Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)

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Mattress Performance
(Carry That Weight)
photograph
Emma Sulkowicz (center right) with Mattress Performance at their graduation, May 19, 2015
Artist Emma Sulkowicz
Year September 2014 – May 2015
Type Performance art, endurance art,[1] feminist art
Location Columbia University, Morningside Heights, Manhattan, New York City

Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight) (2014–2015) was a work of endurance performance art by Emma Sulkowicz, conducted as their senior thesis during the final year of their visual arts degree at Columbia University in New York City.[1]

Begun in September 2014, the piece involved Sulkowicz carrying a 50-pound (23 kg) mattress, of the kind that Columbia uses in its dorms, wherever they went on campus. They said the piece would end when a student Sulkowicz alleged raped them in their dorm room in 2012 was expelled from or otherwise left the university.[2] Sulkowicz carried the mattress until the end of the spring semester as well as to their graduating ceremony in May 2015.[3]

The student Sulkowicz accused was found not responsible in 2013 by a university inquiry into the allegations. He called Sulkowicz's accusation "untrue and unfounded" and Mattress Performance an act of bullying.[4] Sulkowicz filed a police complaint in May 2014; the district attorney's office did not pursue criminal charges, citing a lack of reasonable suspicion. In April 2015 the student accused by Sulkowicz filed a lawsuit against the university, its trustees, university president Lee Bollinger, and art professor Jon Kessler, Sulkowicz's thesis supervisor, alleging that they exposed him to gender-based harassment by allowing Mattress Performance to take place on campus for course credit.[5][6] The suit was dismissed in March 2016. The student filed an amended complaint on April 25, 2016,[7] which resulted in the university settling for undisclosed terms, and expressing regret about his "difficult" time and promising to reform its policies so "accuser and accused, including those like [the student] who are found not responsible" are "treated with respect" in the future.[8]

The piece stirred controversy with praise from art critics and criticism from some commentators. Art critic Jerry Saltz called Mattress Performance "pure radical vulnerability" and one of the best art shows of 2014.[9] Journalist Emily Bazelon described the work and events surrounding it as "an increasingly bitter fight over truth and narrative", a triumph for the survivor movement and a nightmare for the student Sulkowicz accused.[10] Caught between defending and enabling Sulkowicz's freedom of expression and the accused student's right to due process and the university's written policies regarding confidentiality, the university was criticized by both parties and their parents for its handling of the issue.

Background[edit]

Main article: Columbia University rape controversy
Sulkowicz, December 2014

Emma Sulkowicz (born October 3, 1992)[11][12] is the child of Sandra Leong and Kerry Sulkowicz, psychiatrists from Manhattan. They attended Dalton School on the Upper East Side, and in 2011 began their visual arts degree at Columbia University.[13] Sulkowicz identifies as non-binary and uses they/them pronouns.[14]

Sulkowicz alleges that they were slapped, choked, and anally raped in their dorm room by another student, on the first day of their second year in August 2012, during what began as a consensual sexual encounter.[13] The student Sulkowicz accused denies the allegation, insisting that the encounter was entirely consensual. In April 2013, 8 months after the encounter, Sulkowicz filed a complaint with the university.[13][15] Sulkowicz says they filed their complaint after they encountered two female students who said they had been victimized by the same individual.[2] One was a former girlfriend who said she was emotionally abused during their long-term relationship, and later came to view their sexual relations as having been non-consensual. The other said that on one occasion the accused student had moved toward her aggressively, grabbed her arms, and attempted to kiss her.[16] Shortly after Sulkowicz filed their complaint, the two other students with whom they were acquainted also filed complaints with the university against the same student.[12][17][18][19] Columbia ultimately cleared him of responsibility in all three cases.[15]

The case attracted wider attention when the three female students who filed complaints gave interviews to the New York Post, which broke the story on December 11, 2013, without naming those involved.[20] In April 2014 Sulkowicz appeared with Senator Kirsten Gillibrand at a press conference about campus sexual assault.[21]

On April 24, 2014, 23 students filed a federal complaint against Columbia and Barnard College, alleging violations of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, a law upholding gender equality in federally funded institutions.[22][n 1] Among other issues, the complaint alleged that the institutions discourage students from reporting sexual assault, that alleged perpetrators are not removed from campus, and that sanctions are too lenient.[22] The Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights opened an investigation in January 2015.[24]

On May 14, 2014, Sulkowicz filed a complaint with the New York Police Department.[25] The district attorney's office interviewed Sulkowicz and the student they accused in August, but did not pursue charges, citing lack of reasonable suspicion.[5]

Creation and performance[edit]

photograph
Mattress Performance rules of engagement, Columbia University, 2014
photograph
"Carry that Weight Together", Columbia University, September 10, 2014

Sulkowicz created Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight) in the summer of 2014 for their senior thesis while at Yale University Summer School of Art and Music. Their first effort was a video of themself moving a bed out of a room, accompanied by the audio of them filing the police report, which they had recorded on their cellphone.[26] The mattress later became the focus of the piece.[27] Sulkowicz's thesis was supervised by artist Jon Kessler, a professor at Columbia. As the idea for Mattress Performance developed, Kessler and Sulkowicz discussed the nature of endurance art and the work of Tehching Hsieh, Marina Abramović, Ulay and Chris Burden.[28] Sulkowicz described the work as "an endurance performance art piece". They told the Columbia Daily Spectator: "I do think that nowadays art pieces can include whatever the artist desires and in this performance art piece it utilizes the elements of protest ..."[29]

Purchased online from Tall Paul's Tall Mall, the 50-lb (23-kg), dark-blue, extra-long twin mattress is of the kind Columbia places in its dorms, similar to the one on which Sulkowicz said that they were raped.[13][26] They spent the summer of 2014 creating the rules of engagement, which defined the parameters of the project. Written on the walls of their studio in the university's Watson Hall, these included that they had to carry the mattress when on university property; that it had to remain on campus when they were not there; and that they were not allowed to ask for help in carrying it, but if help was offered they could accept.[26][30]

In early September 2014 Sulkowicz began carrying the mattress on campus.[31] A homeless man was one of the first to help. They told New York magazine: "He was the first person who helped without some sort of preconstructed belief for why they were going to help. He was like, 'Oh, look, a struggling girl—let me help her and be a nice human being.' That was probably the most honest interaction I had."[32] They kept a diary throughout, amounting to 59,000 words at the end of the work, recording their experiences as well as the misunderstandings of commentators.[32]

Sulkowicz said the work would end when the classmate they accused was expelled from or otherwise left Columbia, and that they would take the mattress to their graduation ceremony if necessary.[13][27] In the end they carried it to their graduation ceremony on May 19, 2015,[6] despite a request from the school that students should not bring "large objects which could interfere with the proceedings".[3] Several women helped carry the mattress on stage. As they approached, university president Lee Bollinger, who had been shaking other graduates' hands, turned away as if to pick something up, and did not shake their hands; the university said this happened because the mattress was in the way.[10] The next day posters appeared in Morningside Heights near the university calling Sulkowicz a "pretty little liar".[33]

After graduation Sulkowicz said they had known the university would not expel the student they accused, and had expected to carry the mattress for nine months, the length of a pregnancy, which was an important part of the work: "To me, the piece has very much represented [the fact that] a guy did a horrible thing to me and I tried to make something beautiful out of it."[32]

Reception[edit]

Reaction by the accused student[edit]

The accused said in a December 2014 interview with The New York Times that the mattress performance is not an act of artistic expression, but instead one orchestrated to bully him and force him to leave Columbia.[34] He said that on the National Day of Action, protesters followed him around, carrying mattresses to one of his classes and taking his picture. He also said that he was not permitted to use written communications between himself and the alleged victim as evidence, and expressed disbelief that anyone could believe he was guilty even after his accusers failed to meet what he deemed the low burden of proof in the university hearing process.[10][35] He also stated that since Sulkowicz's protest serves as their senior thesis, it is being supervised and implicitly endorsed by a Columbia faculty member.[35] His lawyer added that Senator Gillibrand failed to adequately investigate his accuser's account before appearing with her and that she "[took] a fictional event and [built] an entire platform around it".[36]

The parents of the student Sulkowicz accused criticized the university, including its decision to let Sulkowicz take the mattress to the graduation ceremony: "This has been a deeply humiliating experience. ... A university that bows to a public witch-hunt no longer deserves to be called a place of enlightenment, of intellectual and academic freedom."[37][38] Asked by German Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin about her feelings on the treatment of her son at Columbia, the accused student's mother said, "This is a feeling of lawlessness." His father said that he sometimes fears his son will leave the school as a "cynic" and a "suspicious man".[39]

In April 2015 the accused student filed a Title IX lawsuit against Columbia University, its trustees, university president Lee Bollinger, and Sulkowicz's senior-thesis supervisor, Jon Kessler, alleging they exposed him to gender-based harassment and a hostile educational environment in allowing the project to go forward. The accused student said that in so doing they damaged his college experience, emotional well-being, reputation and career prospects.[5][6] His lawyers argued that Columbia allowed Sulkowicz to create a "public persona surrounding her false allegations, which has led to the posting of videos and other proposed performances depicting [the plaintiff] as a rapist" even though the university cleared him of any wrongdoing.[40] Among examples of what they described as "public harassment", they cited Sulkowicz's public display of drawings which the lawyers said depicted the genitals of the student Sulkowicz accused as part of the project (Sulkowicz left open the question of whether these drawings were of the student or stories about the student[10]), as well as depictions of the alleged sexual assault, as violations of Columbia's gender-based misconduct policy, which prohibits "unwelcome remarks about the private parts of a person's body" and "graffiti concerning the sexual activity of another person". The lawsuit alleged that Columbia was responsible because the university sponsored and supervised the project.[41] The university's lawyers say the university is "not responsible or liable for her conduct".[40]

On August 28, 2015, Columbia's lawyers asked that the case be dismissed, citing First Amendment protections and arguing the student's lawsuit suggests Columbia was obligated "to silence Ms. Sulkowicz, preventing her from speaking publicly on the issue of sexual assault on college campuses—an issue of national concern".[42][43] The case was heard by Judge Gregory H. Woods of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, who dismissed the suit on March 12, 2016.[5][44] The student filed an amended complaint on April 25, 2016.[7] In July 2017, the university announced that it reached a settlement with the student; terms of the settlement were not disclosed.[8] The university said in a statement: "Columbia recognizes that after the conclusion of the investigation, Paul's remaining time at Columbia became very difficult for him and not what Columbia would want any of its students to experience. Columbia will continue to review and update its policies toward ensuring that every student — accuser and accused, including those like Paul who are found not responsible — is treated respectfully and as a full member of the Columbia community."[45]

Other responses[edit]

photograph
Roberta Smith, New York Times art critic (left), discussing Mattress Performance with Sulkowiciz, Brooklyn Museum, December 14, 2014

Praise[edit]

Numerous art critics responded positively to Mattress Performance. Artnet cited it as "almost certainly ... one of the most important artworks of the year", comparing it to Ana Mendieta's Untitled (Rape Scene) (1973) and Suzanne Lacy and Leslie Labowitz-Starus's Three Weeks in May (1977).[46] Performance artist Marina Abramović praised it.[47] The New York Times art critic Roberta Smith described it as "strict and lean, yet inclusive and open ended, symbolically laden yet drastically physical", writing that comparisons to the Stations of the Cross and Hester Prynne's scarlet letter were apparent.[27] Jerry Saltz, art critic for New York magazine, included it in his list of the best 19 art shows of 2014, calling "clear, to the point, insistent, adamant ... pure radical vulnerability".[9]

The political response was marked too. Nato Thompson, chief curator of Creative Time, said he could not think of another case where art had triggered a movement in the way Mattress Performance had.[48] Hillary Clinton told the DNC Women's Leadership Forum in September 2014: "That image should haunt all of us ..."[49] In October Columbia students carried 28 mattresses on campus, one for each student who joined the federal Title IX complaint, then left them outside the university president's home; they were fined $471 for the clean-up.[48][50] A month later a group called "Carry That Weight" organized a "National Day of Action to Carry That Weight", during which students carried mattresses on 130 US campuses and several elsewhere.[51][52] Sulkowicz received the National Organization for Women's Susan B. Anthony Award and the Feminist Majority Foundation's Ms. Wonder Award.[53]

In January 2015, New York's U.S. senator Kirsten Gillibrand invited Sulkowicz to attend the 2015 State of the Union Address.[4] Families Advocating for Campus Equality said the invitation was "undeserved and violates the principles of confidentiality and gender equality of Title IX", and that Sulkowicz had "failed to establish any wrongdoing" on the part of the student she accused.[54]

In 2015, Sulkowicz was included in The Forward's Forward 50 as one of the year's fifty most influential Jewish-Americans.[55]

Inspired activism[edit]

On October 29, 2014, dozens of Columbia students carried 28 mattresses around the school's Morningside Heights campus, one for each student who joined the federal Title IX complaint, then left them outside the home of Lee Bollinger, president of the university.[50][56] A month later a group called "Carry That Weight" organized similar protests in 130 campuses in the US, and several around the world, including the Central European University in Budapest, calling for a "National Day of Action to Carry That Weight".[57]

Criticism[edit]

Emily Bazelon called Mattress Performance a nightmare for the student Sulkowicz accused.[10]

Social critic Camille Paglia described Mattress Performance as "a parody of the worst aspects of that kind of grievance-oriented feminism", adding that a feminist work "should empower women, not cripple them".[58][59]

In an editorial in the New York Post', Naomi Schaefer Riley criticized Sulkowicz's work as "shaming without proof" and accused her and her supporters of "saving themselves from having to answer any questions and destroying men's lives with lies and innuendo".[60] In his article "If anything's art, art's nothing", National Post columnist Robert Fulford compared Sulkowicz's work to that of Megumi Igarashi and concluded, "if everything is art, then art can be used for anything. And in the process meaning and value dissolve and art becomes hopelessly debased."[61]

Glenn Reynolds, law professor at the University of Tennessee, wrote on his political blog Instapundit: "It would have been nice if Senator Kirsten Gillibrand hadn't joined the lynch mob, embracing Sulkowicz and calling the accused a 'rapist' even after he was cleared by two different proceedings (one of which required only a preponderance of the evidence to convict)."[62]

Sulkowicz's accusation itself has been subject to criticism. Families Advocating for Campus Equality said that Sulkowicz "failed to establish any wrongdoing by the student she accused",[54] and columnist and political analyst Mona Charen said, "it seems highly likely that Sulkowicz is shading the truth."[10][63]

Other works by Sulkowicz[edit]

Newspaper Bodies (Look, Mom, I'm on the Front Page!)[edit]

Sulkowicz's final thesis show, the week before graduation in May 2015, included depictions of a naked man with an obscenity and a couple having sex, printed onto a New York Times article about the student they accused. Sulkowicz said that the images were cartoons, and asked: "what are the functions of cartoons? Do they depict the people themselves (a feat which, if you've done enough reading on art theory, you will realize is impossible), or do they illustrate the stories that have circulated about a person?"[10] This work was later shown under the title Newspaper Bodies (Look, Mom, I'm on the Front Page!) as part of a group exhibition at the Southampton Arts Center, Southampton, New York.[32]

Ceci N'est Pas Un Viol[edit]

Main article: Ceci N'est Pas Un Viol

On June 3, 2015, Sulkowicz, working with artist Ted Lawson, released Ceci N'est Pas Un Viol ("This is not a rape"), an eight-minute video of Sulkowicz having sex with an anonymous actor in a Columbia dorm room. The title of the piece is a reference to the caption in René Magritte's The Treachery of Images: "Ceci n'est pas une pipe". Introductory text by Sulkowicz stresses that the sex was consensual throughout, though toward the end it portrays resistance, violence and force.[64] When the video was first posted, each screen displayed the timestamp of August 27, 2012, the night of the alleged assault, but later the date was blurred.[65] Sulkowicz wrote that the work, which examines the nature of sexual consent, was not a reenactment of the alleged rape and later stated that it was a separate piece from Mattress Performance.[64]

Self-Portrait[edit]

From February to March 2016 at Coagula Curatorial in Los Angeles, Sulkowicz exhibited a piece, Self-Portrait.[66] For the first three weeks of the exhibition, Sulkowicz stood on a pedestal in the gallery, and had one-on-one conversations with visitors who would stand on an identical pedestal in front of them.[67] The exhibition also featured a life size robotic replica of the artist that was called "Emmatron". Emmatron plays prerecorded answers to several questions Sulkowicz has been repeatedly asked that they will no longer respond to. A few examples of questions Emmatron had answers to included "Tell me about the night you were assaulted", "Is this art piece a part of Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight)?" and "What do your parents think of all this?"[68] If audience members asked these questions to Sulkowicz during their conversation, the artist would send them to Emmatron for the answers.[69]

Untitled Protest Performance[edit]

On January 30, 2018, Sulkowicz was documented protesting at two New York City museums and a subway station. The protest, which was described as a "performance" in the media,[70][71], and as "performative action" by the artist,[72] was dismissed by one critic as a "glorified tantrum...simple attention-seeking."[73] Sulkowicz stated that the protest was a response to a New York Times article from 28 January, in which members of the art world, responding to allegations of sexual harassment towards artist Chuck Close, debated over the future of art created by individuals accused of improper behavior. Among the people quoted in the article was Jock Reynolds, the then-director of the Yale University Art Gallery, who stated, "Pablo Picasso was one of the worst offenders of the 20th century in terms of his history with women. Are we going to take his work out of the galleries? At some point you have to ask yourself, is the art going to stand alone as something that needs to be seen?" [74] Sulkowitz was reportedly "appalled" by the comments, asking, "are you only showing work by Harvey Weinstein?"[71] During the protest, Sulkowicz posed for several photographs in front of Chuck Close paintings at The Museum of Modern Art and The Metropolitan Museum of Art, a Close mosaic in a subway station, as well as in front of Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Sulkowicz wore black lingerie, with home-made pasties made of tape, and covered their body with drawn-on asterisks.

The Floating World[edit]

From March 10 to April 22, 2018, The Invisible Dog gallery in Brooklyn, New York hosted Sulkowicz' first gallery installation, a piece entitled The Floating World.[71] Inspired by the culture of Japan during the Edo period, the piece consists of a series of glass orbs, suspended by ropes, containing objects of personal significance to Sulkowicz and members of their community.[75]

See Also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Title IX says: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." It was passed on June 23, 1972, in response to discrimination against women in universities and colleges, which included quotas, requiring higher grades from women, and offering them reduced choice in degree programs.[23]
    Five other students later joined the complaint against Columbia, which also alleged that the university was in violation of Title II, a provision against discrimination on the basis of disability, and the Clery Act.[22]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b For "endurance performance art", Emma Sulkowicz (September 2, 2014). "Emma Sulkowicz: "Carry That Weight", Columbia Daily Spectator, at 2:22 min.
  2. ^ a b Soraya Nadia McDonald (October 29, 2014). "It's hard to ignore a woman toting a mattress everywhere she goes, which is why Emma Sulkowicz is still doing it". The Washington Post. 
  3. ^ a b Kate Taylor (May 20, 2015). "Mattress Protest at Columbia University Continues Into Graduation Event", The New York Times.
  4. ^ a b Katie Van Syckle (January 20, 2015). "Alleged Columbia Rapist ‘Dismayed and Disappointed’ by Accuser’s SOTU Invitation", New York; Katie Van Syckle (January 21, 2015). "Emma Sulkowicz Was ‘Let Down’ by Obama SOTU Speech", New York.
  5. ^ a b c d Max Kutner (April 28, 2015), "The Anti-Mattress Protest", Newsweek; Case details, PaceMonitor.com.
  6. ^ a b c Max Kutner (December 10, 2015), "The Other Side of the College Sexual Assault Crisis", Newsweek. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  7. ^ a b Kutner, Max (April 25, 2016). "Lawsuit Against Columbia Over 'Mattress Protest' Returns To Court". Newsweek. Retrieved May 10, 2016. 
  8. ^ a b Holmes, Aaron (July 13, 2017). "Columbia settles Nungesser's Title IX lawsuit". Columbia Daily Spectator. Retrieved July 15, 2017. The University announced that it had settled the suit—for which Nungesser submitted a new complaint after his initial one was dismissed last year—in a conciliatory statement sent to Spectator Thursday ... The University did not disclose the terms of the settlement. 
  9. ^ a b Jerry Saltz (December 10, 2014). "The 19 Best Art Shows of 2014". New York. .
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Emily Bazelon (May 29, 2015). "Have We Learned Anything From the Columbia Rape Case?", The New York Times Magazine.
  11. ^ "Carry That Weight", Emma Sulkowicz interviewed by Roberta Smith, Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art, December 2014 (hereafter Smith 2014), at c. 48:50 min., via YouTube.
  12. ^ a b Cathy Young (February 3, 2015). "Columbia Student: I Didn't Rape Her", The Daily Beast.
  13. ^ a b c d e Vanessa Grigoriadis (September 21, 2014). "Meet the College Women Who Are Starting a Revolution Against Campus Sexual Assault", New York.
  14. ^ Tolentino, Jia (2018-02-05). "Is There a Smarter Way to Think About Sexual Assault on Campus?". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2018-03-05. 
  15. ^ a b Ariel Kaminer (December 22, 2014). "Accusers and the Accused, Crossing Paths at Columbia University". The New York Times. 
  16. ^ ""Accessible, Prompt, and Equitable"? An Examination of Sexual Assault at Columbia". Retrieved January 19, 2016. 
  17. ^ Richard Pérez-Peña, Kath Taylor (May 3, 2014). "Fight Against Sexual Assaults Holds Colleges to Account", The New York Times.
  18. ^ Cathy Young (May 20, 2015). "As Another Accusation Bites the Dust, Columbia Rape Saga Takes New Turn", reason.com.
  19. ^ Anonymous (May 21, 2015). "I Am Not a 'Pretty Little Liar'". Retrieved June 10, 2015. 
  20. ^ For interview with Sulkowicz that mentions the New York Post, Christoph Cadenbach (May 2015), "Nachtschatten", Suddeutche Zeitung Magazin, p. 2; for the Post story, Tara Palmeri (December 11, 2013), "Columbia drops ball on jock 'rapist' probe: students", New York Post.
  21. ^ "Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand Seeks Funds To Fight College Campus Sex Assaults", WCBS-TV, April 7, 2014.
  22. ^ a b c Emma Bogler (April 24, 2014). "Students file federal complaint against Columbia, alleging Title IX, Title II, Clery Act violations", Columbia Daily Spectator.
  23. ^ "Equal Access to Education: Forty Years of Title IX", United States Department of Justice, June 23, 2012.
  24. ^ Tyler Kingkade (January 12, 2015). "Columbia University Is Under Federal Investigation For Sexual Assault Cases". The Huffington Post. 
  25. ^ Emma Bogler (May 16, 2014). "Frustrated by Columbia's inaction, student reports sexual assault to police". Columbia Daily Spectator. 
  26. ^ a b c Smith 2014, at c. 38:50 min.
  27. ^ a b c Roberta Smith (September 22, 2014). "In a Mattress, a Lever for Art and Political Protest", The New York Times.
  28. ^ Jillian Steinhauer (September 17, 2014). "Two Weeks Into Performance, Columbia Student Discusses the Weight of Her Mattress", Hyperallergic; "Jon Kessler", Columbia University School of the Arts.
  29. ^ Sulkowicz (September 2, 2014), from c. 2:23 min.
  30. ^ For Watson Hall, Sulkowicz (September 2, 2014), from c. 2:00 min.
  31. ^ Noel Duan (September 9, 2014). "Going From Class to Class With Emma Sulkowicz and Her Mattress", Elle.
  32. ^ a b c d Andy Battaglia (May 28, 2015). "Will Emma Sulkowicz's Protest Mattress Wind Up in a Museum?", New York.
  33. ^ Jessica Roy (May 20, 2015); "Posters Around Columbia Campus Call Emma Sulkowicz a 'Pretty Little Liar'", New York.
  34. ^ Sarah Kaplan (February 4, 2015). "In Columbia University rape case, accuser and accused are now fighting it out in public", The Washington Post.
  35. ^ a b Kaminer, Ariel (December 22, 2014). "Accusers and the Accused, Crossing Paths at Columbia University". The New York Times. 
  36. ^ Dan Friedman: "Columbia student says Gillibrand smeared him with rape talk", New York Daily News.
  37. ^ Katie Van Syckle (May 20, 2015). "Accused Rapist's Parents Criticize Columbia for Allowing Mattress at Graduation", New York.
  38. ^ Rudi Novotny (June 2, 2015). "What Happened on the Mattress?", Zeit.
  39. ^ Christoph Cadenbach: "Nachtschatten", Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin, Heft 5/2015
  40. ^ a b Jessica Roy (June 25, 2015): "Lawyers for Emma Sulkowicz's Alleged Rapist Accuse Her of Misandry", New York.
  41. ^ Ashe Schow (July 22, 2015): "Columbia student accused of rape amends lawsuit to include 'the mattress attends graduation'", The Washington Examiner.
  42. ^ Neumeister, Larry (August 28, 2015). "University Defends Mattress-Carrying Project Against Lawsuit". ABC News. Retrieved August 29, 2015. 
  43. ^ Neumeister, Larry. "Columbia Cites Free Speech In Defense Of Allowing Mattress Protest". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 18, 2015. 
  44. ^ Kutner, Max (March 12, 2016). "Lawsuit Against Columbia Over 'Mattress Protest' Dismissed". Newsweek. Retrieved March 12, 2016. 
  45. ^ Taylor, Kate (14 July 2017). "Columbia Settles With Student Cast as a Rapist in Mattress Art Project". The New York Times. 
  46. ^ Ben Davis (September 4, 2014). "Columbia Student's Striking Mattress Performance". Artnet. 
  47. ^ Rachel Corbett (October 24, 2014). "Marina Abramovic Is a Fan of the Mattress Girl", New York; Josh Niland (October 27, 2014). "Marina Abramović is Down With Emma Sulkowicz's Mattress Piece", Artnet.
  48. ^ a b Sarah Kaplan (November 28, 2014). "How a mattress became a symbol for student activists against sexual assault", The Washington Post.
  49. ^ Clinton, Hillary (September 19, 2014). Address to Democratic National Committee Women's Leadership Forum. Transcribed at Democracy in Action.
  50. ^ a b Rebecca Nathanson (December 1, 2014). "How 'Carry That Weight' Is Changing the Conversation on Campus Sexual Assault", Rolling Stone.
  51. ^ Alexandra Svokos (October 29, 2014). "Students Bring Out Mattresses In Huge 'Carry That Weight' Protest Against Sexual Assault". The Huffington Post. 
  52. ^ Gander Kashmira (November 13, 2014). "University 'charges students hundreds of dollars' to clean up mattresses from Emma Sulkowicz anti-sexual assault solidarity protest", The Independent.
  53. ^ "Meet Our 2014 Honorees". Susan B. Anthony Awards. Retrieved November 25, 2014. ; "Ms. Wonder Awards Honor Young Grassroots Leaders in Anti-Violence and Fair Wage Movements". Feminist Newswire. November 19, 2014. 
  54. ^ a b Valerie Richardson (January 26, 2015). "Kirsten Gillibrand blasted for decision to invite Columbia 'mattress girl' to SOTU", The Washington Times.
  55. ^ "Forward 50 2015 –". The Forward. November 7, 2015. Retrieved November 11, 2015. 
  56. ^ Schonfeld, Zach (October 30, 2014). "Photos: Hundreds of Columbia Students Carry Mattresses in Sexual Assault Protest". Newsweek. 
  57. ^ Svokos, Alexandra (October 29, 2014). "Students Bring Out Mattresses In Huge 'Carry That Weight' Protest Against Sexual Assault". The Huffington Post. 

    For Budapest, see Kashmira, Gander (November 13, 2014). "University 'charges students hundreds of dollars' to clean up mattresses from Emma Sulkowicz anti-sexual assault solidarity protest", The Independent.

  58. ^ Daley, David (July 28, 2015). "Camille Paglia: How Bill Clinton is like Bill Cosby". Salon. Retrieved August 10, 2015. 
  59. ^ Quackenbush, Casey (July 30, 2015). "Camille Paglia: Columbia Anti-Rape Mattress Project Is Not Feminism". New York Observer. Retrieved August 16, 2015. 
  60. ^ Riley, Naomi Schaefer (February 8, 2015). "Columbia mattress rape case is not justice—it's shaming without proof". New York Post. Retrieved November 16, 2015. 
  61. ^ National Post (May 1, 2015), "Robert Fulford: If anything’s art, art's nothing".
  62. ^ Glenn Reynolds (February 4, 2015), "Cathy Young Writes about the Columbia Guy Accused of Rape Who Was Cleared by Columbia University and by the Police.", Instapundit.
  63. ^ Mona Charen (August 31, 2015). "What The Left And Right Don't Get About Campus Rape". The Federalist. Retrieved May 4, 2016. 
  64. ^ a b Cait Munro (June 4, 2015). "Emma Sulkowicz Breaks New Ground With Troubling Video Performance", Artnet
  65. ^ Teo Armus (June 5, 2015). "Sulkowicz films herself in a violent sex scene for newest art project", Columbia Daily Spectator.
  66. ^ "Moving beyond 'Mattress Girl': Artist Emma Sulkowicz pushes the conversation forward". Los Angeles Times. 
  67. ^ "Life After Mattress Girl: Emma Sulkowicz Reclaims Her Identity". KCET. March 28, 2016. 
  68. ^ "Self Portrait – Dialogue With Emma Sulkowicz and an Inanimate Object". HuffPost. March 9, 2016. 
  69. ^ "Emma Sulkowicz Will Answer (Almost) Any Question At Her First Solo Gallery Show – The Frisky". The Frisky. February 16, 2016. 
  70. ^ Pogrebin, Robin; Schuessler, Jennifer (28 January 2018). "Museums and a Performance Artist Grapple With Chuck Close's Work". 
  71. ^ a b c Cascone, Sarah (2 February 2018). "Artist Emma Sulkowicz Wore Asterisks—and Little Else—to Protest Chuck Close at the Met (and Picasso at MoMA)". Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. 
  72. ^ Mahoney, Maggie. "Emma Sulkowicz: Life Post Mattress Performance". Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. 
  73. ^ Knighton, Tom. "'Mattress Girl' Returns With Performance Art No One Gets". Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. 
  74. ^ Sopan, Deb; Jennifer, Robin (28 January 2018). "Chuck Close Is Accused of Harassment. Should His Artwork Carry an Asterisk?". 
  75. ^ "The Floating World by Emma Sulkowicz". Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. 
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