1.
Performance art
–
Performance art is a performance presented to an audience within a fine art context, traditionally interdisciplinary. Performance may be scripted or unscripted, random or carefully orchestrated. The performance can be live or via media, the performer can be present or absent and it can be any situation that involves four basic elements, time, space, the performers body, or presence in a medium, and a relationship between performer and audience. Performance art can happen anywhere, in any type of venue or setting, the actions of an individual or a group at a particular place and in a particular time constitute the work. Performance art is a contested concept, any single definition of it implies the recognition of rival uses. As concepts like democracy or art, it implies productive disagreement with itself, the meaning of the term in the narrower sense is related to postmodernist traditions in Western culture. The ideal had been an ephemeral and authentic experience for performer, the widely discussed difference, how concepts of visual arts and concepts of performing arts are utilized, can determine the meanings of a performance art presentation. It therefore can include action or spoken word as a communication between the artist and audience, or even ignore expectations of an audience, rather than following a script written beforehand, some kinds of performance art nevertheless can be close to performing arts. Performance artists often challenge the audience to think in new and unconventional ways, break conventions of traditional arts, and break down conventional ideas about what art is. Some artists, e. g. the Viennese Actionists and neo-Dadaists, prefer to use the terms live art, action art, actions, as genres of performance art appear body art, fluxus-performance, happening, action poetry, and intermedia. Performance art activity is not confined to European or American art traditions, notable practitioners can be found in Asia, Performance artists and theorists point to different traditions and histories, ranging from tribal to sporting and ritual or religious events. There are also accounts of Renaissance artists such as itinerant poets putting on performances that could be said to be ancestors of performance art. Western cultural theorists often trace performance art activity back to the beginning of the 20th century, to the Russian constructivists, Futurists, Dada provided a significant progenitor with the unconventional performances of poetry, often at the Cabaret Voltaire, by the likes of Richard Huelsenbeck and Tristan Tzara. Russian Futurist artists could be identified as precursors of performance, such as David Burliuk, abstract expressionism and Action painting preceded the Fluxus movement, Happenings and the emergence of Performance Art. Performance art was anticipated, if not explicitly formulated, by Japans Gutai group of the 1950s, in the late 1960s Earth artists as diverse as Robert Smithson, Dennis Oppenheim, Michael Heizer and Carl Andre created environmental pieces that predict the performance art of the 1970s. Works of conceptual artists in the early 1980s, like Sol LeWitt, who converted mural-style drawing into an act of performance by others, were influenced by Yves Klein and the Earth artists as well. In the 1960s a variety of new works, concepts and the number of artists led to new kinds of performance art. Kaprow had coined the term Happening describing a new artform, at the beginning of the 1960s, a Happening allows the artist to experiment with body motion, recorded sounds, written and spoken texts, and even smells
2.
Endurance art
–
Endurance art is a kind of performance art involving some form of hardship, such as pain, solitude or exhaustion. Performances that focus on the passage of long periods of time are known as durational art or durational performances. Writer Michael Fallon traces the genre to the work of Chris Burden in California in the 1970s, Burden spent five days in a locker in Five-Day Locker Piece, had himself shot in Shoot, and lived for 22 days in a bed in an art gallery in Bed Piece. In The House with the Ocean View, Marina Abramović lived silently for 12 days without food or entertainment on an entirely open to the audience. Such is the stamina required for some of her work that in 2012 she set up what she called a boot camp in Hudson, New York. Marina Abramović – Rhythm 5,1974, Luminosity,1997,2010, Nude with Skeleton,2002,2005,2010, The House With the Ocean View, Balkan Erotic Epic,2005. Marina Abramović with Ulay – Point of Contact,1980, Night Sea Crossing,1981, The Lovers, stuart Brisley – And for today. Chris Burden – Five-Day Locker Piece,1971, david Blaine – Witness, Buried Alive, Frozen in Time, Vertigo, Above the below, Drowned Alive. Nikhil Chopra, – Give Me Your Blood And I Will Give You Freedom,2014, houston Conwill – Juju Rituals, 1975–1983. Elevator Repair Service – Gatz,2005, EJ Hill - A Monumental Offering of Potential Energy,2016 Tehching Hsieh – One Year Performance 1978–1979, One Year Performance 1980–1981. Tehching Hsieh with Linda Montano – Art/Life One Year Performance 1983–1984, ragnar Kjartansson – A Lot of Sorrow,2014. Stan Lai – A Dream Like A Dream,2014, bruce Nauman – Revolving Upside Down and Stamping in the Studio. Carolee Schneeman – Up To And Including Her Limits, wolfgang Stoerchle – Attempt Public Erection, 1972–1975. Emma Sulkowicz – Mattress Performance, 2014–2015, zhang Huan –12 Square Meters,1994. Discover Endurance Art, California State University, Long Beach,2008, Montano, Linda M. Endurance Then and Now, Letters from Linda M. Montano, Routledge,2012, p. 123ff. Performing Chronic, Chronic illness and endurance art, Performance Research,26 September 2014, Endurance Art and painting collide at BFA show. Performance Art, A Bit of History, Examples and a Fast Dictionary, The Huffington Post,9 November 2013
3.
Feminist art
–
It maters not if a woman created this or a man, it is a piece of trash no matter how you look at it. The media used ranged from art forms - such as painting - to non-traditional methods such as performance art, conceptual art, body art, craftivism, video, film. Feminist art served as a driving force towards expanding the definition of art through the incorporation of new media. Towards the end of the 1960s, the feminist art movement emerged during a time where the idea that women were inferior to men was criticized- especially in the art world. Through various media, women brought to light a patriarchal history in which the majority of the most famous works of art were made by men. After the 1960s, we begin to see the birth of new media, while feminist art history conventionally starts in the 1960s, history also recognizes aspects of feminist art starting much earlier than the 1960s and 1970s. Feminist art is simply, a feminist that makes art. Though it is purportedly a term that hinges on the consciousness of feminist art theory, according to the dictionary definition, the word feminist was coined around 1852, and meant “feminine qualities. ” Shortly thereafter it came to mean the modern/contemporary intonations held in “feminist art, in 1936 she created found object collages in New York City. Lucy R. Lippard stated in 1980 that feminist art was neither a style nor a movement but instead a system, a revolutionary strategy. Before the 1960s, the majority of female artwork did not portray feminist content in the sense that it did not address nor criticize the conditions women had to face historically, for the most part, women were the subjects not the artists. Historically, the body was regarded as being an object of desire for the pleasure of men. In the early 20th century we see works that flaunted female sexuality- the pin-up girl being a good example, by the late 1960s however, there was a plethora of feminine artwork that broke from the tradition of depicting women in a sexualized fashion. In order to gain recognition, there was a struggle for artists to de-gender their work to compete in a historically male-dominated art world. If a work did not look like it was made by a woman, then the associated with women would not cling on to the work itself. For instance, In 1963 Yayoi Kusama created Oven-Pan- part of a collection of works she referred to as the “aggregation sculptures”. As with other works from that collection, Oven-Pan takes an object associated with women’s work- in this case a metal pan-, here we see an early feminist example of female artists finding ways to break from the traditional role of women in society. Having the lumps made from the color and material as the metal pan completely takes away the pans functionality
4.
Columbia University
–
Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
5.
Morningside Heights, Manhattan
–
Morningside Heights is a neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, on the border of the Upper West Side and Manhattanville. The neighborhood is home to St. Lukes Hospital. Most of the neighborhood is part of New Yorks 10th congressional district since 2013, in the 17th century, the land that is now Morningside Heights was known as Vandewaters Heights, named for the landowner. On September 16,1776, the Battle of Harlem Heights was fought in Morningside Heights, a plaque by the Columbia University gate on 117th Street and Broadway commemorates this battle. Use of the name Morningside Heights for the neighborhood arose in the 1890s when development of the area commenced, however, other names such as Morningside Hill and Riverside Heights were used for the area. No single name was used for the neighborhood by the time Columbia University, Teachers College, the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine. Two names eventually gained the most use, Morningside Heights was preferred by the two colleges, while Cathedral Heights was preferred by St. Johns and St. Lukes. After about 1898, Morningside Heights became the most generally accepted, by the mid-20th century the increasing prevalence of Single Room Occupancy hotels led to attendant socioeconomic problems and a decline in the neighborhood. Jane Jacobs The Death and Life of Great American Cities presented the neighborhood as a key example of the failure of the urban planning techniques of the era, in 1951 the organization developed Morningside Gardens, a six-building apartment complex to house middle-income families from all ethnic backgrounds. Morningside Gardens, an experimental project, opened in 1957 between 123rd and LaSalle Streets, Broadway, and Amsterdam Avenue. Social problems in the area prompted Columbia to purchase much of the real estate. This process reached its nadir in 1968, when protests erupted in both the neighborhood and on Columbias campus over the proposal to build a gym in Morningside Park. The university was forced to abandon the plan. However, Columbia University has still expanded its presence in the neighborhood markedly over the last few decades, in January 2008 the university received approval from the City Council to expand significantly in nearby Manhattanville. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Morningside Heights was 55,929, covering an area of 465.11 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 120.2 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 46. 0% White,13. 6% African American,0. 2% Native American,13. 3% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 4% from other races, and 2. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23. 5% of the population, the label Academic Acropolis has been used to describe the area, which sits on a high natural point in Manhattan and contains numerous academic institutions. Much of the neighborhood is the campus of Columbia University, nASAs Goddard Institute for Space Studies is also located in the neighborhood, directly above Toms Restaurant in a building owned by Columbia University
6.
Manhattan
–
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
7.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
8.
Visual arts
–
The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, filmmaking, literature, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines involve aspects of the arts as well as arts of other types. Also included within the arts are the applied arts such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design. Current usage of the visual arts includes fine art as well as the applied, decorative arts and crafts. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts. The increasing tendency to painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes, training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. Visual arts have now become a subject in most education systems. Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a variety of tools. Digital tools that simulate the effects of these are also used, the main techniques used in drawing are, line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman, drawing goes back at least 16,000 years to Paleolithic cave representations of animals such as those at Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain. In ancient Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture, drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later developed to the human form with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC. Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier, like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet, in shades of red, brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer. Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt, in the great temple of Ramses II, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis. The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost, one of the best remaining representations are the hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another example is mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting. Apart from the manuscripts produced by monks during the Middle Ages
9.
Dormitory
–
A dormitory or hall of residence, is a building primarily providing sleeping and residential quarters for large numbers of people, often boarding school, college or university students. In the United States dorm is the most common term, which comes originally from the Latin word dormitorium, on the other hand, in the United Kingdom the term hall is more usual, especially in a university context. A dormitory can also be a room containing several beds – see Sleeping dormitories. Most colleges and universities provide single or multiple rooms for their students. These buildings consist of such rooms, like an apartment building. The largest dormitory building is Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy, many colleges and universities no longer use the word dormitory and staff are now using the term residence hall or simply hall instead. Outside academia however, the dorm or dormitory is commonly used without negative connotations. Indeed, the words are used regularly in the marketplace as well as routinely in advertising, College and university residential rooms vary in size, shape, facilities and number of occupants. Typically, a United States residence hall holds two students with no toilet. This is usually referred to as a double, often, residence halls have communal bathroom facilities. In the United States, residence halls are segregated by sex, with men living in one group of rooms. Some dormitory complexes are single-sex with varying limits on visits by persons of each sex, for example, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana has a long history of Parietals, or mixed visiting hours. In the early 2000s, dorms that allowed people of opposite sexes to share a room available in some public universities. Some colleges and university coeducational dormitories also feature coeducational bathrooms, most residence halls are much closer to campus than comparable private housing such as apartment buildings. Universities may therefore provide priority to students when allocating this accommodation. Halls located away from university facilities sometimes have extra amenities such as a room or bar. Catered halls may charge for food by the meal or through a termly subscription and they may also contain basic kitchen facilities for student use outside catering hours. Most halls contain a laundry room, as of 2015 there was an expanding market for private luxury off-campus student residences which offered substantial amenities in both the United States and Britain, particularly in London
10.
Lee Bollinger
–
Lee Carroll Bollinger is an American lawyer and educator who is serving as the 19th president of Columbia University. Formerly the president of the University of Michigan, he is a legal scholar of the First Amendment. He was at the center of two notable United States Supreme Court cases regarding the use of action in admissions processes. In July 2010, Bollinger was appointed Chair of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York board of directors for 2011, previously, he had served as Deputy Chair. Bollinger was born in Santa Rosa, California, the son of Patricia Mary and he was raised there and in Baker City, Oregon. Bollinger spent a year as a student in Brazil with AFS Intercultural Programs. He received his B. S. in political science from the University of Oregon, where he became a brother of Theta Chi Fraternity, and his Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School. He served as a law clerk to Judge Wilfred Feinberg of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Bollinger went on to join the faculty of the University of Michigan Law School in 1973, becoming dean of the school in 1987. He became provost of Dartmouth College in 1994 before returning to the University of Michigan in 1996 as president, Bollinger assumed his current position as president of Columbia University in June 2002. On October 19,2010, the Board of Trustees announced through an email that Bollinger has agreed to continue as president for at least the next five years. But we still have much work to do in building on this extraordinary forward momentum in the years ahead and therefore have every reason to maintain the continuity of Lees principled leadership. In 2003, while serving as president of the University of Michigan, Bollinger made headlines as the defendant in the Supreme Court cases Grutter v. Bollinger. In the Grutter case, the Court found by a 5-4 margin that the affirmative action policies of the University of Michigan Law School were constitutional. In 2006, affirmative action in university admissions in the state of Michigan was banned by an initiative known as the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative. As president, Bollinger has attempted to expand the scope of the University, taking frequent trips abroad. Bollinger has been criticized for taking a public position on controversies regarding the Middle East Languages and Cultures department. President Bollinger has lived in the Columbia Presidents House since February 2004, in 2008, his salary was $1.7 million. In 2013, Bollingers total compensation was $4.6 million, in November 2006, Bollinger was elected to the Board of Directors of the Federal Reserve Bank in New York City, a term lasting for three years
11.
Jon Kessler
–
Jon Kessler is an American artist. He began college at SUNY Purchase from 1974—78 but left two years to travel in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. He returned to Purchase in 1978 and graduated in 1980 with honors, following graduation, Kessler took up a studio in Brooklyn, New York where he continues to work today. He was one of the founders of the Bozart toy company and he also plays guitar for the X-Patsys, a band he started with artist Robert Longo and actress Barbara Sukowa. Kessler is best known for his sculptures that leave the mechanics exposed for the viewer. His work often combines centuries-old analog mechanisms with digital technology to explore the runoff of consumerist, much of Kessler’s work from the 1990s examined the interactions and tensions between Orient and Occident. He often presented Asia as a construct of Western Orientalism, while at the same time portraying the West in a state of decline. Kessler blended these visions with equal parts humor and tragedy in pieces such as The Last Birdrunner, a kinetic sculpture based on the science fiction movie Blade Runner. The Last Birdrunner represents, according to Artforum critic Neville Wakefield, “the nemesis of … utopian dreams in the guise of a lonely cockatoo wearing a life vest. ”With the advent of 9/11, Kessler’s focus shifted to confront themes of surveillance, isolationism, and war mongering in the United States. Kessler’s most recent exhibition, Palace at 4 A. M. is an “obsessive, aggressive, cheap color televisions stacked into scattered mounds project the live feed from the surveillance cameras, while images of American soldiers entering Saddam Hussein’s palace loom large on the wall. Here Kessler signals the demise of utopia by depicting the world as a “pell-mell kaleidoscopic mishmash… where all hell breaks loose all the time and human life is twisted as readily as metal. ”“You spend all your time polishing metal, ” Kessler is quoted as saying of his earlier work. “That refinement is like a trap, and it sends the viewers’ eyes to the place and breaks trust with them. This … show is about exposing mechanisms – of the sculpture, Kessler has recently expanded his practice of drawing and is currently working on a project with Dieu Donné, a papermaking studio in Manhattan, New York. Kessler is currently being sued for his role in approving Emma Sulkowiczs Mattress Performance art project and his work is also in many permanent collections, including those of the MoMA, the Whitney Museum, MOCA, Walker Art Center, and the Israel Museum. Kessler received a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship in 1983 and again in 1985, the St. Jon Kessler official website Jon Kessler at ARNDT Berlin Jon Kessler at culturebase. net
12.
Jerry Saltz
–
Jerry Saltz is an American art critic. Since 2006, he has been senior art critic and columnist for New York magazine, formerly the senior art critic for The Village Voice, he has been nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in Criticism three times. He lives in New York City with his wife Roberta Smith, Saltz was born in Chicago and attended art school for a few years before dropping out. Before moving to New York at 26, he founded a gallery in Chicago. In an article in Artnet magazine, Saltz codified his outlook, All great contemporary artists, I dont look for skill in art. Skill has nothing to do with technical proficiency. Im interested in people who rethink skill, who redefine or reimagine it, an engineer, say, who builds rockets from rocks. In a 2008 Saltz explained, Im looking for what the artist is trying to say and what he or she is saying, what the work reveals about society. Saltz has cited Manny Farbers termite art and Joan Didions Babylon as well as wide ranging systemic metaphors for the art world. Although hes defended the art market, hes called out faddy market behavior. On a College Art Association panel in February 2007, Saltz commented, twenty years ago, there were only four to five encyclopedias—and I tried to get into them. Now, all writing is in the Wikipedia, some entries are bogus, some are the best. We live in an art world. His humor, irreverence, self-deprecation and volubility have earned him the designation as the Rodney Dangerfield of the art world and he has expressed doubt about the influence of art critics as purveyors of taste, saying they have little influence in the success of an artists career. Nonetheless, ArtReview called him the 73rd most powerful person in the art world in their 2009 Power 100 list, in 2007, he received the Frank Jewett Mather Award for art criticism from the College Art Association. Saltz uses social networking website Facebook more actively than many other art critics and he uses the site to post daily questions and diatribes to his audience of friends, which hovered at 4,970 friends in February 2010. He has stated that he wants to demystify the art critic to artists and his posts are less polished and restrained than his writing for New York Magazine and vulture. com and he has even shared personal matters including family tragedies, career bumps and his diet. He told the New York Observer, Its exciting to be in this room with 5,000 people and its like the Cedar Bar for me, or Maxs Kansas City. He has used his page to defend the use of irony in art, arguing against adherents of the New Seriousness, some Facebook-related Jerry Saltz activity In 2010, artist Jennifer Dalton exhibited an artwork called What Are We Not Shutting Up About
13.
Freedom of speech
–
Freedom of speech is the right to articulate ones opinions and ideas without fear of government retaliation or censorship, or societal sanction. The term freedom of expression is used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas. The right to freedom of expression includes the right to take, concepts of freedom of speech can be found in early human rights documents. Englands Bill of Rights 1689 legally established the right of freedom of speech in Parliament which is still in effect. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted during the French Revolution in 1789, specifically affirmed freedom of speech as an inalienable right. The Declaration provides for freedom of expression in Article 11, which states that, The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, Today, freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. This means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right not only the content. The right to freedom of speech and expression is related to other rights. As a general freedom of expression may not limit the right to privacy, as well as the honor. However greater latitude is given when criticism of public figures is involved, the right to freedom of expression is particularly important for media, which plays a special role as the bearer of the general right to freedom of expression for all. However, freedom of the press is not necessarily enabling freedom of speech, lichtenberg argues that freedom of the press is simply a form of property right summed up by the principle no money, no voice. Freedom of speech is understood to be fundamental in a democracy, the norms on limiting freedom of expression mean that public debate may not be completely suppressed even in times of emergency. One of the most notable proponents of the link between freedom of speech and democracy is Alexander Meiklejohn and he argues that the concept of democracy is that of self-government by the people. For such a system to work an informed electorate is necessary, in order to be appropriately knowledgeable, there must be no constraints on the free flow of information and ideas. According to Meiklejohn, democracy will not be true to its essential ideal if those in power are able to manipulate the electorate by withholding information, Meiklejohn acknowledges that the desire to manipulate opinion can stem from the motive of seeking to benefit society. However, he argues, choosing manipulation negates, in its means, eric Barendt has called this defense of free speech on the grounds of democracy probably the most attractive and certainly the most fashionable free speech theory in modern Western democracies. Emerson expanded on this defense when he argued that freedom of speech helps to provide a balance between stability and change, Freedom of speech acts as a safety valve to let off steam when people might otherwise be bent on revolution
14.
Dalton School
–
The school is located in three buildings within Manhattan. The Dalton School, originally called the Childrens University School, was founded by Helen Parkhurst in 1919 and it was a time marked by educational reform. Their natural instincts to play, to move, to talk, the name Dalton refers to Dalton in Massachusetts, where Parkhurst frequently visited. She developed what she termed the Dalton Plan which called for teachers, the Laboratory Plan was first put into effect as an experiment in the high school of Dalton, Massachusetts, in 1916. The estate of her benefactor Josephine Porter Boardman, was also near the town of Dalton and from this beginning the Laboratory Plan, in 1919, Helen Parkhurst relocated to New York City, where she opened her first school on West 74th Street. Larger facilities soon became necessary, the Lower School was moved to West 72nd Street, enlarged and modified through the years, Dalton still celebrates many of the school-wide traditions begun by Helen Parkhurst, including the Candlelighting Ceremony, Greek Festival, and Arch Day. Inspired by the fervor around the start of the 20th century, educational thinkers such as John Dewey, began to envision a new, progressive. Helen Parkhurst caught the spirit of change and created the Dalton Plan, aiming to achieve a balance between each childs talents and the needs of the growing American community, Parkhurst created an educational model that captured the progressive spirit of the age. Parkhurst developed a plan that continues to be the structural foundation of a Dalton education, House, Assignment. Over the years, the Dalton Plan has been adopted by schools around the world, including schools in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Chile, the Czech Republic, England, Korea, there are also three schools founded on the Dalton Plan in Japan. Dalton is routinely ranked among the top schools in the United States. In regards to elite college admissions, Dalton ranked 5th in a 2003 Worth survey, forbes ranked Dalton as the 13th best private school in the country in 2010, while Business Insider ranked Dalton 10th among private high schools in 2014. The Daltonian is Daltons official student newspaper and is published every 2–3 weeks by the High School students, the Dalton School is a part of the Ivy Preparatory School League in athletics. Some teams, such as varsity football, participate in different athletic conferences, Dalton offers 23 varsity teams and nine junior varsity teams in the high school athletics program. The school colors were gold and blue, although they have been changed to blue. The schools mascot is a tiger whose name is Ivan, Carmino Ravosa has been Daltons composer in residence for 21 years. At least two full-year arts credits are required for graduation, but many students take art for all four years, author and illustrator David Macaulay was Original Mind Scholar and Artist-In-Residence in the 2009–2010 school year, which has since been dubbed The Year of the Sketchbook. Admission to the Dalton School for kindergarten to grade is based on school records, ERB testing
15.
Upper East Side
–
The Upper East Side, sometimes abbreviated as UES, is a neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, between Central Park/Fifth Avenue, 59th Street, the East River, and 96th Street. The area incorporates several smaller neighborhoods, including Lenox Hill, Carnegie Hill, once known as the Silk Stocking District, it is now one of the most affluent neighborhoods in New York City. At that time, along the Boston Post Road taverns stood at the mile-markers, Five-Mile House at 72nd Street and Six-Mile House at 97th, a New Yorker recalled in 1893. A row of townhouses was built on speculation by Mary Mason Jones. It was her habit to sit in a window of her room on the ground floor, as if watching calmly for life. She was sure that presently the quarries, the greenhouses in ragged gardens. The latest arrivals were the rich Pittsburghers Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick, from the 1880s the neighborhood of Yorkville became a suburb of middle-class Germans. Gracie Mansion, the last remaining suburban villa overlooking the East River at Carl Schurz Park, demolishing the elevated railways on Third and Second Avenues opened these tenement-lined streets to the spotty construction of high-rise apartment blocks from the 1950s. However, it had an effect on transportation, because the IRT Lexington Avenue Line was now the only subway line in the area. The construction of the Second Avenue Subway has brought up the price of houses in the Upper East Side somewhat, the AIA Guide to New York City extends the northern boundary to 106th Street near Fifth Avenue. The areas north-south avenues are Fifth, Madison, Park, Lexington, Third, Second, First, York, the major east-west streets are 59th Street, 72nd Street, 79th Street, 86th Street and 96th Street. The Upper East Side Historic District is one of New York City’s largest districts and this district runs from 59th to 78th Streets along Fifth Avenue, and up to 3rd Avenue at some points. In the decades after the Civil War, the once decrepit district transitioned into a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood, at the start of the 20th century, the neighborhood transformed again, but this time into a neighborhood of mansions and townhouses. As the century continued, and living environments altered, a lot of these homes were replaced by lavish apartment buildings. As of the 2000 census, there were 207,543 people residing in the Upper East Side, the population density was 118,184 people per square mile, making Manhattan Community Board 8, coterminous with the Upper East Side, the densest Community Board in the city. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 89. 25% White,6. 14% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 34% African American,0. 09% Native American,1. 39% from other races, and 1. 74% from two or more races. 5. 62% of the population were Hispanic of any race, twenty-one percent of the population was foreign born, of this,45. 6% came from Europe,29. 5% from Asia,16. 2% from Latin America and 8. 7% from other. The female-male ratio was very high with 125 females for 100 males, the Upper East Side contains a large and affluent Jewish population estimated at 56,000
16.
Kirsten Gillibrand
–
Kirsten Elizabeth Gillibrand is an American politician and the junior United States Senator from New York, in office since 2009. Previously, she served in the United States House of Representatives and she is a member of the Democratic Party. In December 2008, President-elect Barack Obama nominated Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State, after two months and many potential names considered, Governor David Paterson appointed Gillibrand to fill the seat. Gillibrand was required to run in an election in 2010. She was re-elected to a full term in 2012 with 72% of the vote. Kirsten Gillibrand was born in Albany, New York, on December 9,1966, both her parents are attorneys, and her father has also worked as a lobbyist. Her parents divorced in the late 1980s, Gillibrand has an older brother, Douglas Rutnik, and a younger sister, Erin Rutnik Tschantret. She has English, Austrian, Scottish, German, and Irish ancestry, during her childhood and college years, Gillibrand used the nickname Tina. She began using her name of Kirsten a few years after law school. In 1984 she graduated from Emma Willard School, a high school in Troy, New York. Gillibrand majored in Asian Studies, studying in both Beijing and Taiwan, while in Beijing, she studied and lived with Connie Britton. Gillibrand graduated magna cum laude in 1988, while at Dartmouth, she was a member of the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority. During college, Gillibrand interned at Republican U. S, Gillibrand received her J. D. from UCLA School of Law and passed the bar exam in 1991. In 1991, Gillibrand joined the Manhattan-based law firm of Davis Polk & Wardwell as an associate, in 1992, she took a leave from Davis Polk to serve as a law clerk to Judge Roger Miner on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Albany. She became an associate while working on Philip Morris litigation. While working at Davis Polk, Gillibrand became involved in—and later the leader of—the Womens Leadership Forum and it was such a challenge to the women in the room. And it really hit me, Shes talking to me, following her time at Davis Polk, Gillibrand served as Special Counsel to Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Andrew Cuomo during the last year of the Clinton administration. Gillibrand worked on HUDs Labor Initiative and its New Markets Initiative, as well as on TAPs Young Leaders of the American Democracy, and strengthening Davis–Bacon Act enforcement
17.
Barnard College
–
Barnard College is a private womens liberal arts college in New York City. It has been affiliated with Columbia University since 1900, the school was founded by Annie Nathan Meyer and named after Frederick Barnard, tenth president of Columbia. When Columbia became coeducational in 1983 Barnard elected to remain legally and financially separate and this includes shared academic programs and other academic privileges, and a combined athletic program. Barnard students also receive Columbia University degrees and graduate at Columbia University graduation, Barnard confers the Bachelor of Arts degree in about 50 areas of study. Students may also pursue elements of their education at the Juilliard School, Barnards 4-acre campus is located in the Manhattan neighborhood of Morningside Heights, stretching along Broadway between 116th and 120th Streets. It is directly across from Columbias campus and near several academic institutions. The college is a member of the Seven Sisters, an association of seven prominent womens liberal arts colleges, for its first 229 years Columbia College of Columbia University admitted only men for undergraduate study. Barnard College was founded in 1889 as a response to Columbias refusal to admit women into its institution, the college was named after Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard, a deaf American educator and mathematician who served as the tenth president of Columbia from 1864 to 1889. He advocated equal educational privileges for men and women, preferably in a coeducational setting, the board of trustees repeatedly rejected Barnards suggestion, but in 1883 agreed to create a detailed syllabus of study for women. While they could not attend Columbia classes, those who passed examinations based on the syllabus would receive a degree, the first such woman graduate received her bachelors degree in 1887. A former student of the program, Annie Meyer, and other prominent New York women persuaded the board in 1889 to create a womens college connected to Columbia. Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls, built in 1897–1898, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003, ella Weed supervised the college in its first four years, Emily James Smith succeeded her as Barnards first dean. By the mid-20th century Barnard had succeeded in its goal of providing a top tier education to women. Between 1920 and 1974, only the much larger Hunter College and University of California, students Hall, now known as Barnard Hall, was built in 1916. Brooks and Hewitt Halls were built in 1906–1907 and 1926–1927, respectively and they were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. Jessica Finch is credited with coining the phrase, current events, Barnard confers the Bachelor of Arts degree in about 50 areas of study. Joint programs for the Bachelor of Science and other degrees exist with Columbia University, Juilliard School, the six most popular majors at the college are English, psychology, political science, economics, history, and biology. The liberal arts requirements are called the Nine Ways of Knowing, the use of AP or IB credit to fulfill these requirements is very limited, but Nine Ways of Knowing courses may overlap with major or minor requirements
18.
Title IX
–
Title IX is a portion of the United States Education Amendments of 1972, Public Law No. §§ 1681–1688, co-authored and introduced by Senator Birch Bayh, it was renamed the Patsy Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act in 2002, after Patsy Mink, its late House co-author and sponsor. While Title IX is best known for its impact on school and collegiate athletics. In 1967, President Lyndon Johnson sent a series of orders in order to make some clarifications. Before these clarifications were made, the National Organization for Women persuaded President Johnson to include women in his executive orders, most notable is Executive Order 11375, which required all entities receiving federal contracts to end discrimination on the basis of sex in hiring and employment. In 1969, Bernice Sandler used the order to help her fight for her job at the University of Maryland. She used university statistics showing how female employment at the university had plummeted as qualified women were replaced by men, Sandler brought her complaints to the Department of Labors Office for Federal Fair Contracts Compliance where she was encouraged to file a formal complaint. Citing inequalities in pay, rank, admissions and much more, Sandler began to file complaints not only against the University of Maryland, working in conjunction with NOW and Womens Equity Action League, Sandler filed 269 complaints against colleges and universities. In 1970, Sandler joined Representative Edith Greens Subcommittee on Higher Education of the Education and Labor Committee and it was in the congressional hearings that Green and Sandler first proposed Title IX. An early draft was authored by Representative Patsy Mink, with the assistance of Representative Green, in the hearing there was very little mention of athletics. Their focus was more specifically on the hiring and employment practices of federally financed institutions, the first person to introduce Title IX in Congress was its author and chief Senate sponsor, Senator Birch Bayh of Indiana. Prior to Title IXs enactment women were not given the opportunities that men were, men were the ones given academic opportunities such as scholarships and funding while women were not viewed as equal. As a result, Title IX was created, pre- Title IX in 1971 only 1% of the athletic budgets went to female sports on the college level. On the high school male athletes outnumbered female athletes 12.5 to 1. After Title IX, there was a 600% increase in the number of playing college sports. The desire of many schools not to waste a mans place on a woman stems from such stereotyped notions, but the facts absolutely contradict these myths about the weaker sex and it is time to change our operating assumptions. While the impact of this amendment would be far-reaching, Bayh concluded, Title IX became law on June 23,1972. When President Nixon signed the bill, he spoke mostly about desegregation busing, the wording of Title IX is very brief, requiring specific language and clarifications to be articulated in its implementing regulations
19.
Education Amendments of 1972
–
Education Amendments of 1972 also sometimes known as the Higher Education Amendments of 1972 was U. S. legislation enacted June 23,1972. It is best known for its Title IX, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex in educational institutions receiving federal aid and it also modified government programs providing financial aid to students by directing monies directly to students without the participation of intermediary financial institutions. Higher Education in the United States, An Encyclopedia
20.
Office for Civil Rights
–
The agency is located in twelve regional offices and in Washington, D. C. headquarters. Under these federal civil laws and regulations, students are protected from harassment by school employees, other students. The United States Assistant Secretary of Education for Civil Rights is the head of the OCR, the Assistant Secretary is also the primary civil rights adviser to the United States Secretary of Education. The OCR issues technical guidance instructing K-12 schools and higher education institutions on how to comply with civil rights laws under its mandates, in 2001, the OCR interpreted Title IX obligations to include the prevention and punishment of on-campus sexual harassment. On May 1,2014, the Office for Civil Rights released a list of education institutions with open Title IX sexual violence investigations. As of 16 March 2015, nearly 100 colleges and universities were under investigation, when announcing the schools under investigation, Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights Catherine E. Lhamon suggested that increased transparency will spur community dialogue about this important issue. And foster better public awareness of civil rights, there are critics of the list on both sides of campus anti-rape politics. Organizations like FIRE have argued that the OCR list—along with its precursor the Dear colleague letter—violates the rights to due process for both institutions and individuals. On July 2,2014, the Office for Civil Rights added 12 colleges and universities to its list, on July 10,2014 one more was added, in November 2014, the Office for Civil Rights announced that it had found Princeton University in violation of Title IX. Office for Civil Rights Website Oral History Interview with Peter Holms from Oral Histories of the American South
21.
New York Police Department
–
The New York City Police Department, officially the City of New York Police Department, is the largest municipal police force in the United States. Established in 1845, the agency has primary responsibilities in law enforcement, the NYPD is one of the oldest police departments established in the U. S. tracing its roots back to the nineteenth century. According to the department, its mission is to enforce the laws, preserve the peace, reduce fear, the departments regulations are compiled in title 38 of the New York City Rules. In June 2004, there were about 40,000 sworn officers plus several thousand employees, in June 2005. As of December 2011, that figure increased slightly to over 36,600, the NYPDs current authorized uniformed strength is 34,450. The Patrolmens Benevolent Association of the City of New York, the largest municipal police union in the United States, represents over 50,000 active, the NYPD Intelligence Division & Counter-Terrorism Bureau has officers stationed in 11 cities internationally. In the 1990s the department developed a CompStat system of management which has also since established in other cities. The NYPD is headquartered at 1 Police Plaza, located on Park Row in Lower Manhattan across the street from City Hall, the NYPD has extensive crime scene investigation and laboratory resources, as well as units which assist with computer crime investigations. The NYPD runs a Real Time Crime Center, essentially a search engine. A Domain Awareness System, a joint project of Microsoft and the NYPD, links 6,000 closed-circuit television cameras, license plate readers, members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, some media and their own police cars by the nickname New Yorks Finest. The Municipal Police were established in 1845, replacing an old night watch system, in 1857, it was tumultuously replaced by a Metropolitan force, which consolidated many other local police departments in 1898. Twentieth-century trends included professionalization and struggles against corruption, Officers begin service with the rank of Probationary Police Officer, also referred to as Recruit Officer. After successful completion of six months of Police Academy training and various academic, physical, There are three career tracks in the NYPD, supervisory, investigative, and specialist. The supervisory track consists of 12 sworn titles, referred to as ranks, promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant, and captain are made via competitive civil service examinations. Promotion from the rank of police officer to detective is determined by the current police labor contract, the entry level appointment to detective is third grade or specialist. The commissioner may grant discretionary grades of first or second and these grades offer compensation roughly equivalent to that of supervisors. Specifically, a second grade detectives pay roughly corresponds to a sergeants, Detectives are police officers who have been given a more investigatory position but no official supervisory authority. A Detective First Grade still falls under the command of a sergeant or above, just like detectives, sergeants and lieutenants can receive pay grade increases within their respective ranks
22.
Yale University
–
Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
23.
Video art
–
Video art is an art form which relies on moving pictures in a visual and audio medium. Video art came into existence during the late 1960s and early 1970s as new video technology became available outside corporate broadcasting. Video art is named after the analog video tape, which was most commonly used recording technology in the forms early years. With the advent of recording equipment, many artists began to explore digital technology as a new way of expression. One of the key differences between art and theatrical cinema is that video art does not necessarily rely on many of the conventions that define theatrical cinema. This distinction also distinguishes video art from cinemas subcategories, Nam June Paik, a Korean-American artist who studied in Germany, is widely regarded as a pioneer in video art. In March 1963 Nam June Paik showed at the Galerie Parnass in Wuppertal the Exposition of Music – Electronic Television, in May 1963 Wolf Vostell showed the installation 6 TV Dé-coll/age at the Smolin Gallery in New York and created the video Sun in your head in Cologne. Originally Sun in your head was made on 16mm film and transferred 1967 to videotape, prior to the introduction of consumer video equipment, moving image production was only available non-commercially via 8mm film and 16mm film. After the Portapaks introduction and its subsequent update every few years, many of the early prominent video artists were those involved with concurrent movements in conceptual art, performance, and experimental film. There were also such as Steina and Woody Vasulka who were interested in the formal qualities of video. Kate Craig, Vera Frenkel and Michael Snow were important to the development of art in Canada. Much video art in the mediums heyday experimented formally with the limitations of the video format, for example, American artist Peter Campus Double Vision combined the video signals from two Sony Portapaks through an electronic mixer, resulting in a distorted and radically dissonant image. Much video art in America was produced out of New York City, with The Kitchen, founded in 1972 by Steina and Woody Vasulka, an early multi-channel video art work was Wipe Cycle by Ira Schneider and Frank Gillette. Wipe Cycle was first exhibited at the Howard Wise Gallery in New York in 1969 as part of an exhibition titled TV as a Creative Medium. An installation of nine screens, Wipe Cycle combined live images of gallery visitors, found footage from commercial television. The material was alternated from one monitor to the next in an elaborate choreography, on the West coast, the San Jose State television studios in 1970, Willoughby Sharp began the Videoviews series of videotaped dialogues with artists. The Videoviews series consists of Sharps’ dialogues with Bruce Nauman, Joseph Beuys, Vito Acconci, Chris Burden, Lowell Darling, in Europe, Valie Exports groundbreaking video piece, Facing a Family was one of the first instances of television intervention and broadcasting video art. Export believed the television could complicate the relationship between subject, spectator, and television, in the United Kingdom David Halls TV Interruptions were transmitted intentionally unannounced and uncredited on Scottish TV, the first artist interventions on British television
24.
Sound art
–
Sound art is an artistic discipline in which sound is utilised as a primary medium. Like many genres of art, sound art is interdisciplinary in nature. In Western art, early examples include Luigi Russolos Intonarumori or noise intoners, and subsequent experiments by Dadaists, Surrealists, the Situationist International, and in Fluxus happenings. Because of the diversity of art, there is often debate about whether sound art falls within the domain of either the visual art or experimental music categories. The earliest documented use of the term in the U. S. is from a catalogue for a show called Sound/Art at The Sculpture Center in New York City, the show was sponsored by The SoundArt Foundation, which Hellerman founded in 1982. The conjunction of sound and image insists on the engagement of the viewer, forcing participation in space and concrete, responsive thought rather than illusionary space. Catalogue for Sound/Art at The Sculpture Center, New York City, May 1–30,1983, Noise, Water, Meat, A History of Sound in the Arts. Sound Art, Beyond Music, Between Categories, Noise, The Political Economy of Music, translated by Brian Massumi, foreword by Fredric Jameson, afterword by Susan McClary. ISBN 0-8166-1286-2 ISBN 0-8166-1287-0 Bandt, Ros, Sound Sculpture, Intersections in Sound and Sculpture in Australian Artworks. Return to Form, Christoph Cox on Neo-modernist Sound Art—Sound—Column, Sound Art and the Sonic Unconscious. Beyond Representation and Signification, Toward a Sonic Materialism, journal of Visual Culture 10, no. Audio Culture, Readings in Modern Music, toronto, YYZ Books, Banff, Walter Phillips Gallery Editions. New York, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-1726-8 ISBN 978-0-8264-1727-5 Kim-Cohen, Seth. In the Blink of an Ear, Toward a Non-Cochlear Sonic Art, background Noise, Perspectives on Sound Art. New York and London, The Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8264-1844-9 ISBN 0-8264-1845-7 Lander, Dan, and Micah Lexier. ISBN 0-914162-59-4 ISBN 0-914162-60-8 Paik, Nam June, post Music Manifesto, Videa N Videology. Syracuse, New York, Everson Museum of Art, Schaefer, Janek, Bryan Biggs, Christoph Cox, and Sara-Jayne Parsons. Janek Schaefer, Sound Art, A Retrospective, haunted Weather, Music, Silence, and Memory
25.
Tehching Hsieh
–
Tehching Hsieh is a performance artist. He has been called a master by fellow performance artist Marina Abramović and he was one of 15 children from a family in southern Taiwan, his father had five wives. He dropped out from school and started creating paintings, he went on to create several performance pieces after finishing his three years of compulsory military service in Taiwan. In 1974, he jumped ship to a pier on the Delaware River, near Philadelphia, from 1978 to 1986, Hsieh accomplished five One Year Performances, from 1986–1999, he worked on what he called his Thirteen-Year Plan. On 1 January 2000, in his report to the public and he stopped making art since then. The year after its release, he told the New York Times, in 2009, the Museum of Modern Art in New York exhibited a collection documenting his performance. The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York also showed one of his works in 2009 as part of its exhibition, The Third Mind, American Artists Contemplate Asia. He is most known for six durational performance pieces completed between 1978 and 2000, during the year, he did not allow himself to talk, to read, to write, or to listen to radio and TV. A lawyer, Robert Projansky, notarized the entire process and made sure the artist never left the cage during that one year and his loftmate came daily to deliver food, remove the artists waste, and take a single photograph to document the project. In addition, this performance was open to be viewed once or twice a month from 11am to 5pm, for one year, from 11 April 1980 through 11 April 1981, Hsieh punched a time clock every hour on the hour. Each time he punched the clock, he took a picture of himself. He shaved his head before the piece, so his growing hair reflects the passage of time, documentation of this piece was exhibited at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 2009, using film, punch cards and photographs. This work was the first of Hsiehs ever to be displayed in the UK at the Liverpool Biennial in 2010 and he moved around New York City with a packbag and a sleeping bag. In this performance, Hsieh and Linda Montano spent one year between 4 July 1983 and 4 July 1984 tied to each other with an 8-foot-long rope and they had to stay in the same room and were not allowed to touch each other until the end of the one-year period. Both of them shaved their hair in the beginning of the year, at the beginning of this epic piece, Hsieh declared, Will make Art during this time. This plan began on his 36th birthday,31 December 1986, at the end, on 1 January 2000 he issued his concluding report, I kept myself alive. I passed the December 31st,1999, the report consisted of cutout letters pasted onto a single sheet of paper. His pieces are not feats of stamina nor consciously motivated by a desire to suffer (although they have described as ordeals
26.
Ulay
–
Ulay is an artist based in Amsterdam and Ljubljana. Since 1971, he is known in circles as Ulay. His artistic trajectory amounts to a radical and historically unique oeuvre, situated at the intersection of photography and his lifelong struggle with his sense of “German-ness” turned him into a modern nomad, a cosmopolitan free thinker whose identity has never been defined by nationality. In the early 1970s, as a man, he moved to Amsterdam. Here he began an adventure in photography. This way of accessing knowledge through the intelligence of the body offers a fundamental rationale for his predilection for photography and performance. The modes of display as filmic successions and series of actions were not very common at the time, in other works from the same Renais sense series, the hybrid identity and transgender visual rhetoric is replaced by the representation of the androgynous. These works translate different feelings and needs, the desire to obtain an androgynous unity, among these experiences, his relationship with Paula Françoise-Piso is of special importance, because she played more than the role of a muse. Precisely this knowledge of the potential of photography opened up new perspectives for him on how to use the medium, how to escape it. The two consecutive actions entitled FOTOTOT, realized in 1976 at De Appel in Amsterdam, are the first in a line of experiments that aim to dismantle this myth of photographic objectivity. This approach once again explains his lifetime predilection for photographic experiments, in many ways, these FOTOTOT actions are emblematic, they assert Ulay’s strong commitment to objectivity, a commitment to which he would remain loyal throughout his life. And it also prefigures the articulation of a critique that questions the validity of the photographic approach in the absence of the artist’s own artistic program. He photographed the work in its new context, and shortly thereafter called the director to come. Their experience of life and creation is inextricably linked to the experience of totality, in the years of Relation Work that refer to the collaboration with Marina Abramović, Ulay controlled the outcome of the documentation of their joint performances in terms of photography and video. By the end of the 1990s, Ulay started investigating the role of the audience, the combination between the haptical and optical visuality creates a picture of a different quality that is new and provocative in all senses. Beyond the obvious references to the symbolism of national identities, these works bring to light Berlin’s historical sites as an aesthetic experience, after these works, Ulay abandoned issues related to self-identity and headed towards projects that explore new social and technological developments. He senses that in new paradigms, art can claim to be contemporary only to the extent to which it exposes the nothingness and its own exhaustion. Consequently, in his works realized at the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s, as a result, visual representation took on a new function, to serve as a place of encounters, or as ‘social interstice’
27.
Chris Burden
–
Christopher Lee Chris Burden was an American artist working in performance, sculpture and installation art. Christopher Lee Burden, the son of Robert Burden, an engineer, and Rhoda Burden, Burden began to work in performance art in the early 1970s, he made a series of controversial performances in which the idea of personal danger as artistic expression was central. His first significant performance work, Five Day Locker Piece, was created for his master’s thesis at the University of California, Irvine. His most well-known act from that time is perhaps the 1971 performance piece Shoot, other performances from the 1970s were Match Piece, Deadman, B. C. Mexico, Fire Roll, TV Hijack, Doomed and Honest Labor, One of Burden’s most reproduced and cited pieces, Trans-Fixed took place on April 23,1974 at Speedway Avenue in Venice, California. For this performance, Burden lay face up on a Volkswagen Beetle and had nails hammered into both of his hands, as if he were being crucified on the car. The car was pushed out of the garage and the engine revved for two minutes before being pushed back into the garage, later that year, Burden performed his piece White Light/White Heat at the Ronald Feldman Gallery in New York. For this work of experiment performance and self-inflicting danger, Burden spent twenty-two days lying on a platform in the corner of the gallery. He was out of sight from all viewers and he could not see them either, according to Burden, he did not eat, talk, or come down the entire time. Burden planned to remain in position until someone interfered in some way with the piece. By the end of the 1970s, Burden turned instead to vast engineered sculptural installations. In 1975, he created the fully operational B-Car, a lightweight four-wheeled vehicle that he described as being able to travel 100 miles per hour, a reconstruction of the first ever made Mechanical television. Burden cited the performance in his letter of resignation, saying that the student should have been suspended during the investigation into whether school safety rules had been violated, the performance allegedly involved a loaded gun, but authorities were unable to substantiate this. In 1979, Burden first exhibited his notable Big Wheel exhibition at Rosamund Felsen Gallery and it was later exhibited in 2009 at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. In 1980, he produced The Atomic Alphabet – a giant, poster-sized hand-colored lithograph – and performed the text dressed in leather, twenty editions of the work were produced and are largely in the possession of museums, including SFMOMA and the Whitney Museum of American Art. Many of Chris Burden’s later sculptures are intricate installations and structures consisting of small parts. In 1992, he exhibited his Fist of Light during the Whitney Biennial exhibition in New York and it consisted of a sealed kitchen-sized metal box with hundreds of metal halide lamps burning inside. It required an air conditioner to cool the room
28.
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
–
It was adopted on December 15,1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was originally proposed to assuage Anti-Federalist opposition to Constitutional ratification, initially, the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by the Congress, and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today. Beginning with Gitlow v. New York, the Supreme Court applied the First Amendment to states—a process known as incorporation—through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for defamation and libel suits, commercial speech, however, is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech, and is therefore subject to greater regulation. The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions, in Near v. Minnesota and New York Times v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint—pre-publication censorship—in almost all cases. The Petition Clause protects the right to all branches and agencies of government for action. In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause, eight of the other thirteen states made similar pledges. However, these declarations were generally considered mere admonitions to state legislatures, after a brief debate, Masons proposal was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations. For the constitution to be ratified, however, nine of the thirteen states were required to approve it in state conventions, opposition to ratification was partly based on the Constitutions lack of adequate guarantees for civil liberties. Constitution was eventually ratified by all thirteen states and this language was greatly condensed by Congress, and passed the House and Senate with almost no recorded debate, complicating future discussion of the Amendments intent. The First Amendment, along with the rest of the Bill of Rights, was submitted to the states for ratification on September 25,1789, and adopted on December 15,1791. In Reynolds v. United States the Supreme Court used these words to declare that it may be accepted almost as a declaration of the scope. Congress was deprived of all power over mere opinion, but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order. In these two sentences is found the distinction between what properly belongs to the church and what to the State. Originally, the First Amendment applied only to the federal government, Massachusetts, for example, was officially Congregationalist until the 1830s. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions, in the words of Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and State. That wall must be high and impregnable. We could not approve the slightest breach, in Torcaso v. Watkins, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution prohibits states and the federal government from requiring any kind of religious test for public office
29.
Roberta Smith
–
Roberta Smith is an American art critic for the New York Times and a lecturer on contemporary art. Born in New York City and raised in Lawrence, Kansas and her career in the arts started in 1968 while an undergraduate summer intern at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington D. C. The following year she was awarded a fellowship to participate in the Independent Study Program at the Whitney Museum where she met Donald Judd and became interested in minimal art. After graduation, she returned to New York City in 1971 to take a job at the Museum of Modern Art, followed by part-time assistant jobs to Judd. While at the Paula Cooper Gallery she wrote reviews for Artforum, and subsequently for Art in America. She began writing for the New York Times in 1986 and she writes not only about contemporary art but about the visual arts in general, including decorative arts, popular and outsider art, design and architecture. In 2003 the College Art Association awarded her the Frank Jewett Mather Award for Art Criticism, Smith lives in New York City with her husband Jerry Saltz, senior art critic for New York Magazine. Articles in the New York Times, accessed May 18,2009 Interview in the Brooklyn Rail, accessed May 18,2009
30.
Art critic
–
An art critic is a person who is specialized in analyzing, interpreting and evaluating art. Their written critiques or reviews contribute to art criticism and they are published in newspapers, magazines, books, exhibition brochures and catalogues, some of todays art critics use art blogs and other online platforms in order to connect with a wider audience and expand debate about art. Differently from art history, there is not a training for art critics, art critics come from different backgrounds. Professional art critics are expected to have an eye for art. Typically the art critic views art at exhibitions, galleries, museums or artists studios, very rarely art critics earn their living from writing criticism. The opinions of art critics have the potential to stir debate on art related topics, due to this the viewpoints of art critics writing for art publications and newspapers adds to public discourse concerning art and culture. Art collectors and patrons often rely on the advice of such critics as a way to enhance their appreciation of the art they are viewing. Many now famous and celebrated artists were not recognized by the art critics of their time, an experience-related article is Agnieszka Gratza. Always according to James Elkins in smaller and developing countries, newspaper art criticism normally serves as art history, Art criticism List of art critics History of art criticism Good audio version of symposium on contemporary art criticism entitled Empathy and Criticality, sponsored by the Frieze Foundation
31.
Brooklyn Museum
–
The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. At 560,000 square feet, the museum is New York Citys third largest in physical size, the museum initially struggled to maintain its building and collection, only to be revitalized in the late 20th century, thanks to major renovations. Significant areas of the collection include antiquities, specifically their collection of Egyptian antiquities spanning over 3,000 years, African, Oceanic, and Japanese art make for notable antiquities collections as well. American art is represented, starting at the Colonial period. Artists represented in the collection include Mark Rothko, Edward Hopper, Norman Rockwell, Winslow Homer, Edgar Degas, Georgia OKeeffe, the museum also has a Memorial Sculpture Garden which features salvaged architectural elements from throughout New York City. The roots of the Brooklyn Museum extend back to the 1823 founding by Augustus Graham of the Brooklyn Apprentices’ Library in Brooklyn Heights, in 1890, under its director Franklin Hooper, Institute leaders reorganized as the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences and began planning the Brooklyn Museum. The initial design for the Brooklyn Museum was four times as large as the actualized version, Daniel Chester French, the noted sculptor of the Lincoln Memorial, was the principal designer of the pediment sculptures and the monolithic 12. 5-foot figures along the cornice. The figures were created by 11 sculptors and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers, by 1920, the New York City Subway reached the museum with a subway station, this greatly improved access to the once-isolated museum from Manhattan and other outer boroughs. The Brooklyn Institutes director Franklin Hooper was the museums first director and he was followed by Philip Newell Youtz, Laurance Page Roberts, Isabel Spaulding Roberts, Charles Nagel, Jr. and Edgar Craig Schenck. Thomas S. Buechner became the director in 1960, making him one of the youngest directors in the country. Buechner oversaw a major transformation in the way the museum displayed art and brought some one thousand works that had languished in the museums archives and put them on display. Buechner played a role in rescuing the Daniel Chester French sculptures from destruction due to an expansion project at the Manhattan Bridge in the 1960s. The Brooklyn Museum changed its name to Brooklyn Museum of Art in 1997, on March 12,2004, the museum announced that it would revert to its previous name. In April 2004, the museum opened the James Polshek-designed entrance pavilion on the Eastern Parkway façade, in September 2014, Lehman announced that he was planning to retire around June 2015. In May 2015, Creative Time president and artistic director Anne Pasternak was named the Museums next director, member institutions occupy land or buildings owned by the City of New York and derive part of their yearly funding from the City. The Brooklyn Museum also supplements its earned income with funding from Federal and State governments, as well as donations by individuals. Major benefactors include Frank Lusk Babbott, the museum is the site of the annual Brooklyn Artists Ball which has included celebrity hosts such as Sarah Jessica Parker and Liv Tyler. The Brooklyn Museum exhibits collections that seek to embody the rich heritage of world cultures
32.
Artnet
–
Artnet. com is an art market website. The company increased revenues by 24. 3% to 17.3 million EUR in 2015 compared with a year before. The company was founded as Centrox Corporation in 1989 by Pierre Sernet, hans Neuendorf, a German art dealer, began to invest in the company in the 1990s, he became chairman in 1992 and chief executive officer in 1995. In the same year the name was changed to Artnet Worldwide Corporation and it was taken over by Artnet AG in 1998.14 Neuendorfs son Jacob Pabst became chief executive officer in July 2012. Artnet operates a research and trading platform for the art market, including works of fine art, decorative arts. It provides services that promote accessibility, allowing users to art, contact galleries directly. The platform caters specifically to art dealers, as well as buyers, in 2008, Artnet launched the first online auctions platform exclusively for works of art. In 2015, artnet saw a 120% increase in new registrations, rising sell-through rates, in October 2008, Artnet launched a French website, artnet. fr. It also included a French language magazine which offers an overview of the French art market. In February 2014 the company launched Artnet News, a 24-hour news site, benjamin Genocchio, former editorial director of Louise Blouin Media, was appointed editor-in-chief. It has become the most read and influential art news platform in the world, the primary service of this business is Artnet online auctions. Market value and long-term price developments of artworks can be researched online, an additional key product is the Artnet online Gallery Network, an online platform that connects galleries and collectors from around the world. Collectors are able to search by artist, movement and medium, in 2004, Artnet and the international auction house Sothebys began their collaboration. The close collaboration between Artnet and Art Basel/ Art Basel Miami Beach started in 2007, Artnet also partners with a large number of the worlds leading art fairs
33.
Ana Mendieta
–
Ana Mendieta was a Cuban American performance artist, sculptor, painter and video artist who is best known for her earth-body artwork. Mendieta was born in Havana, Cuba, to a prominent in the countrys politics. Mendieta and her sister Raquelin were surrounded by 14,000 other children when she immigrated to American without any adults in 1961, Mendietas first two years in the United States consisted of them constantly moving. In order for Mendieta not to be separated from her sister, Mendieta and her sister spent their first weeks in refugee camps before moving to several institutions and foster homes in Iowa. In Cuba, Mendieta grew up as a sheltered and a middle class child, Mendieta attended an all-girls Catholic private school. When they were sent to Iowa, they were put inside of a school because the court wanted to avoid sending them to a state institution. When she studied English in school, her vocabulary was very limited, in junior high school she found a love for art. Mendieta was first a French major and art minor but when switching her college to the University of Iowa, she was inspired by the avant-grade community and she faced a lot of discrimination in art school. After graduate school, Mendieta moved to New York, in college, Mendietas work focused on blood and violence toward women. Mendieta had an interest for spiritual things, religious things and primitive rituals, Mendieta attended the University of Iowa where she earned a BA, an MA in Painting and an MFA in Intermedia under the instruction of acclaimed artist Hans Breder. Through the course of her career, she created work in Cuba, Mexico, Italy, Mendietas work was generally autobiographical and focused on themes including feminism, violence, life, death, identity, place and belonging. Her works are associated with the four basic elements of nature. Mendieta often focused on a spiritual and physical connection with the Earth, Mendieta united her body with the earth and became whole again. Through my earth/body sculptures I become one with the earth, I become an extension of nature and nature becomes an extension of my body. This obsessive act of reasserting my ties with the earth is really the reactivation of primeval beliefs, an omnipresent female force, the after image of being encompasses within the womb, is a manifestation of my thirst for being. During her lifetime, Mendieta produced over 200 works of art using earth as a sculptural medium, in a 1981 artist statement, Mendieta says, I have been carrying out a dialogue between the landscape and the female body. I believe this has been a result of my having been torn from my homeland during my adolescence. I am overwhelmed by the feeling of having been cast from the womb and my art is the way I re-establish the bonds that unite me to the universe
34.
Untitled (Rape Scene)
–
Untitled is a color photograph documentation created from a 35mm slide by Cuban American artist Ana Mendieta. She made it during an April 1973 performance while still a student at the University of Iowa and it is one of three photographs she created in reaction to the rape and murder of a woman on campus. Some time later, Mendieta recalled that her audience all sat down, I stayed in position about an hour. In 1980, she commented that the rape had moved and frightened her, elaborating, I can’t see being theoretical about an issue like that. On another occasion she explained that she had created this work as a reaction against the idea of violence against women, art writer Megan Heuer describes the work as capturing the artists interest in violence. Influenced by the work of the Viennese Actionists, Untitled also expresses Mendietas desire to evoke a reaction from her audience. Ana Mendieta, exhibition catalogue, Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea, Santiago de Compostela, Kunsthalle Düsseldorf and Fundació Antoni Tàpies, Barcelona,1996. Viso, Olga M. Ana Mendieta, Earth Body, Sculpture and Performance 1972–1985, exhibition catalogue, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC,2004
35.
Suzanne Lacy
–
Suzanne Lacy is an American artist, educator, and writer. She has worked in a variety of media, including installation, video, performance, public art, photography and she served in the education cabinet of Jerry Brown, then mayor of Oakland, California, and as arts commissioner for the city. She designed multiple educational programs beginning with her role as performance faculty at The Feminist Studio Workshop at The Womans Building in Los Angeles, the 1976 renovation of the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California sparked Lacys performance art piece, Inevitable Associations. The marketing surrounding the old hotels renovations paralleled the hotel to an old woman, photographs showing the hotels original structure stating There May Be Life in the Old Girl Yet forced Lacy to question the ways in which our society views older women. Throughout her career one can See Lacys awareness and desire to rebuttal the invisibility of aging women (see performances Whisper, the Waves, the performance of Inevitable Associations took place over a span of 2 days in the lobby of the Biltmore Hotel. The first day of the featured a public makeover of Lacy. It took nearly 3 hours for a makeup artist to publicly turn Lacy into an old woman, as the makeover was occurring, collaborators passed out flyers and literature on the hotel renovation as well as information about cosmetic surgery. Throughout the performance old women dressed in all black began to enter the lobby. This went nearly unnoticed until the number of women had grown so large that their presence became undeniable to all of those in the lobby. Once Lacys makeover was complete the mass of older women silently dressed Lacy in black clothes, Lacys goal throughout the performance was to bring awareness to the invisibility women must struggle with as they age and no longer fit into societys standards of beauty. Inevitable Associations was a point in Lacys career as it was the first time in which Lacy took her performance to the public streets. In 1977, Lacy and collaborator Leslie Labowitz combined performance art with activism in Three Weeks in May, the event included a performance piece on the steps of Los Angeles City Hall and self-defense classes for women in an attempt to highlight and curb sexual violence against women. The artists updated a map with reports from the Los Angeles Police Department, Lacy and Labowitz teamed up with Bia Lowe, and other artists, in 1977 to create, In Mourning and In Rage, a large-scale public protest performance. The performance began when a group of tall women, made taller by towering black headpieces, arrived at City Hall in a hearse. The Performers debarked and formed a circle in front of the steps of City Hall, beneath a banner that read, ”In memory of our sisters, Lacy and Labowitz founded Ariadne, A Social Art Network, a collaborative group to create community-based artwork and educational opportunities. In the mid-seventies, Lacy curated the first exhibition of performance art at Womanspace Gallery at The Womans Building. Lacy produced many performances in various sites around the world, mostly focusing on race, class, during the first two decades of the 2000, she reworked earlier performances, including WACK. Art and the Feminist Revolution, based upon the venues and objectives, in 2012, she re-created the 1977 performance for the Getty Pacific Standard Time Performance Festival
36.
Three Weeks in May
–
Three Weeks in May, Speaking Out On Rape, A Political Art Piece was an extended work of performance art and activism by Suzanne Lacy. The piece took place in Los Angeles, California from May 8 to May 24,1977, Lacy designed Three Weeks in May in collaboration with artists Leslie Labowitz, Jill Soderholm, Melissa Hoffman and Barbara Cohen. It was sponsored by the Womans Building and Studio Watts Workshop, Lacy designed the expanded performance to be a simultaneous juxtaposition of art and non-art activities within an extended time frame, taking place within the context of popular culture. Lacy had a background in the anti-rape movement, the media was engaged through press conferences, television programs, and radio talk shows. The City Mall Shopping Center was chosen as the site of a piece due to its proximity to Los Angeles City Hall. Two 25-foot maps of the greater Los Angeles Area were used for Three Weeks, on one of the maps, every day Lacy used a large red RAPE stamp to mark locations where rapes from the previous day had been reported. Reports were taken from the Los Angeles Police Department, who assigned an officer to work with Lacy. The second map included rape hotlines and the locations of crisis centers. Labowitz organized a series addressing rape that was held at lunchtime in the underground City Mall Shopping Center for four consecutive days. She collaborated with different groups for the performances, the Rape was developed in collaboration with Women against Rape, Men against Rape. All Men Are Potential Rapists included two men from the Los Angeles Mens Collective, the performances Myths about Rape and Women Fight Back were done with the help of Womans Building members. Lacy created the performance installation She Who Would Fly at Garage Gallery for Three Weeks, over the course of two afternoons, she invited women to voice their experiences with rape. The women then wrote their experiences on paper that was taped to the location where they were assaulted on one of the maps that covered the walls of the small gallery space. Poet Deena Metzger scrawled a description of her rape on one of the walls and she Who Would Fly was opened to the public for an evening and visitors could enter four at a time and read the stories. A winged lamb carcass was suspended from the ceiling and four performers, each having experienced sexual violence, sat silently above the door, Three Weeks in May prompted the police and the city government to address violence against women openly and to publicize rape hotlines. Lacy and Labowitz continued to collaborate on art projects, addressing gender violence again that December with their In Mourning. Three Weeks in May was the first of Lacys large scale public art projects, in the NWSA Journal, art historian Vivien Green Fryd wrote that Lacys Three Weeks marked the beginning of New Genre Public Art. It included presentations, conversations, and a performance called Storytelling Rape and this time the map was installed prominently on the Los Angeles Police Departments main campus
.JPG)
,_10_September_2014.jpg)
