1.
Massey College, Toronto
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Massey College is a postgraduate residential college at the University of Toronto, established, built and partially endowed in 1962 by the Massey Foundation. The president of the University of Toronto, the dean of graduate studies, members of corporation are elected for five years, the master is elected for seven years. The college is well-connected with prominent figures of the national establishment and it hosted the Man Booker International Prize of 2007. Massey College was conceived by Vincent Massey, the 18th Governor General of Canada who attended University College as an undergraduate, the Massey Foundation, for which Vincent Massey served as a trustee, provided the financial endowment. Opened officially in 1963, the college was designed by Canadian architect Ron Thom, alan Beddoe designed the Massey College coats of arms. The founding Master of Massey College was the celebrated Canadian journalist and author Robertson Davies, Professor J. N. Patterson Hume, CM, was the second Master, and Professor Ann Saddlemyer, OC, the third. The fourth Master was journalist John Fraser, CM, on July 1,2014, Hugh Segal, formerly a member of the Senate of Canada, became the 5th Master of Massey College for a 7-year term. Ron Thoms design for Massey College was inspired by the Medieval Oxbridge style college, the buildings all centre around one quad which is accessible through only two gates. The main gate is at the foot of the tower, along with the porters lodge, the quad contains a large pond with fish and fountains as well as the St. Catherines Bell in the clock tower attached to the porch. The bells are rung three times a day during the term to mark meal times. Around the quad are a total of five houses on the east, north. The ground floors of houses contain some administration offices. The largest building containing the majority of the space available to members of the fellowship, is on the south side along with the masters house. Massey is also home to a worship space, St. Catherines Chapel. The Chapel features an 17th-century Russian iconostasis and cross, as well as pipe organ specially designed for the chapel by the Quebec organ builder. The chapel was redesigned in 2006 by the College architects, Brigitte Shim and Howard Sutcliffe. The college buildings are frequently studied by architecture students, in 2013, which marked its 50th anniversary, Massey College received two prestigious architecture awards. The award can go to a building in Canada, designed by an architect from any country, or a building designed by a Canadian architect. ”The commentary from the award’s jury reads as follows, ”Massey College is a skillful
2.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
3.
Palmerston North
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Palmerston North, commonly referred to by locals as Palmerston, or colloquially Palmy, is the main city of the Manawatu-Wanganui region of the North Island of New Zealand. Palmerston North is located inland, in the eastern Manawatu Plains, the city is 35 km from the rivers mouth and 12 km from the end of the Manawatu Gorge. It is about 140 km north of the capital, Wellington, the city covers a land area of 395 square kilometres. The citys location was once more than a clearing in a forest and occupied by small communities of indigenous Māori. In the mid 19th century, it was discovered and settled by Europeans, on foundation, the settlement was bestowed the name Palmerston, in honour of Viscount Palmerston, a former Prime Minister of Great Britain. The suffix North was added in 1871 by the Post Office to distinguish the settlement from Palmerston in the South Island, the Māori transliteration of Palmerston North, is Pamutana. However, Te Papaioea is the preferred Māori name, Palmerston North is the countrys seventh-largest city and eighth largest urban area, with an urban population of 84,300. Ngāti Rangitāne were the local Māori iwi living in the known as Te Ahu-ā-Tūranga. He came on a ship and explored possibly as far inland as the site of Woodville. He reported his discovery on arrival back to Porirua, colonel Wakefield heard of the potential that the Manawatu had for development and visited in 1840. In 1846 Stephen Charles Hartley, another trader, heard from tangata whenua of a clearing in the Papaioea forest and he proceeded through the bush and forest. In 1858, the Government began negotiations with local iwi to purchase land in Manawatu, there was a dispute at the time between rival iwi Ngāti Rangitāne and Ngāti Raukawa as to who has the right to sell. The dispute is resolved in favour of Rangitāne, in 1864, Te Ahu-a-Turanga Block was sold by Rangitāne to the Government for £12,000, in an effort to open the Manawatu to settlement. Stewart returned in 1866 on behalf of the Wellington Provincial Council and made the original survey, the focal point was an open space of 17 acres subsequently known as The Square. On 3 October 1866, Palmerston was formally endorsed after Isaac Earl Featherston signed a proclamation defining the boundaries of the settlement, the first sections were sold after. Among the first settlers included Scandinavians, who arrived in 1871 and they established settlements at Awapuni and Whakarongo/Stoney Creek. Later the same year, the suffix North was added to distinguish the settlement of the name in the South Island. In 1872 a petition was launched to change the name of the settlement, a public meeting in 1873 ends with no clear decision on the name
4.
Albany, New Zealand
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Albany is one of the northernmost suburbs of the contiguous Auckland metropolitan area in New Zealand. It is located to the north of the Waitemata Harbour,15 kilometres northwest of the Auckland city centre, the suburb is in the Albany ward, one of the thirteen administrative divisions of Auckland Council. Much of the land to the north of Albany is still semi-rural, the Māori name for the area was Okahukura. The town was known as Lucas Creek, but was renamed in 1890 after Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany. The name Albany derives from Alba and its Latinisation and it would be home to 10,000 people. Authorities wanted sound-proofed apartments against outside noise, initial plans called for hotels, library, municipal swimming pool as well as the headquarters for the North Shore City Council. In some respects, development has proceeded accordingly, but the 2008–09 economic downturn has blunted some of this activity, the population was 3,057 in the 2013 Census, an increase of 888 from the 2006 Census. There were 1,092 occupied dwellings in Albany in 2013, and demographic makeup was 73% European, 5% Maori, 2% Pacific peoples, 22% Asian, 3% Middle Eastern/Latin American/African, and 1% other. The median income of $32,600 was higher than for the Auckland Region of $29,600, unemployment in Albany was 7. 0%, lower than the Auckland average of 8. 1%. 91% had internet access and 88% had cell phones, a near majority were born overseas. Ethnically, in keeping with the wider North Shore, Albany was predominantly Pakeha and Asian, Albany has become, in some respects, a substantial shopping and retail zone within the northwestern Auckland area. Through the 1990s industrial and retail areas were produced, predominantly owned and occupied by local. A major shopping hub was opened in the late 1990s and has since expanded. The so-called supermall opened in August 2007 on McKinnon Drive costing $210 million with 142 shops built by over 3500 workers, which features 1800 cinema seats, there is parking for 2300 vehicles. K-mart, Farmers, and New World stores are anchors, Albany has been the site of a $500 million so-called Super City showcase development project. Plans in 2006 featured a 200-room hotel, apartment complex with three 30-storey towers, and up to 15 office blocks rising 10 levels high. But in the downturn of 2008–09, the project was in dire straits. Albany has a site for Sky Televisions Prime TV, as well as the Broadcast Centre for Sky PPV, there are movie theatres including the 1800-seat multiplex inside the new mall, although there were reports of roof problems and weathertightness
5.
Wellington
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Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840
6.
Aviation
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Aviation is the practical aspect or art of aeronautics, being the design, development, production, operation and use of aircraft, especially heavier than air aircraft. The word aviation was coined by French writer and former naval officer Gabriel La Landelle in 1863, from the verb avier, itself derived from the Latin word avis and the suffix -ation. The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered human lighter-than-air flight on November 21,1783, the practicality of balloons was limited because they could only travel downwind. It was immediately recognized that a steerable, or dirigible, balloon was required, jean-Pierre Blanchard flew the first human-powered dirigible in 1784 and crossed the English Channel in one in 1785. Rigid airships became the first aircraft to transport passengers and cargo over great distances, the best known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the German Zeppelin company. The most successful Zeppelin was the Graf Zeppelin and it flew over one million miles, including an around-the-world flight in August 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the airplanes of that period, the Golden Age of the airships ended on May 6,1937 when the Hindenburg caught fire, killing 36 people. The cause of the Hindenburg accident was blamed on the use of hydrogen instead of helium as the lift gas. An internal investigation by the manufacturer revealed the coating used to protect the material over the frame was highly flammable. Changes to the coating formulation reduced the risk of further Hindenburg type accidents, although there have been periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time. In 1799 Sir George Cayley set forth the concept of the airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion. Seven years later, on 14 October 1897, Aders Avion III was tested without success in front of two officials from the French War ministry, the report on the trials was not publicized until 1910, as they had been a military secret. In November 1906 Ader claimed to have made a flight on 14 October 1897. Although widely believed at the time, these claims were later discredited, however, the most widely accepted date is December 17,1903 by the Wright brothers. The Wright brothers were the first to fly in a powered and controlled aircraft, previous flights were gliders or free flight, but the Wright brothers combined both, setting the new standard in aviation records. Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger, the Wright brothers took aloft the first passenger, Charles Furnas, one of their mechanics, on May 14,1908. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, the war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets. Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to provide aircraft for the new middle-class market
7.
Veterinary medicine
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Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in non-human animals. The scope of medicine is wide, covering all animal species. Veterinary medicine is practiced, both with and without professional supervision. Professional care is most often led by a physician. This can be augmented by other paraprofessionals with specific specialisms such as animal physiotherapy or dentistry, Veterinary science helps human health through the monitoring and control of zoonotic disease, food safety, and indirectly through human applications from basic medical research. They also help to maintain food supply through livestock health monitoring and treatment, Veterinary scientists often collaborate with epidemiologists, and other health or natural scientists depending on type of work. Ethically, veterinarians are obliged to look after animal welfare. The Egyptian Papyrus of Kahun and Vedic literature in ancient India offer one of the first written records of veterinary medicine, first Buddhist Emperor of India edicts of Asoka reads, Everywhere King Piyadasi made two kinds of medicine available, medicine for people and medicine for animals. Where there were no healing herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought, the first attempts to organize and regulate the practice of treating animals tended to focus on horses because of their economic significance. In the Middle Ages from around 475 CE, farriers combined their work in horseshoeing with the general task of horse doctoring. This ultimately led to the establishment of the Worshipful Company of Farriers in 1674, meanwhile, Carlo Ruinis book Anatomia del Cavallo, was published in 1598. It was the first comprehensive treatise on the anatomy of a non-human species, the first veterinary college was founded in Lyon, France in 1762 by Claude Bourgelat. According to Lupton, after observing the devastation being caused by cattle plague to the French herds, the Odiham Agricultural Society was founded in 1783 in England to promote agriculture and industry, and played an important role in the foundation of the veterinary profession in Britain. A founding member, Thomas Burgess, began to take up the cause of animal welfare and campaign for the more humane treatment of sick animals. A1785 Society meeting resolved to promote the study of Farriery upon rational scientific principles. ”The physician James Clark wrote a treatise entitled Prevention of Disease in which he argued for the professionalization of the trade. The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons was established by charter in 1844. Veterinary science came of age in the late 19th century, with contributions from Sir John McFadyean. In the United States, the first schools were established in the early 19th century in Boston, New York, in 1879, Iowa Agricultural College became the first land grant college to establish a school of veterinary medicine
8.
Nanotechnology
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Nanotechnology is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale. It is therefore common to see the plural form nanotechnologies as well as nanoscale technologies to refer to the range of research. Because of the variety of applications, governments have invested billions of dollars in nanotechnology research. Until 2012, through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars, scientists currently debate the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology may be able to create new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, biomaterials energy production. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether regulation of nanotechnology is warranted. The term nano-technology was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, also in 1986, Drexler co-founded The Foresight Institute to help increase public awareness and understanding of nanotechnology concepts and implications. In the 1980s, two major breakthroughs sparked the growth of nanotechnology in modern era, the microscopes developers Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. Binnig, Quate and Gerber also invented the atomic force microscope that year. Second, Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 by Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl, in the early 2000s, the field garnered increased scientific, political, and commercial attention that led to both controversy and progress. Controversies emerged regarding the definitions and potential implications of nanotechnologies, exemplified by the Royal Societys report on nanotechnology, challenges were raised regarding the feasibility of applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, which culminated in a public debate between Drexler and Smalley in 2001 and 2003. Meanwhile, commercialization of products based on advancements in nanoscale technologies began emerging and these products are limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials and do not involve atomic control of matter. Governments moved to promote and fund research into nanotechnology, such as in the U. S, by the mid-2000s new and serious scientific attention began to flourish. Projects emerged to produce nanotechnology roadmaps which center on atomically precise manipulation of matter and discuss existing and projected capabilities, goals, Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced, one nanometer is one billionth, or 10−9, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond lengths, or the spacing between atoms in a molecule, are in the range 0. 12–0.15 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length, by convention, nanotechnology is taken as the scale range 1 to 100 nm following the definition used by the National Nanotechnology Initiative in the US. The lower limit is set by the size of atoms since nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules
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American Veterinary Medical Association
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The AVMA provides information resources, continuing education opportunities, publications, and discounts on personal and professional products, programs, and services. The AVMA indicates that it lobbies for animal friendly legislation within a framework that supports the use of animals for human purposes, the United States Department of Education has designated the AVMA as the accrediting body for the 30 schools of veterinary medicine in the United States. In this capacity, the AVMA develops and maintains educational standards for these institutions to ensure the qualifications, the AVMA publishes the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association and the American Journal of Veterinary Research. The AVMAs veterinary student organization is the Student American Veterinary Medical Association, the American Veterinary Medical Association was founded in 1863, when 40 delegates representing seven states met for a convention in New York. Originally named the United States Veterinary Medical Association, the USVMA was renamed the AVMA in 1889, by 1913, the AVMA consisted of 1,650 members, with membership open only to graduates of accredited veterinary schools. Today, the AVMA has more than 89,000 members engaged in a variety of work. In addition to treating pets, veterinarians work in a number of fields, such as health, agriculture, food safety, academics. The AVMA produces policies in response to requests and stakeholder interest. These statements are general and aim to encourage improvement based on the best available scientific evidence, the AVMAs policy was adopted after a comprehensive review by a multi-disciplinary, multi-perspective task force of experts that produced an accompanying review of housing for pregnant sows. The AVMA has voted on several proposals to take a stand against the forced feeding of birds to make foie gras. Although foie gras has been banned in countries in Europe. The AVMA has published a welfare implications of foie gras production backgrounder, AVMA argued that the CSA must be amended so that our nations animals do not suffer unnecessarily. Due to an interpretation of the law by the Drug Enforcement Administration, two bodies within AVMA are responsible for veterinary education accreditation, the AVMA Council on Education and the Committee on Veterinary Technician Education and Activities. The former is responsible for accreditation of veterinary colleges and the latter veterinary technology programs, the following colleges are accredited by the AVMA, The AVMA accredits veterinary technician programs in all U. S. states except for Arkansas, Montana, and Washington D. C. It also accredits one program in Canada and a number of distance learning programs, to become board certified, a veterinarian must have extensive post-graduate training and experience and pass a credential review and examinations set by the given specialty organization
10.
University of New Zealand
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The University of New Zealand was New Zealands sole degree-granting university from 1874 to 1961. It had a federal structure embracing several constituent institutions at various locations around New Zealand, the University of New Zealand Act set up the University in 1870. At that time, the headquarters was in Christchurch, Canterbury Province. The University of Otago negotiated to keep its title of university when it joined the University of New Zealand in 1874, the colleges in Christchurch, Auckland and Wellington were known as university colleges rather than universities throughout most of the history of the University of New Zealand. The Universities Act of 1961 dissolved the university and granted degree-conferring powers to the constituent colleges. The University set its own examination and awarded scholarships to provide financial assistance for students. The Universities Entrance Board was in turn merged into the New Zealand Qualifications Authority in 1990, te Wānanga o Aotearoa, founded in 1984, used The University of New Zealand as an English translation of its name, although it had no connection with the former University. Beaglehole New Zealand Vice-Chancellors Committee The New Zealand University
11.
Manawatu River
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The Manawatu River is a major river of the lower North Island of New Zealand. The river has its headwaters to the northwest of Norsewood in the Ruahine Ranges of the Tararua District and it flows initially eastward before turning south-west near Ormondville, flowing 40 kilometres before turning north-west near Woodville. At this point the river enters the Manawatu Gorge, beyond the gorge it again turns south-west, flowing through the city of Palmerston North, and finally becomes the Manawatu Estuary as it enters the Tasman Sea at Foxton Beach. The river, along with the more northern Whanganui River, gives its name to the Manawatu-Whanganui region, the rivers name comes from the Māori words manawa and tū, therefore heart standing still with fear, or depressed spirit. Haunui was in pursuit of his wife and arrived at this river clutching his chest when he named this river, the river is unique among New Zealand rivers, starting on the east side of the main dividing range and having its outflow to the west. The explanation for this is the uplift of the central ranges, the ranges moved upwards at the same time as the gorge was eroded by the river, instead of the more usual erosion of an already existing range. This suggests that the river is an old one, as it must have existed before the Ruahine, major tributaries of the river include the Makakahi, Mangahao, Pohangina and Oroua Rivers. The Manawatu River flooded in February 2004, displacing over 3000 people, the cost of the flood in terms of insurance payouts was NZ$122 million. Further damage was prevented by the opening of the Moutoa floodgates, the Manawatu tops a 2009 pollution measurement of 300 rivers and streams across North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, research by the Cawthron Institute has found. The river is fouled with industrial waste, treated sewage, a 2010 report listed the Manawatu as unsuitable for contact recreation. In 2006 Fonterra were criticised for an application to discharge 8,500 cubic metres of wastewater into the Manawatu River, in 2009, the Cawthron Institute found that the river had the highest gross primary production compared to 300 rivers and streams in the Western world. High GPP rates are an indication of poor health and can lead to various environmental issues. A report by the Ministry for the Environment ranked 76 New Zealand sites for water clarity, using those measures, they found four other New Zealand rivers rate worse than the Manawatu. State of New Zealands Environment 1997 - Chapter 7, Nature of NZs water environment Morgan, Jon, Burns, Manawatu River among worst in the West. Archived from the original on 2010-08-15
12.
Prime Minister of New Zealand
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The Prime Minister of New Zealand is the head of government of New Zealand. The current prime minister is Bill English of the National Party, the prime minister is the most senior government minister, and chairs cabinet meetings. The office exists by a convention, which originated in New Zealands former colonial power. The convention stipulates that the Governor-General of New Zealand must select as prime minister the person most likely to command the confidence of the House of Representatives and this individual is typically the leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in that chamber. The title prime minister had made its first formal appearance in the 1873 Schedule of the Civil List Act and this was changed in 1869 to premier. That title remained in use for more than 30 years, being changed by Richard Seddon to prime minister in 1901 during his tenure in office. Following the declaration of New Zealand as a dominion in 1907, the office of prime minister is not defined by codified laws, but by unwritten customs known as constitutional conventions which developed in Britain and were replicated in New Zealand. The Prime Minister is leader of the cabinet, and takes a coordinating role, the Cabinet Manual 2008 provides an outline of the prime ministers powers and responsibilities. The post of minister is, like other ministerial positions. However, the convention has long since established that the prime minister must have. Historically, this has meant that the prime minister is the parliamentary leader of the largest political party in the House of Representatives. By constitutional convention, the minister holds formal power to advise the sovereign. As head of government, the prime minister alone has the right to advise the governor-general to, Appoint, dismiss, call elections by advising the governor-general to dissolve parliament. The governor-general may reject the advice to dissolve parliament if the minister has recently lost a vote of confidence. The prime minister is regarded by convention as first among equals and they do hold the most senior post in government, but are also required to adhere to any decisions taken by cabinet, as per the convention of cabinet collective responsibility. The ability to appoint and dismiss ministers, furthermore, the MMP electoral system has complicated this, as the prime minister may have to consult with another party leader. The influence a prime minister is likely to have as leader of the dominant party and these powers may give more direct control over subordinates than is attached to the prime ministers role. The power gained simply from being central to most significant decision-making, in addition, like all other ministers and members of parliament, the prime minister receives annual allowances for travel and lodging, as do the prime ministers spouse and children
13.
William Massey
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William Ferguson Massey, often known as Bill Massey or Farmer Bill, was the 19th Prime Minister of New Zealand, from 1912 to 1925, and the founder of the Reform Party. He is widely considered to have one of the more skilled politicians of his time. After Richard Seddon, he is the second-longest-serving Prime Minister of New Zealand, Massey was born in 1856 into a Protestant farming family, and grew up in Limavady, County Londonderry in Ireland. His father John Massey and his mother Marianne née Ferguson were tenant farmers and his family arrived in New Zealand on 21 October 1862 on board the Indian Empire as Nonconformist settlers, although Massey remained in Ireland for a further eight years to complete his education. After arriving on 10 December 1870 on the City of Auckland, Massey worked as a farmhand for some years before acquiring his own farm in Mangere, south Auckland, in 1882 Massey married his neighbours daughter, Christina Allan Paul. Massey gradually became prominent in his community. This was partly due to his involvement in the school board, the debating society. Because of his prominence in these circles, he involved in political debate. In 1893 Massey stood as a candidate in the election in the Franklin electorate, losing to the Liberal candidate. In early 1894 he was invited to contest a by-election in the electorate of Waitemata. In the 1896 election he stood for the Franklin electorate, which he represented until he died in 1925, Massey joined the ranks of the independent MPs opposing the Liberal Party, led by Richard Seddon. They were poorly organised and dispirited, and had little chance of unseating the Liberals, William Russell, the Leader of the Opposition, was able to command only 15 votes. Massey brought increased vigour to the conservative faction, while the conservatives rallied for a time, support for the Liberals increased markedly during the Second Boer War, leaving the conservatives devastated. Masseys political career survived the period, despite a challenge by William Herries, after Seddons death the Liberals were led by Joseph Ward, who proved more vulnerable to Masseys attacks. In particular, Massey made gains by claiming that alleged corruption and his conservative politics also benefited him when voters grew concerned about militant unionism and the supposed threat of socialism. In February 1909, Massey announced the creation of the Reform Party from his New Zealand Political Reform League, the party was to be led by him and backed by his conservative colleagues. In the 1911 election the Reform Party won more seats than the Liberal Party, the Liberals, relying on support from independents who had not joined Reform, were able to stay in power until the following year, when they lost a vote of confidence. Massey was sworn in as Prime Minister on 10 July 1912, two days later it was reported in the press on 12 July that he had accepted the appointment of Honorary Commandant of the Auckland District of the Legion of Frontiersmen
14.
Victoria University of Wellington
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Victoria University of Wellington is a university in Wellington, New Zealand. It was established in 1897 by Act of Parliament, and was a constituent college of the University of New Zealand, the university is well known for its programmes in law, the humanities, and some scientific disciplines, and offers a broad range of other courses. Entry to all courses at first year is open, and entry to second year in some programmes is restricted, Victoria had the highest average research grade in the New Zealand Governments Performance-Based Research Fund exercise in 2012, having been ranked 4th in 2006 and 3rd in 2003. Victoria has been ranked 229th in the Worlds Top 500 universities by the QS World University Rankings, in 2017s QS World University Rankings Victoria was ranked in the top 2% of universities in the world, and in the top 1% for 14 subjects. Victoria is named after Queen Victoria, as 1897 was the 60th anniversary of her coronation, there was a dispute initially as to where to site it, and it opened in temporary facilities in Thorndon. It was eventually decided to place it in Kelburn, where it still has its primary campus. This decision was influenced by the Cable Car companys offer of a donation of £1,000 if it were located in Kelburn so that students would patronise the Cable Car from the city, the foundation stone of the historic Hunter Building was laid in 1904. An extramural branch was founded at Palmerston North in 1960 and it merged with Massey College on 1 January 1963. Having become a branch of Victoria upon the University of New Zealands 1961 demise, in 2004, Victoria celebrated the 100th birthday of its first home, the Hunter Building. In 2015, Victoria opened a new campus in Auckland to service the growing demand for its courses and its main campus is in Kelburn, a suburb on a hill overlooking the Wellington central business district, where its administration and humanities & social science and science faculties are based. A smaller campus in Te Aro is the base for the architecture, the Faculty of Education is in the Karori campus. The newest facility, the Victoria University Coastal Ecology Laboratory supports research programmes in marine biology, the Court of Convocation is composed of all graduates who choose to participate. Charles Wilson, at the time the librarian of the parliamentary library, was a member of the original council. For New Zealand residents entry to most courses is open, with a few exceptions, there is selection for entry into the second year in degrees such as the LLB, BArch and BDes. BA in criminology and creative writing is based on selection. It is one of three institutions to offer a degree in architecture in New Zealand. In conjunction with Massey University it owns the New Zealand School of Music, the blazon for the arms is, Vert on a fesse engrailed between three Crowns Or, a Canton Azure charged with four Estoilles Argent. What this means, The colour of the shield is first described, Vert is green so the shield is green
15.
Distance education
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Distance education or distance learning is the education of students who may not always be physically present at a school. Traditionally this usually involved correspondence courses wherein the student corresponded with the school via post, courses that are conducted are either hybrid, blended or 100% whole instruction. Massive open online courses, offering large-scale interactive participation and open access through the World Wide Web or other technologies, are recent developments in distance education. A number of terms are used roughly synonymously with distance education. The element of student feedback was an innovation of Pitmans system. This scheme was made possible by the introduction of postage rates across England in 1840. This early beginning proved extremely successful, and the Phonographic Correspondence Society was founded three years later to establish these courses on a formal basis. The Society paved the way for the formation of Sir Isaac Pitman Colleges across the country. The first correspondence school in the United States was the Society to Encourage Studies at Home, the University of London was the first university to offer distance learning degrees, establishing its External Programme in 1828. The issue soon boiled down to which institutions had degree-granting powers, as Sheldon Rothblatt states, thus arose in nearly archetypal form the famous English distinction between teaching and examining, here embodied in separate institutions. Enrollment increased steadily during the late 19th century, and its example was copied elsewhere. In 1892 he also encouraged the concept of correspondence courses to further promote education. Enrollment in the largest private school based in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1888 to provide training for immigrant coal miners aiming to become state mine inspectors or foremen, it enrolled 2500 new students in 1894, by 1906 total enrollments reached 900,000. The growth was due to sending out complete textbooks instead of single lessons, and the use of 1200 aggressive in-person salesmen. There was a stark contrast in pedagogy, The regular technical school or college aims to educate a man broadly, our aim and we, on the contrary, are aiming to make our courses fit the particular needs of the student who takes them. Education was a priority in the Progressive Era, as American high schools. For men who were older or were too busy with family responsibilities, night schools were opened, outside the big cities, private correspondence schools offered a flexible, narrowly focused solution
16.
North Shore, New Zealand
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North Shore is the part of the urban area of Auckland, New Zealand, located to the north of the Waitemata Harbour. The city had an population of 229,000 at 30 June 2010. The former city was also the fourth largest city in land, with an area of 129.81 square kilometres. It was also the most densely populated city in the country because, unlike other New Zealand cities, the North Shore has been administered by various councils over the years, in the most recent past the North Shore City Council. On 1 November 2010, North Shore City Council and the six local councils. The administrative area of North Shore City Council was bounded by Rodney District to the north, Waitemata Harbour to the south, the seat of the council was in Takapuna. The city was divided into three wards, Harbour, Northern and Central, and each ward is divided into two community boards. Inner suburbs include Milford, Takapuna, Belmont, Devonport, Bayswater, Northcote, Birkenhead, Highbury, Hillcrest, Glenfield, Wairau Valley, Westlake and Forrest Hill. Those here with an asterisk, along several other beaches on the Hauraki Gulf coast, are collectively known as East Coast Bays. By the 1950s, only about 50,000 people lived on the Shore, eventually the growth became significant enough for the North Shore to be considered a city in its own right, though densities remained still below what is typical south of the Harbour. All council services and facilities are now under authority of the Auckland Council, commuting within the North Shore itself can be done relatively easily, but those who commute to Auckland City and need to cross the Auckland Harbour Bridge face severe traffic congestion. The alternative route through western suburbs is also prone to traffic at peak times. Several options for new bridges and tunnels have been studied in depth, but at the moment, public transport has been upgraded in an attempt to reduce the citys car dependence. In 2003, there were indications that the stages of the busway project were generally regarded as a success. The North Shore City Council increased the number of facilities with more park and ride stations in Sunnynook, Smales Farm and these were completed in February 2008. In January 2009, the Northern Busway began trial runs featuring New Zealands first bus-dedicated roadway, a number of North Shore suburbs have a regular ferry service to Auckland City, including Devonport, Stanley Bay, Bayswater, Birkenhead. Others are planned for Takapuna and Browns Bay, the city was run by a 15-member council and mayor, democratically elected every three years using the First Past The Post voting system. The final mayor prior to 2010 amalgamation was Andrew Williams, the mayor was a strong critic of the Super City proposals which would see North Shore City amalgamated into a larger Auckland authority, Auckland Council
17.
New Zealand Dominion Museum building
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The New Zealand Dominion Museum building was completed in 1936, and is located on Buckle Street in Wellington next to the National War Memorial. The building originally housed the National Museum, the National Art Gallery of New Zealand and it currently houses part of the Massey University Wellington Campus. Prior to 1913, the Dominion Museum was known as the Colonial Museum, the Colonial Museum was originally housed in a small wooden building behind what is now the New Zealand Parliament Buildings. In 1930, the National Art Gallery and Dominion Museum Act 1930 established a board of trustees, the building housed the Dominion Museum, the National Art Gallery of New Zealand and the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts. In 1972, an act of Parliament updated the Dominion Museums name to the National Museum, in 1992 Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Act 1992 combined the National Museum and the National Art Gallery to form the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. The Dominion Museum building was featured in Peter Jacksons 1996 film the Frighteners, and in Peter Webbers 2012 film Emperor
18.
Moodle
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Moodle is a free and open-source software learning management system written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License. Developed on pedagogical principles, Moodle is used for blended learning, distance education, flipped classroom and other e-learning projects in schools, universities, workplaces, with customizable management features, it is used to create private websites with online courses for educators and trainers to achieve learning goals. Moodle allows for extending and tailoring learning environments using community sourced plugins, Moodle was originally developed by Martin Dougiamas to help educators create online courses with a focus on interaction and collaborative construction of content, and it is in continual evolution. The first version of Moodle was released on 20 August 2002, Moodles development has also been assisted by the work of open-source programmers. Moodle as a platform can enhance existing learning environments. As an E-learning tool, Moodle has a range of standard and innovative features such as calendar. Moodle is a virtual learning environment and can be used in many types of environments such as education, training and development. Plugins are a tool set, allowing Moodle users to extend the features of the site. There are hundreds of plugins for Moodle, extending the features of Moodles core functionality, each plugin is maintained in the Moodle plugins directory. As of April 2015, there are over 1,000 plugins available for Moodle with over 7 million downloads, graphical themes for Moodle can be installed to change the look and functionality of a Moodle site or of an individual course. Moodle has been translated in over 100 languages, available for any site administrator to install, people in various countries maintain and contribute to the various language packs. Many Moodle themes, based on web design, allow Moodle to be used on mobile devices. Also, a Moodle mobile app is available in Google Play, App Store, there are two versions, SCORM1.2 and SCORM2004. Moodle is SCORM1.2 compliant, and passes all the tests in the ADL Conformance test suite 1.2.7 for SCORM1.2. SCORM2004 is not supported in Moodle, however Rustici Software have a Moodle plugin which can turn any Moodle site into a fully compliant SCORM2004 LMS. The AICC HACP standard for CMI was developed by the Aviation Industry Computer-Based Training Committee and is used to call externally authored content and assessment packages, AICC content packages are supported in Moodle 2.1 and later versions. IMS Content Packages can also be imported into Moodle, in addition, Moodle Book activities can be exported as IMS Content Packages. Learning Tools Interoperability is a way of integrating rich learning applications with educational platforms
19.
George Fowlds
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Sir George Matthew Fowlds CBE was a New Zealand politician of the Liberal Party. Fowlds was born in Fenwick, East Ayrshire, Scotland and his father, Matthew Fowlds, was a handloom weaver. As a boy, George Fowlds weaved linen sheets and he attended Hairshaw School in Waterside. He did his apprenticeship at a clothier in Kilmarnock, and later worked in Glasgow, Fowlds emigrated to South Africa in 1882 and lived in Cape Town, Beaufort West, and Bultfontein. In 1884, he married Mary Ann Fulton, who was also from Fenwick, in the following year, they moved to Auckland, New Zealand, as the South African climate was detrimental to his wifes health. He built up a business as a clothier in Victoria Street, in the 1896 election, Fowlds stood in the three-member City of Auckland electorate and came seventh. Fowlds represented the City of Auckland electorate from 1899 to 1902, in 1905 Fowlds decided to return to Scotland for his father’s 100th birthday. Though critical of some of the policies of Premier Richard Seddon and he was in favour of the referendum and an elective Executive. Fowlds was Minister of Education and Minister of Public Health from 1906 to 1911 and he resigned from Cabinet in September 1911 so he could remain a private member until there was a truly democratic party in a position to form a government. Fowlds stood as an Independent Liberal Labour candidate for Grey Lynn in the 1911 election, at the next contest in 1914 he was under the United Labour Party banner. But, in 1919, he was again a Liberal, Fowlds was made a CBE in 1919 and knighted in 1928. He was the first chairman of Massey Agricultural College from 1927 to 1934 and he died on 17 August 1934 at Auckland and was survived by his wife. The personal papers of Sir George Fowlds are housed in Special Collections at the University of Auckland Library, the extensive collection covers political, personal, business and social matters and includes letters, newspaper clippings, speech drafts, articles, sermons, accounts books, photographs and cartoons. Fowlds Park was named after him in 1933, the Advent of the NZ Labour Party, 1910–1919. A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, A–L. I, works by or about George Fowlds at Internet Archive
20.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
21.
Justice of the peace
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A justice of the peace is a judicial officer, of a lower or puisne court, elected or appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was used with the same meaning. Depending on the jurisdiction, such justices dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions, some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs. In 1195, Richard I of England and his Minister Hubert Walter commissioned certain knights to preserve the peace in unruly areas and they were responsible to the King for ensuring that the law was upheld and preserving the Kings peace. Therefore, they were known as keepers of the peace, the title justice of the peace derives from 1361, in the reign of Edward III. The peace to be guarded is the sovereigns, the maintenance of which is the duty of the Crown under the royal prerogative, Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them since 1361 to bind over unruly persons to be of good behaviour. The bind over is not a punishment, but a preventive measure, the justices alternative title of magistrate dates from the 16th century, although the word had been in use centuries earlier to describe some legal officials of Roman times. Being an unpaid office, undertaken voluntarily and sometimes more for the sake of renown or to confirm the justices standing within the community, the justices of the peace conducted arraignments in all criminal cases, and tried misdemeanours and infractions of local ordinances and bylaws. The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 stripped the power to appoint normal JPs from those municipal corporations that had it and this was replaced by the present system, where the Lord Chancellor nominates candidates with local advice, for appointment by the Crown. Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in quarter sessions, also administered the county at a local level. Women were not allowed to become JPs in the United Kingdom until 1919, the first woman being Ada Summers, the Mayor of Stalybridge, emily Murphy of Edmonton, Canada, preceded her by some three and a half years. Now in the UK, 50% of JPs are women, in special circumstances, a justice of the peace can be the highest governmental representative, so in fact gubernatorial, in a colonial entity. This was the case in the Tati Concessions Land, a concession in the Matabele kingdom. Criteria for appointment vary widely, depending on the state, for example, in Queensland, a justice of the peace must complete an exam prior to being eligible for appointment, whereas in Victoria, a person need only prove good character by way of references. Generally speaking, a justice of the peace cannot act in relation to a document which is to be used in a foreign country. One exception to this, however, is that countries in the Commonwealth frequently accept documents so certified, documents which are to be used in a foreign country that does not provide for a foreign JP to witness them should be dealt with by a notary public. This is the same for all countries where the office of justice of the peace exists, notaries public are often solicitors or barristers, and the best way to locate one is to contact your local law society. Some justices are appointed as justice of the peace, usually in remote aboriginal communities, in Queensland, a lawyer may be appointed as a Justice of the Peace without further education or qualification and has the full powers of a JP
22.
Blair Tennent
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William Blair Tennent CBE, known as Blair Tennent, was a New Zealand politician of the National Party and a cabinet minister. In Palmerston North he was a dentist, and a local body politician, Tennent was born at Greymouth on 4 December 1898 to Elizabeth Blair and her husband, David Tennent. He was dux at Greymouth District High School, Tennent was a councillor for Palmerston North City Council from 1933 to 1941. He was Mayor of Palmerston North from 1956 to 1959, Tennent represented the Palmerston North electorate from 1949 to 1954, when he was defeated by Philip Skoglund. He then represented the Manawatu electorate from 1957 to 1966, when he retired and he was Minister of Education in the Second National Government from 1960 to 1963. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services in politics, Tennent died at his home in Palmerston North on 1 May 1976. The First 50 Years, A History of the New Zealand National Party
23.
New Zealand Order of Merit
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The New Zealand Order of Merit is an order of chivalry in New Zealands honours system. The number of Knights and Dames Grand Companion is limited to 30 living people, additionally, new appointments are limited to 15 Knight Companions,40 Companions,80 Officers and 140 Members per year. As well as the five grades, there are three types of membership, ordinary membership is limited to citizens of New Zealand or a Commonwealth realm. Additional members, appointed on special occasions, are not counted in the numerical limits, people who are not citizens of a Commonwealth realm are given Honorary membership, if they subsequently adopt citizenship of a Commonwealth realm they are eligible for Additional membership. The Collar, worn only by the Sovereign and Chancellor, comprises links of the medallion of the badge and S-shaped Koru. Hanging from the Coat of Arms is the badge of the Order, the Star is an eight-pointed star with each arm bearing a representation of a fern frond, with the Orders badge superimposed in the centre. Grand Companions wear a star and Knight Companions wear a silver star. The badge for Officers and Members is similar, but in silver-gilt, Grand Companions wear the badge on a sash over the right shoulder, Knight Companions and Companions wear the badge on a neck ribbon or a bow on the left shoulder. Officers and Members wear the badge from a ribbon on the lapel or a bow on the left shoulder. The ribbon and sash are plain red ochre, Knight/Dames Grand Companion and Knight/Dames Companion are entitled to use the style Sir for males and Dame for females. The orders statutes grant heraldic privileges to members of the first and second level, Grand Companions are also entitled to heraldic supporters. The Chancellor is entitled to supporters and a representation of the Collar of the Order around his/her shield, the majority of those affected chose the aforereferenced appellations. A change to non-titular honours was a recommendation contained within the report of the 1995 honours committee which prompted the creation of the New Zealand Order of Merit. Titular honours were incorporated into the new system before its implementation in 1996 after the National Party caucus, there has long been debate in New Zealand regarding the appropriateness of titles. Some feel it is no longer appropriate as New Zealand has not been a colony since 1907, others feel that titles carry both domestic and international recognition, and that awarded on the basis of merit they remain an appropriate recognition of excellence. In April 2000 the then new Labour Prime Minister, Helen Clark, announced that knighthoods and damehoods had been abolished, a National Business Review poll in February 2000 revealed that 54% of New Zealanders thought the titles should be scrapped. The issue of titular honours would appear whenever honours were mentioned, in 2009, Prime Minister John Key restored the honours to their pre-April 2000 state. Principal Companions and Distinguished Companions were given the option to convert their awards into Knighthoods or Damehoods, the restoration was welcomed by Monarchy New Zealand
24.
Nathan Guy
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Allen Nathan Guy is a New Zealand politician, and currently serves as a member of Parliament representing the National Party. Guy is a farmer from near Levin and he has been involved in various agricultural sector trusts and councils, and studied farming at Massey University. He has served terms on the Horowhenua District Council. In the 2005 election, Guy was a candidate for the National Party, standing in the Ōtaki electorate and he narrowly lost the election to Labours Darren Hughes, by a margin of 1. 00% or 382 votes. He entered Parliament as a list MP, in the 2008 election he was again the candidate for Ōtaki, this time defeating Hughes by 1,354 votes. He increased his majority to 5,231 votes at the 2011 general election, on 14 December 2011 Guy was sworn in as the Minister of Immigration, Racing, Veterans Affairs and Associate Minister for Primary Industries. Guy voted against the Marriage Amendment Bill, a bill allowing same-sex couples to marry in New Zealand, Nathan Guy MP official site Profile at National party Profile at New Zealand Parliament Releases and speeches at Beehive. govt. nz
25.
Paula Bennett
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Paula Lee Bennett is the Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand, Deputy Leader of the National Party, and MP for Upper Harbour. Bennett holds the Cabinet portfolios of State Services, Women, Tourism, Police, Bennett previously represented the electorate of Waitakere, which was abolished prior to the 2014 general election. Bennett was born on 9 April 1969 in Auckland, New Zealand and she has Tainui ancestry through her half-Māori paternal grandmother, Ailsa Bennett. Her father had a business in Auckland, then in 1974 bought the village store at Kinloch. Bennett attended Taupo-nui-a-Tia College in Taupo, at 17 she gave birth to a daughter, Ana, and raised her alone while working in hospitality and tourism-industry jobs or, at times, receiving welfare payments from the New Zealand Government. In 1992 Bennett moved to Auckland, where she worked in a rest home, first as a kitchenhand and she began studying social work at the Albany campus of Massey University in 1994. She became the officer of the Massey University at Albany Students Association, then, in 1996, the president. She discontinued the work component of her course of study, leaving simply social policy. After graduating, Bennett worked as a secretary for Murray McCully, National Party member of Parliament for East Coast Bays. She then worked as a recruitment consultant for several years and assisted McCully in the 2002 general election campaign, in the 2005 general election Bennett stood as the National Partys candidate for the Waitakere seat and was unsuccessful. She entered Parliament, however, as a list MP after being ranked 45th on the National Party list, in the 2008 election, she unseated Waitakere MP Lynne Pillay, winning the seat with a majority of 632. Bennett was appointed to several roles in the new National-led government. In the 2011 election, Bennett again stood for the Waitakere seat, after the routine counting of special votes 10 days later, the result had swung towards Labour candidate Carmel Sepuloni. Bennett was subsequently declared the winner after a judicial recount, Carmel Sepuloni was not placed high enough on Labours list to remain an MP and was ousted from Parliament as a result of her loss. The 2013-14 electoral boundary review saw Bennetts Waitakere electorate abolished in favour of two new electorates in western Auckland, Kelston and Upper Harbour, at the 2014 election, Bennett stood for the Upper Harbour seat and won with a majority of 9,692 votes. Bennett became Deputy Leader of the National Party and was sworn in as Deputy Prime Minister on 12 December 2016, as at 20 December 2016 she holds the State Services, Women, Tourism, Police and Climate Change Issues Cabinet portfolios. Before becoming Deputy Prime Minister, Bennett was best known for leading social welfare reforms as Minister of Social Development and Employment, during that time she was also Minister of Youth Affairs, Minister for Disability Issues, and Associate Minister of Housing. After the 2014 election, Bennett became Minister of State Services, Minister of Social Housing, Associate Minister of Finance and she was Associate Minister of Tourism from 2014 to 12 December 2016, Acting Minister between 12 and 20 December 2016, then Minister of Tourism
26.
Agronomy
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Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, fiber, and land reclamation. Agronomy has come to work in the areas of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology. It is the application of a combination of sciences like biology, chemistry, economics, ecology, earth science, agronomists of today are involved with many issues, including producing food, creating healthier food, managing the environmental impact of agriculture, and extracting energy from plants. Agronomists often specialise in such as crop rotation, irrigation and drainage, plant breeding, plant physiology, soil classification, soil fertility, weed control. This area of agronomy involves selective breeding of plants to produce the best crops under various conditions, plant breeding has increased crop yields and has improved the nutritional value of numerous crops, including corn, soybeans, and wheat. It has also led to the development of new types of plants, for example, a hybrid grain called triticale was produced by crossbreeding rye and wheat. Triticale contains more protein than does either rye or wheat. Agronomy has also been instrumental in fruit and vegetable production research, agronomists use biotechnology to extend and expedite the development of desired characteristic. Biotechnology is often a lab activity requiring field testing of the new varieties that are developed. In addition to increasing crop yields agronomic biotechnology is increasingly being applied for novel uses other than food, for example, oilseed is at present used mainly for margarine and other food oils, but it can be modified to produce fatty acids for detergents, substitute fuels and petrochemicals. Agronomists study sustainable ways to make soils more productive and profitable and they classify soils and analyze them to determine whether they contain nutrients vital to plant growth. Common macronutrients analyzed include compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, soil is also assessed for several micronutrients, like zinc and boron. The percentage of organic matter, soil pH, and nutrient holding capacity are tested in a regional laboratory, agronomists will interpret these lab reports and make recommendations to balance soil nutrients for optimal plant growth. In addition, agronomists develop methods to preserve the soil and to decrease the effects of erosion by wind, for example, a technique called contour plowing may be used to prevent soil erosion and conserve rainfall. Researchers in agronomy also seek ways to use the more effectively in solving other problems. Such problems include the disposal of human and animal manure, water pollution, techniques include no-tilling crops, planting of soil-binding grasses along contours on steep slopes, and contour drains of depths up to 1 metre. Agroecology is the management of systems with an emphasis on ecological and environmental perspectives. This area is associated with work in the areas of sustainable agriculture, organic farming, and alternative food systems
27.
Peter Dunne
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Peter Francis Dunne is a New Zealand politician, Member of Parliament and leader of the United Future political party. He effectively was an Independent MP between 25 June 2013 and 13 August 2013 after his United Future political party was deregistered. He has been an MP since 1984, representing the centre-left Labour Party in Parliament from 1984 to 1994, and a succession of minor centrist parties from 1994. He served as a Cabinet minister while in the Labour Party and has since done so in governments dominated by the centre-right National Party as well as by the Labour Party. From 2005 to 2008 he held the posts of Minister of Revenue, after Labour suffered an election defeat in 2008 to the National Party, United Future was reduced to having Dunne as its sole MP. However, in a deal between United Future and National, Dunne retained his two portfolios outside cabinet, on 7 June 2013 he resigned his warrant as a minister due to a purported leak from his office. However, on 28 January 2014 Dunne was reinstated as a minister and now holds the Internal Affairs, Associate Health, Dunne was born in Christchurch in 1954. He attended St Bedes College and gained an MA in political science from Canterbury University before studying business administration at Massey University, in 1976, he married high school chemistry teacher Jennifer Mackrell, and they have two sons. His brother, John Dunne, is a radio broadcaster, a grandfather, Frank Smyth, played for the All Blacks. He worked for the Department of Trade and Industry from 1977–78 and he served as Deputy Chief Executive of the Council from 1980. In the 1984 elections, Dunne successfully stood for Parliament as a candidate of the Labour Party, winning the seat of Ohariu, defeating sitting National MP Hugh Templeton. Bob Jones, leader of the New Zealand Party, also stood in the seat, splitting the former National vote, Dunne retained the seat in the 1987 elections, after which he became a Parliamentary Undersecretary. In 1990, he became Minister of Regional Development, Associate Minister for the Environment and he won his seat again in the 1990 elections, but the Labour Party suffered defeat, and Dunne thus lost his ministerial posts. In the 1993 elections, Dunne won the seat of Onslow and he found himself, however, increasingly at odds with the majority of the Labour Party – Dunne tended to support Labours right-leaning faction rather than the partys more unionist wing. With the departure of leading right-wingers like Roger Douglas, Richard Prebble, in October 1994 Dunne resigned from the Labour Party, becoming an independent. A short time later, he established the Future New Zealand party, in 1995, a group of MPs from both Labour and National decided to band together and form a new centrist party. Dunne, who had quit his party in a similar way. Together, the defectors and Dunne established the United New Zealand party, with a total of seven MPs, United eventually established a coalition with the National Party, with the deal seeing Dunne return to Cabinet as Minister of Internal Affairs and Inland Revenue
28.
Pete Hodgson
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Peter Colin Hodgson is a New Zealand politician. He is a member of the Labour Party, Hodgson was born in Whangarei, and received a Bachelors degree in veterinary science from Massey University. He has worked as a veterinarian, a school teacher. Hodgson joined the Labour Party in 1976, and shortly became the manager for Stan Rodgers successful campaign in the Dunedin North seat. After holding a number of other Labour Party roles, including that of marginal seats organiser and he was successful, and became the MP for Dunedin North. When the Labour Party formed a government after the 1999 elections and he was also Associate Minister of Health, Industry and Regional Development, and Foreign Affairs. Labour was defeated in the 2008 general election, Hodgson retained his seat with a majority of 7,155. In opposition, Hodgson was Labours chief dirt-digger and mudslinger, the scandals he exposed caused two government ministers to resign. Hodgson retired from politics at the end of the 49th Parliament in 2011 and he was succeeded by Labours David Clark. In 2013, Hodgson was appointed a member of the Representation Commission to determine New Zealand electoral boundaries, media related to Pete Hodgson at Wikimedia Commons Pete Hodgson at the New Zealand Parliament website
29.
Steven Joyce
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Steven Leonard Joyce is a New Zealand politician, who entered the New Zealand House of Representatives in 2008 as a member of the New Zealand National Party. In the same year he became Minister of Transport and Minister for Communications and he later became Minister of Science and Innovation, and now serves as Minister for Finance and Minister for Infrastructure. As a broadcasting entrepreneur with RadioWorks he was a millionaire before he entered politics. He went to school at Francis Douglas Memorial College, before enrolling at Massey University, however he missed the cut, graduating instead with a BSc in zoology. While at university he worked as a presenter and programme director on student radio, after leaving university Joyce and a group of friends started their own radio station, Energy FM, in New Plymouth. With business partners, he built up RadioWorks over the seventeen years. He retired as Managing Director of RadioWorks in April 2001, when CanWest purchased it, after RadioWorks he joined the New Zealand National Party, working as their campaign manager in both the 2005 and the 2008 general elections. He also served as CEO of Jasons Travel Media for two years until 2008, as a first term MP, Joyce was appointed to the office of the Minister of Transport and the office of the Communications and Information Technology. Joyce was also appointed as a member of the Executive Council and was titled as The Honourable Steven Leonard Joyce, during his tenure as Minister of Transport a number of changes were introduced. In November 2009 a ban on using cellphones while driving came into effect, in 2010, New Zealands unique right-hand rule at intersections was reversed. The minimum driving age was raised from 15 to 16. Both measures were subject to approval and public consultation. He helped create Auckland Transport as an organisation for Auckland. Joyce was also appointed to the Office of Minister for Tertiary Education, Skills and Employment replacing Anne Tolley, in the 2011 election for the 50th New Zealand Parliament Joyce retained his seat in Parliament and was appointed to the office of Minister for Economic Development. In the Fifth National Government of New Zealand and his previous role as Minister of Transport passed to Gerry Brownlee. As of August 2013 he was given responsibility to both the Novopay debacle and the 2013 Fonterra recall. A dildo was thrown at him during an anti-TPPA protest at the 2016 Waitangi Day celebrations while he was speaking to media, the protester responsible, Josie Butler, a nurse from Christchurch, shouted That’s for raping our sovereignty. She claimed she was protesting against the TPPA and she was taken away by police, but not charged
30.
Steve Maharey
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Steven Steve Maharey CNZM is a former Member of Parliament for Palmerston North in New Zealand, as a member of the Labour Party. Maharey was born in Palmerston North in 1953, the son of William Maharey and he attended Freyberg High School in 1966–1969. After gaining an MA Hons in sociology from Palmerston Norths Massey University, he was a lecturer at that institution from 1978 and his particular specialty within sociology was social change and cultural studies. Maharey served one term on the Palmerston North City Council, in the 1990 election, Maharey stood as the Labour Party candidate for Palmerston North, replacing retiring MP Trevor de Cleene, and was elected to Parliament. After Maharey left the Labour party, Iain Lees-Galloway successfully held the seat for Labour in the 2008 election, Maharey immediately became Labours spokesperson on broadcasting issues, and also gained associate responsibility for education. In 1994, he switched roles and became spokesperson on labour relations, in 1996, he became spokesperson on social welfare, employment, and tertiary education, and dropped the labour relations portfolio in 1997. In 2002 the title changed to Minister for Social Development and Employment and he also became Associate Minister of Education holding special responsibility for tertiary education. After the 2002 elections, in which Labour was re-elected, Maharey also became Minister of Broadcasting and he was officially ranked fourth in the Cabinet hierarchy. Maharey stood down from his roles in 2007, pending his appointment as Vice-Chancellor of Massey University. The New Zealand Herald quoted several exchanges between the two verbatim that were alleged to have occurred by Rankin, the court did not uphold Rankins claims. In April 2007, Maharey came under criticism for saying fuck you in parliamentary question time on 4 April
31.
Tony Ryall
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Anthony Boyd Williams Tony Ryall CNZM is a New Zealand politician. He represented the National Party in the New Zealand Parliament from 1990 to 2014, since November 2008, he served as a cabinet minister, holding the posts of Minister of Health, Minister of State Services and Minister of State Owned Enterprises. He served previously in the Shipley Cabinet between 1997 and 1999 and he announced in February 2014 that he was to retire from politics at that years general election. He is currently employed by the law firm Simpson Grierson and he was born in Christchurch and educated in the Eastern Bay of Plenty and graduated Bachelor of Business Studies from Massey University. Ryall is married with two children, before entering politics, he worked as a credit analyst at a bank. In 1990 he was in the Corporate Credit Recovery section of the Bank of New Zealand and he joined the East Cape branch of the Young Nationals in 1980. In 1987 he was an assistant at the party National Headquarters and he first won election to Parliament as member of parliament for the East Cape electorate in the 1990 elections at age 26. Subsequent boundary reorganisations saw him represent the Eastern Bay of Plenty electorate, during the National Partys time in Opposition, he was spokesperson for Housing, Justice, Timberlands and SILNA, Commerce, Corrections, Courts, Police, Sentencing, Law and Order, and Immigration. In the 2005 general election Ryall won the largest National Party electorate majority in the country, in the 2008 election he secured the countrys second largest majority, behind the Prime Ministers 17,600 majority. From November 2008 to his retirement from politics in 2014, he served as the Minister of Health. Along with the Minister of Finance, Ryall oversaw Nationals government share offer programme and he announced in February 2014 that he was to retire from politics at that years general election. Ryall was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services as a Member of Parliament in the 2015 New Year Honours, Ryall joined law firm Simpson Grierson in November 2014 as head of its public policy practice. In February 2015, he was appointed a director of the New Zealand subsidiary of Australian nib Health Funds, profile at New Zealand Parliament Releases and speeches at Beehive. govt. nz
32.
Nicky Wagner
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Nicola Joanne Nicky Wagner is a New Zealand politician, who holds the Christchurch Central electorate seat for the New Zealand National Party in the New Zealand Parliament. Born in Christchurch, Wagner received a degree from Christchurch College of Education, a BA from the University of Canterbury. After working for a time as a teacher, she entered the business world and she was an internet pioneer establishing firstly FashioNZ a website to support the New Zealand fashion industry and GardenNZ for the gardening industry. In 2003 Wagner was elected to the Canterbury Regional Council, and was a councillor until 2007 and she appeared on the National party list at 37th place for the 2002 general elections, which was not enough to win a seat. She contested the Christchurch Central electorate for the National Party in the 2005 general elections, while Wagner did not win the electorate, her high list placing ensured her election to Parliament. We will always respect and cherish our links with the past that are represented in our present flag, in her first term in Parliament she sat on the Justice and Electoral select committee and later the Local Government and Environment Committee. In 2005, Wagner voted for the controversial Marriage Amendment Bill 2005, recontesting Christchurch Central in the 2008 general election, Wagner drastically cut Labours majority in both the electorate and the party vote, reducing the candidate majority from 7,836 to 936. She remained in Parliament, having been re-elected through the National Party list, in 2009, Wagner voted against the Misuse of Drugs Amendment Bill, a bill aimed at amending the Misuse of Drugs Act so that cannabis could be used for medical purposes. This marked the first time National had ever held the Christchurch Central electorate since its creation in 1946, Wagner was the Chair of the Local Government and Environment Select Committee and sat on the Maori Affairs Select Committee. She also chaired the BlueGreens Caucus Committee and the Arts, Culture, in 2013 she was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Gerry Brownlee and Nick Smith in the Christchurch Earthquake Recovery and Conservation portfolios, respectively. The boundaries of the Christchurch Central electorate have been redrawn for the 2014 election, when the draft boundaries were published for consultation, Wagner declared the electorate as more Labour focussed and unwinnable due to the proposed loss of more affluent suburbs. When the final boundaries were released in April 2014, Wagner vowed to stand again, despite her earlier statement, Wagner won the seat with a majority of 2420 at the September 20th 2014 General Election. In September 2014, Wagner defended employing Simon Lusk, a political strategist mentioned in Dirty Politics. On 8 October 2014, Wagner was appointed a Minister outside of Cabinet, holding the portfolios of Customs, Disability Issues, Associate Canterbury Earthquake Recovery and she is ranked 23 on the party list. Nicky Wagner MP official site Profile at National party Profile at New Zealand Parliament
33.
Lockwood Smith
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Smith is a member of the New Zealand National Party and served as a Member of Parliament from 1984 until his retirement to pursue diplomatic roles in 2013. Smith attended Auckland Grammar School in 1961 and he has a PhD in Animal science from the University of Adelaide. Smith was first elected in 1984 as the MP for Kaipara and he represented this electorate until it was abolished in 1996 during the shift to mixed-member proportional representation. Since then he has been the representative for Rodney, Smith served as Minister of Education from 1990 until 1996 in the Fourth National Government of New Zealand. During this period he implemented a number of changes to the education sector. One high-profile change involved an increase in student fees, as recommended by the Todd Report. As opposition education spokesman in 1990, Smith promised to remove the Labour Governments tertiary tuition fee of $1250, in 1996 Smith took up the Agriculture and Trade Negotiation portfolios, Wyatt Creech succeeded him as Education Minister. As Trade Minister, Smith spearheaded New Zealands efforts at the 1999 APEC negotiations and he successfully negotiated New Zealands free-trade agreement with Singapore, which became the NZ – Singapore Closer Economic Partnership. At the WTO Ministerial in Seattle, he took part in efforts which later lead to the Doha Development Round, in opposition, Smith held a number of spokesperson roles for the National Party, including those of Foreign Affairs, Commerce, and Immigration. In his role as Immigration spokesman, Smith challenged Mangere MP Taito Phillip Field over alleged impropriety in Fields dealings with constituents. During the 2008 election campaign, on 22 October 2008, Smith made some comments in an interview with the Marlborough Express concerning seasonal Asian, regarding Pacific workers he said that some employers are having to teach them things like how to use a toilet or shower. And he said that for pruning trees, some of the Asian workers have more productive. Maori Party co-leader Tariana Turia described these remarks as racist, the parliamentary leader of the National Party, John Key, subsequently referred to this statement as an apology. Following the National Partys successes in the 2008 election, Members of Parliament unanimously elected Smith as Speaker of the House, Smith has taken a rather different approach from his predecessor, being more active in requiring ministers to provide answers to oral questions. Smith was re-elected as Speaker of the House again on 20 December 2011, Smith was expected to retire from Parliament and to be appointed High Commissioner of New Zealand to the United Kingdom later in 2012, but stayed on until February 2013. He gave his speech on 13 February 2013, this was in fact his first speech in Parliament in four years. As a new member, I opted for the latter and Ive always regretted it, in the Queens Birthday Honours 2013, Smith was appointed a Knight Companion of The New Zealand Order of Merit for services as a Member of Parliament and as Speaker of the House of Representatives. Smith began his term as High Commissioner of New Zealand to the United Kingdom on 25 March 2013, on 4 July 2009 he married longtime partner, Alexandra Lang, in the Legislative Council Chamber of Parliament
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