1.
Massive Attack (song)
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Massive Attack is a song by American rapper Nicki Minaj and American recording artist Sean Garrett. Written by Minaj, co-written and produced by Garrett and Alex da Kid and it was initially intended to be the first single from Minajs debut studio album Pink Friday, but the release was later scrapped in favor of Your Love. An accompanying music video features a helicopter chase, and militaristic jungle. Commercially, the song had limited success, reaching number 27 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, sometimes you have to step back and get off the wheel. I didnt have control of the creative process. A lot of artists trust me enough and allow me to do what I know is best to do as a producer, it’s gonna be a fucking bomb. It’s a lot broader than what people would expect her to come with, the record puts her in the game in a way that says she should’ve been here a long time ago. She has a way of how she wants to do this. It’s just gonna be a surprise when it comes and she just wants to make it as huge as possible. Additionally, co-producer Alex da Kid said, I started on the train, I knew it was special from the start. It wasnt like I was aiming for Nicki with this track, Nicki heard it and the rest was history. In an interview with MTV News, Minaj stated when she first heard the song she felt she was in Africa and fell in love with the drum beats, youre not gonna get the song the first time you hear it. After the second or third time, youre gonna be like, Whoa and it sounds nothing like anything thats out right now. She also called the song next-level futuristic, and said that she chose Garrett for the song in that he would be the best to illustrate Nicki Minaj, as he got her and her personality. In an interview on the set of the shoot for Massive Attack, Minaj said. I wanted to be theatrical, but I am very serous about what I do, also on the set of the video, Garrett said, We wanted to give her something that was global, he continued. We wanted to give her something that was urban, we wanted to give her something that was mainstream pop, you know what I mean, and of course, you know, I had to come along with her, because Ive got an album dropping soon. The song made its debut March 29,2010 on WQHT, the song leaked onto the Internet on March 30,2010, the day before its music video premiere on 106 & Park
2.
LOMOcean Design
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LOMOcean Design is a naval architecture and yacht design company based in Auckland, New Zealand. LOMOcean Design, previously known as Craig Loomes Design Group ltd. was incorporated in 1993, the boats use advanced composite materials, such as carbon fibre and kevlar, as well as aluminium and other such materials. The company has become known for designing a range of wave-piercing catamarans and trimarans, most notably, Earthrace, other than the wave-piercing designs, the company has also designed mono hull boats as well as power catamarans. The boats include fire fighting boats, global circumnavigating boats, pleasure yachts, coastguard boats, the Moonset wave-piercing trimaran is a concept boat and has not yet been built. This 148 metre concept design has been based on the design of Earthrace, Moonset uses the hull form of Earthrace, and can still be used as a luxury yacht. The boat does this by using a similar wave-piercing trimaran hull form as Earthrace, a wave-piercing hull is when a boat pushes through a wave instead of over it by slightly submerging the boat. The design has a three level owners suite, a private lounge and enough rooms for 28 guests. The boat can also potentially have art galleries, libraries, conference spaces, private lounges, bar facilities, helicopter facilities and fold-out balconies. The companys website says that the boat is Capable at crossing the Atlantic at 40 knots without a spill from your wine glass Aquavette was launched in 2004 and was built by Calibre Boats. It is an 11 metre long catamaran that has designed as a pleasure boat with a focus on sport fishing. This boat has two sleeping compartments and a long fishing deck. Aquavette has also designed in a way that it can be transported around New Zealand on a trailer. Aquavette has a top speed of 40 knots and a speed of 25 knots. The motor yacht Black Pearl, also known as DP-08, was launched on 29 December 2010 in New Zealand and was built by Diverse Projects. The boat has been designed as a long-range passage-making vessel that will be used for a cruise that will start in the Mediterranean. DP-08 is powered by two Caterpillar C18 ACERT600 horsepower engines and has a range of 2,200 nautical miles and due to the mono hull form. Black Pearl will be fitted with zero speed stabilizers, the DMS Interceptor was built by DMS for the Royal Malaysian Customs. The design is a follow-up on work for both the Malaysian Police and the Royal Malaysian Customs, four of these boats have been built for DMS in Johor in South Malaysia
3.
Robert Del Naja
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Robert Del Naja, also known as 3D, is a British artist, musician, singer and songwriter. He emerged as a graffiti artist and member of the Bristol collective The Wild Bunch, Del Naja is one of the founding members of Bristol trip hop collective Massive Attack. In addition to his work with Massive Attack, he provided vocals to Invasion on Unkles album Never, Never, Land and he counted with the collaboration of artists such as Guy Garvey, and the Higgins Waterproof Black Magic Band. In December 2014, Del Naja donated ten unreleased tracks to the Game Jam site Ludum Dare. The songs will be used by the developers to make soundtracks for the games. This new music material is available for free download. In February 2015, Del Naja and Thom Yorke released the soundtrack for documentary The UK Gold, the songs are available for free download. In 2015 he also collaborated with Jean-Michel Jarre on the Electronica 1, The Time Machine album, Del Naja was a graffiti artist before becoming a vocalist. His work has featured on all of Massive Attacks record sleeves. The graffiti artist Banksy cites his work as an influence, Del Naja is credited as being the first graffiti artist in Bristol. He is also regarded as the pioneer of the graffiti movement and bringing hip hop. Del Naja has co-designed all of Massive Attacks lighting shows with UVA, Del Naja took part in a group show in 2007 called Warpaint at the Lazarides Gallery in London, featuring his art from the Unkle album War Stories. He also created an exhibition of flags at Massive Attacks Meltdown Festival on Londons South Bank in 2008, the installation was called Favoured Nations. In the exhibition, alternative flags of the British Commonwealth were recoloured in the anarchist red and black, Del Naja and Davidge collaborated with United Visual Artists on the large scale installation Volume at Londons V&A museum in 2006. It consists of a field of 48 luminous, sound-emitting columns that respond to movement, visitors weave a path through the sculpture, creating their own unique journey in light and music. In a 2010 interview, Del Naja said Painting is difficult for me because Im colour blind, back in the day, I had to label my spray cans with what colour they were because I couldnt tell. Its like the new clothes, telling me its great. Del Najas first solo art show ran in the Lazarides gallery, the show featured many of the works he created for Massive Attack, reinterpreted especially for the exhibition
4.
Bristol
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Bristol is a city and county in South West England with a population of 449,300 in 2016. The district has the 10th largest population in England, while the Bristol metropolitan area is the 12th largest in the United Kingdom, the city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively. Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon, Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373, when it became a county of itself. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities after London in tax receipts, Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham in the Industrial Revolution. Bristol was a place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, in 1499 William Weston, a Bristol merchant, was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, the Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock. Bristols modern economy is built on the media, electronics and aerospace industries. The city has the largest circulating community currency in the U. K. - the Bristol pound, which is pegged to the Pound sterling. It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road, rail, sea and air by the M5 and M4, Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations, and Bristol Airport. The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live in 2014 and 2017, the most ancient recorded name for Bristol is the archaic Welsh Caer Odor, which is consistent with modern understanding that early Bristol developed between the River Frome and Avon Gorge. It is most commonly stated that the Saxon name Bricstow was a calque of the existing Celtic name, with Bric a literal translation of Odor. Alternative etymologies are supported with the numerous variations in Medieval documents with Samuel Seyer enumerating 47 alternative forms. The Old English form Brycgstow is commonly used to derive the meaning place at the bridge, utilizing another form, Brastuile, Rev. Dr. Shaw derived the name from the Celtic words bras, or braos and tuile. The poet Thomas Chatterton popularised a derivation from Brictricstow linking the town to Brictric and it appears that the form Bricstow prevailed until 1204, and the Bristolian L is what eventually changed the name to Bristol. Iron Age hill forts near the city are at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down, on the side of the Avon Gorge, a Roman settlement, Abona, existed at what is now Sea Mills, another was at the present-day Inns Court. Isolated Roman villas and small forts and settlements were scattered throughout the area. Bristol was founded by 1000, by about 1020, it was a centre with a mint producing silver pennies bearing its name
5.
Trip hop
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Trip hop is a musical genre that originated in the early 1990s in the United Kingdom, especially Bristol. Trip hop can be highly experimental and it was pioneered by acts like Massive Attack, Tricky, and Portishead. Trip hop achieved commercial success in the 1990s, and has described as Europes alternative choice in the second half of the 90s. DJs, MCs, b-boys and graffiti artists grouped together into informal soundsystems, Bristols soundsystem DJs, drawing heavily on Jamaican dub music, typically used a laid-back, slow and heavy drum beat. Bristols Wild Bunch crew became one of the soundsystems to put a spin on the international phenomenon, helping to birth Bristols signature sound of trip hop. As the hip hop scene matured in Bristol and musical trends evolved further toward acid jazz and house in the late 1980s, another influence came from Gary Clails Tackhead soundsystem. Clail often worked with former The Pop Group singer Mark Stewart, produced by Adrian Sherwood, the music combined hiphop with experimental rock and dub and sounded like a premature version of what later became trip hop. In 1993, Kirsty MacColl released Angel, one of the first examples of the crossing over to pop. In the 1990s, Janet Jackson brought trip hop into the American charts with the song If, several songs on her Janet. and The Velvet Rope used this genre of music, Songs like Got Til Its Gone and You. Massive Attacks first album Blue Lines was released in 1991 to huge success in the UK, Massive Attack released their second album entitled Protection in 1994. The term trip hop was coined that year, but not in reference to anything on the Massive Attack albums, in 1993, Icelandic musician Björk released Debut, produced by Wild Bunch member Nellee Hooper. The album, although rooted in four-on-the-floor house music, contained elements of trip hop and is credited as one of the first albums to introduce electronic music into mainstream pop. She had been in contact with Londons underground electronic music scene and was involved with trip hop musician Tricky. Björk embraced trip hop even more with her 1995 album Post by collaborating with Tricky, homogenic, her 1997 album, has been described as a pinnacle of trip hop music. 1994 and 1995 saw trip hop near the peak of its popularity, with such as Howie B, Naked Funk. The period also marked the debut of two acts who, along with Massive Attack, would define the Bristol scene for years to come, in 1994 Portishead, a trio comprising singer Beth Gibbons, Geoff Barrow, and Adrian Utley, released their debut album Dummy. Their background differed from Massive Attack in many ways, one of Portisheads primary influences was 1960s and 1970s film soundtrack LPs, nevertheless, Portishead shared the scratchy, jazz-sample-based aesthetic of early Massive Attack, and the sullen, fragile vocals of Gibbons also brought them wide acclaim. In 1995, Dummy was awarded the Mercury Music Prize as the best British album of the year, Tricky also released his debut solo album Maxinquaye in 1995, to great critical acclaim
6.
Virgin Records
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Virgin Records is a British-founded record label originally founded by English entrepreneurs Richard Branson, Simon Draper, Nik Powell, and musician Tom Newman in 1972. It was later sold to Thorn EMI in 1992, today, the operations of Virgin Records America, Inc. are still active and headquartered in Hollywood, California, as it operates exclusively under the Capitol Music Group since 2007. US artists include Knox Hamilton, LTric and Rise Against, in fact the first real store was above a shoe shop at the Tottenham Court Road end of Oxford Street. After making the shop into a success, they turned their business into a fully fledged record label, the name Virgin, according to Branson, arose from Tessa Watts, a colleague of his, when they were brainstorming business ideas. She suggested Virgin – as they were all new to business – like virgins, the original Virgin logo was designed by English artist and illustrator Roger Dean, a young naked woman in mirror image with a large long-tailed serpent and the word Virgin in Deans familiar script. A variation on the logo was used for the spin-off Caroline Records label and this was soon followed by some notable krautrock releases, including electronic breakthrough album Phaedra by Tangerine Dream, and The Faust Tapes and Faust IV by Faust. The Faust Tapes album retailed for 49p and as a result allowed this relatively unknown band to reach number 12 in the album charts, other early albums include Gongs Flying Teapot, which Daevid Allen has been quoted as having never been paid for. Under the guidance of Tessa Watts, Virgins Head of Publicity, shortly afterwards, the Notting Hill record shop was raided by police for having a window display of the Sex Pistols album Never Mind the Bollocks, Heres the Sex Pistols in the window. After modified versions of the label came the red, white and blue design introduced in 1975. The current Virgin logo was created in 1978, commissioned by Simon Draper, brian Cooke of Cooke Key Associates commissioned a graphic designer to produce a stylised signature. In 1983 Virgin purchased Charisma Records, renaming it Charisma/Virgin, then later Virgin/Charisma, before folding the label in 1986, in the process they acquired Genesis and comedy group Monty Python. The Charisma label was reactivated in the US in 1990 and enjoyed success with such as Maxi Priest, Right Said Fred,38 Special. When this Charisma label was retired in 1992, all of its artists were, as before, in 1987, Venture Records was created for new age and modern classical artists including Klaus Schulze, who had been associated with Virgin since the early 1970s. 10 Records Immortal Records Delabel Caroline Records was a label used from 1973 to 1977. The name and logo were used for some American editions of Virgin records in the 1980s and 1990s. Caroline was primarily used for independent distribution until the label was reactivated in 2013, today, Caroline Records acts as an independent label taking the place of EMI Label Services, after Virgins former parent company EMI was purchased by Universal Music Group. Front Line Records was a label for issuing Jamaican and English reggae music from 1978 to approximately 1987, a short-lived associated label, Dindisc, had Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and The Monochrome Set during its brief existence, after which its recordings became part of Virgins catalogue. Noo Trybe Records was a hip hop label that existed from 1994 to 1999
7.
Gorillaz
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Gorillaz are a British virtual band created in 1998 by Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett. The band consists of four animated members, 2D, Murdoc Niccals, Noodle and these members are fictional and are not personas of any real life musicians involved in the project. Their fictional universe is explored through the website and music videos, as well as a number of other media. In reality, Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor, writers and critics have described their music as alternative rock, Britpop, trip hop, hip hop, electronica, indie, dub, reggae and pop. The bands 2001 debut album Gorillaz sold over seven million copies and it was nominated for the Mercury Prize in 2001, but the nomination was later withdrawn at the bands request. Their second studio album Demon Days went five times platinum in the UK, the band has won other awards, including one Grammy Award, two MTV Video Music Awards, an NME Award, three MTV Europe Music Awards, and have been nominated for nine Brit Awards. The bands third album, Plastic Beach, was released in March 2010. Their fourth studio album called The Fall was released in December 2010 as a download for fan club members. After a five-year hiatus, Gorillaz announced their fifth studio album Humanz, musician Damon Albarn and comic book artist Jamie Hewlett met in 1990 when guitarist Graham Coxon, a fan of Hewletts work, asked him to interview Blur, a band Albarn and Coxon had recently formed. The interview was published in Deadline magazine, home of Hewletts comic strip, Hewlett initially thought Albarn was arsey, a wanker, despite becoming acquaintances with the band, they often did not get on, especially after Hewlett began seeing Coxons ex-girlfriend Jane Olliver. Despite this, Albarn and Hewlett started sharing a flat on Westbourne Grove in London in 1997, Hewlett had recently broken up with Olliver and Albarn was at the end of his highly publicised relationship with Justine Frischmann of Elastica. The idea to create Gorillaz came about when Albarn and Hewlett were watching MTV, Hewlett said, If you watch MTV for too long, its a bit like hell – theres nothing of substance there. So we got this idea for a band, something that would be a comment on that. Although not released under the Gorillaz name, Albarn has said one of the first ever Gorillaz tunes was Blurs 1997 single On Your Own. The bands first release was the EP Tomorrow Comes Today, released in 2000, the bands first single was Clint Eastwood and was released on 5 March 2001, reaching No.4 in the UK. The Phi Life Cypher version of Clint Eastwood appears on the B-side album G Sides, Later that same month, their first full-length album, the self-titled Gorillaz, was released, producing four singles, Clint Eastwood, 19-2000, Tomorrow Comes Today, and Rock the House. In June 2001, 19–2000 charted at No.6 in the UK, the end of the year brought the song 911, a collaboration between Gorillaz and hip hop group D12 and Terry Hall about the September 11 attacks. Gorillaz performed at the 2002 Brit Awards in London on 22 February, the band was nominated for four Brit Awards, including Best British Group, Best British Album and Best British Newcomer, but did not win any awards
8.
Terry Callier
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Terrence Orlando Terry Callier, was an American jazz, soul and folk guitarist and singer-songwriter. Callier was born in the North Side of Chicago, Illinois and he learned piano, was a childhood friend of Curtis Mayfield, Major Lance and Jerry Butler, and began singing in doo-wop groups in his teens. In 1962 he took an audition at Chess Records, where he recorded his debut single, at the same time as attending college, he then began performing in folk clubs and coffee houses in Chicago, becoming strongly influenced by the music of John Coltrane. He met Samuel Charters of Prestige Records in 1964, and the year they recorded his debut album. Charters then took the tapes away with him into the Mexican desert, and the album was eventually released in 1968 as The New Folk Sound of Terry Callier. Two of Calliers songs, Spin, Spin, Spin and Its About Time, were recorded by the rock band H. P. Lovecraft in 1968. H. P. Lovecraft featured fellow Chicago folk club stalwart George Edwards and he continued to perform in Chicago, and in 1970 joined the Chicago Songwriters Workshop set up by Jerry Butler. Three critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful albums followed, produced by Charles Stepney, Occasional Rain, What Color Is Love and these demonstrated that Calliers influences included R&B, soul and jazz. Subsequently he toured with George Benson, Gil Scott-Heron and others, cadet and its parent label Chess were sold in 1976 and Callier was then dropped from the label. The Songwriters Workshop closed in 1976, the following year, he signed a new contract with Elektra Records, releasing the albums Fire On Ice and Turn You to Love. He re-emerged from obscurity in the late 1980s, when British DJs discovered his old recordings, acid Jazz Records head Eddie Piller reissued a little-known Callier recording from 1983, I Dont Want to See Myself, and brought him to play clubs in Britain. From 1991 he began to make trips to play gigs during his vacation time from work. In 1994 Urban Species released their debut album Listen, the title track containing a sample of the bass line, yeats poem The Song of the Wandering Aengus, and Lookin Out. May 2009 saw his album Hidden Conversations featuring Massive Attack released on Mr Bongo records and he died from cancer on October 27,2012, aged 67. BBC obituary Mr Bongo label website Hodgkinson, Will, retrieved April 5,2006 Ruffin, Mark
9.
Neneh Cherry
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Neneh Mariann Karlsson, better known as Neneh Cherry, is a Swedish singer-songwriter, rapper, and occasional DJ and broadcaster. Cherry was born as Neneh Karlsson in Stockholm, the daughter of Monica Moki Karlsson, a Swedish painter and textile artist, Jah was born in Sierra Leone, the son of a chief. He went to Stockholm to study engineering at university, Cherrys mother married the influential American jazz musician Don Cherry, who helped raise Cherry since birth. Cherry has a half-sister, singer Titiyo, and half-brother, record producer Cherno Jah, Cherry also has a half-brother, musician Eagle-Eye Cherry, a stepsister, violinist Jan Cherry, and a stepbrother, jazz musician David Ornette Cherry from stepfather Don Cherrys side. Cherrys parents, Moki and Don Cherry, bought and converted an old schoolhouse in the countryside outside the town of Hässleholm in Sweden in 1970. In the early 1970s, the moved to the United States. Cherry dropped out of school at 14 and moved to London, Cherry said she found her voice singing along with Poly Styrene from X-Ray Spex. She grew up in a family, she remembers singing with her father at the piano. Cherry moved to the United Kingdom when she was 14, at the end of the Punk era, Cherry had met Tessa Pollitt, Viv Albertine and Ari Up from The Slits earlier as her stepfather, Don Cherry, was touring with them and brought the 15-year-old Neneh along. She and Ari lived in a squat in Battersea and she felt at home, after ending up there because The Slits invited her stepfather, Don Cherry, to go on tour with them with Prince Hammer and Creation Rebel. In London, Cherry joined the rock band The Cherries. She moved through several bands, including The Slits, New Age Steppers, Rip Rig + Panic and she also deejayed, playing early rap music on the reggae pirate Dread Broadcasting Corporation. She began a career in 1982 with Stop the War. She worked with Jonny Dollar, The The and Cameron McVey, who co-wrote most of her 1989 debut album Raw Like Sushi, and whom she would eventually marry. She was intimately involved in the Bristol Urban Culture scene, working as an arranger on Massive Attacks Blue Lines album, both Robert Del Naja and Andrew Vowles of Massive Attack contributed to Raw Like Sushi. The single Buffalo Stance eventually peaked at number 3 in the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100, more singles released between 1988 and 1990 included Manchild, Kisses on the Wind, Heart, and Inna City Mama. She also found success with Ive Got You Under My Skin, a reworking of the Cole Porter song, the single reached number 25 in the UK. She won a Brit Award in 1990 for Raw Like Sushi, Cherry caused a press furore when she performed Buffalo Stance on Top of the Pops while pregnant
10.
Tricky (musician)
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Adrian Nicholas Matthews Thaws, better known by his stage name Tricky, is an English record producer, vocalist, director, actor, and musician. Born and raised in Bristol, he began his career as a collaborator of Massive Attack before embarking on a solo career with his debut album, Maxinquaye. The release won Tricky popular acclaim and marked the beginning of a collaborative partnership with vocalist Martina Topley-Bird. He released four studio albums before the end of the decade, including Pre-Millennium Tension. He has gone on to release six albums since 2000. He has collaborated with a range of artists over the course of his career, including Terry Hall, Björk, Gravediggaz, Grace Jones. Tricky was born in the Knowle West neighbourhood of Bristol, to a Jamaican father and his mother, Maxine Quaye, committed suicide when Tricky was four due to epilepsy complications. His father, Roy Thaws, who left the family before Tricky was born, operated the Studio 17 sound system with his brother Rupert, Bristol musician Bunny Marrett claimed in 2012, It became the most popular sound system in Bristol at the time. Tricky experienced a childhood in Knowle West, a white ghetto in Southern Bristol. He became involved in crime at an age, and joined a gang that was involved in car theft, burglary, fights. Tricky spent his youth in the care of his grandmother, who let him watch old horror films instead of going to school. At the age of 15, he began to write lyrics, at 17, he spent some time in prison after he purchased forged £50 notes from a friend, who later informed the police. Tricky stated in an interview afterward, Prison was really good, in the mid-1980s, Tricky met DJ Milo and spent time with a sound system called the Wild Bunch, which by 1987 evolved into Massive Attack. He received the nickname Tricky Kid and at age eighteen became a member of the Fresh 4 and he also rapped on Massive Attacks acclaimed debut album Blue Lines. In 1991, before the release of Massive Attacks album Blue Lines, some time later she came to his house, and mentioned to Tricky and Mark Stewart that she could sing. Martina was only fifteen years old, but her honey-coated vox impressed them, Tricky showed Aftermath to Massive Attack, but they were not interested. So in 1993 he decided to press a few hundred copies of the song. He cut it directly off the tape, so that the song is basically just bassline, finally, a white label got him a contract with Island Records and he started to record his first solo album
11.
Horace Andy
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He is also famous for a cover version of Aint No Sunshine. Andy is often described as one of the most respected and influential singers in Jamaica, born in Kingston, Jamaica, Hinds recorded his first single, This is a Black Mans Country, in 1967 for producer Phil Pratt. This is a Black Mans Country failed to make an impact, after unsuccessfully auditioning at Coxsone Dodds Studio One as a duo along with Frank Melody, he successfully auditioned on his own a few days later. Got To Be Sure, the song he had auditioned with, the following two years saw the release of further singles such as See a Mans Face, Night Owl, Fever, and Mr. Bassie. Andy had a second Jamaican number one single in 1973 with Children of Israel, andys most successful association with a producer, however, was with Bunny Lee in the middle part of the 1970s. Andy set up his own Rhythm label, which became an outlet for his work with DaSilva, the association with the producer was brought to an abrupt end when DaSilva was murdered in 1979. Andys 1978 album Pure Ranking had anticipated the rise of dancehall reggae, andy continued to record with a variety of producers in the first half of the 1980s. In 1985, with his second wife Caroline, he relocated to Ladbroke Grove, London, in the mid-1990s he also worked with Mad Professor, releasing the albums Life Is For Living and Roots and Branches. He continues to record new music, with the Living in the Flood album released in 1999 on Massive Attacks Melankolic record label and he also featured on the world music project,1 Giant Leap, and on the Easy Star All-Stars 2006 album, Radiodread. Some of his lyrics on the subject of homosexuality have been considered controversial, andy stated that Trojan Records only agreed to release his album On Tour after removing a track containing the lyrics, The Father never make Adam and Steve, he make Adam and Eve. Today
12.
Young Fathers
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Young Fathers are a hip hop and pop group based in Edinburgh, Scotland. In 2014, they won the Mercury Prize for their debut album Dead, Young Fathers were christened in 2008, named so because all three have their fathers names. Their live shows involve Steven Morrison on drums and occasional guest vocalist Lauren Holt, the group formed originally as Three-Style after meeting at an under-16s hiphop night at the Bongo Club in Edinburgh when they were all 14 years old. Almost immediately they started writing and recording together, initially on an old karaoke machine plugged into a cassette recorder at G’s parents house. In 2011 the group decided a change was necessary and they finally disconnected themselves from the local production company. Recording mini-album TAPE ONE in just over a week, finishing a track a day and they quickly followed this up by recording TAPE TWO in a similar fashion. Los Angeles based alt-hiphop label, Anticon, discovered them and within a few months had signed them up for a deal that saw both TAPEs officially released in 2013. The group, meanwhile, continued to tour, gathering a reputation as a live act. They played all over Europe and made their US debut at SxSW in Austin, Texas, Dead entered the UK charts at 35 and topped the independent UK album charts. Immediately after winning the Mercury, Young Fathers travelled to Berlin where they continued making their new album in a basement in a building near the railway yards. Young Fathers played over 140 shows during 2014 and they toured the UK, large swathes of Europe and did a six-week stint in the USA. In 2016, they toured with Massive Attack, Alloysious Massaquoi was born in Liberia and moved at the age of four to Edinburgh, where he attended Boroughmuir High School. Kayus Bankole was born in Edinburgh to Nigerian parents and he spent several years living in Maryland and Nigeria before moving back to the city of his birth in his teens. He went on to attend Boroughmuir High School where he became friends with band mate Alloysious Massaquoi, G Hastings was born in Edinburgh and grew up in the North Edinburgh housing scheme of Drylaw. Girlfriend by Phoenix from Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix Nicotine Love by Tricky Official website
13.
Neil Davidge
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Neil Davidge is a record producer, songwriter, film score composer, musician, and occasional backing vocalist. Once an associate of dance producers DNA, he is best known as the long-term co-writer and producer for the production outfit Massive Attack. In 1997, he produced the Sunna album One Minute Science. During that time he has established a career as a score composer including projects such as Push, Bullet Boy, Trouble the Water. Artists he has worked with include Unkle, Damon Albarn, Elizabeth Fraser, Mos Def, David Bowie, Davidge worked with UK Band DNA in the period between 1989–1992 co-producing four singles and one album. Davidge had met Massive Attacks Andrew Vowles as early as 1991, Mezzanine won a Q Award for Best Album and was nominated for a Mercury Award. As with Mezzanine, Massive Attacks fourth album 100th Window was largely piloted by Davidge, sessions were protracted and pressurised, the group discarding material to re-write the whole record in the last six months of a three-year odyssey. Some great things had been said about Mezzanine and we didnt want to ourselves, says Neil It was a strange period of isolation and the weirdness of 9/11. Collected was Massive Attacks best of released on 27 March 2006. The album was preceded by the release of the single Live With Me on 13 March, Live With Me was co-written and produced by Davidge. Heligoland is the studio album by Massive Attack, released almost exactly seven years after 100th Window. Davidge co-wrote eight of the ten tracks as well as playing keyboards, bass, the album was mixed by Mark Spike Stent although Davidge produced and mixed Paradise Circus. In 2004 Luc Besson approached Davidge and Robert Del Naja to score the movie Danny The Dog, there then followed scores for Bullet Boy, Battle in Seattle, and Trouble the Water, which received an Oscar nomination as Best Documentary Feature. It is a study of those displaced by Hurricane Katrina which won Best Documentary at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival. Working with Snoop Dogg, Neil also scored the music for In Prison My Whole Life and he was approached by director Louis Leterrier to replace Matt Bellamy from Muse who had to pull out due to touring commitments in the USA. On 11 April 2012, Davidge was revealed to be the composer for the Halo 4 Original Soundtrack, Davidge established his own studio in 2010 and has since been working on several projects including his upcoming debut solo album titled Slo Light
14.
Portishead (band)
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Portishead are an English band formed in 1991 in Bristol. They are often considered one of the pioneers of trip hop music, the band are named after the nearby town of the same name, eight miles west of Bristol, along the coast. Portishead consists of Geoff Barrow, Beth Gibbons and Adrian Utley, while citing a fourth member, Dave McDonald. Their debut album, Dummy, was met with acclaim in 1994. Two other studio albums were issued, Portishead in 1997 and Third in 2008, Portisheads first album Dummy was released in 1994. The cover features a still from the bands own short film To Kill a Dead Man, the credits indicate that at this juncture, Portishead was a duo of Geoff Barrow and Beth Gibbons. Adrian Utley, who co-produced the album with them, became a band member shortly after its release. Despite the bands aversion to press coverage, the album was successful in both Europe and the United States, Dummy was positively described by the Melody Maker as musique noire for a movie not yet made. Rolling Stone praised its music as Gothic hip-hop, Dummy spawned three singles, Numb, Sour Times and Glory Box, and won the Mercury Music Prize in 1995. The success of the saw the band nominated for Best British Newcomer at the 1995 Brit Awards. In 2003, the album was ranked number 419 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, the album is often considered one of the greatest trip hop albums to date and is a milestone in the definition of the genre. After their initial success, Portishead withdrew from the spotlight for three years until their album, Portishead, was released in 1997. The albums sound differed from Dummy, characterised as grainy and harsher, three singles, All Mine, Over and Only You were released, the first one achieving a Top 10 placing in the UK. In 1997, the band performed a show with strings at the Roseland Ballroom in New York City. A live album featuring these new orchestral arrangements of the groups songs was released in 1998. There was also a long-form VHS video of the performance, in 1999, Portishead recorded the song Motherless Child with Tom Jones for his album Reload. For the next few years, the members concentrated on solo. In February 2005, the band appeared live for the first time in seven years at the Tsunami Benefit Concert in Bristol, around that time, Barrow revealed that the band was in the process of writing its third album
15.
Damon Albarn
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Damon Albarn, OBE is an English musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and record producer. He is best known as the singer of the British rock band Blur as well as co-founder, vocalist, instrumentalist. After spending long periods of time touring the US, Albarns songwriting became influenced by British bands from the 1960s. The result of these came in the form of Modern Life Is Rubbish, Parklife. All three albums received critical acclaim while Blur gained mass popularity in the UK, aided by a Britpop rivalry with Oasis, subsequent albums such as Blur,13, Think Tank and The Magic Whip contained influences from lo-fi, electronic and hip hop music. Along with Tank Girl creator Jamie Hewlett, Albarn formed the virtual band Gorillaz in 1998, drawing influences from alternative rock, trip hop, hip hop, electronica, dub, reggae and pop music, the band released their self-titled debut album in 2001 to worldwide success. Although Albarn is the only permanent musical contributor, the albums feature collaborations from a range of artists. Gorillaz are cited by the Guinness Book of World Records as the Most Successful Virtual Band and he has also ventured into the world of opera with Dr Dee and Monkey, Journey to the West. In 2008 The Daily Telegraph ranked Albarn number 18 in their list of the 100 most powerful people in British culture, in a 2010 UK poll for Q magazine Albarn was voted the fourth-greatest frontman of all time. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to music, Albarn was born on 23 March 1968, is the eldest child of artist Keith Albarn and his wife Hazel, née Dring. Their daughter Jessica, born in 1971, also went on to become an artist, Keith Albarn, originally from Nottinghamshire, was briefly the manager of Soft Machine and once a guest on BBCs Late Night Line-Up. He was head of The School of Art and Design at Colchester Institute, damons paternal grandfather Edward, an architect, had been a conscientious objector during the Second World War and was involved in a farming community in Lincolnshire, becoming a peace activist. In 2002 Edward Albarn died, Damon stated in an interview that Edward did not want to any longer. The Apollo Cumfycraft and The Tailendcharlie produced by his fathers company Keith Albarn & Partners Ltd under the trade-name of Playlearn, when Damon and Jessica were growing up, their family moved to Leytonstone, East London. The household was described as bohemian and their upbringing as liberal, Albarn agreed with his parents views, later claiming, I always thought my parents were absolutely dead right. I went against the grain in a weird way – by continually following them and his parents primarily listened to blues, Indian ragas and African music. The population of the area was predominantly white as opposed to the ethnically mixed part of London which he had used to. He described himself as not really fitting in with the politics of the place, Albarn was interested in music from an early age, attending an Osmonds concert at the age of six
16.
Peeping Tom (band)
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Peeping Tom is a band led by Mike Patton. To date, they have released one album and two singles on Ipecac Recordings. The band has featured a variety of well-known artists such as Massive Attack, Norah Jones. Peeping Tom has been called Mike Pattons most mainstream accessible work since his days with Faith No More, after about six years of delays, the self-titled debut album, Peeping Tom, finally saw the light of day in 2006. It was released through Mike Pattons own label, Ipecac Recordings, the whole album was written by Patton with a wishlist of collaborators in mind that he hoped would perform on the finished tracks. Its an exotic way of working for someone accustomed to a band environment, none of the usual Animal House stuff. Instead of swapping spit and underwear, we were swapping files, the finished album featured performances by artists such as Norah Jones, Kool Keith and Massive Attack. Referring to the fact the almost none of the recorded their parts with Patton there he said. The first single from the album was Mojo and it was accompanied by a music video featuring appearances by Danny DeVito, Mark Hoppus of Blink-182, Rachel Hunter as well as song performers Dan the Automator and Rahzel. The video was created by buzzed about music video director Matt McDermitt, the band made their worldwide live debut on Late Night with Conan OBrien on May 26th,2006. As work on Peeping Tom began in 2000 and was interrupted to accommodate Pattons recording or touring work with Fantômas, Tomahawk, Lovage, General Patton vs. Describing the bands sound, Mike Patton said, I dont listen to the radio, but if I did and this is my version of pop music. In a way, this is an exercise for me, taking all these things Ive learned over the years and putting them into a pop format. Ive worked with people who have said to me, oh you have a pop record in you, eventually youll find it. I guess I owe them an apology
17.
Martina Topley-Bird
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Martina Gillian Topley-Bird is an English vocalist, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist who first gained fame as the featured female vocalist on trip hop pioneer Trickys debut album, Maxinquaye. She also worked with him on his subsequent albums Nearly God, in 2003, Topley-Bird released her debut solo album, Quixotic, which was critically praised and earned her a Mercury Prize nomination. This was followed by Anything, The Blue God, and Some Place Simple. She has also collaborated with Gorillaz, appearing on their album Demon Days, as well as with Mark Lanegan, Diplo, and Massive Attack on Heligoland and her work has been sampled by such artists as Stephen Marley, Berry Weight, and The Weeknd. Martina Topley-Bird was born in London, England to Charlette Conlon, and Martin Geoffrey Topley and her stepfather is British direct marketing specialist Drayton Bird, whose surname she adopted in addition to her fathers. Her mother is of Salvadoran and Seminole Indian descent, while her father was of untraceable African American descent, Topley-Bird grew up in a large family, with five siblings and three step-siblings. Her family later relocated from London to Bristol and we moved about a bit when I was a child, which wasnt a problem for me, she recalled. If youre not white and middle-class, then slightly different. I thrived, and survived, on those situations and she attended Clifton College, where she was a member of the school choir and took piano lessons. Topley-Bird grew up listening to R&B, opera, and soul music throughout her childhood, as a teenager, she began listening to alternative rock, and became a fan of The Sugarcubes, Faith No More, and Janes Addiction. In 1993, as a teenager at Clifton College, Topley-Bird was discovered by trip hop pioneer Tricky when he saw her sitting on a wall near his house, thats really how it happened, she recalled. Its one of things people are always surprised to find out is true. I remember the graveyard behind the wall, a few weeks later, I went around to his house with some friends. Wed been drinking cider after our GCSEs and we were banging on his door, but he wasnt in. Then Mark Stewart, who lived there, came up to us and said, Yeah, so I jumped through, opened the door and we got mashed. She and Tricky formed a partnership, and Topley-Bird collaborated with Tricky as a featured vocalist on his debut album Maxinquaye. Almost all of her vocals on the album were recorded in a single take, in describing the recording sessions, she recalled, It was totally instinctive. There was no time to drum up an alter ego, I liked the idea that the information people needed about me was what they would hear when they put the record on
18.
Elizabeth Fraser
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Elizabeth Davidson Fraser sometimes also known as Liz Fraser is a Scottish singer, songwriter and musician best known as the vocalist for the band Cocteau Twins. Fraser has a vocal range. She is as known for her perfectionism and reclusive nature as she is for her voice. Frasers distinctive singing has earned her critical praise, she was once described as the voice of God. Her lyrics range from straightforward English to semi-comprehensible sentences and abstract mouth music, for some recordings, Fraser has said that she used foreign words without knowing what they meant – the words acquired meaning for her only as she sang them. Elizabeth Fraser was the vocalist and lyricist in Cocteau Twins, a group founded in 1981 by Robin Guthrie, at the time, she was 17 years old, and had never thought of herself as a singer. Guthrie and Heggie noticed her dancing at a one night. Fraser and Guthrie formed a relationship, and in 1989 had a daughter, Guthrie liberally used drugs and alcohol throughout the years they were together, and Fraser suffered a nervous breakdown during the recording of Four-Calendar Café. The couple broke up in 1993, but opted to continue a relationship until 1998. Fraser had a personal relationship with singer Jeff Buckley and recorded a duet with him, All Flowers In Time Bend Towards The Sun, written by Buckley. She speaks about their relationship in the BBC documentary, Jeff Buckley, Cocteau Twins were due to perform for the North American Coachella Festival on 30 April 2005, but cancelled on 16 March 2005. The decision to cancel was taken by Fraser reportedly because of the distress the putative reunion. Her former Cocteau Twins bandmate Simon Raymonde has since talked publicly about the saying that while he respected it. While working as part of Cocteau Twins, Fraser also collaborated with numerous artists and she appeared on 4AD house band This Mortal Coils first release where her contributions included a cover version of Tim Buckleys Song to the Siren. She provided one-off vocals for such as Felt, Dif Juz, The Wolfgang Press. In 2005, she appeared on Yann Tiersens album Les Retrouvailles, aside from her work with other artists, Frasers solo career has been quiet. In 2000, a label recording, Underwater, was released in a limited edition of 200 copies. She contributed a version of At Last I Am Free on the 2003 album Stop Me If You Think Youve Heard This One Before
19.
Blue Lines
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Blue Lines is the debut studio album by English trip hop group Massive Attack, released on their Wild Bunch label through Virgin Records on 8 April 1991. A remastered version of the album was released on 19 November 2012 and we worked on Blue Lines for about eight months, with breaks for Christmas and the World Cup, said 3D, but we started out with a selection of ideas that were up to seven years old. Songs like Safe from Harm and Lately had been around for a while, from when we were The Wild Bunch, but the more we worked on them, the more we began to conceive new ideas too – like, Five Man Army came together as a jam. Blue Lines is generally considered the first trip hop album, although the term was not widely used before 1994, the album reached No.13 on the UK Albums Chart, sales were limited elsewhere. A fusion of music, hip hop, dub, 70s soul and reggae, it established Massive Attack as one of the most innovative British bands of the 1990s. Music critic Simon Reynolds stated that the album marked a change in electronic/dance music. The songs on Blue Lines run at spliff tempos – from a mellow, down to a positively torpid 67 bpm. The group also drew inspiration from concept albums in various genres by artists such as Pink Floyd, Billy Cobham, Herbie Hancock and Isaac Hayes. Blue Lines featured breakbeats, sampling, and rapping on a number of tracks, Massive Attack approached the American-born hip hop movement from an underground British perspective and also incorporated live instruments into the mixes. It features the vocals of Shara Nelson and Horace Andy, along with the rapping of Tricky Kid, Blue Lines proved to be popular in the club scene, as well as on college radio stations. The font used on the cover of the album is Helvetica Black Oblique, del Naja has acknowledged the influence of the inflammable material logo used on the cover of Stiff Little Fingers album Inflammable Material. Selects Andrew Harrison similarly complimented the albums mix of styles. He cited One Love and Be Thankful for What Youve Got as highlights and jokingly wrote, from soul ii skank, those postindustrial blues got them down. According to Acclaimed Music, a site which uses statistics to numerically represent critical reception, Blue Lines is the 37th best-received album of all time, and third best-received of the 1990s. In 1997, Blue Lines was named the 21st greatest album of all time in a Music of the Millennium poll conducted by HMV, Channel 4, The Guardian and Classic FM. In 2003, the album was ranked number 395 on Rolling Stones list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, pitchfork Media ranked it at number 85 in its list of The Top 100 Albums of the 1990s. Stuart Bailie of BBC Northern Ireland stated that, It was soul music, but it had bold, symphonic arrangements. It featured samples of the Mahavishnu Orchestra going hey, hey hey, hey and it had funky breaks and an emotional power that was hard to figure
20.
Unfinished Sympathy
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Unfinished Sympathy is a song by English trip hop group Massive Attack, released under the temporary group name of Massive. It was written by the three band members Robert 3D Del Naja, Andrew Mushroom Vowles and Grant Daddy G Marshall, the songs vocalist Shara Nelson and the groups co-producer Jonathan Jonny Dollar Sharp. The song was released as the single from the bands debut album Blue Lines. The choice of using the name Massive was done to avoid a ban as its release coincided with the Gulf War. Upon release as a single, Unfinished Sympathy topped the Dutch Top 40 and became a top twenty hit on the charts of countries including Switzerland. Recognised as a song in the development of British dance music, Unfinished Sympathy was acclaimed by music critics for its distinctive production. The song later appeared on the soundtrack to the 1993 film Sliver, Unfinished Sympathy developed out of a song Nelson had been writing which she had provisionally titled Kiss and Tell. The band, Dollar and Nelson worked on the song during a jam session in the studio, using a machine, keyboards. It acquired its new name – a pun on Schuberts Unfinished Symphony – during this session, 3D explained, I hate putting a title to anything without a theme, but with Unfinished Sympathy, wed started with a jam. and added an orchestral score later. The title came up as a joke at first, but it fitted the song, the orchestral section was originally played on synthesizers, but as DJ Mushroom said, The synth sounded too tacky, so we thought we may as well use real strings. The orchestra definitely changed the feeling of the song, making it heavier and deeper with more feeling and they were really good it took them about five takes to do it because they were slightly behind the beat. It was Dollars idea to use an orchestra, and he contacted British music producer Wil Malone who arranged and conducted the songs string section which was recorded in Abbey Road Studios. The songs initial tone is set by chilled hip hop beats, notably, the original album version of Unfinished Sympathy does not feature a traditional bass line. Vocal samples of a man singing hey, hey, hey, hey. – originating from John McLaughlin, as the video progresses, first 3D and then Daddy G can be seen walking several paces behind her, slightly out of focus. At the end of the video, Nelson walks past the camera, the video was originally supposed to conclude with an overhead shot of Los Angeles, but the scene was ultimately scrapped. Not all the featured in the video were actors, 3D told Melody Maker that some of them were extras. And some of them couldnt be f***ed to get off the street, the gang at the beginning with the dog – they were real, they lived there. This basically meant he turned up to the shoot for Unfinished in LA, dressed in this mental outfit, Massive parka, a mad pudding-basin wig, big Stone Roses baggies, and dripping with sweat
21.
NME
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New Musical Express is a British music journalism magazine published since 1952. It was the first British paper to include a singles chart, in the 1970s it became the best-selling British music newspaper. It started as a newspaper, and gradually moved toward a magazine format during the 1980s and 1990s. An online version of NME, NME. com, was launched in 1996 and it became the worlds biggest standalone music site, with over seven million users per month. With newsstand sales falling across the UK magazine sector, the paid circulation in the first half of 2014 was 15,830. In 2013, the list of NMEs The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, NME magazine was relaunched in September 2015 as a nationally distributed free publication. NMEs headquarters are in Southwark, London, England, the brands editor-in-chief is Mike Williams, who replaced Krissi Murison in 2012. The paper was established in 1952, the Accordion Times and Musical Express was bought by London music promoter Maurice Kinn, for the sum of £1,000, just 15 minutes before it was due to be officially closed. It was relaunched as the New Musical Express, and was published in a non-glossy tabloid format on standard newsprint. On 14 November 1952, taking its cue from the US magazine Billboard, it created the first UK Singles Chart, the first of these was, in contrast to more recent charts, a top twelve sourced by the magazine itself from sales in regional stores around the UK. The first number one was Here in My Heart by Al Martino, during the 1960s the paper championed the new British groups emerging at the time. The NME circulation peaked under Andy Gray, Editor 1957–1972, with a figure of 306,881 for the period from January to June 1964, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were frequently featured on the front cover. These and other artists appeared at the NME Poll Winners Concert. The concert also featured a ceremony where the winners would collect their awards. The NME Poll Winners Concerts took place between 1959 and 1972, from 1964 onwards they were filmed, edited and transmitted on British television a few weeks after they had taken place. The latter part of the 1960s saw the chart the rise of psychedelia. During this period some sections of pop music began to be designated as rock, in early 1972 the paper found itself on the verge of closure by its owner IPC. Alan Smith was made editor and in 1972 was told by IPC to turn things around quickly or face closure, according to The Economist, the New Musical Express started to champion underground, up-and-coming music. NME became the gateway to a more rebellious world
22.
Mezzanine (album)
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Mezzanine is the third studio album by English trip hop group Massive Attack, released on 20 April 1998 by Virgin Records. It was the first album to be produced by Neil Davidge, the entire album was provided on their website for legal download many months before the physical release was announced, one of the first major uses of the MP3 format by a commercial organisation. Mezzanine topped the charts in the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand and it saw the band expanding their trip hop sound to electronica stylings, with diverse influences from rock, hip hop and dub genres. The production of Mezzanine was a process, with tensions arising within the group. The albums working title was Damaged Goods, which was the name of the Gang of Fours 1978 debut single, teardrop became the opening theme to the American medical drama television series House, which ran on Fox from 2004 to 2012. The albums textured and deep tone relies heavily on abstract and ambient sounds, similar to their previous albums, several songs use one or more samples, ranging from Isaac Hayes to The Cure. In 1998, Manfred Mann sued Massive Attack for unauthorised use of a sample of the song Tribute from Manfred Manns Earth Bands eponymous 1972 album, the song has subsequently appeared as Black Melt on later releases and at live performances, with the sample removed. Mezzanine marked the parting of band member Andrew Vowles, due to creative conflicts, Horace Andy, a well-known reggae artist, also performed several spots on the album. Mezzanine entered the UK Albums Chart at number one, and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry on 4 September 1998 and then double platinum on 22 July 2013. However, it failed to share the success in North America, peaking at number 60 on the Billboard 200. The album received significant critical acclaim, who praised the new sound. Robert Christgau of The Village Voice gave the album an honorable mention rating and selected Risingson. John Bush of AllMusic also had positive words for the albums song Inertia Creeps, saying it could well be the highlight, another feature for just the core threesome. With eerie atmospherics, fuzz-tone guitars, and a wealth of effects, years after the album was released, it was placed on several best-of lists in the UK and the United States. In 2000, Q magazine placed Mezzanine at number 15 on its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever, in 2003, the album was ranked number 412 on Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 2013, it was placed at 215 on NMEs list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, sampling credits All samples as per Whosampled. Angel contains a sample of Last Bongo in Belgium by The Incredible Bongo Band, Risingson contains a sample of I Found a Reason by The Velvet Underground. Teardrop contains a sample of Sometimes I Cry by Les McCann, Inertia Creeps contains a synth sample of ROckWrok by Ultravox
23.
Teardrop (song)
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Teardrop is a song by Massive Attack that was released as a single on 27 April 1998. It is the single from their third album, Mezzanine, and features lead vocals and lyrics from Elizabeth Fraser. The song became another UK hit for the group, peaking at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart, the song, especially the instrumental portions at the beginning and the end, has been used in numerous TV programmes and movies. The bass drum beat, reminiscent of a heartbeat, samples the Les McCann song Sometimes I Cry, from 2004 to 2012, it was used as the opening theme of the US medical television series House, M. D. It is also featured as incident music in a 2001 episode of Coronation Street when Sarah Platt is chased, an instrumental version of the tune is also used in Episode 20 of first season of Prison Break. Teardrop was first developed from a simple harpsichord riff picked out in the studio in April 1997, vowles sent the demo to Madonna as he wanted her to record the vocals for the song. Madonna was very keen to record the vocals, and was disappointed when the vote went in Frasers favour. While recording the song on 29 May 1997, she found out that her once-close friend, id got letters out and I was thinking about him. That songs kind of about him – thats how it feels to me anyway, the single peaked at number 16 in Australia. It placed number 22 in the Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time in 2009 and it reached the top 10 in the UK and is the only Massive Attack track to do so. It was certified Silver by the BPI on 22 July 2013, the songs music video featured a plastic fetus in the womb, singing the song. It was directed by Walter Stern, the 12 release contains the same songs but in a different order. The cassette release contains a version of the original song, as well as the Scream Team remix and the B-side Euro Zero Zero. Newton Faulkner covered the song on his album Hand Built by Robots, on downloads alone, Faulkners version reached #60 in the UK Singles Chart in August 2007. It was released as an single on 10 December 2007. The version of the album available from the Australian iTunes Music Store also incorporates an acoustic version, oHooley & Tidow covered the song on their album The Fragile. The Guardian described their version of Teardrop as an exquisite reworking, the band Elbow covered the song on the bootleg album B-Sides and Remixes in 2006. José González covered Teardrop for his second album In Our Nature, the single was released across Europe on 12 November 2007
24.
100th Window
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100th Window is the fourth studio album from the Bristol-based trip-hop group Massive Attack. Of the bands original core trio, the only features Robert Del Naja. Andrew Vowles departed shortly after the release of Mezzanine, and Grant Marshall refused to participate in the making of the record. Released in February 2003, 100th Window was written and produced by Del Naja and Neil Davidge and it is the first album by the band that made no use of samples, and contains none of the jazz or jazz fusion stylings of the Blue Lines or Protection recordings. Work on the album started in early 2000 at the Christchurch Studios in Clifton, Massive Attack recruited Lupine Howl for the new album. In a November 2001 interview, Lupine Howls lead singer Sean Cook described the sessions as very experimental and that essentially consisted of kinda minimal loops and noises that were fed to our head phones from the computer up in the control room. Then we would have this sort of extended jam session playing along to them and they also had a strobe light in the live room, which they controlled from the control room. They would kind of put that on and speed it up to dictate the intensity and it was a really good laugh, we got some good stuff. I mean, hours and hours of stuff, which they have taken back and cut up and arranged, as a result, Lupine Howl is not credited with any contributions to the final album. However, one song from sessions, Nature of Threat, was later made available for download on Massive Attacks website. Initial critical response to 100th Window was positive, at Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 75, based on 25 reviews. com 100th Window at Metacritic
25.
Rolling Stone
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Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
26.
Brit Awards
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The Brit Awards are the British Phonographic Industrys annual pop music awards. The name was originally a form of British, Britain or Britannia. In addition, an equivalent awards ceremony for music, called the Classic Brit Awards, is held each May. Robbie Williams holds the record for the most Brit Awards,13 as a solo artist, the awards originated as an annual event in 1982 under the auspices of the British record industrys trade association, the BPI. In 1989 they were renamed the Brit Awards, masterCard has been the long-term sponsor of the event. The Brit Awards were broadcast live until 1989, when Samantha Fox, in subsequent years, the event was recorded and broadcast the following night. From 2007, the Brit Awards reverted to a live broadcast on British television, on 14 February on ITV. In that year, comedian Russell Brand was presenter and three awards were dropped from the ceremony, Best British Rock Act, Best British Urban Act, on 18 February 2009, the venue for the BRITs was once again the Earls Court, London. The Brit Awards were held at The O2 in London for the first time in 2011, the Brit Award statuette given to the winners features Britannia, the female personification of Britain. The first awards ceremony was in 1977, as The BRITish Record Industry BRITannia Awards, there have been 36 editions to date. The 2016 Brit Awards was held on 24 February 2016, the 1988 BPI Awards was the first of the ceremonies to be broadcast on live television. The BBC had previously broadcast the ceremony from 1985, with the shows from 1982 to 1984 not broadcast on television, the BBC continued to broadcast the renamed BRIT Awards, live in 1989 and pre-recorded from 1990 to 1992. ITV have broadcast the awards since 1993, pre-recorded until 2006, BBC Radio 1 has provided backstage radio coverage since 2008. In 1987 the BPI Awards ceremony was held in the Great Room at the Grosvenor House Hotel, at the time there was a BBC electricians strike in effect, and the organisers decided to use a non-TV events production company, called Upfront, to manage the show. Despite the show being picketed, the event was transmitted as intended, for a while the outdoor broadcast scanner was rocked on its wheels by the protesters and they managed to shut off the power to one of the big GE video screen projectors. In 1989, the ceremony was broadcast live and presented by Fleetwood Macs Mick Fleetwood, the inexperience of the hosts, an ineffective autocue and little preparation combined to create an unprofessional show that was poorly received. The 1990 awards ceremony saw the last public appearance of Queen frontman Freddie Mercury, Queen appeared at the ceremony to receive the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. Mercury did not make a speech, as Brian May did the talking on behalf of the other members, in 1992, dance/art band The KLF were awarded Best British Group and were booked to open the show
27.
MTV Europe Music Award
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The MTV Europe Music Awards is an event presented by MTV Networks Europe which awards prizes to musicians and performers. Since 2007, the winners are chosen by the viewers and fans by visiting the EMAs website, the first EMAs ceremony was held in 1994 in Berlin, Germany. Though it was conceived as an alternative to the MTV Video Music Awards. The MTV Europe Music Awards are held every year in a different country and it has been hosted mostly in the United Kingdom. Since 2011 other worldwide/regional nominations have been added, the awards are presented annually and broadcast live on MTV Europe, MTV Live HD and most of the international MTV channels as well as online. 1994, The first MTV Europe Music Awards in 1994 were held on 24 November, George Michael performed Jesus To A Child and Freedom surrounded by many famous models including Naomi Campbell and Bono received the Free Your Mind Award on behalf of Amnesty International. 1995, French nuclear testing in the South Pacific got the most attention at the 1995 ceremony, during his acceptance speech after winning the award for Best Rock, Bon Jovi lead singer Jon Bon Jovi said, The only enemy is ignorance. Lets get rid of all nuclear testing. And U2s Bono said, What a city, what a night, what a crowd, what a bomb, what a mistake, stop abusing the earth, urged Madonna in a videotaped segment before designer agnès b. picked up the award for Greenpeace. 1996, During their performance Metallica performed the songs Last Caress, instead of performing their single King Nothing as scheduled. The song So What. is known for its amount of expletives and references to bestiality among many other controversial lyrics while Last Caress has lyrics pertaining to murder, as a result of their performance Metallicas performance and references to Metallica have been removed from future broadcasts of the ceremony. 1997, U2 opened the show performing Mofo dressed in boxing gowns,1998, On this year 6 new categories were introduced including the MTV Selects, UK and Ireland, Northern, Central and Southern. Faithless opened the show with God is a DJ and Madonna performed The Power of Goodbye, the big winners of the night were the Spice Girls and Madonna with two awards. Mel C, alias Sporty Spice, and Emma Bunton, known as Baby Spice, on receiving the award, Mel C shouted, Weve done it again. And a big hello from the two, she added, referring to Mel B and Victoria Adams, both of whom were pregnant and did not attend the ceremony at the Fila Forum in Milan. The Prodigy won the Best Dance award but according to their frontman, Liam Howlett, the Free Your Mind award, given to organisations helping with human rights, was given to Serbian radio station Radio B92 in Belgrade. 1999, Britney Spears was the big winner of the winning four awards. She also performed during the ceremony, entertaining the crowd with a medley of her hits. Baby One More Time, the other multiple winner was Boyzone, who nabbed two awards, for Best UK & Ireland Act and Best Album
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Graffiti
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Graffiti are writing or drawings that have been scribbled, scratched, or painted illicitly on a wall or other surface, often within public view. Graffiti range from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and they have existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, in modern times, paint and marker pens have become the most commonly used graffiti materials. In most countries, marking or painting property without the property owners permission is considered defacement and vandalism, Graffiti may also express underlying social and political messages and a whole genre of artistic expression is based upon spray paint graffiti styles. Within hip hop culture, graffiti have evolved alongside hip hop music, b-boying, unrelated to hip-hop graffiti, gangs use their own form of graffiti to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Controversies that surround graffiti continue to create disagreement amongst city officials, law enforcement, both graffiti and its occasional singular form graffito are from the Italian word graffiato. Graffiti is applied in art history to works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface, a related term is sgraffito, which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was used by potters who would glaze their wares. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, the word originates from Greek γράφειν — graphein — meaning to write. The term graffiti referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, use of the word has evolved to include any graphics applied to surfaces in a manner that constitutes vandalism. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD, the first known example of modern style graffiti survives in the ancient Greek city of Ephesus. Local guides say it is an advertisement for prostitution, located near a mosaic and stone walkway, the graffiti shows a handprint that vaguely resembles a heart, along with a footprint and a number. This is believed to indicate that a brothel was nearby, with the handprint symbolizing payment, the ancient Romans carved graffiti on walls and monuments, examples of which also survive in Egypt. Graffiti in the world had different connotations than they carry in todays society concerning content. One inscription gives the address of a woman named Novellia Primigenia of Nuceria, another shows a phallus accompanied by the text, mansueta tene. Etched on the surface of the Mirror Wall, they contain pieces of prose, poetry, the majority of these visitors appear to have been from the elite of society, royalty, officials, professions, and clergy. There were also soldiers, archers, and even some metalworkers, the topics range from love to satire, curses, wit, and lament. Many demonstrate a high level of literacy and a deep appreciation of art. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there, one reads, Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems
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Rapping
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The components of rapping include content, flow, and delivery. Rap differs from spoken-word poetry in that rap is performed in time to a beat. Rapping is often associated with and an ingredient of hip-hop music. Rapping is also used in Kwaito music, a genre originated in Johannesburg, South Africa. Another form of rap that predates hip hop was boxer Muhammad Alis rhythmic poetry used to taunt his opponents in the 1960s and 1970s, rapping can be delivered over a beat, typically provided by a DJ, turntablist or Beatboxer, or without accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies an area between speech, prose, poetry, and singing. The word, as used to describe quick speech or repartee, the word had been used in British English since the 16th century. It was part of the African American dialect of English in the 1960s meaning to converse, today, the terms rap and rapping are so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably. The English verb rap has various meanings, such as to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow, as well to utter sharply or vigorously, to rap out a command. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives a date of 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning to utter sharply, vigorously and it is these meanings from which the musical form of rapping derives, and this definition may be from a shortening of repartee. A rapper refers to a performer who raps, by the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to H. Rap was used to describe talking on records as early as 1971, on Isaac Hayes album Black Moses with track names such as Ikes Rap, Ikes Rap II, Ikes Rap III, Hayes husky-voiced sexy spoken raps became key components in his signature sound. Del the Funky Homosapien similarly states that rap was used to refer to talking in a manner in the early 1970s. Back then what rapping meant, basically, was you trying to convey something—youre trying to convince somebody, thats what rapping is, its in the way you talk. Rapping can be traced back to its African roots, centuries before hip-hop music existed, the griots of West Africa were delivering stories rhythmically, over drums and sparse instrumentation. Such connections have been acknowledged by modern artists, modern day griots, spoken word artists, mainstream news sources. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s, Wald went so far as to call hip hop the living blues. A notable recorded example of rapping in blues music was the 1950 song Gotta Let You Go by Joe Hill Louis, not just jazz music and lyrics but also jazz poetry
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Falsetto
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Falsetto is the vocal register occupying the frequency range just above the modal voice register and overlapping with it by approximately one octave. It is produced by the vibration of the edges of the vocal cords. Commonly cited in the context of singing, falsetto, a characteristic of phonation by all genders, is one of four main spoken vocal registers recognized by speech pathology. The term falsetto is most often used in the context of singing to refer to a type of vocal phonation that enables the singer to sing notes beyond the range of the normal or modal voice. The modal voice, or modal register, and falsetto register differ primarily in the action of the vocal cords, production of the normal voice involves vibration of the entire vocal cord, with the glottis opening first at the bottom and then at the top. Production of falsetto, on the hand, vibrates only the ligamentous edges of the vocal folds while leaving each folds body relatively relaxed. Transition from modal voice to falsetto occurs when each vocal cords main body, or vocalis muscle, relaxes, william Vennard describes this process as follows, With the vocalis muscles relaxed it is possible for the cricothyroids to place great longitudinal tension upon the vocal ligaments. The tension can be increased in order to raise the pitch even after the length of the cords has been reached. This makes the vocal folds thin so that there is negligible vertical phase difference, the vocalis muscles fall to the sides of the larynx and the vibration take place almost entirely in the ligaments. In the modal register, the folds are seen to contact with each other completely during each vibration. This closure cuts off the escaping air, when the air pressure in the trachea rises as a result of this closure, the folds are blown apart, while the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages remain in apposition. This creates a gap between the folds and some air escapes, lowering the pressure inside the trachea. Rhythmic repetition of this movement creates the note, in skilled countertenors, however, the mucous membrane of the vocal folds contact with each other completely during each vibration cycle. The arytenoid cartilages are held in firm apposition in this register also. The length or size of the oval orifice or separation between the folds can vary, but it is known to get bigger in size as the pressure of air pushed out is increased, the folds are made up of elastic and fatty tissue. The folds are covered on the surface by laryngeal mucous membrane which is supported deeper down underneath by the innermost fibres of the thyroarytenoid muscle. In falsetto the extreme membranous edges, i. e. the edges furthest away from the middle of the gap between the folds, appear to be the only parts vibrating, the mass corresponding to the innermost part of the thyro-arytenoid muscle remains still and motionless. Some singers feel a sense of relief when they change from the modal register to the falsetto register
31.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
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Geoff Barrow
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Geoffrey Paul Barrow is an English music producer, composer, disc jockey, and is the instrumentalist for the band Portishead. Portishead—formed in 1991—was named after the town near Bristol where Barrow grew up. On his intentions in forming Portishead, he has stated, I just wanted to make interesting music, proper songs with a life span. Born in Walton in Gordano, Somerset, Geoff and his moved to the town Portishead when he was eleven after his parents divorced. After being involved in local rock bands, playing drums and DJing in hip hop groups. In 1991, while he was assisting on Massive Attacks breakthrough album Blue Lines, a few years later, when the Portishead project had been assembled, the group came back to record Sour Times in that same studio. At the dawn of the 90s, Barrow was making a name for himself as a remixer, working with artists as Primal Scream, Paul Weller, Gabrielle. In addition, Barrow had produced a track for Tricky and written songs for Neneh Cherry, in 2001, he formed the Australian record label, Invada Records, together with Katalysts Ashley Anderson. In 2003, Barrow set up Invada UK, an experimental music label with partner Fat Paul, signing bands such as Gonga, Team Brick, Atavist, Joe Volk, malakai. As Fuzzface, Barrow co-produced and co-wrote Stephanie McKays 2003 debut album, McKay, featuring songs co-penned by Tim Saul and he has also remixed songs for both Gravediggaz and The Pharcyde. In 2005, Barrow, along with Adrian Utley, produced The Corals third album and he and the other members of Portishead recorded and released an album in April 2008, titled Third. In 2009, Barrow produced The Horrors second album Primary Colours with Craig Silvey, another Barrow project is Beak with Billy Fuller and Matt Williams. Their self-titled album was released in 2009, in 2010, Barrow met a political journalist who shared the same musical vision and a week later she, Barrow, Fuller and Williams begin recording material. Barrow was the supervisor for the Banksy film Exit Through the Gift Shop, premièred at the Sundance Film Festival on 24 January 2010. In early 2012, Barrows new hip hop project Quakers was announced to be releasing an album on Stones Throw Records and he also formed the musical project Drokk with TV composer Ben Salisbury and released the album Drokk, Music inspired by Mega-City One from the movie Dredd. On 2 July 2012, Barrow, Billy Fuller and Matt Williams released their second Beak album on Invada Records, in 2013, Barrow collaborated again with Ben Salisbury on the score for the Alex Garland sci-fi thriller Ex Machina and in 2016 on the Ben Wheatley film Free Fire. Barrow provided scratching on a couple of songs on Earthlings 1995 album, additionally, Barrow provided a remix of Run the Jewels track Close Your Eyes and Count to Fuck for the album Meow the Jewels. co. nz
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Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
34.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
