family in Staunton, Virginia, on December 28, 1856, he was the third of four children and the first son of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Jessie Janet Woodrow, who were slaveholders. Wilson's paternal grandparents had immigrated to the United States from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland in 1807, settling in Steubenville, Ohio, his grandfather James Wilson published a pro-tariff and anti-slavery newspaper, The Western Herald and Gazette. Wilson's maternal grandfather, Reverend Thomas Wodrow, migrated from Paisley, Scotland to Carlisle, before moving to Chillicothe, Ohio in the late 1830s. Joseph met Jessie while she was attending a girl's academy in Steubenville, the two married on June 7, 1849. Soon after the wedding, Joseph was ordained as a Presbyterian priest and assigned to serve as a pastor in Staunton.
Before he was two years old, Woodrow Wilson and his family moved to Georgia. Wilson's earliest memory was of standing near the front gate of the Augusta parsonage on an autumn day in 1860, when a strange passerby said that Abraham Lincoln had been elected and that a war was coming. By 1861, both of Wilson's parents had come to identify with the Southern United States and they supported the Confederacy during the American Civil War. Wilson's father was one of the founders of the Southern Presbyterian Church in the United States after it split from the Northern Presbyterians in 1861, he became minister of the First Presbyterian Church in Augusta, the family lived there until 1870. After the end of the Civil War, Wilson began attending a nearby school, where classmates included future Supreme Court Justice Joseph Rucker Lamar and future ambassador Pleasant A. Stovall. Though Wilson's parents placed a high value on education, he struggled with reading and writing until the age of thirteen because of developmental dyslexia.
From 1870 to 1874, Wilson lived in Columbia, South Carolina, where his father was a theology professor at the Columbia Theological Seminary. In 1873, Wilson became a communicant member of the Columbia First Presbyterian Church. Wilson attended Davidson College in North Carolina for the 1873–74 school year, but transferred as a freshman to the College of New Jersey, he studied political philosophy and history, joined t
Davy Crockett
David Crockett was an American folk hero, frontiersman and politician. He is referred to in popular culture by the epithet "King of the Wild Frontier", he represented Tennessee in the U. S. House of Representatives and served in the Texas Revolution. Crockett grew up in East Tennessee, where he gained a reputation for storytelling, he was made a colonel in the militia of Lawrence County and was elected to the Tennessee state legislature in 1821. In 1827, he was elected to the U. S. Congress where he vehemently opposed many of the policies of President Andrew Jackson the Indian Removal Act. Crockett's opposition to Jackson's policies led to his defeat in the 1831 elections, he was re-elected in 1833 narrowly lost in 1835, prompting his angry departure to Texas shortly thereafter. In early 1836, he took part in the Texas Revolution and was killed at the Battle of the Alamo in March. Crockett became famous during his lifetime for larger-than-life exploits popularized by stage plays and almanacs. After his death, he continued to be credited with acts of mythical proportion.
These led in the 20th century to television and movie portrayals, he became one of the best-known American folk heroes. The Crocketts were of French-Huguenot ancestry, although the family had settled in Ireland before migrating to the Americas; the earliest known paternal ancestor was Gabriel Gustave de Crocketagne, whose son Antoine de Saussure Peronette de Crocketagne was given a commission in the Household Troops under French King Louis XIV. Antoine married Louise de Saix and immigrated to Ireland with her, changing the family name to Crockett, their son Joseph Louis was married Sarah Stewart. Joseph and Sarah emigrated to New York, where their son William David was born in 1709, he married Elizabeth Boulay. William and Elizabeth's son David was married Elizabeth Hedge, they were the parents of William, David Jr. Robert, James and John, the father of David Crockett who died at the Alamo. John was born c. 1753 in Virginia. The family moved to North Carolina c. 1768. In 1776, the family moved in the area now known as Hawkins County.
John was one of the Overmountain Men who fought in the Battle of Kings Mountain during the American Revolutionary War. He was away as a militia volunteer in 1777 when David and Elizabeth were killed at their home near today's Rogersville by Creeks and Chickamauga Cherokees led by war chief Dragging Canoe. John's brother Joseph was wounded in the skirmish, his brother James was held for seventeen years. John married Rebecca Hawkins in 1780, their son David was born August 17, 1786, they named him after John's father. David was born in what is now Greene County, close to the Nolichucky River and near the community of Limestone. John continually struggled to make ends meet, the Crocketts moved to a tract of land on Lick Creek in 1792. John sold that tract of land in 1794 and moved the family to Cove Creek, where he built a gristmill with partner Thomas Galbraith. A flood destroyed the Crockett homestead; the Crocketts moved to Mossy Creek in Jefferson County, but John forfeited his property in bankruptcy in 1795.
The family next moved on to property owned by a Quaker named John Canady. At Morristown in the Southwest Territory, John built a tavern on a stage coach route; when David was 12 years old, his father indentured him to Jacob Siler to help with the Crockett family indebtedness. He helped tend Siler's cattle as a buckaroo on a 400-mile trip to near Natural Bridge in Virginia, he was well treated and paid for his services but, after several weeks in Virginia, he decided to return home to Tennessee. The next year, John enrolled his sons in school, but David played hookey after an altercation with a fellow student. Upon learning of this, John was outrun by his son. David joined a cattle drive to Front Royal, Virginia for Jesse Cheek. Upon completion of that trip, he joined teamster Adam Myers on a trip to Gerrardstown, West Virginia. In between trips with Myers, he worked for farmer John Gray. After leaving Myers, he journeyed to Christiansburg, where he apprenticed for the next four years with hatter Elijah Griffith.
In 1802, David journeyed by foot back to his father's tavern in Tennessee. His father was in debt to Abraham Wilson for $36, so David was hired out to Wilson to pay off the debt, he worked off a $40 debt to John Canady. Once the debts were paid, John Crockett told his son. David returned to Canady's employment. Crockett fell in love with John Canady's niece Amy Summer, engaged to Canady's son Robert. While serving as part of the wedding party, Crockett met Margaret Elder, he persuaded her to marry him, a marriage contract was drawn up on October 21, 1805. Margaret had become engaged to another young man at the same time and married him instead, he met her mother Jean at a harvest festival. Although friendly towards him in the beginning, Jean Finley felt Crockett was not the man for her daughter. Crockett declared his intentions to marry Polly, regardless of whether the ceremony was allowed to take place in her parents' home or had to be performed elsewhere, he arranged for a justice of the peace and took out a marriage license on August 12, 1806.
On August 16, he rode to Polly's house with family and friends, determined to ride off with Polly to be married elsewhere. Polly's father pleaded with Crockett to have the wedding in the Finl
Lie
A lie is an assertion, believed to be false used with the purpose of deceiving someone. The practice of communicating lies is called lying, a person who communicates a lie may be termed a liar. Lies may serve a variety of instrumental, interpersonal, or psychological functions for the individuals who use them; the term "lie" carries a negative connotation, depending on the context a person who communicates a lie may be subject to social, religious, or criminal sanctions. A barefaced lie is one, a lie to those hearing it. "Bold-faced lie" can refer to misleading or inaccurate newspaper headlines, but this usage appears to be a more recent appropriation of the term. A big lie which attempts to trick the victim into believing something major which will be contradicted by some information the victim possesses, or by their common sense; when the lie is of sufficient magnitude it may succeed, due to the victim's reluctance to believe that an untruth on such a grand scale would indeed be concocted. To bluff is to pretend to have a capability or intention one does not possess.
Bluffing is an act of deception, seen as immoral when it takes place in the context of a game, such as poker, where this kind of deception is consented to in advance by the players. For instance, a gambler who deceives other players into thinking they have different cards to those they hold, or an athlete who hints they will move left and dodges right is not considered to be lying. In these situations, deception is acceptable and is expected as a tactic. Bullshit does not have to be a complete fabrication. While a lie is related by a speaker who believes what is said is false, bullshit is offered by a speaker who does not care whether what is said is true because the speaker is more concerned with giving the hearer some impression, thus bullshit may be either true or false, but demonstrates a lack of concern for the truth, to lead to falsehoods. A cover-up may be used to deny, defend or obfuscate a lie, embarrassing actions or lifestyle, and/or lie made previously. One may deny a lie made on a previous occasion, or one may alternatively claim that a previous lie was not as egregious as it was.
For example, to claim that a premeditated lie was "only" an emergency lie, or to claim that a self-serving lie was "only" a white lie or noble lie. Not to be confused with confirmation bias in which the deceiver is deceiving themselves. Defamation is the communication of a false statement that harms the reputation of an individual person, product, government, religion, or nation. To deflect is to avoid the subject that the lie is about, not giving attention to the lie; when attention is given to the subject the lie is based around, deflectors ignore or refuse to respond. Skillful deflectors are passive-aggressive, who when confronted with the subject choose to ignore and not respond. Disinformation is intentionally false or misleading information, spread in a calculated way to deceive target audiences. An exaggeration occurs when the most fundamental aspects of a statement are true, but only to a certain degree, it is seen as "stretching the truth" or making something appear more powerful, meaningful, or real than it is.
Saying that someone devoured most of something when they only ate half would be considered an exaggeration. An exaggeration might be found to be a hyperbole where a person's statement is meant not to be understood literally. Fake news is a type of yellow journalism that consists of deliberate misinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional print and broadcast news media or online social media. A fib is a lie, easy to forgive due to its subject being a trivial matter. Fraud refers to the act of inducing another person or people to believe a lie in order to secure material or financial gain for the liar. Depending on the context, fraud may subject the liar to criminal penalties. A half-truth is a deceptive statement; the statement might be true, the statement may be true but only part of the whole truth, or it may employ some deceptive element, such as improper punctuation, or double meaning if the intent is to deceive, blame or misrepresent the truth. An honest lie can be identified by verbal statements or actions that inaccurately describe history and present situations.
There is no intent to misinform and the individual is unaware that their information is false. Because of this, it is not technically a lie at all since by definition, there must be an intent to deceive for the statement to be considered a lie. Jocose lies are lies meant in jest, intended to be understood as such by all present parties. Teasing and irony are examples. A more elaborate instance is seen in some storytelling traditions, where the storyteller's insistence that the story is the absolute truth, despite all evidence to the contrary, is considered humorous. There is debate about whether these are "real" lies, different philosophers hold different views; the Crick Crack Club in London arranges a yearly "Grand Lying Contest" with the winner being awarded the coveted "Hodja Cup". The winner in 2010 was Hugh Lupton. In the United States, the Burlington Liars' Club awards an annual title to the "World Champion Liar."Lie-to-children i
Augustus
Augustus was a Roman statesman and military leader, the first emperor of the Roman Empire, reigning from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. His status as the founder of the Roman Principate has consolidated an enduring legacy as one of the most effective and controversial leaders in human history; the reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana. The Roman world was free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries, despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the "Year of the Four Emperors" over the imperial succession. Augustus was born Gaius Octavius Thurinus into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian gens Octavia, his maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, Octavius was named in Caesar's will as his adopted son and heir. Along with Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus, he formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassins of Caesar. Following their victory at the Battle of Philippi, the Triumvirate divided the Roman Republic among themselves and ruled as military dictators.
The Triumvirate was torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members. Lepidus was driven into exile and stripped of his position, Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Octavian in 31 BC. After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Augustus restored the outward façade of the free Republic, with governmental power vested in the Roman Senate, the executive magistrates, the legislative assemblies. In reality, however, he retained his autocratic power over the Republic as a military dictator. By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by the Senate, including supreme military command, those of tribune and censor, it took several years for Augustus to develop the framework within which a formally republican state could be led under his sole rule. He rejected monarchical titles, instead called himself Princeps Civitatis; the resulting constitutional framework became known as the Principate, the first phase of the Roman Empire. Augustus enlarged the Empire, annexing Egypt, Pannonia and Raetia, expanding possessions in Africa, completing the conquest of Hispania, but suffered a major setback in Germania.
Beyond the frontiers, he secured the Empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system, established a standing army, established the Praetorian Guard, created official police and fire-fighting services for Rome, rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus died in AD 14 at the age of 75 from natural causes. However, there were unconfirmed rumors, he was succeeded as emperor by his adopted son Tiberius. As a consequence of Roman customs and personal preference, Augustus was known by many names throughout his life: Gaius Octavius Thurinus: He received his birth name, after his biological father, in 63 BC. "Gaius" was his praenomen, "Octavius" was his nomen, "Thurinus" was his cognomen. His rival Mark Antony used the name "Thurinus" as an insult, to which Augustus replied, surprised that "using his old name was thought to be an insult".
Gaius Julius Caesar: After he was adopted by Julius Caesar, he adopted Caesar's name in accordance with Roman naming conventions. While he dropped all references to the gens Octavia, people colloquially added the epithet Octavianus to his legal name, either to differentiate him from his adoptive father or to highlight his more modest origins. Modern historians refer to him using the anglicized form "Octavian" between 44 BC and 27 BC. Gaius Julius Caesar Divi Filius: Two years after his adoption, he founded the Temple of Caesar additionally adding the title Divi Filius to his name in attempt to strengthen his political ties to Caesar's former soldiers, following the deification of Caesar. Imperator Caesar Divi Filius: From 38 BC, Octavian opted to use Imperator, the title by which troops hailed their leader after military success, his name is translated as "Commander Caesar, Son of the Divine". Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus: Following his 31 BC defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra on his own insistence, the Roman Senate granted him the additional name, "Augustus", which he added to his previous names thereafter.
Historians use this name to refer to him from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. While his paternal family was from the town of Velletri 40 kilometres from Rome, Augustus was born in the city of Rome on 23 September 63 BC, he was born at Ox Head, a small property on the Palatine Hill close to the Roman Forum. He was given the name Gaius Octavius Thurinus, his cognomen commemorating his father's victory at Thurii over a rebellious band of slaves. Suetonius wrote: "There are many indications that the Octavian family was in days of old a distinguished one at Velitrae; this man was leader in a war with a neighbouring town..." Due to the crowded nature of Rome at the time, Octavius was taken to his father's home village at Velletri to be raised. Octavius mentions his father's equestrian family only in his memoirs, his paternal great-grandfather Gaius Octavius was a military tribune in Sicily during the Second Punic War. His grandfather had served in several lo
Br'er Rabbit
Br'er Rabbit spelled Bre'r Rabbit or Brer Rabbit, is a central figure as Uncle Remus tells stories of the Southern United States. Br'er Rabbit is a trickster who succeeds by his wits rather than by brawn, provoking authority figures and bending social mores as he sees fit; the Walt Disney Company adapted this character for its 1946 animated motion picture Song of the South. In one tale, Br ` dresses it with some clothes; when Br ` er Rabbit comes along he receives no response. Br'er Rabbit becomes offended by what he perceives as the Tar-Baby's lack of respect, punches it, in doing so becomes stuck; the more Br'er Rabbit punches and kicks the tar "baby" out of rage, the more he gets stuck. When Br'er Fox reveals himself, the helpless but cunning Br'er Rabbit pleads, "please, Br'er Fox, don't fling me in dat brier-patch," prompting Fox to do that. Bre'r Rabbit was located in this brier patch, described as "small yet bright"; as rabbits are at home in thickets, the resourceful Br'er Rabbit uses the thorns and briers to escape.
The story was published in Harper's Weekly by Robert Roosevelt. The Br'er Rabbit stories can be traced back to trickster figures in Africa the hare that figures prominently in the storytelling traditions in West and Southern Africa; these tales continue to be part of the traditional folklore of numerous peoples throughout those regions. In the Akan traditions of West Africa, the trickster is the spider Anansi, though the plots in his tales are identical with those of stories of Br'er Rabbit. However, Anansi does encounter a tricky rabbit called "Adanko" in some stories; the Jamaican character with the same name "Brer Rabbit", is an adaptation of the Ananse stories of the Akan people. Some scholars have suggested that in his American incarnation, Br'er Rabbit represented the enslaved Africans who used their wits to overcome adversity and to exact revenge on their adversaries, the white slave owners. Though not always successful, the efforts of Br'er Rabbit made him a folk hero. However, the trickster is a multidimensional character.
While he can be a hero, his amoral nature and his lack of any positive restraint can make him into a villain as well. For both Africans and African Americans, the animal trickster represents an extreme form of behavior that people may be forced to adopt in extreme circumstances in order to survive; the trickster is not to be admired in every situation. He is an example of what to do, but an example of what not to do; the trickster's behavior can be summed up in the common African proverb: "It's trouble that makes the monkey chew on hot peppers." In other words, sometimes people must use extreme measures in extreme circumstances. Several elements in the Brer Rabbit Tar Baby story are reminiscent of those found in a Zimbabwe-Botswana folktale. Folklorists in the late 19th century first documented evidence that the American versions of the stories originated among enslaved West Africans based on connections between Br'er Rabbit and Leuk, a rabbit trickster in Senegalese folklore; the stories of Br'er Rabbit were written down by Robert Roosevelt, an uncle of US President Theodore Roosevelt.
Theodore Roosevelt wrote in his autobiography about his aunt from the State of Georgia, that "She knew all the'Br'er Rabbit' stories, I was brought up on them. One of my uncles, Robert Roosevelt, was much struck with them, took them down from her dictation, publishing them in Harper's, where they fell flat; this was a good many years before a genius arose who, in'Uncle Remus', made the stories immortal." These stories were popularized for the mainstream audience in the late 19th century by Joel Chandler Harris, who wrote down and published many such stories, passed down by oral tradition. Harris attributed the birth name Riley to Br'er Rabbit. Harris heard these tales in Georgia. Similar versions of the same stories were recorded independently at the same time by the folklorist Alcée Fortier in southern Louisiana, where the Rabbit character was known as Compair Lapin in Creole. Enid Blyton, the English writer of children's fiction, retold the stories for children. Although Joel Chandler Harris collected materials for his famous series of books featuring the character Br'er Rabbit in the 1870s, the Br'er Rabbit cycle had been recorded earlier among the Cherokees: The "tar baby" story was printed in an 1845 edition of the Cherokee Advocate, the same year Joel Chandler Harris was born.
Rabbit and Hare myths abound among Algonquin Indians in Eastern North America under the name Nanabozho. The Great Hare is worshipped among tribes in eastern Canada. In "That the People Might Live: Native American Literatures and Native American Community" by Jace Weaver, the origins of Br'er Rabbit and other literature are discussed. To say that a story only originates from one culture and not another can only be true when a group of people exist in complete isolation from others. Although the Cherokee had lived in isolation from Europeans in the remote past, a substantial amount of interaction was to occur among North American tribes and those from the enslaved population during the 18th and 19th centuries, it is impossible to ascertain whether the Cherokee story independently predated the African American story. In a Cherokee tale about the briar patch, "the fox and the wolf throw the trickster rabbit into a thicket from which the rabbit e
Daniel Boone
Daniel Boone was an American pioneer, explorer and frontiersman, whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes of the United States. Boone is most famous for his settlement of what is now Kentucky, it was still considered part of Virginia but was on the western side of the Appalachian Mountains from most European-American settlements. As a young adult, Boone supplemented his farm income by hunting and trapping game, selling their pelts in the fur market. Through this occupational interest, Boone first learned the easy routes to the area. Despite some resistance from American Indian tribes such as the Shawnee, in 1775, Boone blazed his Wilderness Road from North Carolina and Tennessee through Cumberland Gap in the Cumberland Mountains into Kentucky. There, he founded the village of Boonesborough, one of the first American settlements west of the Appalachians. Before the end of the 18th century, more than 200,000 Americans migrated to Kentucky/Virginia by following the route marked by Boone.
Boone served as a militia officer during the Revolutionary War, which, in Kentucky, was fought between the American settlers and British-allied Native Americans, who hoped to expel the Americans. Boone was captured by Shawnee warriors in 1778, he alerted Boonesborough that the Shawnee were planning an attack. Although outnumbered, Americans repelled the Shawnee warriors in the Siege of Boonesborough. Boone was elected to the first of his three terms in the Virginia General Assembly during the Revolutionary War, he fought in the Battle of Blue Licks in 1782. Blue Licks, a Shawnee victory over the Patriots, was one of the last battles of the Revolutionary War, coming after the main fighting ended in October 1781. Following the war, Boone worked as a surveyor and merchant, but fell into debt through failed Kentucky land speculation. Frustrated with the legal problems resulting from his land claims, in 1799, Boone emigrated to eastern Missouri, where he spent most of the last two decades of his life.
Boone remains an iconic figure in American history. He was a legend in his own lifetime after an account of his adventures was published in 1784, framing him as the typical American frontiersman. After his death, he was the subject of heroic tall tales and works of fiction, his adventures—real and legendary—were influential in creating the archetypal frontier hero of American folklore. In American popular culture, he is remembered as one of the foremost early frontiersmen; the epic Daniel Boone mythology overshadows the historical details of his life. Daniel Boone was of English West Welsh ancestry; because the Gregorian calendar was adopted during his lifetime, Boone's birth date is sometimes given as November 2, 1734, although Boone used the October date. The Boone family belonged to the Religious Society of Friends, called "Quakers", were persecuted in England for their dissenting beliefs. Daniel's father, Squire Boone emigrated from the small town of Bradninch, Devon to Pennsylvania in 1713, to join William Penn's colony of dissenters.
Squire Boone's parents, George Boone III and Mary Maugridge, followed their son to Pennsylvania in 1717, in 1720 built a log cabin at Boonecroft. In 1720, Squire Boone, who worked as a weaver and a blacksmith, married Sarah Morgan. Sarah's family were Quakers from Wales, had settled in 1708 in the area which became Towamencin Township of Montgomery County. In 1731, the Boones moved to Exeter Township in the Oley Valley of Berks County, near the modern city of Reading. There they built a log cabin preserved today as the Daniel Boone Homestead. Daniel Boone was born there, the sixth of eleven children; the Daniel Boone Homestead is four miles from the Mordecai Lincoln House, making the Squire Boone family neighbors of Mordecai Lincoln, the great-great-grandfather of future president Abraham Lincoln. Mordecai's son named Abraham, married Ann Boone, a first cousin of Daniel. Daniel Boone spent his early years on what was the edge of the frontier. Several Lenape Indian villages were nearby; the pacifist Pennsylvania Quakers had good relations with the Native Americans, but the steady growth of the white population compelled many Indians to move further west.
Boone was given his first rifle at the age of 12. He learned to hunt from the Lenape. Folk tales have emphasized Boone's skills as a hunter. In one story, the young Boone was hunting in the woods with some other boys, when the howl of a panther scattered all but Boone, he calmly shot the predator through the heart just as it leaped at him. The validity of this claim is contested, but the story was told so that it became part of his popular image. In Boone's youth, his family became a source of controversy in the local Quaker community when two of the oldest children married outside the endogamous community, in present-day Lower Gwynedd Township, Pennsylvania. In 1742, Boone's parents were compelled to apologize publicly after their eldest child, married John Willcockson, a "worldling"; because the young couple had "kept company", they were considered "married without benefit of clergy". When the Boones' oldest son Israel married a "worldling" in 1747, Squire Boone stood by him. Both men were expelled from the Quakers.
In 1750, Squire Boone moved the family to North Carolina. Daniel Boone did not attend church again, he had all of his children baptized. The Boones
. Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
