1.
Landsat program
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The Landsat program is the longest-running enterprise for acquisition of satellite imagery of Earth. On July 23,1972 the Earth Resources Technology Satellite was launched and this was eventually renamed to Landsat. The most recent, Landsat 8, was launched on February 11,2013, the instruments on the Landsat satellites have acquired millions of images. Landsat 7 data has eight spectral bands with spatial resolutions ranging from 15 to 60 meters, Landsat images are usually divided into scenes for easy downloading. Each Landsat scene is about 115 miles long and 115 miles wide, Hughes Santa Barbara Research Center initiated, designed, and fabricated the first three Multispectral Scanners in 1969, the same year man landed on the moon. The first prototype MSS was completed nine months, in the fall of 1970. It was tested by scanning Half Dome at Yosemite National Park, the program was initially called the Earth Resources Technology Satellites Program, which was used from 1966 to 1975. In 1975, the name was changed to Landsat and this occurred in 1985 when the Earth Observation Satellite Company, a partnership of Hughes Aircraft and RCA, was selected by NOAA to operate the Landsat system with a ten-year contract. EOSAT operated Landsat 4 and Landsat 5, had rights to market Landsat data. In 1989, this transition had not been completed when NOAAs funding for the Landsat program was due to run out. The head of the newly formed National Space Council, Vice President Dan Quayle, noted the situation and arranged emergency funding that allowed the program to continue with the data archives intact. Again in 1990 and 1991, Congress provided only half of the funding to NOAA. In 1992, various efforts were made to procure funding for follow on Landsats and continued operations, Landsat 6 was finally launched on October 5,1993, but was lost in a launch failure. Processing of Landsat 4 and 5 data was resumed by EOSAT in 1994, NASA finally launched Landsat 7 on April 15,1999. Timeline Landsat missions 1 through 5 carried the Landsat Multispectral Scanner and this construct ensured the secondary mirror would simply oscillate about the primary optic axis to maintain focus despite vibration inherent from the 360 mm beryllium scan mirror. This engineering solution allowed the United States to develop LANDSAT at least five years ahead of the French SPOT and this was a direct result of the commercialization efforts begun under the Carter administration, though finally completed under the Reagan administration. This main plate was assembled on a frame, then attached to the magnesium housing with helicoil fasteners. Key to the success of the multi spectral scanner was the scan monitor mounted on the underbelly of the magnesium housing, the beam struck the beryllium scan mirror seven times as it reflected seven times off the flat mirrors
2.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
3.
Hawaiian Islands
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Formerly the group was known to Europeans and Americans as the Sandwich Islands, a name chosen by James Cook in honor of the then First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. The contemporary name is derived from the name of the largest island, the Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown in 1893 and the United States annexed the islands in 1898. The Hawaiian Islands are the peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain. The islands are about 1,860 miles from the nearest continent and this name was in use until the 1840s, when the local name Hawaii gradually began to take precedence. The Hawaiian Islands have a land area of 6,423.4 square miles. Except for Midway, which is a territory of the United States. The eight main islands of Hawaii are listed here and this number includes all minor islands and islets, or very small island, offshore of the main islands and individual islets in each atoll. Thus, the southeast island is volcanically active, whereas the islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, the age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium-argon dating methods.4 Ma. The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the island, Hawaiʻi. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the USGS documents recent volcanic activity and provides images, almost all of the magma of the hotspot has the composition of basalt, and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser-grained gabbro and diabase, nephelinite is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare. Hawaiʻi island is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, mauna Loa, taking up over half of the Big Island, is the largest shield volcano on the Earth. The measurement from sea level to summit is more than 2.5 miles, the Hawaiian Islands have many earthquakes, generally caused by volcanic activity. Most of the earthquake monitoring took place in Hilo, by missionaries Titus Coan, Sarah J. Lyman. From 1833 to 1896, approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year, Hawaii accounted for 7. 3% of the United States reported earthquakes with a magnitude 3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003, with a total 1533 earthquakes. Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this period, after Alaska. On October 15,2006, there was an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, the initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7 aftershock. Minor-to-moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island, several major roadways became impassable from rock slides, and effects were felt as far away as Honolulu, Oahu, nearly 150 miles from the epicenter
4.
Kahului, Hawaii
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Kahului is a census-designated place in Maui County, on the island of Maui, in the U. S. state of Hawaii. Kahului hosts Mauis main airport, deep-draft harbor, light industrial areas, the population was 26,337 at the 2010 census. Kahului is not generally considered a tourist destination and it does feature the Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum, Kanaha Pond State Wildlife Sanctuary, Kanaha Beach County Park, and the Maui Arts and Cultural Center. Kahului is served by Kahului Airport, located outside of the CDP. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 16.3 square miles. The total area is 7. 16% water, Kahului is directly adjacent to Wailuku located on the west side of town, and to Spreckelsville on the east. Kahului has a hot semi-arid climate zone with a dry season, due to its location on the leeward side of Maui. The normal monthly mean ranges from 71.8 °F in February to 79.7 °F. On average, there are 21 nights annually with a low below 60 °F and 25 days with a high at or above 90 °F, readings of 95 °F or higher are far rarer, occurring on average once every five years. Temperature records range from 48 °F on January 20,1969 up to 97 °F on August 31,1994 and August 22,2015. The record cool daily maximum is 65 °F on February 28,1990, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 79 °F on October 8 and 17,1979. Normal annual rainfall is 17.83 inches spread over an average 95 days, the wettest month on record is January 1980 with 14.46 inches, while the most rain to occur in a single calendar day is 5.82 inches on December 21,1955. The most recent month without measurable rain is October 2013 with trace amounts, the town is also one of the windiest places in the U. S. averaging 13.7 mph per year. As of the 2000 Census, there were 20,146 people,5,880 households, the population density was 1,328.7 people per square mile. There were 6,079 housing units at a density of 400.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 10. 06% White,0. 24% Black or African American,0. 27% Native American,53. 62% Asian,9. 91% Pacific Islander,1. 47% from other races, and 24. 42% from two or more races. 8. 75% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,20. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the family size is 3.76
5.
Island
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An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, an island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago, an island may be described as such, despite the presence of an artificial land bridge. Example, Singapore and its causeway, or the various Dutch delta islands, there are two main types of islands in the sea, continental and oceanic. The word island derives from Middle English iland, from Old English igland, Old English ieg is actually a cognate of Swedish ö and German Aue, and related to Latin aqua. There is a difference between islands and continents in terms of geology, continents sit on continental lithosphere which is part of tectonic plates floating high on Earths mantle. Oceanic crust is also part of tectonic plates, but it is denser than continental lithosphere, Islands are either extensions of the oceanic crust or geologically they are part of some continent sitting on continental lithosphere. This holds true for Australia, which sits on its own continental lithosphere, continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the continental shelf of a continent. A special type of island is the microcontinental island, which is created when a continent is rifted. Examples are Madagascar and Socotra off Africa, the Kerguelen Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, another subtype is an island or bar formed by deposition of tiny rocks where water current loses some of its carrying capacity. While some are transitory and may disappear if the volume or speed of the current changes, others are stable, oceanic islands are islands that do not sit on continental shelves. The vast majority are volcanic in origin, such as Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, the few oceanic islands that are not volcanic are tectonic in origin and arise where plate movements have lifted up the ocean floor above the surface. Examples are Saint Peter and Paul Rocks in the Atlantic Ocean, one type of volcanic oceanic island is found in a volcanic island arc. These islands arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring, examples are the Aleutian Islands, the Mariana Islands, and most of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean. The only examples in the Atlantic Ocean are some of the Lesser Antilles, another type of volcanic oceanic island occurs where an oceanic rift reaches the surface. There are two examples, Iceland, which is the second largest volcanic island, and Jan Mayen. A third type of oceanic island is formed over volcanic hotspots. A hotspot is more or less stationary relative to the tectonic plate above it
6.
Hawaiian language
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The Hawaiian language is a Polynesian language that takes its name from Hawaiʻi, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. Hawaiian, along with English, is a language of the state of Hawaii. King Kamehameha III established the first Hawaiian-language constitution in 1839 and 1840, Hawaiian was essentially displaced by English on six of seven inhabited islands. In 2001, native speakers of Hawaiian amounted to under 0. 1% of the statewide population, linguists were unsure that Hawaiian and other endangered languages would survive. Nevertheless, from around 1949 to the present day, there has been an increase in attention to. Public Hawaiian-language immersion preschools called Pūnana Leo were started in 1984, the first students to start in immersion preschool have now graduated from college and many are fluent Hawaiian speakers. The federal government has acknowledged this development, for example, the Hawaiian National Park Language Correction Act of 2000 changed the names of several national parks in Hawaiʻi, observing the Hawaiian spelling. A pidgin or creole language spoken in Hawaiʻi is Hawaiian Pidgin and it should not be mistaken for the Hawaiian language nor for a dialect of English. The Hawaiian alphabet has 12 letters, five vowels and seven consonants and it contains an additional consonantal sound okina which is a glottal stop. The island name was first written in English in 1778 by British explorer James Cook and they wrote it as Owhyhee or Owhyee. Explorers Mortimer and Otto von Kotzebue used that spelling, the initial O in the name is a reflection of the fact that unique identity is predicated in Hawaiian by using a copula form, o, immediately before a proper noun. Thus, in Hawaiian, the name of the island is expressed by saying O Hawaiʻi, the Cook expedition also wrote Otaheite rather than Tahiti. The spelling why in the name reflects the pronunciation of wh in 18th-century English, the spelling hee or ee in the name represents the sounds, or. Putting the parts together, O-why-ee reflects, an approximation of the native pronunciation. American missionaries bound for Hawaiʻi used the phrases Owhihe Language and Owhyhee language in Boston prior to their departure in October 1819 and they still used such phrases as late as March 1822. However, by July 1823, they had begun using the phrase Hawaiian Language, in Hawaiian, ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi means Hawaiian language, as adjectives follow nouns. Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family and it is closely related to other Polynesian languages, such as Marquesan, Tahitian, Māori, Rapa Nui, and less closely to Samoan and Tongan. According to Schütz, the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE followed by waves of immigration from the Society Islands
7.
Maui County, Hawaii
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Maui County, officially County of Maui, is a county located in the U. S. state of Hawaii. It consists of the islands of Maui, Lanai, Molokai, Kahoolawe, the latter two islands are uninhabited. As of the 2010 census, the population was 154,834, Maui County is included in the Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina, HI Metropolitan Statistical Area. Maui County has a form of municipal government. Unlike traditional municipal governments, the county government is established by the legislature by statute and is not chartered. Executive authority is vested in the mayor, elected by the voters on a basis to a four-year term. Legislative authority is vested in the county council. All seats in the county council have residency requirements, however, members of the county council are elected on a non-partisan basis to two-year terms. The current mayor of Maui County is Alan Arakawa since January 2,2011, Arakawa had served a previous term as mayor from 2002 to 2006. Maui County was the county in the United States won by Dennis Kucinich during his unsuccessful campaign for the Democratic Party nomination to the presidency in 2004. The Department of Liquor Control is the agency which regulates and enforces state and county laws regarding the manufacture, importation, sale and consumption of intoxicating liquors. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 2,398 square miles. The islands that comprise Maui County correspond to the remnants of the ancient landmass of Maui Nui, the highest point in the county is the peak of Haleakala at 10,012 ft. Haleakala is a shield volcano located on the eastern side of the island of Maui. The population density was 110 people per square mile, there were 56,377 housing units at an average density of 49 per square mile. 7. 8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,21. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the family size was 3.41. In the county, the population was out with 25. 50% under the age of 18,7. 70% from 18 to 24,30. 90% from 25 to 44,24. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 100.90 males
8.
Molokai
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Molokaʻi or Molokai, often called the Friendly Island, is an island in the Hawaiian archipelago. It lies east of Oʻahu across the 25-mile wide Kaiwi Channel and north of Lānaʻi, the island has been known both for developments by Molokai Ranch on much of the island, for pineapple production, cattle ranching and tourism. Residents or visitors to the west end of Molokaʻi can see the lights of Honolulu on Oahu at night, they can view nearby Lānaʻi and Maui from anywhere along the south shore of the island. In Kalawao County, on the Kalaupapa Peninsula on the north coast, settlements were established in 1866 for quarantined treatment of persons with leprosy, the Kalaupapa National Historical Park now preserves this entire county and area. Molokaʻi developed from two shield volcanoes known as East Molokaʻi and the much smaller West Molokaʻi. The highest point is Kamakou on East Molokaʻi, at 4,970 feet, today, East Molokaʻi volcano, like the Koʻolau Range on Oʻahu, is what remains of the southern half of the original mountain. The northern half suffered a collapse about 1.5 million years ago. What remains of the volcano on the island include the highest sea cliffs in the world, the south shore of Molokaʻi boasts the longest fringing reef in the U. S. and its holdings—nearly 25 miles long. Molokaʻi is part of the state of Hawaiʻi and located in Maui County, except for the Kalaupapa Peninsula, Maui County encompasses Maui, Lānaʻi, and Kahoʻolawe in addition to Molokaʻi. The largest town on the island is Kaunakakai, which is one of two ports on the island. Molokai Airport is located on West Molokaʻi, the United States Census Bureau divides the island into three census tracts, Census Tract 317 and Census Tract 318 of Maui County, Hawaii, and Census Tract 319 of Kalawao County, Hawaii. The total 2010 census population of these was 7,345, Molokaʻi is separated from Oʻahu on the west by the Kaiwi Channel, from Maui on the southeast by the Pailolo Channel, and from Lānaʻi on the south by the Kalohi Channel. Molokaʻi is split into two geographical areas. The low western half is very dry and the soil is heavily denuded due to land management practices. It lacks significant ground cover and virtually the entire section is covered in non-native kiawe trees, one of the few natural areas remaining almost intact are the coastal dunes of Moʻomomi, which are part of a Nature Conservancy preserve. The eastern half of the island is a plateau rising up to an elevation of 4,900 ft on Kamakou peak. The eastern half is covered with wet forests that get more than 300 in of rain per year. The high-elevation forests are populated by native ʻōhiʻa lehua trees and an extremely diverse endemic flora, much of the summit area is protected by the Nature Conservancys Kamakou and Pelekunu valley preserves
9.
Lanai
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Lānaʻi is the sixth-largest of the Hawaiian Islands and the smallest publicly accessible inhabited island in the chain. It is also known as Pineapple Island because of its past as a pineapple plantation. The islands only settlement of note is the town of Lānaʻi City. As of 2012, the island was 98% owned by Larry Ellison, Lānaʻi is a roughly comma-shaped island with a width of 18 miles in the longest direction. The land area is 140.5 square miles, making it the 42nd largest island in the United States and it is separated from the island of Molokaʻi by the Kalohi Channel to the north, and from Maui by the ʻAuʻau Channel to the east. The United States Census Bureau defines Lānaʻi as Census Tract 316 of Maui County and its total population shrank from 3,193 as of the 2000 census to 3,102 as of 2010. Many of the landmarks are accessible only by dirt roads that require a four-wheel drive vehicle. There is one school, Lanai High and Elementary School, serving the island from kindergarten through 12th grade. There are no lights on the island. Lānaʻi was under the control of nearby Maui before recorded history and its first inhabitants may have arrived as late as the 15th century. The name Lānai is of uncertain origin, but the island has historically been called Lānaʻi o Kauluāʻau and this epithet refers to the legend of a Mauian prince who was banished to Lānaʻi for some of his wild pranks at his fathers court in Lāhainā. The island was haunted by Akua-ino, ghosts and goblins. Kauluāʻau chased them away and brought peace and order to the island, during most of those times, the Moʻi of Maui held dominion over Lānaʻi, but generally left the people of Lānaʻi alone. Life on Lānaʻi remained relatively calm until King Kamehameha I or Kalaniʻōpuʻu-a-Kaiamamao took control, so many were killed that Captain George Vancouver ignored the island in 1792, because of its apparent lack of villages and population. It is mentioned that Lānaʻi was Kamehamehas favorite fishing spot across Hawaiis main eight islands, Lānai was first seen by Europeans on February 25,1779, when Captain Charles Clerke sighted the island from aboard James Cooks HMS Resolution. Clerke had taken command of the ship after Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay on February 14 and was leaving the islands for the North Pacific, by the 1870s, Walter M. Gibson had acquired most of the land on the island for ranching. Prior to this he had used it as a Mormon colony, in 1899, his daughter and son-in-law formed Maunalei Sugar Company, headquartered in Keomuku, on the windward coast downstream from Maunalei Valley. Many Native Hawaiians continued to live along the less arid windward coast, in 1922, James Dole, the president of Hawaiian Pineapple Company, bought the island and developed a large portion of it into the worlds largest pineapple plantation
10.
Kahoolawe
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Kahoʻolawe is the smallest of the eight main volcanic islands in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Kahoʻolawe is located seven miles southwest of Maui and also southeast of Lanai. The highest point on Kahoʻolawe is the crater of Lua Makika at the summit of Puʻu Moaulanui, more than one quarter of Kahoʻolawe has been eroded down to saprolitic hardpan soil. Kahoʻolawe has always been populated, due to its lack of fresh water. During World War II, Kahoʻolawe was used as a training ground, after decades of protests, the U. S. Navy ended live-fire training exercises on Kahoʻolawe in 1990, and the whole island was transferred to the jurisdiction of the state of Hawaii in 1994. The Hawaii State Legislature established the Kahoolawe Island Reserve to restore and to oversee the island, today Kahoʻolawe can be used only for native Hawaiian cultural, spiritual, and subsistence purposes. The U. S. Census Bureau defines Kahoʻolawe as Block Group 9, Census Tract 303.02 of Maui County, Kahoʻolawe is an extinct shield volcano, which formed during the Pleistocene epoch. Most of the island is covered by lava flows. A caldera is located in the part of the island. The caldera is now infilled by lava or is hidden underwater in Kanapou Bay, the last volcanic activity on the island occurred about one million years ago. Sometime around the year 1000, Kahoʻolawe was settled by Polynesians, Puʻu Moiwi, a remnant cinder cone, is the location of the second-largest basalt quarry in Hawaii, and this was mined for use in stone tools such as koʻi. Originally a dry forest environment with intermittent streams, the changed to an open savanna of grassland and trees when inhabitants cleared vegetation for firewood. Hawaiians built stone platforms for religious ceremonies, set rocks upright as shrines for successful fishing trips and these indicators of an earlier time can still be found on Kahoʻolawe. While it is not known how many people inhabited Kahoʻolawe, the lack of freshwater probably limited the population to a few hundred people. As many as 120 people might have lived at Hakioawa, the largest settlement. Violent wars among competing aliʻi laid waste to the land and led to a decline in the population. During the War of Kamokuhi, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, the ruler of the Big Island of Hawaii, raided and pillaged Kahoʻolawe in an attempt to take Maui from Kahekili II. From 1778 to the early 19th century, observers on passing ships reported that Kahoʻolawe was uninhabited and barren, food and water were scarce, some prisoners reportedly starved, and some of them swam across the channel to Maui to find food
11.
Oahu
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Oʻahu or Oahu /oʊˈɑːhu/, known as The Gathering Place, is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is home to about two-thirds of the population of the U. S. state of Hawaii, the state capital, Honolulu, is on Oʻahus southeast coast. Along with the rest of the Hawaiian Islands, Oahu is one of the largest and northernmost islands of Polynesia, in the greatest dimension, this volcanic island is 44 miles long and 30 miles across. The length of the shoreline is 227 miles, the island is the result of two separate shield volcanoes, the Waiʻanae and Koʻolau Ranges, with a broad valley or saddle between them. The highest point is Kaʻala in the Waiʻanae Range, rising to 4,003 feet above sea level, the island was home to the Kunia Regional SIGINT Operations Center from 1941 to 2012, it is now home to the National Security Agencys Hawaii Cryptologic Center. The island is home to 953,207 people in 2010, Oʻahu has for a long time been known as the Gathering Place. The term Oʻahu has no confirmed meaning in Hawaiian, other than that of the place itself, ancient Hawaiian tradition attributes the names origin in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa, the Polynesian navigator credited with discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. The story relates that he named the island after a son, residents of Oʻahu refer to themselves as locals, no matter their ancestry. The city of Honolulu—largest city, state capital, and main deepwater marine port for the State of Hawaiʻi—is located here. As a jurisdictional unit, the island of Oʻahu is in the Honolulu County, although as a place name. Well-known features found on Oʻahu include Waikīkī, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Kāneʻohe Bay, Kailua Bay, being roughly diamond-shaped, surrounded by ocean and divided by mountain ranges, directions on Oʻahu are not generally described with the compass directions found throughout the world. Locals instead use directions originally using Honolulu as the central point, to go ewa means traveling toward the western tip of the island, Diamond Head is toward the eastern tip, mauka is inland and makai toward the sea. Oʻahu is also known for having the longest rain shower in history, kaneohe Ranch, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi reported 247 straight days with rain from August 27,1993 to April 30,1994. The island has many one of them being rainbow state. This is because rainbows are a sight in Hawaiʻi due to the frequent rain showers. The average temperature in Oʻahu is around 70 to 85 degrees, the weather during the winter is cooler, but still warm with the average temperature of 68-78 degrees. The windward side is known for some of the most beautiful beaches in the world, lanikai Beach on the windward coast of Oʻahu has been consistently ranked among the best beaches in the world. The 300-year-old Kingdom of Oʻahu was once ruled by the most ancient aliʻi in all of the Hawaiian Islands, the first great king of Oʻahu was Mailikukahi, the lawmaker, who was followed by many generation of monarchs
12.
Hawaii (island)
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Hawaiʻi is the largest island located in the U. S. state of Hawaii. It is the largest and the southeastern-most of the Hawaiian Islands, with an area of 4,028 square miles, it is larger than all of the other islands in the archipelago combined and is the largest island in the United States. However, it only has 13% of Hawaiis people, the island of Hawaii is the third largest island in Polynesia, behind the two main islands of New Zealand. The island is referred to as the Island of Hawaiʻi. Administratively, the island is encompassed by Hawaiʻi County. As of the 2010 Census the population was 185,079, the county seat and largest city is Hilo. There are no incorporated cities in Hawaiʻi County, Hawaiʻi is said to have been named after Hawaiʻiloa, the legendary Polynesian navigator who first discovered it. The name is cognate with Savaii, the name of the largest island of Samoa, cook was killed on the Big Island at Kealakekua Bay on 14 February 1779, in a mêlée which followed the theft of a ships boat. Hawaiʻi was the island of Paiʻea Kamehameha, later known as Kamehameha the Great. Kamehameha united most of the Hawaiian islands under his rule in 1795, after years of war, and gave the kingdom. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 5,086 square miles. The countys land area comprises 62.7 percent of the land area. It is the highest percentage by any county in the United States, in greatest dimension, the island is 93 miles across and has a land area of 4,028 square miles comprising 62% of the Hawaiian Islands land area. Measured from its sea floor base to its highest peak, Mauna Kea is the worlds tallest mountain, taller than Mount Everest is, the Island of Hawaiʻi is built from five separate shield volcanoes that erupted somewhat sequentially, one overlapping the other. Geologists now consider these outcrops to be part of the building of Mauna Loa. Another volcano which has disappeared below the surface of the ocean is Māhukona. Because Mauna Loa and Kīlauea are active volcanoes, the island of Hawaii is still growing, between January 1983 and September 2002, lava flows added 543 acres to the island. Lava flowing from Kīlauea has destroyed several towns, including Kapoho in 1960, in 1987 lava filled in Queens Bath, a large, L-shaped, freshwater pool in the Kalapana area
13.
Wailuku, Hawaii
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Wailuku is a census-designated place in Maui County, Hawaiʻi, United States. The population was 15,313 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Maui County. Wailuku is located just west of Kahului, at the mouth of the ʻĪao Valley, there are two ancient temples near Wailuku, called heiau — the Halekiʻi Heiau and the Pihanakalani Heiau. Both date back hundreds of years and were used for religious purposes by the native Hawaiians, Wailuku is served by Kahului Airport. Wailuku is located at 20°53′31″N 156°30′8″W between the CDPs of Waihee-Waiehu to the north, Kahului to the east, and Waikapu to the south. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 5.7 square miles, of which 5.3 square miles is land and 0.42 square miles. The three moku or districts of west Maui are Lāhaina, Kāʻanapali, and Wailuku, Wailuku is also known as Pūʻalikomohana, or Nā Wai ʻEhā which means the four waters. The four waters are the ahupuaʻa, which are Waikapū, Wailuku, Waiʻehu, the area was a center of power and population in pre-historic Hawaii. In the mid-1800s it was changed when New England missionaries brought their religious beliefs, western skills and implements. By the 1860s the Wailuku Sugar Company and other plantations were busy growing and milling sugarcane, miles of ditches were dug, bringing irrigation water from deep in the mountains to the vast fields of central Maui, and the sugar industry flourished. Thousands of skilled and unskilled workers immigrated to Maui from all parts of the world to toil in the fields and they came from China, Japan, Okinawa, Korea, the Philippines, Europe, America - bringing ethnic, cultural and religious diversity to their new home. Many settled in Wailuku, where houses, schools, churches, temples, shops, banks, many homes and buildings in Wailuku town date from that earlier heyday. They offer a window into the past, providing a glimpse of plantation times, with its simple pleasures, along High Street, century-old Monkeypod trees and handsome residences reflect the town’s prosperity in the 1920s. Many private and public buildings have architectural and historical significance, beyond this stylish neighborhood are the narrow lanes where modest bungalow, amidst colorful gardens, preserve the flavor of old Wailuku. On upper Main Street, are remnants of the missionary era, a tiny graveyard contains tombstones of Hawaiian Ali’i and missionary families. Further uphill are the Alexander House and Bailey House, now an excellent museum displaying ancient Hawaiian artifacts and missionary period rooms, a turn on Ilina Street to the top of Vineyard Street brings you to an interesting cemetery with lovely views of the Iao Valley and West Maui Mountains. Follow Vineyard downhill through a charming neighborhood clustered around the Iao Congregational Church, the mature trees, varied architecture and serene vistas recreate the atmosphere of bygone days. As you approach the center of town, new buildings mingle with old, in the business district, where false fronts and art deco facades stand shoulder to shoulder, sidewalks are shaded by canopies, inviting you to stroll and explore the charms of Old Wailuku Town
14.
Kihei, Hawaii
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Kīhei is a census-designated place in Maui County, Hawaiʻi, United States. The population was 20,881 at the 2010 census, kīhei is located at 20°45′33″N 156°27′26″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 11.7 square miles, of which 9.3 square miles is land and 2.4 square miles. It is considered to be the South Side of Maui, located on the side of Haleakala. The climate is arid, receiving no more than 10 inches of rain per year, as of the census of 2000, there were 16,749 people,6,170 households, and 3,813 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,648.6 people per square mile, there were 9,170 housing units at an average density of 902.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 47. 76% White,6. 74% African American,0. 48% Native American,24. 72% Asian,7. 85% Pacific Islander,1. 58% from other races, and 16. 87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 52% of the population,25. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the family size was 3.31. In the CDP the population was out with 25. 1% under the age of 18,8. 1% from 18 to 24,36. 2% from 25 to 44,23. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.3 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $46,215, and the median income for a family was $50,738. Males had an income of $33,229 versus $26,881 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,591, about 7. 0% of families and 10. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8. 8% of those under age 18 and 5. 1% of those age 65 or over. Major employers in Kihei include Safeway, Monsanto, the Hawaii Department of Education, freds Mexican Cafe, and NextHome Pacific Properties. Media related to Kihei, Hawaii at Wikimedia Commons Kihei travel guide from Wikivoyage
15.
Makena, Hawaii
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Makena is a census-designated place in Maui County, Hawaiʻi, United States. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 99, prior to 2010, the area was part of the Wailea-Makena census-designated place. Makena is located at 20°39′14″N 156°26′25″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 11.5 square miles, of which 9.5 square miles is land and 2.1 square miles, or 17. 93%, is water. List of beaches in Hawaii#Maui Makena Beach & Golf Resort - A hotel/ resort in the Makena area, media related to Makena, Hawaii at Wikimedia Commons Daily newspaper
16.
Lahaina, Hawaii
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Lāhainā is the largest census-designated place in West Maui, Maui County, Hawaii, United States, and the gateway to the Kaanapali and Kapalua beach resorts to its north. As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a resident population of 11,704, Lahaina encompasses the coast along Hawaii Route 30 from a tunnel at the south end, through Olawalu, and to the CDP of Napili-Honokowai to the north. During the tourist season, the population can swell to nearly 40,000 people, there are many different climates in the different districts of Lahaina. The historic district is the driest and calmest and hosts the small boat harbor, Kaanapali is north of a wind line and has double the annual rainfall and frequent breezes. The Kapalua and Napili areas have almost four times the annual rainfall compared to the district of Lahaina. The historic district has preserved 60 historic sites within a small area, Lahaina was the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1820 to 1845, when the capital was moved back to Honolulu. In the 19th century, Lahaina was the center of the whaling industry, with many sailing ships anchoring at its waterfront. Lahainas Front Street has been ranked one of the Top Ten Greatest Streets by the American Planning Association, lahainas popularity as a tropical getaway has made its real estate some of the most expensive in Hawaii, many luxury homes and condos are sold for more than $2 million there. In antiquity Lahaina was the capital of Maui Loa, aliʻi nui of the island of Maui. In Lahaina, the focus of activity is along Front Street and it is lined with stores and restaurants and often packed with tourists. Banyan Tree Square features a large banyan tree planted by William Owen Smith on April 24,1873. It is also the site of the ruins of Lahaina Fort. Lele was an ancient name of Lahaina, the name Lā hainā means cruel sun in the Hawaiian language, describing the sunny dry climate. Lahaina averages only 13 inches of rain per year, much of which occurs from December to February, in 1795, before unification of the islands, the town was conquered by Kamehameha the Great. Lahaina was the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1820 to 1845, king Kamehameha III, son of Kamehameha I, preferred the town to bustling Honolulu. In 1824, at the chiefs request, Betsey Stockton started the first mission school open to the common people and it was once an important destination for the 19th-century whaling fleet, whose presence at Lahaina frequently led to conflicts with the Christian missionaries living there. On more than one occasion the conflict was so severe that it led to the shelling of Lahaina by whalers, Lahaina is located at 20°53′10″N 156°40′29″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 9.3 square miles, of which 7.8 square miles is land and 1.5 square miles
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Kaanapali, Hawaii
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Kāʻanapali is a census-designated place in Maui County, Hawaiʻi, United States. The population was 1,250 at the 2010 census, the master-planned town is located in the Old Hawaii ahupuaa of Hanakaoo, as in the same name of the southern end of Kaanapali Beachs Hanakaoo Canoe Beach. Kāʻanapali is located at 20°56′5″N 156°40′46″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.3 square miles, of which 4.9 square miles is land and 1.3 square miles, or 21. 19%, is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,375 people,537 households, the population density was 282.8 people per square mile. There were 1,775 housing units at a density of 365.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 79. 07% White,0. 95% African American,0. 15% Native American,17. 42% Asian,3. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 96% from other races, and 7. 42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 55% of the population,16. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the family size was 2.73. In the CDP the population was out with 16. 3% under the age of 18,3. 4% from 18 to 24,30. 6% from 25 to 44,33. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 111.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.5 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $79,288, and the median income for a family was $86,647. Males had an income of $48,393 versus $41,625 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $48,506, about 1. 6% of families and 2. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen or sixty-five or over. Amfac, Inc. started to develop Kaanapali Beach Resort in the 1960s, on mile-long Kāʻanapali Beach on the shore of Maui. Since that time, many hotels and condos have been built both on Kāʻanapali Beach and for several miles up and down the coast, and Lahaina has turned into a tourist shopping area. Major resort hotels now on Kāʻanapali Beach are the Hyatt Regency Maui, Maui Marriott, Westin, Kaanapali Beach Hotel, Sheraton Maui Resort & Spa, Royal Lahaina, there are also condominium complexes on Kaanapali Beach. Toward Lahaina between the Marriott and the Westin is the Alii, moving further north on Kaanapali beach between Whalers Village and the Kaanapli Beach Hotel, is the Whaler. On the north side of Kaanapali Beach there are two new complexes, the Westin Kaanapali Ocean Resort Villas is a vacation ownership resort, with South Phase opened in September 2003 and North Phase opened in July 2007
18.
Kapalua, Hawaii
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Kapalua is a census-designated place in Maui County, Hawaiʻi, United States. A resort development by the Maui Land & Pineapple Company extends inland from Kapalua Bay, the population was 353 at the 2010 census. Kapalua is located along the northwest coast of Maui at 20°59′48″N 156°39′11″W along Route 30, the Hawaiian name for this area was Honokahua. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 5.8 square miles, of which 4.8 square miles is land and 1.0 square mile. Kapalua has a view of the islands of Molokaʻi and Lānaʻi, Kapalua Resort offers accommodations, a variety of restaurants, a shop, and several golf courses. Kapalua Bay is the resort namesake at 20°59′58″N 156°40′0″W, the name kapa lua means two borders in the Hawaiian language. Oneloa Bay at 21°0′17″N 156°39′31″W and Honokahua Bay are also backed by the resort, mokuleʻia Bay and Honolua Bay are to the north in Honolua and Nāpili is to the south. During the plantation era, the Kapalua beach was known as Fleming Beach but was renamed after the resort, the small Kapalua Airport was built to the south in Honokōwai in 1987, replacing the even smaller Kaanapali Airport. As of the census of 2000, there were 467 people,186 households, the population density was 272.9 people per square mile. There were 831 housing units at a density of 485.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 59. 31% White,0. 43% African American,11. 35% Asian,13. 28% Pacific Islander,0. 21% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 43% of the population. 12. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.74. In the CDP the population was out with 17. 6% under the age of 18,6. 4% from 18 to 24,32. 1% from 25 to 44,27. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.1 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $57,292, and the median income for a family was $61,875. Males had an income of $35,417 versus $32,321 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $75,992, about 5. 1% of families and 7. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Media related to Kapalua, Hawaii at Wikimedia Commons Kapalua travel guide from Wikivoyage Kapalua Resort official website
19.
Makawao, Hawaii
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Makawao is a census-designated place in Maui County, Hawaiʻi, United States. The population was 7,184 at the 2010 census, located on the rural northwest slope of Haleakala on East Maui, the community is known for being the hub of the Upcountry, a part of the island dominated by mostly agriculture and ranch land. Makawao is located at 20°51′13″N 156°19′1″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.5 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,327 people,2,151 households, the population density was 1,353.8 people per square mile. There were 2,222 housing units at a density of 475.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 40. 54% White,0. 32% African American,0. 55% Native American,17. 04% Asian,8. 74% Pacific Islander,1. 56% from other races, and 31. 25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 93% of the population,17. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.94 and the family size was 3.34. In the CDP the population was out with 29. 6% under the age of 18,7. 9% from 18 to 24,32. 0% from 25 to 44,23. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 99.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.2 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $46,681, and the median income for a family was $50,145. Males had an income of $32,917 versus $26,955 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,776, about 7. 4% of families and 9. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10. 7% of those under age 18 and 9. 7% of those age 65 or over. Media related to Makawao, Hawaii at Wikimedia Commons City-Data on Makawao
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Pukalani, Hawaii
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Pukalani is a census-designated place in Maui County, Hawaiʻi, United States. The population was 7,574 at the 2010 census, Pukalani is located at 20°50′24″N 156°20′38″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 4.3 square miles. Pukalani in Hawaiian means window of heaven and it has also been said it was originally called Puukalani meaning hill of heaven. It is commonly misinterpreted to mean hole in the sky and this misinterpretation comes from the plantation and immigration movement to Hawaii, uniting multiple cultures and creating a new language called Pidgin or Pidgin English referring to Puka as hole. Clouds form above and below the community on Haleakalā, leaving Pukalani sunny most of the time, with cool and often brisk temperatures. Pukalani is one of the few places besides Haleakala and Kula that one can view the northern, western, as of the census of 2000, there were 7,379 people,2,439 households, and 1,904 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,671.1 people per square mile, there were 2,522 housing units at an average density of 571.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 33. 97% White,0. 41% African American,0. 23% Native American,28. 04% Asian,7. 38% Pacific Islander,1. 00% from other races, and 28. 97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 23% of the population,14. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the family size was 3.31. In the CDP the population was out with 28. 0% under the age of 18,6. 9% from 18 to 24,29. 7% from 25 to 44,25. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $62,778, and the median income for a family was $65,087. Males had an income of $39,128 versus $29,107 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,662, about 4. 7% of families and 6. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8. 4% of those under age 18 and 6. 0% of those age 65 or over. Pukalani has a new high school, King Kekaulike High School. It opened its doors in 1995 to its first freshman class, media related to Pukalani, Hawaii at Wikimedia Commons
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Paia, Hawaii
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Pāʻia is a census-designated place in Maui County, Hawaiʻi, on the northern coast of the island of Maui. The population was 2,668 at the 2010 census, pāʻia is home to several restaurants, art galleries, surf shops and other tourist-oriented businesses. Pāʻia is the last town on the Hāna highway when heading eastbound towards Hāna, Paia is located close to many internationally known windsurfing spots including Hookipa and Spreckelsville. It is therefore sometimes called The World Capital of Windsurfing, pāʻia is located at 20°54′38″N 156°22′35″W. Spreckelsville lies to the west, Haiku to the east, and Haliimaile to the south. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 7.5 square miles, of which 6.1 square miles is land and 1.3 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,499 people,783 households, the population density was 410.8 people per square mile. There were 890 housing units at a density of 146.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 33. 45% White,0. 32% African American,0. 60% Native American,27. 13% Asian,8. 80% Pacific Islander,1. 24% from other races, and 28. 45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10. 92% of the population,18. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the family size was 3.58. In the CDP the population was out with 26. 6% under the age of 18,10. 8% from 18 to 24,32. 2% from 25 to 44,22. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 104.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.3 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $51,696, and the median income for a family was $57,981. Males had an income of $31,302 versus $27,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,644, about 6. 0% of families and 8. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7. 4% of those under age 18 and 2. 0% of those age 65 or over. Media related to Paia, Hawaii at Wikimedia Commons
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Kula, Hawaii
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Kula is a district of Maui, Hawaii, that stretches across the up-country, the western-facing slopes of Haleakalā, from Makawao to Ulupalakua. Most of the residential areas lie between about 500 to 1,100 m in elevation, the district has traditionally been where full-time residents prefer to live, as distinct from the generally hotter and busier, more tourism-oriented towns near sea level, such as Kihei and Lahaina. The population of the place at the 2010 Census was 6,452. Kula roughly extends from Haleakala Highway in the north to Keokea in the distance of about 16 miles around 20°47′32″N 156°19′37″W. The largely rural area known as Upper Kula includes the region up-slope from Lower Kula, the word Kula means open meadows in the Hawaiian language. On Maui Kula is one of the islands 12 foundation districts of ancient Hawaii called moku, generally, Kula is a zone of arid earth with open country slopes between the inhabited and productive shoreline areas and the densely forested zone higher on the mountain. It laterally extends from Keokea to near Makawao where the rainforest of East Maui once began. This zone consists of dry, desert-like open range just inland from the sea in artificially irrigated Kihei, between this zone and the upper reaches of the hillsides, especially up steep Waipoli and Poli Poli Roads, broad, are open areas for vegetable and fruit crops. The moderate climate often yields as many as three or four harvests per year, when the territorial legislature first set up the political design in 1906, they decreed only two levels of government, state and county. Consequently, Hawaiis towns do not have specific boundaries or city limits, there are also no official district boundaries for Maui County elections. The twisty Haleakala Highway, from its junction with Kula Highway in Pukalani, the upper road, also known as State Highway 377, leads up through usually green pastures, silver eucalyptus tree groves, contrasting to the sugarcane below. Where the road beyond Kula Lodge makes an abrupt upward tack to Haleakala National Park, in less than five miles it descends the slope to rejoin the Kula Highway near Rice Park and heads south to Keokea. There is little development along Kekaulike except Kula Botanical Garden. Vegetable and flower gardens surround the highway as farmers take advantage of the areas unique combination of open space, good soil, moisture-laden clouds. New homes dot the area, taking advantage of the moderate weather, in Keokea, the Kula Hospital sits on the hillside above the road. Originally a tuberculosis treatment sanatorium built in 1909, Kula Hospital now serves the community as a critical access hospital, the southern edge of Kula had a once-flourishing Chinese community that numbered over 700 immigrant workers and farmers. While the area is now mixed, Keokea is still home to a pair of Chinese family-owned stores. A mile or so beyond Keokea is the county dedicated to Mauis former resident, Sun Yat-sen
23.
Hana, Hawaii
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Hāna is a census-designated place in Maui County, Hawaii, United States. The population was 1,235 at the 2010 census, Hana is located at the eastern end of the island of Maui and is one of the most isolated communities in the state. It is reached mainly via the Hana Highway, a long, winding, 52-mile-long highway along Mauis northern shore, like most of Hawaii, Hana was probably first settled between 500 and 800 AD by Polynesian peoples. The first sugarcane plantation in the area was established by George Wilfong in 1849, by 1946, however, the last sugarcane plantation had closed, leading plantation workers to move mostly to the west side of Maui. That same year saw the opening of the Ka-uiki Inn, today known as the Hotel Travaasa - Hana, the winding, famously scenic Hana Highway was completed in 1926. Originally paved with gravel, it provided the first land vehicle access to the town, hanas population peaked in the first half of the twentieth century, with a population of about 3,500. Hana is located at 20°46′12″N 155°59′39″W, the Hana Airport offers flights with regular service to the Big Island, Kahului, and Oahu. According to the United States Census Bureau, this CDP has an area of 11.7 square miles. Near Hana are natural areas and several swimming holes in the Haleakala National Park, hanas climate is hot and wet year round, typical of a tropical rainforest. As of the census of 2010, Hana had 1,235 residents,390 households, the 2010 population density was 105.6 people per square mile. There were 506 housing units at a density of 48. 2/sq mi. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 8% of the population,29. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9. 7% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.17, and the family size was 3.99. The median age was 35.2 years, for every 100 females there were 105.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.9 males, as of 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $50,833, and the median income for a family was $54,167. Males had an income of $26,146 versus $22,969 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,672, about 5. 6% of families and 8. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10. 4% of those under age 18 and 3. 8% of those age 65 or over. It is open 24/7 for urgent care and emergency access
24.
Native Hawaiians
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Native Hawaiians are the indigenous Austronesian people of the Hawaiian Islands or their descendants. Native Hawaiians trace their ancestry back to the original Polynesian settlers of Hawaii,140,652 people identified themselves as being Native Hawaiian alone. The majority of Native Hawaiians reside in the State of Hawaiʻi, and the rest are scattered among other states, especially in the American Southwest, another is that a single, extended period of settlement populated the islands. Early historians, such as Fornander and Beckwith, subscribed to this Tahitian invasion theory, king Kalakaua claimed that Paʻao was from Samoa. Some writers claim that other settlers in Hawaiʻi were forced into remote valleys by newer arrivals and they claim that stories about the Menehune, little people who built heiau and fishponds, prove the existence of ancient peoples who settled the islands before the Hawaiians. At the time of Captain Cooks arrival in 1778, the population is estimated to have been between 250,000 and 800,000, over the span of the first century after first contact, the native Hawaiians were nearly wiped out by diseases introduced to the islands. Native Hawaiians had no resistance to influenza, smallpox, measles, or whooping cough, the 1900 U. S. Census identified 37,656 residents of full or partial native Hawaiian ancestry. The 2000 U. S. Census identified 283,430 residents of Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander ancestry, the Hawaiian language was once the primary language of the native Hawaiian people, today, native Hawaiians predominately speak the English language. A major factor for this change was an 1896 law that required that English be the medium and basis of instruction in all public. This law prevented the Hawaiian language from being taught as a second language, in spite of this, some native Hawaiians have learned ʻŌlelo as a second language. Nowadays ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi is the language of the State of Hawaii. The Hawaiian language has been promoted for revival most recently by a program of cultural preservation enacted in 1978. Programs included the opening of Hawaiian language immersion schools, and the establishment of a Hawaiian language department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, as a result, Hawaiian language learning has climbed among all races in Hawaiʻi. In 2006, the University of Hawaii at Hilo established a program in the Hawaiian Language. In fall 2006, they established a program in the Hawaiian Language. In addition to being the first doctoral program for the study of Hawaiian, both the masters and doctoral programs are considered by global scholars as pioneering in the revival of native languages. Hawaiian is still spoken as the language by the residents on the private island of Niʻihau. Alongside ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi, some Maoli spoke Hawaiʻi Sign Language, little is known about the language by Western academics and efforts are being made to preserve and revitalize the language
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Hawaiian religion
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Hawaiian religion encompasses the indigenous religious beliefs and practices of the Native Hawaiians. It is polytheistic and animistic, with a belief in deities and spirits, including the belief that spirits are found in non-human beings and objects such as animals, the waves. Hawaiian religion originated among the Tahitians and other Pacific islanders who landed in Hawaiʻi between 500 and 1300 AD, today, Hawaiian religious practices are protected by the American Indian Religious Freedom Act. Traditional Hawaiian religion is unrelated to the modern New Age practice known as Huna, Hawaiian religion is polytheistic, with four deities most prominent, Kāne, Kū, Lono and Kanaloa. Other notable deities include Laka, Kihawahine, Haumea, Papahānaumoku, in addition, each family is considered to have one or more guardian spirits known as ʻaumakua that protected family. The Kumulipo is divided two sections, night, or pō, and day, or ao, with the former corresponding to divinity. This, in turn, illustrates the transition of mankind from being symbols for the gods into the keeper of these symbols in the form of idols, the Kumulipo was recited during the time of Makahiki, to honor the god of fertility, Lono. The kahuna were well respected, educated individuals that made up a social class that served the King. Selected to serve many practical and governmental purposes, Kahuna often were healers, navigators, builders, prophets/temple workers and they also talked with the spirits. Kahuna Kūpaʻiulu of Maui in 1867 described a ritual to heal someone ill due to hoʻopiʻopiʻo. He said a kapa was shaken, then, If the evil spirit suddenly appears and possesses the patient, then he or she can be immediately saved by the conversation between the practitioner and that spirit. Pukui and others believed kahuna did not have mystical transcendent experiences as described in other religions, although a person who was possessed would go into a trance-like state, it was not an ecstatic experience but simply a communion with the known spirits. Kapu refers to a system of taboos designed to separate the pure from the potentially unclean. Thought to have arrived with Pāʻao, a priest or chief from Tahiti who arrived in Hawaiʻi sometime around 1200 AD, the spiritually pure or laʻa, meaning sacred and unclean or haumia were to be separated. During times of war, the first two men to be killed were offered to the gods as sacrifices, other Kapus included Mālama ʻĀina, meaning caring of the land and Niʻaupiʻo. The Hawaiian islands are all children of Papa, Wākea and Hoʻohokukalani so basically meaning that they are siblings of the Hawaiian chiefs. Second child of Wākea and Hoʻohokukalani became the first Aliʻi Nui and this came to be called Niʻaupiʻo, the chiefly incest to create the godly child. Punishments for breaking the kapu could include death, although if one could escape to a puʻuhonua, kāhuna nui mandated long periods when the entire village must have absolute silence
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Hawaiiloa
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Hawaiʻiloa is the hero of an ancient Hawaiian legend about the settling of the Hawaiian Islands. After having accidentally stumbled upon the islands, he returned to his homeland which he called Ka ʻāina kai melemele a Kane and he then organized a colonizing expedition that included his family and eight other skilled navigators. They settled on what is now the Island of Hawaiʻi, named in his honor, the legend contains reference to his children, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, and Maui, who settled on the islands that bear their names. Many people believe it is a validation of the veracity of ancient Hawaiian oral traditions and it is perhaps from such a motive that the voyaging canoe Hawaiʻiloa was named after the legendary navigator. This canoe was built and sailed to prove that Polynesians were bold, intentional navigators, the canoe Hawaiʻiloa is now docked at Honolulu Harbor. It is often sailed on long voyages throughout the Pacific Ocean in hopes of studying voyaging techniques used in antiquity, however, the story of Hawaiʻiloa is attested only by late sources, such as the antiquarians Abraham Fornander and Thomas George Thrum. Hawaiʻiloa is not mentioned in early Hawaiian sources like David Malo or Samuel Kamakau, Malo says that there are many stories of the origin of the Hawaiians, and cites some migration tales, some legends of indigenous origin. Kamakau says that the first man and woman were Hulihonua and Keakahuilani, hawaiki Hawaiian religion Hōkūleʻa Polynesian navigation Polynesian Voyaging Society
27.
Demigod
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The term demigod or demi-god can refer to a minor deity, a mortal or immortal who is the offspring of a god and a human being, or a figure who has attained divine status after death. The English term demigod is a calque of the Latin semideus, half-god, in the ancient Greek and Roman world, the word did not have a consistent definition and was rarely used. The earliest recorded use of the term is by the archaic Greek poets Homer, both describe dead heroes as hemitheoi, or half gods. In these cases, the word did not mean that these figures had one parent who was divine and one who was mortal. Instead, those who demonstrated strength, power, good family, and good behavior were termed heroes, and after death they could be called hemitheoi, pindar also used the term frequently as a synonym for hero. According to the Roman author Cassius Dio, Julius Caesar was declared a demigod by the Roman Senate after his victory at Thapsus. However, Dio was writing in the third century — centuries after the death of Caesar —, the first Roman to employ the term demigod may have been the poet Ovid, who used the Latin semideus several times in reference to minor deities. The poet Lucan also uses the term to speak of Pompey attaining divinity upon his death, the term demigod first appeared in English in the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century, when it was used to render the Greek and Roman concepts of semideus and daemon. Since then, it has frequently been applied figuratively to people of extraordinary ability, john Milton states in Paradise Lost that angels are demigods. Demigods are important figures in Rick Riordans Percy Jackson books, where many of the characters, in Riordans work, a demigod is defined as an individual born of one human and one divine parent. In Hinduism, the term demigod is used to refer to deities who were once human, there are three very notable demigods in Vedic Scriptures, Hanuman, Nandi, and Garuda. Examples of demigods worshiped in South India are Madurai Veeran and Karuppu Sami, the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata, the five Pandava brothers, fit the Western definition of demigods though they are generally not referred to as such. Queen Kunti, the wife of King Pandu, was given a mantra that, when her husband was cursed to die if he ever engaged in sexual relations, Kunti used this mantra to provide her husband with children fathered by various deities. These children were Yudhishthira, Bhima and Arjuna and she taught this mantra to Madri, King Pandus other wife, and she immaculately conceived twin boys named Nakula and Sahadeva. Queen Kunti had previously conceived another son, Karna, when she had tested the mantra out, despite her protests, Surya the sun god was compelled by the mantra to impregnate her. Bhishma is another figures who fits the definition of demigod, as he was the son of king Shantanu. The Vaishnavites cite various verses that speak of the subordinate status. For example, the Rig Veda reads, oṃ tad viṣṇoḥ paramam padam sadā paśyanti sūrayaḥ, thus the Devas are stated to be subordinate to Vishnu, or God
28.
Volcano
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A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. Earths volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major, therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of plate hypothesis volcanism, Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so-called hotspots, for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the boundary,3,000 km deep in the Earth. Volcanoes are usually not created where two plates slide past one another. Erupting volcanoes can pose hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. Historically, so-called volcanic winters have caused catastrophic famines, the word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn comes from Vulcan, the god of fire in Roman mythology. The study of volcanoes is called volcanology, sometimes spelled vulcanology, at the mid-oceanic ridges, two tectonic plates diverge from one another as new oceanic crust is formed by the cooling and solidifying of hot molten rock. Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans, therefore, most volcanic activity is submarine, black smokers are evidence of this kind of volcanic activity. Where the mid-oceanic ridge is above sea-level, volcanic islands are formed, for example, subduction zones are places where two plates, usually an oceanic plate and a continental plate, collide. In this case, the plate subducts, or submerges under the continental plate forming a deep ocean trench just offshore. In a process called flux melting, water released from the subducting plate lowers the temperature of the overlying mantle wedge. This magma tends to be very viscous due to its high content, so it often does not reach the surface. When it does reach the surface, a volcano is formed, typical examples of this kind of volcano are Mount Etna and the volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Because tectonic plates move across them, each volcano becomes dormant and is eventually re-formed as the plate advances over the postulated plume and this theory is currently under criticism, however. The most common perception of a volcano is of a mountain, spewing lava and poisonous gases from a crater at its summit, however. The features of volcanoes are more complicated and their structure. Some volcanoes have rugged peaks formed by lava domes rather than a summit crater while others have features such as massive plateaus
29.
Iron
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Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series and it is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earths outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earths crust, like the other group 8 elements, ruthenium and osmium, iron exists in a wide range of oxidation states, −2 to +6, although +2 and +3 are the most common. Elemental iron occurs in meteoroids and other low oxygen environments, but is reactive to oxygen, fresh iron surfaces appear lustrous silvery-gray, but oxidize in normal air to give hydrated iron oxides, commonly known as rust. Unlike the metals that form passivating oxide layers, iron oxides occupy more volume than the metal and thus flake off, Iron metal has been used since ancient times, although copper alloys, which have lower melting temperatures, were used even earlier in human history. Pure iron is soft, but is unobtainable by smelting because it is significantly hardened and strengthened by impurities, in particular carbon. A certain proportion of carbon steel, which may be up to 1000 times harder than pure iron. Crude iron metal is produced in blast furnaces, where ore is reduced by coke to pig iron, further refinement with oxygen reduces the carbon content to the correct proportion to make steel. Steels and iron alloys formed with metals are by far the most common industrial metals because they have a great range of desirable properties. Iron chemical compounds have many uses, Iron oxide mixed with aluminium powder can be ignited to create a thermite reaction, used in welding and purifying ores. Iron forms binary compounds with the halogens and the chalcogens, among its organometallic compounds is ferrocene, the first sandwich compound discovered. Iron plays an important role in biology, forming complexes with oxygen in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Iron is also the metal at the site of many important redox enzymes dealing with cellular respiration and oxidation and reduction in plants. A human male of average height has about 4 grams of iron in his body and this iron is distributed throughout the body in hemoglobin, tissues, muscles, bone marrow, blood proteins, enzymes, ferritin, hemosiderin, and transport in plasma. The mechanical properties of iron and its alloys can be evaluated using a variety of tests, including the Brinell test, Rockwell test, the data on iron is so consistent that it is often used to calibrate measurements or to compare tests. An increase in the content will cause a significant increase in the hardness. Maximum hardness of 65 Rc is achieved with a 0. 6% carbon content, because of the softness of iron, it is much easier to work with than its heavier congeners ruthenium and osmium. Because of its significance for planetary cores, the properties of iron at high pressures and temperatures have also been studied extensively
30.
Quartz
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Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earths continental crust, behind feldspar. There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are semi-precious gemstones, since antiquity, varieties of quartz have been the most commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry and hardstone carvings, especially in Eurasia. The word quartz is derived from the German word Quarz and its Middle High German ancestor twarc, the Ancient Greeks referred to quartz as κρύσταλλος derived from the Ancient Greek κρύος meaning icy cold, because some philosophers apparently believed the mineral to be a form of supercooled ice. Today, the rock crystal is sometimes used as an alternative name for the purest form of quartz. Quartz belongs to the crystal system. The ideal crystal shape is a six-sided prism terminating with six-sided pyramids at each end, well-formed crystals typically form in a bed that has unconstrained growth into a void, usually the crystals are attached at the other end to a matrix and only one termination pyramid is present. However, doubly terminated crystals do occur where they develop freely without attachment, a quartz geode is such a situation where the void is approximately spherical in shape, lined with a bed of crystals pointing inward. α-quartz crystallizes in the crystal system, space group P3121 and P3221 respectively. β-quartz belongs to the system, space group P6222 and P6422. These space groups are truly chiral, both α-quartz and β-quartz are examples of chiral crystal structures composed of achiral building blocks. The transformation between α- and β-quartz only involves a comparatively minor rotation of the tetrahedra with respect to one another, although many of the varietal names historically arose from the color of the mineral, current scientific naming schemes refer primarily to the microstructure of the mineral. Color is an identifier for the cryptocrystalline minerals, although it is a primary identifier for the macrocrystalline varieties. Pure quartz, traditionally called rock crystal or clear quartz, is colorless and transparent or translucent, common colored varieties include citrine, rose quartz, amethyst, smoky quartz, milky quartz, and others. The most important distinction between types of quartz is that of macrocrystalline and the microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline varieties, the cryptocrystalline varieties are either translucent or mostly opaque, while the transparent varieties tend to be macrocrystalline. Chalcedony is a form of silica consisting of fine intergrowths of both quartz, and its monoclinic polymorph moganite. Other opaque gemstone varieties of quartz, or mixed rocks including quartz, often including contrasting bands or patterns of color, are agate, carnelian or sard, onyx, heliotrope, amethyst is a form of quartz that ranges from a bright to dark or dull purple color. The worlds largest deposits of amethysts can be found in Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Russia, France, Namibia, sometimes amethyst and citrine are found growing in the same crystal. It is then referred to as ametrine, an amethyst is formed when there is iron in the area where it was formed
31.
Lava
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Lava is the molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption. The resulting rock after solidification and cooling is called lava. The molten rock is formed in the interior of planets, including Earth. The source of the heat melts the rock within the earth is geothermal energy. When first erupted from a vent, lava is a liquid usually at temperatures from 700 to 1,200 °C. A lava flow is an outpouring of lava, which is created during a non-explosive effusive eruption. When it has stopped moving, lava solidifies to form igneous rock, the term lava flow is commonly shortened to lava. Although lava can be up to 100,000 times more viscous than water, lava can flow great distances before cooling and solidifying because of its thixotropic, explosive eruptions produce a mixture of volcanic ash and other fragments called tephra, rather than lava flows. The word lava comes from Italian, and is derived from the Latin word labes which means a fall or slide. The first use in connection with extruded magma was apparently in an account written by Francesco Serao on the eruption of Vesuvius between May 14 and June 4,1737. Serao described a flow of lava as an analogy to the flow of water. The composition of almost all lava of the Earths crust is dominated by silicate minerals, mostly feldspars, olivine, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas, igneous rocks, which form lava flows when erupted, can be classified into three chemical types, felsic, intermediate, and mafic. These classes are primarily chemical, however, the chemistry of lava also tends to correlate with the temperature, its viscosity. Felsic or silicic lavas such as rhyolite and dacite typically form lava spines, most silicic lava flows are extremely viscous, and typically fragment as they extrude, producing blocky autobreccias. Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 650 to 750 °C, unusually hot rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres, such as in the Snake River Plain of the northwestern United States. Intermediate or andesitic lavas are lower in aluminium and silica, and usually somewhat richer in magnesium, intermediate lavas form andesite domes and block lavas, and may occur on steep composite volcanoes, such as in the Andes. Poorer in aluminium and silica than felsic lavas, and also commonly hotter, greater temperatures tend to destroy polymerized bonds within the magma, promoting more fluid behaviour and also a greater tendency to form phenocrysts. Higher iron and magnesium tends to manifest as a darker groundmass, mafic or basaltic lavas are typified by their high ferromagnesian content, and generally erupt at temperatures in excess of 950 °C
32.
Shield volcano
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A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. They are named for their low profile, resembling a warriors shield lying on the ground and this is caused by the highly fluid lava they erupt, which travels farther than lava erupted from stratovolcanoes. This results in the accumulation of broad sheets of lava. The shape of shield volcanoes is due to the low viscosity of their mafic lava, Shield volcanoes are built by effusive eruptions, which flow out in all directions to create a shield like that of a warrior. Shield volcano itself is taken from the German term Schildvulkan, examples of pyroclastic shields include Billy Mitchell volcano in Papua New Guinea and the Purico Complex in Chile, an example of a felsic shield is the Big Obsidian Flow in Oregon. Active shield volcanoes experience near-continuous eruptive activity over long periods of time. Mount Everest, by comparison, is 8,848 m in height, the research has not yet been confirmed. Shield volcanoes feature a slope that gradually steepens with elevation before eventually flattening near the summit. In height they are typically about one twentieth their width, although the general form of a typical shield volcano varies little worldwide regional differences exist in their size and morphological characteristics. 4° and an average volume of 1.7 km3. Rift zones are a prevalent feature on shield volcanoes that is rare on other volcanic types, the large, decentralized shape of Hawaiian volcanoes as compared to their smaller, symmetrical Icelandic cousins can be attributed to rift eruptions. Fissure venting is common in Hawaiʻi, most Hawaiian eruptions begin with a wall of fire along a major fissure line before centralizing to a small number of points. These eruptions, the calmest of volcanic events, are characterized by the emission of highly fluid basaltic lavas with low gaseous content. These lavas travel a far greater distance than those of other types before solidifying, forming extremely wide. Low volumes of such lavas layered over long periods of time are what slowly constructs the characteristically low, central-vent eruptions, meanwhile, often take the form of large lava fountains, which can reach heights of hundreds of meters or more. If eruptive rates are enough, they may even form splatter-fed lava flows. Hawaiian eruptions are often extremely long lived, Puʻu ʻŌʻō, a cone of Kilauea, has been erupting continuously since 1983. These lava flows can be anywhere between 2 and 20 m thick, pāhoehoe flows, in contrast, move in more conventional sheets, or by the advancement of lava toes in snaking lava columns. Increasing viscosity on the part of the lava or shear stress on the part of local topography can morph a pāhoehoe flow into an aa one, although most shield volcanoes are by volume almost entirely Hawaiian and basaltic in origin, they are rarely exclusively so
33.
West Maui Mountains
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Since its last eruption approximately 320,000 years ago, the West Maui Mountains have undergone substantial stream erosion. The three moku or districts of west Maui are Lāhaina, Kāʻanapali, and Wailuku, Wailuku is also known as Pūʻalikomohana, or Nā Wai ʻEhā which means the four waters. The 4 waters are the ahupuaʻa, which are Waikapū, Wailuku, Waiʻehu, the port of Lāhainā lies on the southwestern slope. The summit peak is called Puʻu Kukui, at 5,788 feet elevation, puu Kukui translates into candlenut hill. Established in 1988, the Puʻu Kukui Preserve is the largest private preserve in the State of Hawaii. Since 1994, the 8, 661-acre preserve has been managed by Maui Land & Pineapple Company in participation with The Nature Conservancy and these groups work together to protect the watershed lands of the West Maui mountain. The West Maui Mountains were formed through at least three series of volcanic eruptions during its shield building period, starting 1.4 million years ago. The mountains used to be over 13,000 feet high, rocks from the latest major shield-building eruptions are call the Honolua volcanics, which are roughly 500,000 years old. However, there were several re-juvenated stage eruptions more recently, the last dating to roughly 320,000 years ago
34.
La Perouse Bay
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La Perouse Bay or Keoneʻoʻio Bay is located south of the town of Wailea, Hawaii at the end of Makena Alanui Road at 20°35′54″N 156°25′12″W. The bays Hawaiian name is Keoneʻoʻio and it was later named for the French explorer Captain Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse. In 1786, La Pérouse surveyed and mapped the prominent embayment near the cape of Maui opposite the island of Kahoʻolawe. The bay is the site of Mauis most recent volcanic activity, a small string of cinder cones extending inland to the northeast marks the axis of the rift zone. La Perouse Bay lies directly south of the Ahihi-Kinau Natural Area Reserve, fishing is prohibited within the reserve, which is home to many endemic and other fish species, marine mammals, green sea turtles, and coastal plants. The area contains archaeological sites, including fishing shrines, salt pans. Honolulu, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press
35.
Maui Nui
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Maui Nui or Greater Maui, is a modern geologists name given to a prehistoric Hawaiian Island built from seven shield volcanoes. Nui means great/large in the Hawaiian language,1.2 million years ago, Maui Nui was 14,600 square kilometres, 40% larger than the present-day island of Hawaiʻi. Sea levels were lower than todays due to distant glaciation locking up the Earths water during ice ages, another former volcanic island lying west of Molokaʻi was completely submerged and covered with a cap of coral, it is now known as Penguin Bank. But at the edges of former Maui Nui, as with the edges of all Hawaiian Islands. The steep slopes can result in massive landslides due to flank collapse, administratively, the current islands remaining from Maui Nui comprise Maui County
36.
Penguin Bank
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Penguin Bank is the name given to a now-submerged shield volcano of the Hawaiian Islands. Its coral-capped remains lie immediately west of the island of Molokaʻi, the Penguin Bank volcano is part of the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain. Penguin Bank is about 20 miles long and 10 miles wide, the site coordinates are, NW, NE, SW, and SE. Plans to build wind turbines on Penguin Bank were called off in April 2009
37.
Climate of Hawaii
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The American state of Hawaii, which covers the Hawaiian Islands, is tropical but it experiences many different climates, depending on altitude and weather. The island of Hawaii for example hosts 4 climate groups on a surface as small as 4,028 sq miles according to the Köppen climate types, tropical, arid, temperate, when counting also the Köppen sub-categories the island of Hawaii hosts 8 climate zones. The islands receive most rainfall from the winds on their north. Coastal areas, in general, and especially the south and west side or leeward sides, in general, the Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the summer months. Drier conditions generally prevail from May to September, and while warmer temperatures increase the risk of tropical cyclones, temperatures at sea level generally range from highs of 85–90 °F during the summer months to 79–83 °F during the winter months. Rarely does the temperature rise above 90 °F or drop below 65 °F at lower elevations, temperatures are lower at higher altitudes, in fact, the three highest mountains of Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and Haleakalā often receive snowfall during the winter. One distinctive feature of Hawaii’s climate is the annual variation in temperature range. The surface waters of the ocean around Hawaii range from 77 °F between late February and early April, to a maximum of 83 °F in late September or early October. With water temperatures this mild for hundreds of miles around, temperatures of 90 °F and above are quite uncommon. In the leeward areas, temperatures may reach into the low 90’s several days during the year, the highest temperature ever recorded on the islands was 100 °F on April 27,1931 in Pahala. The other reason for the variation in air temperature is the nearly constant flow of fresh ocean air across the islands. The Pacific High, and with it the trade-wind zone, moves north and south with changing angle of the sun and this brings trade winds during the period of May through September, when they are prevalent 80 to 95 percent of the time. From October through April, the heart of the trade winds south of Hawaii, however. They provide a system of natural ventilation throughout the islands. Island wind patterns are very complex, though the trade winds are fairly constant, their relatively uniform air flow is distorted and disrupted by mountains, hills, and valleys. Usually winds blow upslope by day and downslope by night, local conditions that produce occasional violent winds are not well understood. These are very localized, sometimes reaching speeds of 60 to 100 mph and are best known in the areas of Kula. The Kula winds are strong winds on the lower slopes of the west side of Haleakala
38.
Rainbow
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A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky. It takes the form of a multicoloured arc, Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the sun. However, the observer sees only an arc formed by illuminated droplets above the ground. In a primary rainbow, the arc shows red on the outer part and this rainbow is caused by light being refracted when entering a droplet of water, then reflected inside on the back of the droplet and refracted again when leaving it. In a double rainbow, an arc is seen outside the primary arc. A rainbow is not located at a distance from the observer. Thus, a rainbow is not an object and cannot be physically approached, indeed, it is impossible for an observer to see a rainbow from water droplets at any angle other than the customary one of 42 degrees from the direction opposite the light source. Even if an observer sees another observer who seems under or at the end of a rainbow, Rainbows span a continuous spectrum of colours. Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water and these include not only rain, but also mist, spray, and airborne dew. Rainbows can be observed there are water drops in the air. Because of this, rainbows are seen in the western sky during the morning. The most spectacular rainbow displays happen when half the sky is dark with raining clouds. The result is a rainbow that contrasts with the darkened background. During such good visibility conditions, the larger but fainter secondary rainbow is often visible and it appears about 10° outside of the primary rainbow, with inverse order of colours. The rainbow effect is commonly seen near waterfalls or fountains. In addition, the effect can be created by dispersing water droplets into the air during a sunny day. Rarely, a moonbow, lunar rainbow or nighttime rainbow, can be seen on strongly moonlit nights, as human visual perception for colour is poor in low light, moonbows are often perceived to be white. It is difficult to photograph the complete semicircle of a rainbow in one frame, for a 35 mm camera, a wide-angle lens with a focal length of 19 mm or less would be required
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