Materialization (paranormal)
In Spiritualism, paranormal literature and some religions, materialization is the creation or appearance of matter from unknown sources. The existence of materialization has not been confirmed by laboratory experiments. Numerous cases of fraudulent materialization demonstrations by mediums have been exposed.
A depiction of Sir William Crookes confronting the alleged spirit materialization of Katie King
In spiritualism, ectoplasm, also known as simply ecto, a substance or spiritual energy "exteriorized" by physical mediums. It was coined in 1894 by psychical researcher Charles Richet. Although the term is widespread in popular culture, there is no scientific evidence that ectoplasm exists and many purported examples were exposed as hoaxes fashioned from cheesecloth, gauze or other natural substances.
Helen Duncan was well known for using dolls and other props as ectoplasm in her séances.
Medium Linda Gazzera with a doll portrayed as ectoplasm
Helen Duncan with supposed ectoplasm, analysed by Harry Price to be made of cheesecloth and a rubber glove
Kathleen Goligher with supposed ectoplasm made of muslin