1.
San Diego Comic-Con
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San Diego Comic-Con International is a multi-genre entertainment and comic convention held annually in San Diego, California. The name, as given on its website, is Comic-Con International, San Diego and it is a four-day event held during the summer at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego. On the Wednesday evening prior to the opening of the event, there is a preview for professionals, exhibitors. Comic-Con International also produces two other conventions, WonderCon, held in Los Angeles, and the Alternative Press Expo and it is also the home of the Will Eisner Awards. In 2010, it filled the San Diego Convention Center to capacity with more than 130,000 attendees, the convention was founded in 1970 by Shel Dorf, Richard Alf, Ken Krueger, Mike Towry, Barry Alfonso, Bob Sourk, and Greg Bear. Detroit, Michigan-born, comics fan Shel Dorf, had, in the mid-1960s, mounted the Detroit Triple-Fan Fairs, one of the first commercial comics-fan conventions. When he moved to San Diego, California, in 1970, he organized a convention on March 21,1970. Dorf went on to be associated with the convention as president or manager, variously, Alf co-chaired the first convention with Krueger and became chairman in 1971. Following the initial gathering, Dorfs first three-day San Diego comics convention, other locations in the conventions early years included the El Cortez Hotel, the University of California, San Diego, and Golden Hall, before being moved to the San Diego Convention Center in 1991. I was quietly walking the floor stunned and in awe of just how much bigger it really was, the convention is organized by a panel of 13 board members,16 to 20 full-time and part-time workers, and 80 volunteers who assist via committees. Comic Con International is an organization, and proceeds of the event go to funding it, as well as the Alternative Press Expo. The convention logo was designed by Richard Bruning and Josh Beatman in 1995, in September 2010, the convention announced that it would stay in San Diego through 2015. In 2015, working with Lionsgate, a channel was created to host Comic-Con related content. According to the San Diego Convention and Visitors Bureau, the convention has a regional economic impact of $162.8 million. Along with panels, seminars, and workshops with comic book professionals, there are previews of upcoming feature films, like most comic-book conventions, Comic-Con features a large floorspace for exhibitors. These include media companies such as studios and TV networks, as well as comic-book dealers. And like most comics conventions, Comic-Con includes an area, as well as the Artists Alley where comics artists can sign autographs. Despite the name, artists alleys can include writers and even models, academics and comic industry professionals annually hold the Comics Arts Conference at Comic-Con, presenting scholarly studies on comics as a medium
2.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
3.
Lincoln High School (Portland, Oregon)
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President Abraham Lincoln High School, is a public high school located in the Goose Hollow neighborhood of Portland, Oregon, United States. It was established in 1869 as Portland High School, making it one of the oldest public high schools west of the Mississippi River, lincolns student population is 74% white, 9% Asian/Pacific Islander, 7% Latino, 5% African American. About 86% of students live within the boundaries, the second-highest percentage in the district. In 2008, 89% of the seniors received their high school diploma. Of 372 students,330 graduated,34 dropped out, four received a modified diploma, in July 2006, former Lincoln High Principal Peter Hamilton described it as a classic college preparatory school. It is home to more National Merit scholarship semifinalists than any public or private high school in Oregon. In 2006, Lincoln was one of seven in Oregon ranked among Americas 1,200 best high schools by Newsweek. In 2008, Lincoln was voted 2nd out of 261 of the high schools in the state, having the School of Science. Lincoln is a part of the International Baccalaureate program, and has averaged roughly 38 successful IB diploma candidates over each of the past three years from 2009. Lincoln has 60 classroom teachers,2.5 special instruction teachers,4 educational assistants,5 student counselors, an alternative education teacher, programs provide the highest quality-academic and extracurricular opportunities with a strong college preparatory program. Basic high school curriculum is enhanced with advanced course work in English, social sciences, foreign languages, mathematics and physical, the school received a silver ranking from U. S. News & World Reports 2010 Americas Best High Schools survey. In 2010, a Lincoln student was honored as a Presidential Scholar, the Lincoln Dancers were State Champions from 2002 to 2007 and in 2009 and 2010. They have also won the PIL District Champions title for ten consecutive years, the school newspaper, The Cardinal Times, was established in 1897 and is the oldest continually-published high school newspaper on the west coast. With an initial enrollment of 45 students, the school was established in 1869 as the Portland High School in the North Central School sited on Block 80 of Couchs Addition. The high school moved from the top floors of the North Central School to the Central School in 1873, the first building to be known as Lincoln High School was built at SW 14th and Morrison in 1885, but was still named West Side High School at the time. The building was situated in the bounded by 14th, Morrison, Lownsdale. In 1889, a successful night school program was started at the first purpose-built building at SW 14th. The school was renamed Lincoln High School in 1909, then moved to the 45-room South Park Blocks location when construction was completed in 1912, the building occupies the block bounded by Market & Mill Streets and Park & Broadway
4.
The Evergreen State College
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The Evergreen State College is an accredited public liberal arts college and a member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges, located in Olympia, Washington, USA. Founded in 1967, Evergreen was formed to be an experimental and non-traditional college, full-time students enroll in interdisciplinary academic programs instead of classes. Programs typically offer students the opportunity to study several disciplines in a coordinated manner, faculty write narrative evaluations of students work in place of issuing grades. Evergreen offers a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Bachelor of Science, Master of Environmental Studies, Master of Public Administration, in 2012, there were 4,509 students,4,193 of whom were undergraduates, and 240 faculty members. This report spurred the 1965 Washington legislature to create the Temporary Advisory Council on Public Higher Education to study the need, on January 24,1968, The Evergreen State College was selected from 31 choices as the name of the new institution. On November 1,1968, Charles J. McCann assumed the first presidency of the college, McCann and the founding faculty held the first day of classes October 4,1971 with 1128 students. McCann served from 1968 until stepping down to join the faculty June 6,1977 when former Governor Daniel J. Evans, who signed the legislation creating Evergreen, assumed the presidency. Evans left the presidents office abruptly in 1983 when he was appointed to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy created by the death of Senator Henry M. Jackson, the largest building on campus is named in honor of Evans, the Daniel J. Evans Library Building. The entrance to the campus bears McCanns name, the Charles J. McCann plaza, in 2004, the college completed the 170, 000-square-foot Seminar II building, and a significant remodel of the Daniel J. Evans Library is now complete. In 1999, Mumia Abu-Jamal was invited to deliver the address by audiotape for the graduating class at the college. The entire campus comprises about 408 hectares, much of it forested land and this total includes 11 hectares of southern Puget Sound tidelands. In addition to the campus, there is also an organic farm as well as an urban campus located in Tacoma. According to U. S. News & World Reports 2009-2010 college rankings and it was ranked as the 5th best public college in the Masters West Category a region stretching from Texas to the Pacific. Author and former New York Times education editor Loren Pope cites Evergreen as one of two colleges in the United States in his book Colleges That Change Lives. In addition, The Princeton Review lists Evergreen as one of the Best Western Colleges for 2009-2010, Evergreen State teams, nicknamed athletically as the Geoducks, are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, primarily competing in the Cascade Collegiate Conference. Mens sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, crew, a geoduck is a clam native to the region. Former mens soccer star Joey Gjertsen, who led the Geoducks to the 2004 NAIA National quarterfinals, has gone on to have success with the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer. Shawn Medved previously had success in the MLS, playing for D. C, United and the San Jose Clash
5.
The Simpsons
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The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa. The show is set in the town of Springfield and parodies American culture, society, television. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks, Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, substituting Bart for his own name. The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19,1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a prime time show and became an early hit for Fox. Since its debut on December 17,1989,615 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast and its 28th season began on September 25,2016. It is the longest-running American sitcom and the longest-running American animated program, the Simpsons Movie, a feature-length film, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27,2007, and grossed over $527 million. On May 4,2015, the series was renewed for seasons 27 and 28, on November 4,2016, the series was renewed for seasons 29 and 30, consisting of 22 episodes each. The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine or ten seasons, Time named it the 20th centurys best television series, and Erik Adams of The A. V. Club named it televisions crowning achievement regardless of format, on January 14,2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards,30 Annie Awards, Homers exclamatory catchphrase Doh. has been adopted into the English language, while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms. Despite this, the show has also criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years. The Simpsons are a family who live in a fictional Middle American town of Springfield, Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married to Marge Simpson, a stereotypical American housewife, although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. The family owns a dog, Santas Little Helper, and a cat, Snowball V, renamed Snowball II in I, both pets have had starring roles in several episodes. The show includes an array of supporting characters, co-workers, teachers, family friends, extended relatives, townspeople. The creators originally intended many of these characters as jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town
6.
Futurama
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Futurama is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series was envisioned by Groening in the mid-1990s while working on The Simpsons, he later brought David X. Cohen aboard to develop storylines and characters to pitch the show to Fox. In the United States, the series aired on Fox from March 28,1999, to August 10,2003, Futurama also aired in reruns on Cartoon Networks Adult Swim from 2002 to 2007, until the networks contract expired. It was revived in 2007 as four direct-to-video films, the last of which was released in early 2009, Comedy Central entered into an agreement with 20th Century Fox Television to syndicate the existing episodes and air the films as 16 new, half-hour episodes, constituting a fifth season. In June 2009, producing studio 20th Century Fox announced that Comedy Central had picked up the show for 26 new half-hour episodes, the show was renewed for a seventh season, with the first half airing in June 2012 and the second set for mid-2013. It was later revealed that the season would be the final season. The series finale aired on September 4,2013, while Groening has said he will try to get it picked up by another network, David X. Cohen stated that the episode Meanwhile would be the last episode of season 7 and also the series finale. Throughout its run, Futurama has received critical acclaim, the show has been nominated for 17 Annie Awards and 12 Emmy Awards, winning seven of the former and six of the latter. Futurama-related merchandise has also released, including a tie-in comic book series and video game, calendars. In 2013, TV Guide ranked Futurama as one of the top 60 Greatest TV Cartoons of All Time, Fox expressed a strong desire in the mid-1990s for Matt Groening to create a new series, and he began conceiving Futurama during this period. In 1996, he enlisted David X. Cohen, then a writer and producer for The Simpsons, the two spent time researching science fiction books, television shows, and films. When they pitched the series to Fox in April 1998, Groening and Cohen had composed many characters and story lines, Groening described trying to get the show on the air as by far the worst experience of my grown-up life. With The Simpsons the network has no input, Fox was particularly disturbed by the concept of suicide booths, Doctor Zoidberg, and Benders anti-social behavior. Groening explains, When they tried to give me notes on Futurama, I just said, and they said, Well, we dont do business that way anymore. And I said, Oh, well, thats the only way I do business, the episode I, Roommate was produced to address Foxs concerns, with the script written to their specifications. Fox strongly disliked the episode, but after negotiations, Groening received the same independence with Futurama, the name Futurama comes from a pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. Designed by Norman Bel Geddes, the Futurama pavilion depicted how he imagined the world would look in 1959, many other titles were considered for the series, including Aloha, Mars. and Doomsville, which Groening notes were resoundly rejected, by everyone concerned with it. It takes approximately six to nine months to produce an episode of Futurama, the long production time results in several episodes being worked on simultaneously
7.
Life in Hell
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Life in Hell is a comic strip by Matt Groening, creator of The Simpsons and Futurama, which was published weekly from 1977 to 2012. The strip featured anthropomorphic rabbits and a gay couple, Groening used these characters to explore a wide range of topics about love, sex, work, and death. His drawings were full of expressions of angst, social alienation, self-loathing, Life in Hell started in 1977 as a self-published comic book Groening used to describe life in Los Angeles to his friends. And then I had a series of lousy jobs, in the comic book, Groening attacked what many young adults found repellent, school, work, and love. He described it as every ex-campus protesters, every Boomer idealists, Groening photocopied and distributed the comic book to friends. He also sold it for two dollars a copy at the corner of the record store in which he worked. Life in Hell debuted as a strip in the avant-garde Wet magazine in 1978. The first strip, entitled Forbidden Words, appeared in the September/October issue, popular in the underground, Life in Hell was picked up by the Los Angeles Reader in 1980, where it began appearing weekly. Then-publisher of the Reader Jane Levine said Groening arrived at editor-in-chief James Vowells office one day, after Groening left, Vowell came out of his office saying, This guy is gonna be famous someday. The strip was frequently a serial, discussing topics such as Love is Hell. In November of that year, Groenings then-girlfriend Deborah Caplan offered to publish Love is Hell in book form, the book was an underground success, selling 22,000 copies in its first two printings. Soon afterward, Caplan and Groening left the Reader and put together the Life in Hell Co. which handled syndication and merchandising for Groening’s projects. Life in Hell reached the attention of Hollywood producer James L. Brooks, in 1985, Brooks contacted Groening with the proposition of developing a series of short animated skits, called bumpers, for The Tracey Ullman Show. Originally, Brooks had wanted Groening to adapt his Life in Hell characters for the show, fearing the loss of ownership rights to his characters, Groening instead created an entirely new batch of characters, the Simpsons. As television began to more demands on his time, however, Groening came to almost exclusively feature single-panel strips or 16-panel grids in which Akbar. This later period saw the increase of autobiographical strips, perhaps because Groening was influenced by this burgeoning trend in alternative comics. Ready to wade in on a regular basis, as of May 3,2013, the domain has expired. Groening decided in 2007, in the wake of the 2006 U. S. election results, three years later, Groening announced the strips conclusion and the final new strip ran on June 16,2012
8.
Wet (magazine)
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WET, The Magazine of Gourmet Bathing was a publication of the 1970s and early 80s. Founded by Leonard Koren in 1976 it ran thirty-four issues before closing in 1981, the idea for the magazine grew out of the artwork Leonard Koren was doing at the time—what he termed ‘bath art’—and followed on the heels of a party he threw at the Pico-Burnside Baths. As Kristine McKenna, music editor for WET from 1979 until 1981, wrote, however, Koren had the imagination and audacity to create his own world, and that’s exactly what he did with Wet, The Magazine of Gourmet Bathing. WET covered a range of issues and was widely known for its use of graphic art. Started as a simple operation that included artwork and text solicited from friends and acquaintances, the production, team. Its content also evolved to cover a wider expanse of stories that captured a Los Angeles attitude that was emerging at the time as punk. As design problems arose, solutions were often improvised on the spot and its layout and design helped to catalyze the graphic styles later known as New Wave and Postmodern. In a letter he wrote on August 25,1988, Tibor Kalman, president of M&Co. wrote that WET is one of the most important and well-designed magazines in U. S. design history. Its important to note that WET made household names of Laurie Anderson, David Lynch and others with its extremely well-written and it also covered the novel aesthetic of taking care of ones body, per nutrition, such as introducing wheatgrass juice to a broader public. Stylized fashion photography brought the concept of toddlers with mohawks and a punked out version of modern Americana, throughout its production, WET continued to draw from a variety of artists and contributors. The 1980s January/February edition of WET featured a photo Richard Gere by Larry Williams on its cover, in April 2012, Leonard Koren released Making WET, The Magazine of Gourmet Bathing
9.
James L. Brooks
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James Lawrence Jim Brooks is an American director, producer and screenwriter. Growing up in North Bergen, New Jersey, Brooks endured a fractured family life, after dropping out of New York University, he got a job as an usher at CBS, going on to write for the CBS News broadcasts. He moved to Los Angeles in 1965 to work on David L. Wolpers documentaries, after being laid off he met producer Allan Burns who secured him a job as a writer on the series My Mother the Car. Brooks wrote for several shows before being hired as an editor on My Friend Tony. Grant Tinker hired Brooks and Burns at MTM Productions to create The Mary Tyler Moore Show in 1970, the show, one of the first to feature an independent working woman as its lead character, was critically acclaimed and won Brooks several Primetime Emmy Awards. Brooks and Burns then created two successful spin-offs from Mary Tyler Moore in the shape of Rhoda and Lou Grant, Brooks left MTM Productions in 1978 to co-create the sitcom Taxi which, despite winning multiple Emmys, suffered from low ratings and was canceled twice. Brooks moved into film work when he wrote and co-produced the 1979 film Starting Over. His next project was the acclaimed film Terms of Endearment. Basing his next film, Broadcast News, on his journalistic experiences, although his 1994 work Ill Do Anything was hampered by negative press attention due to the cutting of all of its recorded musical numbers, As Good as It Gets earned further praise. It was seven years until his film, 2004s Spanglish. His sixth film, How Do You Know, was released in 2010, Brooks also produced and mentored Cameron Crowe on Say Anything. And Wes Anderson and Owen Wilson on Bottle Rocket, in 1984, Brooks founded the television and film company, Gracie Films. Although he did not intend to do so, Brooks returned to television in 1987 as the producer of The Tracey Ullman Show and he hired cartoonist Matt Groening to create a series of shorts for the show, which eventually led to The Simpsons in 1989. The Simpsons won numerous awards and is still running, Brooks also co-produced and co-wrote the 2007 film adaptation of the show, The Simpsons Movie. In total, Brooks has received 47 Emmy nominations, winning 20 of them, Brooks was born James Lawrence Brooks on May 9,1940 in Brooklyn, New York, United States, and raised in North Bergen, New Jersey. His parents, Dorothy Helen and Edward M. Brooks, were both salespeople, the Brooks family was Jewish, Edward Brooks changed his surname from Bernstein and claimed to be Irish. Brooks father abandoned his mother when he found out she was pregnant with him, during the pregnancy, Brooks father sent his wife a postcard stating that If its a boy, name him Jim. His mother died when he was 22 and he has an older sister, Diane, who helped look after him as a child and to whom he dedicated As Good As It Gets
10.
Fox Broadcasting Company
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The Fox Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. It is the third largest major network in the world based on total revenues, assets. Launched on October 9,1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks, Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets, although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U. S. network. Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U. S, the network is named after sister company 20th Century Fox, and indirectly for producer William Fox, who founded one of the movie studios predecessors, Fox Film. Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters, 20th Century Fox had been involved in television production as early as the 1950s, producing several syndicated programs. Following the demise of the DuMont Television Network in August of that year after it became mired in financial problems. 20th Century Fox would also produce original content for the NTA network, KTTV in Los Angeles, KRIV in Houston, WFLD-TV in Chicago, and KRLD-TV in Dallas. In October 1985, 20th Century Fox announced its intentions to form a television network that would compete with ABC, CBS. The plans were to use the combination of the Fox studios, organizational plans for the network were held off until the Metromedia acquisitions cleared regulatory hurdles. Then, in December 1985, Rupert Murdoch agreed to pay $325 million to acquire the remaining equity in TCF Holdings from his original partner, Marvin Davis. These first six stations, then broadcasting to a reach of 22% of the nations households. Except for KDAF, all of the original owned-and-operated stations are part of the Fox network today. Like the core O&O group, Foxs affiliate body consisted of independent stations. The Fox Broadcasting Company launched at 11,00 p. m. Eastern and its inaugural program was a late-night talk show, The Late Show, which was hosted by comedian Joan Rivers. By early 1987, Rivers quit The Late Show after disagreements with the network over the creative direction. The network expanded its programming into prime time on April 5,1987, with Children and the sketch comedy series The Tracey Ullman Show. Fox added one new show per week over the several weeks, with the drama 21 Jump Street. On July 11, the network rolled out its Saturday night schedule with the premiere of the drama series Werewolf
11.
The Tracey Ullman Show
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The Tracey Ullman Show is an American television variety show starring Tracey Ullman. It debuted on April 5,1987, as the Fox networks second prime-time series after Married, with Children, and ran until May 26,1990. The show is produced by Gracie Films and 20th Century Fox Television, the show blended sketch comedy shorts with many musical numbers, featuring choreography by Paula Abdul. By the 1980s, acclaimed television producer James L. Brooks, had left the industry for the big screen. At the time that he won the Oscar for his film, Terms of Endearment, Brooks began receiving videotapes from Ullmans Los Angeles agent, hoping to get his attention. Ullman, who was famous in her homeland, England, was already landing a variety of television deals and proposals in America. These projects did not suit Ullmans interests, shows with morals, where everyone learns something at the end of the show, related Ullman to a television critic for TV Guide in 1989, describing the television show ideas that were offered to her. Brooks was so taken by what he saw in Ullman that he decided to take the young actress under his wing, Brooks was determined to develop the right vehicle to showcase Ullmans talents — acting, dancing, and singing — and decided to create a sketch comedy show. A typical episode would begin with Ullman giving an introduction, ostensibly from her dressing room. Then two or three comedy sketches would be presented in episode, most designed to showcase Ullmans ability to skillfully mimic various accents. One popular recurring character was timid, slow-talking Kay Typically, the sketch of the night would include a musical and/or dance number featuring Ullman solo or other members of the cast. The final segment saw Ullman, clad in a robe, deliver a monologue to the studio audience before ending the show with her catchphrase Go Home. Go Home. and dancing as the credits rolled, Ullman often talked about her husband, Allan McKeown, and her daughter, Mabel. Ullman chose the phrase, Go home, during the pilot episode because she could not think of anything clever to end with. Ullman performed an array of characters, most only appeared once, as the sketches concentrated on plot, with characters created to best tell that particular storyline. A handful of characters did return for subsequent sketches. Among the recurring characters portrayed by other cast members, besides those mentioned, were Gulliver Dark, singer and rival to Marty Tish, and Dr. Alexander Gibson. In the course of its four season run, Ullman performed a total of 108 characters, the Tracey Ullman Show regularly featured short animated cartoons as interstitials in the first three seasons
12.
Simpson family
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The Simpson family are cartoon characters featured in the animated television series The Simpsons. The Simpsons are a family consisting of married couple Homer and Marge. The family debuted April 19,1987 in The Tracey Ullman Show short Good Night and were spun off into their own series which debuted on December 17,1989. Alongside the five family members, there are a number of other major and minor characters in their family. The most commonly recurring characters are Homers father Abraham Grampa Simpson, Marges sisters Patty and Selma Bouvier, other family members include Homers mother Mona Simpson, Homers half-brother Herbert Powell, Marges mother Jacqueline Bouvier, and other minor relatives. Groening conceived of the idea for the Simpsons in the lobby of James L. Brookss office, Brooks had asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts, which Groening initially intended to present as his Life in Hell series. He named the characters after his own family members — his father Homer, his mother Margaret and he substituted Bart, an anagram of brat, for his own name, and modeled the character after his older brother, Mark. The five family members were given simple designs so that their facial emotions could easily be changed with almost no effort, Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned-up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the appearance of the characters in the initial short episodes. The Simpson family made their debut on April 19,1987 in The Tracey Ullman Show short Good Night, in 1989, the shorts were adapted into The Simpsons, a half-hour series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. The Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show, Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, and Yeardley Smith all began voicing their characters on The Tracey Ullman Show. Nancy Cartwright was the one of the group who had been trained to be a voice actor while Castellaneta had done some voice over work in Chicago. The producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart, Yeardley Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting director Bonita Pietila believed her voice was too high. Smith later recalled, I always sounded too much like a girl, I read two lines as Bart and they said, Thanks for coming. Smith was given the role of Lisa instead, on March 13,1987, Nancy Cartwright went in to audition for the role of Lisa. After arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the middle child, Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart who she found more fascinating because he was described as devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, clever. Matt Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, although the episode doesnt specify if the Simpson family descendants of Eliza or Abraham. Mabel Simpson, an ancestor of the Simpson family who was part of the underground railroad and she was married to Hiram before divorcing him and fleeing to Canada to marry Virgil
13.
Bart Simpson
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Bartholomew JoJo Bart Simpson is a fictional character in the American animated television series The Simpsons and part of the Simpson family. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright and first appeared on television in The Tracey Ullman Show short Good Night on April 19,1987, cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed Bart while waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his strip, Life in Hell. While the rest of the characters were named after Groenings family members, after appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three years, the Simpson family received its own series on Fox, which debuted December 17,1989. At ten years old, Bart is the eldest child and only son of Homer and Marge, Barts most prominent and popular character traits are his mischievousness, rebelliousness and disrespect for authority. He has appeared in other media relating to The Simpsons – including video games, The Simpsons Movie, The Simpsons Ride, commercials, in casting, Nancy Cartwright originally planned to audition for the role of Lisa, while Yeardley Smith tried out for Bart. Smiths voice was too high for a boy, so she was given the role of Lisa, Cartwright found that Lisa was not interesting at the time, so instead auditioned for Bart, which she thought was a better role. Hallmarks of the character include his chalkboard gags in the sequence, his prank calls to Moe. Around the third season, the series started to more on the family as a whole. Time named Bart one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century, Nancy Cartwright has won several awards for voicing Bart, including a Primetime Emmy Award in 1992 and an Annie Award in 1995. In 2000, Bart, along with the rest of his family, was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The Simpsons uses a floating timeline in which the characters do not age at all, and as such, in several episodes, events have been linked to specific times, though sometimes this timeline has been contradicted in subsequent episodes. Barts year of birth was stated in I Married Marge as being in the early 1980s, in Simpsorama Bart states his birthday as February 23. He lived with his parents in the Lower East Side of Springfield until the Simpsons bought their first house, when Lisa was born, Bart was at first jealous of the attention she received, but he soon warmed to her when he discovered that Bart was her first word. Barts first day of school was in the early 1990s and his initial enthusiasm was crushed by an uncaring teacher and Marge became worried that something was truly wrong with Bart. One day during recess, Bart met Milhouse and started entertaining him and other students with various gestures, Principal Skinner told him youve just started school, and the path you choose now may be the one you follow for the rest of your life. In his moment of truth, Bart responded, eat my shorts, the episode That 90s Show contradicted much of the backstorys time frame, for example, it was revealed that Homer and Marge were childless in the early 1990s. Barts hobbies include skateboarding, watching television, reading books, playing video games
14.
Anagram
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The original word or phrase is known as the subject of the anagram. Any word or phrase that exactly reproduces the letters in order is an anagram. Someone who creates anagrams may be called an anagrammatist, and the goal of a serious or skilled anagrammatist is to produce anagrams that in some way reflect or comment on their subject, Anagrams are often used as a form of mnemonic device. Such an anagram may be a synonym or antonym of its subject, a parody and it sometimes changes a proper noun or personal name into a sentence, such as with William Shakespeare = I am a weakish speller or Madam Curie = Radium came. It can change parts of speech, such as the adjective silent to the verb listen, Anagrams itself can be anagrammatized as Ars magna. Anagrams can be traced back to the time of Moses, as Themuru or changing and they were popular throughout Europe during the Middle Ages, for example with the poet and composer Guillaume de Machaut. They are said to go back at least to the Greek poet Lycophron, in the third century BCE, Anagrams in Latin were considered witty over many centuries. Est vir qui adest, explained below, was cited as the example in Samuel Johnsons A Dictionary of the English Language, any historical material on anagrams must always be interpreted in terms of the assumptions and spellings that were current for the language in question. In particular, spelling in English only slowly became fixed, there were attempts to regulate anagram formation, an important one in English being that of George Puttenhams Of the Anagram or Posy Transposed in The Art of English Poesie. The origins of these are not documented, Latin continued to influence letter values. There was a tradition of allowing anagrams to be perfect if the letters were all used once. This can be seen in a popular Latin anagram against the Jesuits, Societas Jesu turned into Vitiosa seces, the rules were not completely fixed in the 17th century. When it comes to the 17th century and anagrams in English or other languages, the lawyer Thomas Egerton was praised through the anagram gestat honorem, the physician George Ent took the anagrammatic motto genio surget, which requires his first name as Georgius. James Is courtiers discovered in James Stuart a just master, walter Quin, tutor to the future Charles I, worked hard on multilingual anagrams on the name of father James. Dryden in MacFlecknoe disdainfully called the pastime the torturing of one poor word ten thousand ways, an example from France was a flattering anagram for Cardinal Richelieu, comparing him to Hercules or at least one of his hands, where Armand de Richelieu became Ardue main dHercule. Examples from the century are the transposition of Horatio Nelson into Honor est a Nilo. With the advent of surrealism as a movement, anagrams regained the artistic respect they had had in the Baroque period. The German poet Unica Zürn, who made use of anagram techniques, came to regard obsession with anagrams as a dangerous fever
15.
David X. Cohen
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David Samuel Cohen, better known as David X. Cohen, is an American television writer. He has written for The Simpsons and served as the head writer, Cohen was born in New York City. He changed his middle initial around the time Futurama debuted due to Writers Guild policies prohibiting more than one member from having the same name. Both of his parents were biologists, and growing up Cohen had always planned to be a scientist, though he also enjoyed writing and drawing cartoons. Cohen graduated from Dwight Morrow High School in Englewood, New Jersey, from there, Cohen went on to attend Harvard University, graduating with a B. A. in physics, and the University of California, Berkeley, with a M. S. in computer science. At Harvard, he wrote for and served as President of the Harvard Lampoon, cohens most notable academic publication concerned the theoretical computer science problem of pancake sorting, which was also the subject of an academic publication by Bill Gates. After three years of school, Cohen took a leave of absence and started writing sample TV scripts. In 1992, this landed him a job writing two of the earliest Beavis and Butthead episodes, in 1993, Cohen began working on The Simpsons, writing or co-writing thirteen episodes. Cohen has won four Primetime Emmy Awards, Two for Futurama, Cohen co-developed Futurama, along with The Simpsons creator Matt Groening. Cohen served as writer, executive producer, and voice director of the series. He was also the director of the Futurama video game. After spending a few years researching science fiction, Groening got together with Cohen in 1997 and developed Futurama, an animated series about life in the year 3000. By the time they pitched the series to Fox in April 1998, Groening and Cohen had composed many characters and storylines, Groening described trying to get the show on the air as by far the worst experience of grown-up life. The show premiered on March 28,1999, after four years on the air, the series was canceled by Fox. In a situation similar to the animated Family Guy, however, strong DVD sales, when Comedy Central began negotiating for the rights to air Futurama reruns, Fox suggested that there was a possibility of also creating new episodes. Since no new Futurama projects were in production, the movie Into the Wild Green Yonder was designed to stand as the Futurama series finale, however, Groening had expressed a desire to continue the Futurama franchise in some form, including as a theatrical film. In an interview with CNN, Groening said that we have a relationship with Comedy Central and we would love to do more episodes for them. Were having discussions and there is some enthusiasm but I cant tell if its just me, Comedy Central picked up the show for 26 new half-hour episodes that began airing in mid-2010
16.
Comedy Central
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Comedy Central is an American basic cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Global Entertainment Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom. The channel carries comedy programming, in the form of original and syndicated series and stand-up comedy specials, as well as feature films. The international channels are operated by Viacom International Media Networks, as of February 2015, approximately 93,992,000 American households receive Comedy Central. On November 15,1989, Time Warner, owners of HBO, on April 1,1990, Viacom launched a rival channel called Ha. that featured reruns of situation comedies and some original sketch comedy. The Comedy Channels programs were broadcast from the HBO Downtown Studios at 120 East 23rd Street in Manhattan, the format prior to the merger with Ha. In the early days, certain hours of the day when clips were shown without host segments were dubbed Short Attention Span Theater, in 1990, hosts under this title, Jon Stewart and Patty Rosborough, were introduced. Comedian Marc Maron also hosted the series, Viacom bought out Time Warners half in April 2003 for $1.23 billion. LLC, the subsidiary that owned Ha. and Viacoms original half of the network, with the exception of the cult favorite Mystery Science Theater 3000, the channel had a relatively small viewership. A notable early success was Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher, which after showing promise on Comedy Central was quickly snapped up by ABC. Additionally, The Daily Show had got its start with original host Craig Kilborn, dr. Katz, Professional Therapist was also a notable original program from this era, as well as the game show Win Ben Steins Money. Successful non-original programming included Canadian comedy group The Kids in the Hall and British shows such as the U. K. edition of Whose Line Is It Anyway. some later seasons of AbFab, as it was informally known, were partially financed by Comedy Central. Comedy Central also had the rights to broadcast reruns of Seattles Almost Live. The channel made a breakthrough when South Park premiered in 1997, being the first major basic cable show to carry the TV-MA rating for mature audiences, the show was too controversial to be picked up by a mainstream network. As word of mouth spread, the number of people who requested that Comedy Central be added to their cable providers increased, on November 13,2000, Comedy Central introduced a modernized version of its globe logo, by straightening the buildings and removing the transmitter. The management of the said that the transmitter of the 1991 logo was said to communicate the 1950s broadcast era. In 2002, Comedy Central Records was formed as a means of releasing albums by comedians that have appeared on the network, since 2003, Comedy Central has created a tradition of roasting comedians in the style of the New York Friars Club roasts. During these roasts, friends of the roastee, along other comedians, take turns making fun of the roastee, the other roasters. The success of South Park, despite its mature content, encouraged the network to continue to push the limits on adult language, every Saturday and Sunday morning at 1 a. m
17.
Netflix
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Netflix is an American entertainment company founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph on August 29,1997, in Scotts Valley, California. It specializes in and provides streaming media and video-on-demand online and DVD by mail, in 2013, Netflix expanded into film and television production, as well as online distribution. As of 2017 the company has its headquarters in Los Gatos, Netflixs initial business model included DVD sales and rental, although Hastings jettisoned DVD sales about a year after Netflixs founding to focus on the DVD rental by mail business. In 2007, Netflix expanded its business with the introduction of streaming media, while retaining the DVD, Netflix entered the content-production industry in 2013, debuting its first series, House of Cards. It has greatly expanded the production of film and television series since then, offering Netflix Original content through its online library of films. Netflix released an estimated 126 original series or films in 2016, in January 2017, Netflix reported having over 93 million subscribers worldwide, including more than 49 million in the United States. Netflix was founded on August 29,1997, in Scotts Valley, California, by Marc Randolph, Randolph worked as marketing director for Hastings company, Pure Atria Corporation. Randolph was a co-founder of MicroWarehouse, a mail order company. Hastings, a computer scientist and mathematician, sold Pure Atria to Rational Software Corporation in 1997 for $700 million in what was then the richest acquisition in Silicon Valley history. Hastings, Randolphs mother and Integrity QA founder Steve Kahn invested $2.5 million in cash for Netflix. Randolph admired the fledgling e-commerce company Amazon and wanted to find a category of portable items to sell over the internet using a similar model. He and Hastings considered and rejected VHS tapes as too expensive to stock and too delicate to ship. When they heard about DVDs, which were available in only a few markets in 1997, when the disc arrived intact, they decided to take on the $16 billion home video sales and rental industry. Netflix introduced the monthly subscription concept in September 1999, and then dropped the model in early 2000. Since that time, the company has built its reputation on the model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees. In 2000, Netflix offered to be acquired by Blockbuster for $50 million, Netflix initiated an initial public offering on May 29,2002, selling 5.5 million shares of common stock at the price of US$15.00 per share. On June 14,2002, the company sold an additional 825,000 shares of stock at the same price. After incurring substantial losses during its first few years, Netflix posted its first profit during fiscal year 2003, in 2005,35,000 different films were available, and Netflix shipped 1 million DVDs out every day
18.
British Comedy Awards
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The British Comedy Awards was an annual awards ceremony in the United Kingdom celebrating notable comedians and entertainment performances of the previous year. Jonathan Ross announced that he would not be presenting the 2008 awards, the 2007 show occurred on 6 December 2007, but was not televised due to the 2005 controversy and subsequent investigations. The following years ceremony was shown live on 6 December 2008, Compliance for the show was the responsibility of the ITV Compliance Unit of ITV Network Limited. In June 2010, it was announced that awards were to be broadcast on Channel 4 for three years, which was extended for one more year. Shortly afterwards, the 2010 ceremony was postponed until the 2010 ceremony finally aired in January 2011, in June 2015 Channel 4 announced they would be dropping the ceremony. The 2015 ceremony was cancelled due to a lack of a suitable broadcast partner. A new broadcast partner is being lined up for the 2016 ceremony, at the 2005 British Comedy Awards show, the wrong show received the Peoples Choice Award. Charged by the show with investigating the allegations of irregularities. It was understood that he would be if the recipients were Anthony McPartlin. In order to ensure his attendance, this assurance was given, but it could not be definitively established that Williams involvement led to the wrong winner being announced. Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway did however receive the Peoples Choice Award at the British Comedy Awards 2006, beginning on 26 July 2007, British tabloid newspapers reported the alleged involvement of the British Comedy Awards in the 2007 British television phone-in scandal. ITV announced that they postponed the British Comedy Awards 2007 due to the voting irregularities, in a statement, the company said, Pending conclusion of the investigation, broadcast of the British Comedy Awards 2007 will be postponed. ITV will not make any comment regarding this matter until the conclusion of the investigation. The 2007 awards did take place on 5 December 2007, in early May 2008 Ofcom announced its fining and sanctioning ITV plc in a press release. On 15 August 2008, it was announced that a scandal could have been committed in the award ceremony at the 2004 Awards. Angus Deayton replaced Jonathan Ross as the host of the British Comedy Awards, Ross returned to presenting the awards in 2009. Best Comedy Panel Show, Would I Lie to You, British Comedy Awards at British Comedy Guide
19.
National Cartoonists Society
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The National Cartoonists Society is an organization of professional cartoonists in the United States. It presents the National Cartoonists Society Awards, the Society was born in 1946 when groups of cartoonists got together to entertain the troops. They enjoyed each others company and decided to meet on a regular basis, only recently has the National Cartoonists Society embraced web comics. Membership is limited to established professional cartoonists, with a few exceptions of outstanding persons in affiliated fields, the NCS is not a guild or labor union. The National Cartoonists Society had its origins during World War II when cartoonists Gus Edson, Otto Soglow, Clarence D. Russell, Bob Dunn, Edson recalled, “We played two spots. And then we quit the USO. ”They were lured away by choreographer and former Rockette Toni Mendez, when she learned of these chalk talks, she recruited the cartoonists to do shows for the Hospital Committee of the American Theatre Wing. Beginning with a performance emceed by humor columnist Bugs Baer at Halloran Hospital on Staten Island, the group expanded to junkets on military transport planes, flying to military bases along the southeastern seaboard. On one of those flights, Russell proposed a club to Rube Goldberg, Mendez recalled, He said, Everybody has a club or an association or some kind—lumber jacks, undertakers, rug weavers, even garbage collectors—so I don’t see why we can’t have one, too. All during the flight, Rube kept saying, No—leave us alone, C. D. turned to me and he said, And no girls. And he went up and down the aisle of the plane, the Society was organized on a Friday evening, March 1,1946, when 26 cartoonists gathered at 7pm in the Barberry Room on East 52nd Street in Manhattan. After drinks and dinner, they voted to determine officers and a name for their new organization and it was initially known as The Cartoonists Society. Goldberg was elected president with Russell Patterson as vice president, C. D. Russell as secretary and Milton Caniff, Soglow was later added as second vice president. Mendez functioned as the Societys trouble-shooter and later became an agent representing more than 50 cartoonists, yardley, sports cartoonist Lou Hanlon, illustrator Russell Patterson and comic book artists Joe Shuster and Joe Musial. More members joined by mid-May 1946, including Harold Gray and the Society’s first animator, Paul Terry, followed in the summer by letterer Frank Engli, Bela Zaboly, Al Capp, seibel and sports cartoonist Willard Mullin. Her name was on all the Society’s publications, and her address was the permanent mailing address of the NCS for more than 30 years, as the organizing secretary, she handled agendas, organization and publicity. “She practically ran the damn thing, ” Caniff recalled, “A real autocrat, and everyone was delighted to have her be an autocrat because that’s what we needed. On November 6,1951,49 members of the NCS arrived at Washingtons Carlton Hotel for breakfast with Harry S. Truman, when Al Posen originated the idea of National Cartoonists Society tours to entertain American servicemen, he became the NCS Director of Overseas Shows. On October 4,1952, nine cartoonists left on a USO-Camp Shows tour of U. S, armed Forces installations in Europe, traveling via a Military Air Transport Service plane from Westover Air Force Base in Massachusetts and landing at Rhein-Main Air Base in Germany
20.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
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The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist destination, with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003, as of 2017, the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars, spaced at 6-foot intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background, in the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters. Below the inscription, in the half of the star field. Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year, special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E. M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamor, Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, receives credit in an independent account. A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and a firm was retained to develop specific proposals. By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. By another account, the stars were inspired, by Sugarmans drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars. In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree inside a star on a brown background. The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant, and included such prominent names as Cecil B, deMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz. A requirement stipulated by the audio recording committee specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement, as a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business. The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959, construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting, in October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal. The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin, Jr. sought damages for the exclusion of his father, chaplins suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project. Woodwards name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558, the other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence
21.
Birth order
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Birth order refers to the order a child is born in their family, first-born and second-born are examples. Birth order is often believed to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development and this assertion has been repeatedly challenged, the largest multi-study research suggests zero or near-zero effects. Birth-order theory has the characteristics of a theory, as despite disconfirmation, it continues to have a strong presence in pop psychology. Alfred Adler, an Austrian psychiatrist, and a contemporary of Sigmund Freud and he argued that birth order can leave an indelible impression on an individuals style of life, which is ones habitual way of dealing with the tasks of friendship, love, and work. According to Adler, firstborns are dethroned when a child comes along. Younger and only children may be pampered and spoiled, which was suggested to affect their later personalities, since Adlers time, the influence of birth order on the development of personality has become a controversial issue in psychology. Among the general public, it is believed that personality is strongly influenced by birth order. Contemporary empirical research shows that birth order does not influence the Big Five personality traits, in his book Born to Rebel, Frank Sulloway suggested that birth order had powerful effects on the Big Five personality traits. He argued that firstborns were much more conscientious and socially dominant, less agreeable, however, critics such as Fred Townsend, Toni Falbo, and Judith Rich Harris, argue against Sulloways theories. Subsequent large independent multi-cohort studies have revealed approximately zero-effect of birth order on personality, in their book Sibling Relationships, Their Nature and Significance across the Lifespan, Michael E. Such research is a challenge because of the difficulty of controlling all the variables that are related to birth order. Family size, and a number of social and demographic variables are associated with birth order, for example, large families are generally lower in socioeconomic status than small families. Hence third-born children are not only third in order. If third-born children have a trait, it may be due to birth order, or it may be due to family size. Consequently, there are a number of published studies on birth order that are confounded. Literature reviews that have examined many studies and attempted to control for confounding variables tend to find minimal effects for birth order, ernst and Angst reviewed all of the research published between 1946 and 1980. They also did their own study on a sample of 6,315 young men from Switzerland. They found no effects of birth order and concluded that birth order research was a waste of time
22.
Norwegian Americans
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Norwegian Americans comprise Americans with ancestral roots from Norway. Norwegian immigrants went to the United States primarily in the half of the 19th century. There are more than 4.5 million Norwegian Americans according to the most recent U. S. census, Norwegian Americans currently comprise the 10th largest European ancestry group in the United States. Norsemen from Greenland and Iceland were the first Europeans to reach North America, leif Ericson reached North America via Norse settlements in Greenland around the year 1000. Norse settlers from Greenland founded the settlement of LAnse aux Meadows and Point Rosee in Vinland, in what is now Newfoundland and these settlers failed to establish a permanent settlement because of conflicts with indigenous people and within the Norse community. There was a Norwegian presence in New Amsterdam in the part of 17th century. Hans Hansen Bergen, a native of Bergen, Norway, was one of the earliest settlers of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam having immigrated in 1633, another of the first Norwegian settlers was Albert Andriessen Bradt who arrived in New Amsterdam in 1637. Pieter Van Brugh, Mayor of Albany, New York was the grandson of Norwegian immigrants, approximately 60 persons had settled in the Manhattan area before the British take-over in 1664. How many Norwegians that settled in New Netherland is not known, the Netherlands had strong commercial ties with the coastal lumber trade of Norway during the 17th century and many Norwegians immigrated to Amsterdam. Some of them settled in Dutch colonies, although never in large numbers, there were also Norwegian settlers in Pennsylvania in the first half of the 18th century, upstate New York in the latter half of the same century, and in New England during both halves. The earliest immigrants from Norway to America emigrated mostly because of religious motives, as Religious Society of Friends, organized Norwegian immigration to North America began in 1825, when several dozen Norwegians left Stavanger bound for North America on the sloop Restauration under the leadership of Cleng Peerson. To a great extent, this emigration from Norway was borne out of religious persecution, especially for Quakers and a local religious group. The ship landed in New York City, where it was at first impounded for exceeding its passenger limit. After intervention from President John Quincy Adams, the passengers moved on to settle in Kendall, New York with the help of Andreas Stangeland, many of these immigrants moved on from the Kendall Settlement, settling in Illinois and Wisconsin. In July of that year, a group of six dissenting families, seeking a haven from the official Norwegian state church, set sail from Stavanger in an undersized sloop, the Restaurationen. When it arrived in New York harbor after an arduous 14-week journey, the Restaurationen caused a sensation, local Quakers helped the destitute emigrants, who eventually established a community in upstate New York. Today, their descendants are known as sloopers. While about 65 Norwegians emigrated via Sweden and elsewhere in the years, no emigrant ships left Norway for the New World until the 1836 departures of the Den Norske Klippe
23.
German Canadians
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German Canadians are Canadian citizens of ethnic German ancestry. The 2006 Canadian census put the number of Canadians of some German ethnicity at 3,179,425. After the fall of New France a smaller number of Germans who had fought for prince-elector king George III during the Revolutionary War stayed in North America, however, the first major round of German immigration to Canada began already after the British conquest of Nova Scotia. Many Germans had served in the British army and elected to settle in the new lands, far more arrived as some of the Foreign Protestants. These were continental Protestants encouraged to come to Nova Scotia to counterbalance the large number of Catholic Acadians and this influx began in about 1751 and to this day the South Shore of Nova Scotia is filled with German town names, surnames, and Lutheran churches. The American Revolution saw a group of German-American migrants to Canada. German speakers from New York and Pennsylvania made up a significant percentage of United Empire Loyalists, to fight the war, Britain had hired regiments from small German states, these soldiers were known as Hessians. About 2,200 settled in Canada once their terms of service expired or they were released from American captivity, for example, a group from the Brunswick regiment settled southwest of Montreal and south of Quebec City. The largest group fleeing the United States were the Mennonites from the U. S. called Pennsylvania Dutch, many of those families ancestors had been from Southern Germany or Switzerland. This same geographic area also attracted new German migrants from Europe, research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania. By 1871, nearly 55 percent of the population of Waterloo County had German origins, especially in Berlin, German was the dominant language spoken. Research indicates that there was no apparent conflict between the Germans from Europe and those who came from Pennsylvania, the German Protestants developed the Lutheran Church along Canadian lines. In Waterloo County, Ontario, with large German elements that arrived after 1850, after 1914 English became the preferred language for sermons and publications. Absent a seminary, the churches trained their own ministers, while the Anglophone Protestants promoted the Social Gospel and prohibition, the Lutherans stood apart. In Montreal, immigrants and Canadians of German-descent founded the German Society of Montreal in April 1835, the Society is still active today and celebrated its 180th anniversary in 2015. The population of the Canadian west beginning in 1896 drew further large numbers of German immigrants, once again German-speaking Mennonites were especially prominent, being persecuted by the Tsarist regime in Russia. The farmers, used to the conditions of farming in southern Imperial Russia, were some of the most successful in adapting to the Canadian prairies. This accelerated when, in the 1920s, the United States imposed quotas on Central, soon after Canada imposed its own limits, however, and prevented most of those trying to flee the Third Reich from moving to Canada
24.
Advertising
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Advertising is an audio or visual form of marketing communication that employs an openly sponsored, nonpersonal message to promote or sell a product, service or idea. Sponsors of advertising are often businesses who wish to promote their products or services, Advertising is differentiated from public relations in that an advertiser usually pays for and has control over the message. It is differentiated from personal selling in that the message is nonpersonal, the actual presentation of the message in a medium is referred to as an advertisement or ad. Commercial ads often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, on the other hand, ads that intend to elicit an immediate sale are known as direct response advertising. Non-commercial advertisers who spend money to advertise items other than a product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations. Non-profit organizations may use free modes of persuasion, such as a service announcement. Advertising may also be used to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful, in 2015, the world spent an estimate of US$592.43 billion on advertising. Its projected distribution for 2017 is 40. 4% on TV,33. 3% on digital, internationally, the largest advertising conglomerates are Interpublic, Omnicom, Publicis, and WPP. In Latin, ad vertere means to turn toward, egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii, lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, the tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BC. In ancient China, the earliest advertising known was oral, as recorded in the Classic of Poetry of bamboo flutes played to sell candy, advertisement usually takes in the form of calligraphic signboards and inked papers. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons, the first compilation of such advertisements was gathered in Les Crieries de Paris, a thirteenth-century poem by Guillaume de la Villeneuve. In the 18th century advertisements started to appear in newspapers in England. However, false advertising and so-called quack advertisements became a problem, thomas J. Barratt from London has been called the father of modern advertising. Working for the Pears Soap company, Barratt created an advertising campaign for the company products. One of his slogans, Good morning, have you used Pears soap. was famous in its day and into the 20th century. Barratt introduced many of the ideas that lie behind successful advertising
25.
Mennonite
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The Mennonites are Christian groups belonging to the church communities of Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons of Friesland. Through his writings, Simons articulated and formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders, rather than fight, the majority of these followers survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in believers baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the peace churches because of their commitment to pacifism. There is controversy among Mennonites about this issue, with some insisting that they are simply a group while others argue that they form a distinct ethnic group. Historians and sociologists have increasingly started to treat Mennonites as an ethno-religious group, there is also a discussion about the term ethnic Mennonite. There are about 2.1 million Anabaptists worldwide as of 2015, Mennonite congregations worldwide embody the full scope of Mennonite practice from plain people to those who are indistinguishable in dress and appearance from the general population. Mennonites can be found in communities in at least 87 countries on six continents, the largest populations of Mennonites are to be found in Canada, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India and the United States. Today, less than 500 Mennonites remain in Ukraine, a relatively small Mennonite presence, known as the Algemene Doopsgezinde Societeit, still continues in the Netherlands, where Simons was born. The early history of the Mennonites starts with the Anabaptists in the German, the German term is Täufer or Wiedertäufer. The Greek word palin is the single most used term translated as again throughout the Greek MSS translated into the English KJV Bible, when the Greek prepositional prefix ana is used, it is always translated separately, and not transliterated. The English transliteration of anbaptizmo demands a transliterated rendering as an-other baptism, hence ANA-baptism and these forerunners of modern Mennonites were part of the Protestant Reformation, a broad reaction against the practices and theology of the Roman Catholic Church. Other significant theological views of the Mennonites developed in opposition to Roman Catholic views or to the views of other Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther, some of the followers of Zwinglis Reformed church thought that requiring church membership beginning at birth was inconsistent with the New Testament example. At a small meeting in Zurich on January 21,1525, Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz and this meeting marks the beginning of the Anabaptist movement. In the spirit of the times, many groups followed, preaching about reducing hierarchy, relations with the state, eschatology and these movements are together referred to as the Radical Reformation. They joined forces to fight the movement, using such as banishment, torture. Despite strong repressive efforts of the churches, the movement spread slowly around western Europe. Officials killed many of the earliest Anabaptist leaders in an attempt to purge Europe of the new sect, by 1530, most of the founding leaders had been killed for refusing to renounce their beliefs. Many believed that God did not condone killing or the use of force for any reason and were unwilling to fight for their lives
26.
Tabor College (Kansas)
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Tabor College is a four-year private Christian liberal arts college in Hillsboro, Kansas, United States. Tabor is currently owned and operated by the Mennonite Brethren Church, there were 594 students enrolled at the Tabor College Hillsboro campus for the Fall 2014 semester. Total enrollment, including the Tabor College School of Adult and Graduate Studies in Wichita was 766, established in 1908 by those of the Mennonite Brethren and Krimmer Mennonite Brethren faiths, Tabor’s doors were first opened with 39 students and three instructors. Before the end of school year, enrollment skyrocketed to 104. These buildings – the Mary J. Regier Building and the H. W. Lohrenz Building – are still in use today, while Tabor has continued to be affiliated with the Mennonite Brethren Church, changes have been made in the organizational structure from time to time. The Board of Directors is responsible to the Mennonite Brethren churches of the Central, Southern, Latin America, Tabor College also formed an extension of the main institution when Tabor College in Wichita opened offices in 1993 and the first classes began the following year. Undergraduate and graduate degrees have been offered in Wichita and online, Mennonite Brethren doctrines are in agreement with those of most evangelical Christians. In 1961, Reimer Stadium was built on the side of Tabor College campus. In 2008, the old stadium was demolished replaced by Joel Wiens Stadium in 2009. The team locker rooms and athletic offices were constructed at the north end of the stadium at college expense. Tabors main campus is situated in Hillsboro, Kansas, located approximately 50 miles north of Wichita, nearby cities include Newton and McPherson. Tabor is owned and operated by the Mennonite Brethren Church, Tabor College teams are known as the Bluejays. Tabor is a member of the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference which is part of the NAIA, rolland Lawrence – cornerback for Atlanta Falcons
27.
Hillsboro, Kansas
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Hillsboro is a city in Marion County, Kansas, United States. Hillsboro was named after John Gillespie Hill, who homesteaded in the area in 1871, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 2,993. Hillsboro is home of Tabor College, which had 766 students enrolled in Fall 2014, for many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, in 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre. In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U. S. state, in 1855, Marion County was established within the Kansas Territory, which included the land for modern day Hillsboro. Hillsboro was named after John Gillespie Hill, who homesteaded in the area in 1871, originally Hill City was the city name, since another city in Kansas already bore that name, it was changed to Hillsboro on June 20,1879. A post office was established in Risley on April 10,1873 then moved to Hillsboro on August 29,1879, the Hillsboro area was settled by Russian Mennonites of German extraction beginning in 1874. These settlers brought with them Turkey Red Hard winter wheat, today, the Mennonite Settlement Museum remains to demonstrate the lives of these early settlers. As early as 1875, city leaders of Marion held a meeting to consider a branch railroad from Florence, in 1878, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and parties from Marion County and McPherson County chartered the Marion and McPherson Railway Company. In 1879, a line was built from Florence to McPherson, in 1880 it was extended to Lyons. The line was leased and operated by the Atchison, Topeka, the line from Florence to Marion, was abandoned in 1968. In 1992, the line from Marion to McPherson was sold to Central Kansas Railway, in 1993, after heavy flood damage, the line from Marion through Hillsboro to McPherson was abandoned and removed. The original branch line connected Florence, Marion, Canada, Hillsboro, Lehigh, Canton, Galva, McPherson, Conway, Windom, Little River, Mitchell, Lyons, Chase, Ellinwood. In 1908, Tabor College was founded by members of the Mennonite Brethren, the National Old Trails Road, also known as the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, was established in 1912, and was routed through Lehigh, Hillsboro, Marion, Lost Springs. Hillsboro is located at 38°21′5″N 97°12′9″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.57 square miles, of which,2.56 square miles is land and 0.01 square miles is water. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hillsboro has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps
28.
Olympia, Washington
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Olympia is the capital of the U. S. state of Washington and the county seat of Thurston County. It was incorporated on January 28,1859, the population was documented as 46,478 in the 2010 census. The city borders Lacey to the east and Tumwater to the south, Olympia is a major cultural center of the Puget Sound region. Olympia is located 60 miles southwest of Seattle, the largest city in the state of Washington, the site of Olympia has been home to Lushootseed-speaking peoples for thousands of years, including Squaxin, Nisqually, Puyallup, Chehalis, Suquamish, and Duwamish. The first recorded visit by Europeans was in 1792 when Peter Puget, in 1846, Edmund Sylvester and Levi Smith jointly claimed the land that now comprises downtown Olympia. In 1851, the U. S. Congress established the Customs District of Puget Sound for Washington Territory and its population steadily expanded from Oregon Trail immigrants. In 1850, the settled on the name Olympia, at the suggestion of local resident Colonel Isaac N. Ebey. The area began to be served by a fleet of steamboats known as the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet. In 1896, Olympia became the home of the Olympia Brewing Company, the 1949 Olympia earthquake damaged many historic buildings beyond repair, and they were demolished. Parts of the city suffered damage from earthquakes in 1965 and 2001. In 1967, the legislature approved the creation of The Evergreen State College in Olympia. Since 1984, Olympia has also been home to the South Puget Sound Community College, Olympia has become a hub for artists and musicians, and has been named one of the best college towns in the nation for its vibrant downtown and access to outdoor activities. Olympia is located at 47°2′33″N 122°53′35″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.68 square miles, of which 17.82 sq mi is land and 1.86 sq mi is water. The city of Olympia is located at the end of Puget Sound on Budd Inlet. The Deschutes River estuary was dammed in 1951 to create Capitol Lake, much of the lower area of downtown Olympia sits on reclaimed land. The cities of Lacey and Tumwater border Olympia, the region surrounding Olympia has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, whereas the local microclimate due to its dry summers and cool July and August overnight lows. It is part of USDA Hardiness zone 8a, with isolated pockets around Puget Sound falling under zone 8b, most of western Washingtons weather is brought in by weather systems that form near the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. It contains cold moist air, which brings western Washington cold rain, cloudiness, November through January are Olympias rainiest months
29.
Lynda Barry
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Lynda Barry is an American cartoonist, author, and teacher. Barry is best known for her comic strip Ernie Pooks Comeek. She garnered attention with her 1988 illustrated novel The Good Times are Killing Me and her second illustrated novel, Cruddy, first appeared in 1999. Three years later she published One, a graphic novel she terms autobiofictionalography. In July 2016, she was inducted into the Eisner Hall of Fame and she is currently an Assistant Professor of Interdisciplinary Creativity at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Linda Jean Barry, who changed her first name to Lynda at age 12, was born on Highway 14 in Richland Center and her father was a meat-cutter of Irish and Norwegian descent, and her mother, a hospital housekeeper, was of Irish and Filipino descent. Barry grew up in Seattle, Washington in an African-American neighborhood and her parents divorced when she was 12. By age 16, she was working nights as a janitor at a Seattle hospital while still attending high school, neither of Barrys parents attended her graduation. At The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, Barry met fellow cartoonist Matt Groening. ”These were the cartoons Groening, after graduating from Evergreen, Barry moved to Seattle. When she was 23, the Chicago Reader picked up her comic strip and she later moved to Chicago, Illinois. As she described her career start, Bob Roth called me from the Chicago Reader as the result of an article Matt wrote about hip West Coast artists — he threw me in just because he was a buddy, right. Called and wanted to see my comic strips, and I didnt have any originals, I didn’t know anything about originals, that you don’t give them to newspapers because newspapers lose them. So I had to draw a set that night and Federal Express them. So I did, and he started printing them, and he paid $80 a week, and because he’s with this newspaper association, the other papers started picking it up. Got into the Los Angeles Reader, for a long time the Los Angeles Reader wouldnt print me, and the Chicago Reader wouldn’t print Matt even though they’re sister publications. So we both worked on the publishers and the editors to get each other in and it was really funny, when we got into each others’ papers, everything sort of took off for both of us. Collections of her work include Girls & Boys, Big Ideas, Everything in the World, The Fun House, Down the Street, in 1984, she released a coloring book with brief text called Naked Ladies. She also wrote and drew a full-page color strip examining the everyday pathology of relationships for Esquire magazine, in 1989 Barrys strip appeared weekly in more than 50 publications, mostly alternative newspapers in large cities
30.
Joseph Heller
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Joseph Heller was an American author of novels, short stories, plays and screenplays. His best-known work is the novel Catch-22, a satire on war and bureaucracy, Heller was born on May 1,1923 in Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York, the son of poor Jewish parents, Lena and Isaac Donald Heller, from Russia. Even as a child, he loved to write, as a teenager, he wrote a story about the Russian invasion of Finland and sent it to the New York Daily News, which rejected it. After graduating from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1941, Heller spent the year working as a blacksmiths apprentice, a messenger boy. In 1942, at age 19, he joined the U. S. Army Air Corps, two years later he was sent to the Italian Front, where he flew 60 combat missions as a B-25 bombardier. His unit was the 488th Bombardment Squadron, 340th Bomb Group, Heller later remembered the war as fun in the beginning. You got the feeling there was something glorious about it. On his return home he felt like a hero, people think it quite remarkable that I was in combat in an airplane and I flew sixty missions even though I tell them that the missions were largely milk runs. After the war, Heller studied English at the University of Southern California, bill, graduating from the latter institution in 1948. In 1949, he received his M. A. in English from Columbia University, following his graduation from Columbia, he spent a year as a Fulbright scholar in St Catherines College, Oxford before teaching composition at Pennsylvania State University for two years. He then briefly worked for Time Inc. before taking a job as a copywriter at an advertising agency. He was first published in 1948, when The Atlantic ran one of his short stories, the story nearly won the Atlantic First. He was married to Shirley Held from 1945 to 1981 and they had two children, Erica and Zelmo, while sitting at home one morning in 1953, Heller thought of the lines, It was love at first sight. The first time he saw the chaplain, fell madly in love with him, within the next day, he began to envision the story that could result from this beginning, and invented the characters, the plot, and the tone that the story would eventually take. Within a week, he had finished the first chapter and sent it to his agent and he did not do any more writing for the next year, as he planned the rest of the story. The initial chapter was published in 1955 as Catch-18, in Issue 7 of New World Writing. Although he originally did not intend the story to be longer than a novelette, when he was one-third done with the work, his agent, Candida Donadio, sent it to publishers. Heller was not particularly attached to the work, and decided that he would not finish it if publishers were not interested, the work was soon purchased by Simon & Schuster, who gave him US $750 and promised him an additional $750 when the full manuscript was delivered
31.
One Hundred and One Dalmatians
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The 17th Disney animated feature film, the film tells the story of a litter of dalmatian puppies who are kidnapped by the villainous Cruella de Vil, who wants to use their fur to make into coats. Their parents, Pongo and Perdita, set out to save their children from Cruella, all the while rescuing 84 additional puppies that were bought in pet shops and it was reissued to cinemas four times, in 1969,1979,1985 and 1991. The 1991 reissue was the twentieth highest earning film of the year for domestic earnings and it was remade into a live action film in 1996. Songwriter Roger Radcliffe lives in a flat in London, along with his dalmatian. Bored with bachelor life, Pongo decides to find a wife for Roger, while watching various female dog-human pairs out the window, he spots the perfect one, a woman named Anita and her female dalmatian, Perdita. He quickly gets Roger out of the house and drags him through the park to arrange a meeting and he and Anita fall in love and get married. Later, Perdita gives birth to a litter of fifteen puppies and that same night, they are visited by Cruella De Vil, a wealthy former schoolmate of Anitas. She offers to buy the litter, but Roger says they are not for sale. A few weeks later, she hires her henchmen, Jasper and Horace, when Scotland Yard is unable to find them, Pongo and Perdita use the Twilight bark, a canine gossip line, to ask for help from the other dogs in London. When Tibbs learns they are going to be made into dog-skin fur coats, upon receiving the message, Pongo and Perdita leave town to retrieve their puppies. Winter has come, and they have to cross the Stour River which is running fast, meanwhile, Tibbs overhears Cruella ordering Jasper and Horace to kill the puppies that night out of fear the police will soon find them. In response, Tibbs attempts to rescue them while Jasper and Horace are preoccupied watching television, Pongo and Perdita break in and confront Jasper and Horace just as they are about to kill the puppies. While the adult dogs attack them, Colonel and Tibbs guide the puppies from the house, after a happy reunion with their own puppies, Pongo and Perdita realize there are dozens of others with them,99 altogether including their own. Shocked at Cruellas plans, they decide to all of them, certain that Roger. They begin making their way back to London through deep snow, other animals help them along the way. Cruella, Jasper, and Horace chase them, in one town, they cover themselves with soot so they appear to be labrador retrievers, then pile inside a moving van bound for London. As it is leaving, melting snow clears off the soot, in a rage, she follows the van in her car and rams it, but Jasper and Horace, who try to cut it off from above, end up crashing into her. Both vehicles are smashed to smithereens and fall into a deep ravine, Cruella yells in frustration as the van drives away but Jasper finally gets the courage to tell her to shut up
32.
Peanuts
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Peanuts is a syndicated daily and Sunday American comic strip written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz, which ran from October 2,1950, to February 13,2000, continuing in reruns afterward. The comic strip is the most popular and influential in the history of comic strips, with 17,897 strips published in all, making it arguably the longest story ever told by one human being. At its peak, Peanuts ran in over 2,600 newspapers, with a readership of 355 million in 75 countries and it helped to cement the four-panel gag strip as the standard in the United States, and together with its merchandise earned Schulz more than $1 billion. Reprints of the strip are still syndicated and run in almost every U. S. newspaper, the strip focuses entirely on a social circle of young children, where adults exist but are never seen or heard. The main character, Charlie Brown, is meek, nervous and he is unable to fly a kite, win a baseball game, or kick a football. Peanuts is one of the strips with philosophical, psychological. The strips humor is psychologically complex, and the characters interactions formed a tangle of relationships that drove the strip, the holiday specials remain popular and are currently broadcast on ABC in the U. S. during the corresponding seasons. The Peanuts franchise met acclaim in theatre, with the stage musical Youre a Good Man, Charlie Brown being a successful, in 2013, TV Guide ranked the Peanuts television specials the fourth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time. A computer-animated feature film based on the strip, The Peanuts Movie, was released on November 6,2015, Peanuts had its origin in Lil Folks, a weekly panel comic that appeared in Schulzs hometown paper, the St. Paul Pioneer Press, from 1947 to 1950. He first used the name Charlie Brown for a character there, the series also had a dog that looked much like the early 1950s version of Snoopy. In 1948, Schulz sold a cartoon to The Saturday Evening Post which published 17 single-panel cartoons by Schulz, the first of these was of a boy sitting with his feet on an ottoman. In 1948, Schulz tried to have Lil Folks syndicated through the Newspaper Enterprise Association, Schulz would have been an independent contractor for the syndicate, unheard of in the 1940s, but the deal fell through. Lil Folks was dropped in early 1950, later that year, Schulz approached the United Feature Syndicate - also operated by Scripps-Howard - with his best work from Lil Folks. When his work was picked up by United Feature Syndicate, they decided to run the new comic strip he had working on. This strip was similar in spirit to the comic, but it had a set cast of characters. The name Lil Folks was too close to the names of two comics of the time, Al Capps Lil Abner and a strip titled Little Folks. To avoid confusion, the settled on the name Peanuts. Peanuts was a title Schulz always disliked, in a 1987 interview, Schulz said of the title Peanuts, Its totally ridiculous, has no meaning, is simply confusing, and has no dignity—and I think my humor has dignity
33.
Charles M. Schulz
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Charles Monroe Schulz, nicknamed Sparky, was an American cartoonist best known for the comic strip Peanuts. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential cartoonists of all time, cited as an influence by many later cartoonists, including Calvin. Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Schulz grew up in Saint Paul and he was the only child of Carl Schulz, who was born in Germany, and Dena Halverson, who had Norwegian heritage. His uncle called him Sparky after the horse Spark Plug in Billy DeBecks comic strip, Schulz loved drawing and sometimes drew his family dog, Spike, who ate unusual things, such as pins and tacks. In 1937, Schulz drew a picture of Spike and sent it to Ripleys Believe It or Not. His drawing appeared in Robert Ripleys syndicated panel, captioned, A hunting dog that eats pins, tacks, Schulz attended Richards Gordon Elementary School in Saint Paul, where he skipped two half-grades. He became a shy, timid teenager, perhaps as a result of being the youngest in his class at Central High School, a five-foot-tall statue of Snoopy was placed in the schools main office 60 years later. In February 1943, Schulzs mother Dena died after a long illness, at the time of her death, he had only recently been made aware that she suffered from cancer. Schulz had by all accounts been very close to his mother and her death made an impression on him. Around the same time, Schulz was drafted into the United States Army and he served as a staff sergeant with the 20th Armored Division in Europe, as a squad leader on a.50 caliber machine gun team. His unit saw combat only at the end of the war. Schulz said that he only had one opportunity to fire his machine gun, fortunately, he said, the German soldier he could have fired at willingly surrendered. Years later, Schulz proudly spoke of his wartime service, after being discharged in late 1945, Schulz returned to Minneapolis. He did lettering for a Roman Catholic comic magazine, Timeless Topix, Schulz himself had been a student of the school, taking a correspondence course from it before he was drafted. He worked at the school for a number of years while he developed his career as a comic creator until he was making money from comics to be able to do that full-time. It was in Lil Folks that Schulz first used the name Charlie Brown for a character, the series also had a dog that looked much like Snoopy. Lil Folks was dropped from the Pioneer Press in January 1950, later that year, Schulz approached the United Feature Syndicate with the one-panel series Lil Folks, and the syndicate became interested. However, by that time Schulz had also developed a strip, using normally four panels rather than one, and reportedly to Schulzs delight
34.
When Every Day Was the Fourth of July
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When Every Day Was the Fourth of July is a 1978 American made-for-television drama film about a Jewish-American family in 1937 Bridgeport, Connecticut. Narrated in first person flashback, the story follows a 12-year-old boy, the film was written, produced and directed by Dan Curtis, and stars Dean Jones, Geoffrey Lewis, Chris Petersen, and Katy Kurtzman. It was followed by the 1980 ABC television movie sequel The Long Days of Summer, when Snowman finds himself accused of a terrible murder, Sarah, believing him to be innocent, convinces her successful attorney father, Ed Cooper to defend him. Albert Cavanaugh, the Snowman Scott Brady, officer Michael Doyle Ronnie Claire Edwards. Judge Henry J. Wheeler Moosie Drier, harold J. Red Doyle Michael Durrell. Narrator Although fictionalized, Dan Curtis wrote the story based on his own growing up in Bridgeport, Connecticut. 17 years old at the time of filming, this would be Sheas final role before leaving show business, matt Groening has stated that his first job in Los Angeles was as an extra in this film. The Long Days of Summer When Every Day Was the Fourth of July at the Internet Movie Database When Every Day Was the Fourth of July at AllMovie
35.
Ghostwriter
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Celebrities, executives, participants in timely news stories, and political leaders often hire ghostwriters to draft or edit autobiographies, memoirs, magazine articles, or other written material. In music, ghostwriters are often used to write songs, lyrics, screenplay authors can also use ghostwriters to either edit or rewrite their scripts to improve them. Usually, there is a confidentiality clause in the contract between the ghostwriter and the author that obligates the former to remain anonymous. Ghostwriting also occurs in other creative fields, ghosting also occurs in popular music. A pop music ghostwriter writes lyrics and a melody in the style of the credited musician, in hip hop music, the increasing use of ghostwriters by high-profile hip-hop stars has led to controversy. In the visual arts, it is not uncommon in either fine art or commercial art such as comics for a number of assistants to do work on a piece that is credited to a single artist. However, when credit is established for the writer, the acknowledgement of their contribution is public domain, a consultant or career-switcher may pay a ghostwriter to write a book on a topic in their professional area, to establish or enhance her credibility as an expert in their field. Public officials and politicians employ correspondence officers to respond to the volume of official correspondence. A number of papal encyclicals have been written by ghostwriters, some university and college students hire ghostwriters from essay mills to write entrance essays, term papers, theses, and dissertations. This is largely considered unethical unless the actual ghostwriting work is just light editing, ghostwriters are hired for numerous reasons. In many cases, celebrities or public figures do not have the time, discipline, or writing skills to write and research a several-hundred page autobiography or how-to book. Even if a celebrity or public figure has the skills to pen a short article, they may not know how to structure and edit a several-hundred page book so that it is captivating. Ghostwriters may have varying degrees of involvement in the production of a finished work, some ghostwriters are hired to edit and clean up a rough draft or partially completed work, while others are hired to do most of the writing based on an outline provided by the credited author. For some projects, such as creating an autobiography for a celebrity, ghostwriters are also hired to write fiction in the style of an existing author, often as a way of increasing the number of books that can be published by a popular author. Ghostwriters will often spend a period from several months to a year researching, writing. Ghostwriters are paid either per page, per each word or via total word count, with a fee, with a percentage of the royalties of the sales. The division of work between the ghostwriter and the credited author varies a great deal, in some cases, the ghostwriter is hired to edit a rough draft of a mostly completed manuscript. In this case, the outline, ideas and much of the language in the book or article are those of the credited author
36.
Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)
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Walter Arnold Kaufmann was a German-American philosopher, translator, and poet. He served for over 30 years as a professor at Princeton University and he is renowned as a scholar and translator of Friedrich Nietzsche. He also wrote a 1965 book on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, at age 11, finding that he believed neither in the Trinity nor in the divinity of Jesus, he converted to Judaism. Kaufmann subsequently discovered that his grandparents were all Jewish, Kaufmann left Germany and immigrated to America in 1939 and began studying at Williams College, where he majored in philosophy and took many religion classes. S. During World War II, he fought on the European front for 15 months, after the war, he completed a PhD in the philosophy of religion at Harvard in a mere two years. His dissertation was titled Nietzsches Theory of Values and eventually became a chapter in his Nietzsche, Philosopher, Kaufmann became a naturalized citizen of the United States of America in 1960. In their place, he praised moralists such as the prophets, the Buddha. He argued that critical analysis and the acquisition of knowledge were liberating and empowering forces, Kaufmann discussed many of these issues in his 1958 Critique of Religion and Philosophy. Kaufmann wrote a good deal on the existentialism of Søren Kierkegaard, Kaufmann had great admiration for Kierkegaards passion and his insights on freedom, anxiety, and individualism. Kaufmann wrote, Nobody before Kierkegaard had seen so clearly that the freedom to make a decision that may change our character. Kaufmann edited the anthology Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre, Kaufmann disliked Martin Heideggers thinking, along with his unclear writing. Michael Tanner called Kaufmanns commentaries on Nietzsche obtrusive, self-referential, and lacking insight, can deepen the insights of every discriminating student of literature, and The New Yorker wrote that Kaufmann has produced what may be the definitive study of Nietzsches. Thought—an informed, scholarly, and lustrous work, Kaufmann wrote that superficially. it also seems that as a philosopher represents a very sharp decline. Yet this argument is hardly cogent, not only can one defend Nietzsche on this score. But one must add that he had strong reasons for not having a system. Kaufmann also sympathized with Nietzsches acerbic criticisms of Christianity, however, Kaufmann faulted much in Nietzsche, writing that my disagreements with are legion. Kaufmann described his own ethic and his own philosophy of living in his books, including The Faith of a Heretic, what Do I Hope. and Without Guilt and Justice, From Decidophobia to Autonomy. He advocated living in accordance with what he proposed as the four virtues, ambition/humility, love, courage
37.
Record store
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A record shop or record store is a retail outlet that sells recorded music. Today in the 21st century, record stores sell CDs, vinyl records and in cases, DVDs of movies, TV shows, cartoons. Some record stores also sell music-related items such as posters of bands or singers and even clothing and items such as bags and coffee mugs. Even in the heyday of the CD during the 1990s, people in English-speaking countries still used the record shop to describe a shop selling sound recordings such as CDs. Now that vinyl records have had a resurgence in the 21st century, often generating more income than CDs, prior to the 2000s, more record shops were privately run, independent businesses, meaning that prices could differ from town to town and store to store. In the 2000s, record shops are largely chain-owned and thus prices are similar in different towns. Current major chains around the world include HMV, Fopp, Rough Trade, Virgin Megastores, Tower Records, FYE, Sam Goody, Velvet Music, Plato, Amoeba Music and Rasputin Music. The enormous increase in sales of records in the 2000s has provided an opportunity for growth in some sectors. The flagship HMV store at 363 Oxford Street in London, for example, has a department for new vinyl LPs. Spillers Records in Cardiff, Wales, founded in 1894 by Henry Spiller, is reputed to be the oldest record shop in the world and it originally specialised in the sale of phonographs, cylinders and shellac discs. Shellack and then vinyl records were popular right up to the 1990s when CDs became the most popular form of recorded music. Soon, however, mail order and internet selling caused prices to fall, the renaissance of Vinyl records has however increased income for record shops, and indeed many new record shops and even chains of record shops have opened. Major chains in the UK and North America that have closed in recent years are Our Price, Zavvi, The Wherehouse, Andys Records, Music and Video Club, Virgin has closed all stores in America and Europe. Tower Records has closed all stores in North America, Rough Trade is, however, currently expanding, with two shops in London, one in Cambridge, one Megastore in New York and plans to further expand. Current record shop chains in Europe are now HMV, Tower Records, Free Record shop, Velvet Music, Plato, Record shop chains still present in North America include HMV, FYE, Sam Goody and Rough Trade. Outside of Europe and North America, the current record store chains include Virgin Megastores, HMV, HMV in Oxford Street, London, England claims to be the worlds largest record shop. The store was opened in 1921 by the composer Sir Edward Elgar and has four floors of CDs, LPs, singles. The largest record shop in Ireland is Tower Records in Dublin, the largest in Asia is Tower Records, Shibuya Tokio, the largest record shop in the Nordic countries is Bengans in Goteborg, Sweden, which opened in 1974
38.
Alternative newspaper
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Its news coverage is more locally focused and their target audiences younger than those of daily newspapers. Typically, alternative newspapers are published in format and printed on newsprint. Other names for such publications include weekly, alternative newsweekly. Most metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada are home to at least one alternative paper, Alternative papers usually operate under a different business model than daily papers. They sometimes include ads for adult entertainment, such as bookstores and strip clubs. They usually include comprehensive classified and personal ad sections and event listings as well, many alternative papers feature an annual best of issue, profiling businesses that readers voted the best of their type in the area. Often these papers send out certificates that the businesses hang on their wall or window and this further cements the papers ties to local businesses. Alternative newspapers represent the more commercialized and mainstream evolution of the press associated with the 1960s counterculture. Their focus remains on arts and entertainment and social and political reportage, editorial positions at alternative weeklies are predominantly left-leaning, though there is a contingent of conservative, and libertarian, alt-weeklies. Styles vary sharply among alternative newspapers, some affect a satirical, ironic tone, columns commonly syndicated to alternative weeklies include The Straight Dope, Dan Savages Savage Love, Rob Bresznys Free Will Astrology, and Ben Tausigs crossword puzzle Ink Well. Quirky, non-mainstream comics, such as Matt Groenings Life in Hell, Lynda Barrys Ernie Pooks Comeek, Ruben Bollings Tom the Dancing Bug, the Village Voice, based in New York City, is one of the first and best-known examples of the form. The Association of Alternative Newsmedia is the alternative weeklies trade association, the Alternative Weekly Network and the Ruxton Group are national advertising sales representatives for alternative weeklies. However, due in part to increasing concentration of media ownership, the Tribune Company, a multibillion-dollar company that owns the Chicago Tribune, owns four New England alternative weeklies, including the Hartford Advocate and New Haven Advocate. Village Voice Media and New Times Media merged in 2006, before that, the pre-merger Village Voice Media, an outgrowth of New York Citys Village Voice, included LA Weekly, OC Weekly, Seattle Weekly, Minneapolis City Pages, and Nashville Scene. In 2003, the two entered into a non-competition agreement which stated that the two would not publish in the same market. The US Justice Department launched an antitrust investigation into the agreement, the case was settled out of court with the two companies agreeing to make available the publishing assets and titles of their defunct papers to potential competitors. The Cleveland Free Times recommenced publication in 2003 under the publication group Kildysart LLC, while the assets of New Times LA were sold to Southland Publishing and relaunched as LA CityBeat. The deal was approved by the Justice Department and, on January 31,2006, in 1999, PM/CG expanded further through New England to Portland, Maine with the creation of the Portland Phoenix
39.
Harry Shearer
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Harry Julius Shearer is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, writer, musician, author, radio host, director and producer. He is known for his roles on The Simpsons, his work on Saturday Night Live. Born in Los Angeles, California, Shearer began his career as a child actor, from 1969 to 1976, Shearer was a member of The Credibility Gap, a radio comedy group. Following the breakup of the group, Shearer co-wrote the film Real Life with Albert Brooks and he was a cast member on Saturday Night Live on two occasions, between 1979–80, and 1984–85. Shearer co-created, co-wrote and co-starred in the 1984 film This Is Spinal Tap, a satirical rockumentary, which became a cult hit. Shearer has appeared in films, including A Mighty Wind. Since 1983, Shearer has been the host of the public radio comedy/music program Le Show, a hodgepodge of satirical commentary, music. Shearer has won a Primetime Emmy Award, has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the radio category and he has been married to singer-songwriter Judith Owen since 1993. He is currently artist in residence at Loyola University, New Orleans, Shearer was born December 23,1943 in Los Angeles, the son of Dora Warren, a book-keeper, and Mack Shearer. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Austria and Poland, starting when Shearer was four years old, he had a piano teacher whose daughter worked as a child actress. The piano teacher later decided to make a change and become a childrens agent. The teacher asked Shearers parents for permission to him to an audition. Several months later, she called Shearers parents and told them that she had gotten Shearer an audition for the radio show The Jack Benny Program, Shearer received the role when he was seven years old. He described Jack Benny as very warm and approachable He was a guy who dug the idea of people on the show getting laughs. Shearer made his debut in the 1953 film Abbott and Costello Go to Mars. Later that year, he made his first big performance in The Robe. Throughout his childhood and teenage years he worked in television, film, in 1957, Shearer played the precursor to the Eddie Haskell character in the pilot episode of the television series Leave It to Beaver. After the filming, Shearers parents said they did not want him to be a regular in a series, instead they wanted him to just do occasional work so that he could have a normal childhood
40.
Gracie Films
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Gracie Films is a California-based film and television production company, created by James L. Brooks in 1986. The company has produced many award-winning films and television series, including Big, Broadcast News, Jerry Maguire, and most notably The Simpsons. The company is associated with film studio and distributor Sony Pictures Entertainment. James L. Brooks created the company with the help of 20th Century Fox in 1986. The company was established to provide writers with a vehicle to get their movies made. Through the company, Brooks gave The Simpsons free rein when it came to writing the series, indie, Inc described it as James L. Brooks and Polly Platts production company, Gracie Films, which had a relationship with Columbia. Simpsons Confidential said that Its important to note that in the battles over The Simpsons, it was Fox that was being sued. Beyond Monopoly also said that FOX and Gracie Films have paid to every phase of the international distribution. Since When Is Fran Drescher Jewish, explained, In Italy, in particular, Gracie Films has worked in collaboration with Mediaset to find voices for dubbing that would match those of the original American actors as closely as possible. The companys production office is located in the Sidney Poitier Building on the Sony Pictures Studios lot in Culver City, California. The Gracie Films animation depicts whispering and even noisy movie patrons in a theater being shushed by a woman so the companys name accompanied by music, often, dialogue from characters can be heard during the animation, sometimes in response to the shushing. Official website Gracie Films at the Internet Movie Database
listen) GRAY-ning; born February 15, 1954)[1] is an American cartoonist, writer, producer, animator, and voice actor. He is the creator of the comic strip Life in Hell (1977–2012) and the television series The Simpsons (1989–present), Futurama (1999–2003, 2008–2013), and the upcoming Disenchantment (2018). The Simpsons is the longest-running U.S. primetime-television series in history and the longest-running U.S. animated series and sitcom.
