1.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
2.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
3.
Maria De Filippi
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Maria De Filippi is an Italian television host, owner of the television production company Fascino PGT. She is one of the most popular Italian presenters in Italian television, De Filippi was born in Milan, Lombardy, but grew up in Pavia where her family moved when she was ten years old. She is married to show host Maurizio Costanzo with whom she has an adopted son. She has hosted talk shows broadcast by Mediasets Canale 5 such as Uomini and donne. From 1993 until the present day, she has hosted on Canale 5 the talent show Amici which changed its name in 2002 to Amici di Maria De Filippi, albanian-born dancer Kledi Kadiu was a regular performer on the programme. In 2001 she hosted Telegatto with Gerry Scotti, since 2009, she has been one of Italias Got Talents judges and producers
4.
Celebrity
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Celebrity status is often associated with wealth, while fame often provides opportunities to make money. Successful careers in sports and entertainment are commonly associated with celebrity status, People may also become celebrities due to media attention on their lifestyle, wealth, or controversial actions, or for their connection to a famous person. Throughout recorded history there are accounts of people who attracted the trappings of celebrity which would be recognized today, athletes in Ancient Greece were welcomed home as heroes, had songs and poems written in their honor, and received free food and gifts from those seeking celebrity endorsement. Ancient Rome similarly lauded actors and notorious gladiators, and Julius Caesar appeared on a coin in his own lifetime, in the 12th century, Thomas Becket became famous following his murder. He was promoted by the Christian Church as a martyr and images of him, the cult of personality can be traced back to the Romantics in the 18th Century, whose livelihood as artists and poets depended on the currency of their reputation. The establishment of cultural hot-spots became an important factor in the process of generating fame, for example, London, newspapers started including gossip columns and certain clubs and events became places to be seen in order to receive publicity. The movie industry spread around the globe in the first half of the 20th Century, yet, celebrity wasnt always tied to actors in films, especially when cinema was starting out as a medium. The second half of the century saw television and popular music bring new forms of celebrity, such as the rock star, unlike movies, television created celebrities who were not primarily actors, for example, presenters, talk show hosts and news readers. In the sixties and early seventies the book publishing industry began to persuade major celebrities to put their names on autobiographies and other titles in a genre called celebrity publishing. In most cases the book was not written by the celebrity but by a ghost-writer, cultures and regions with a significant population may have their own independent celebrity systems, with distinct hierarchies. For example, the Canadian province of Quebec, which is French-speaking, has its own system of French-speaking television, movie, a person who garners a degree of fame in one culture may be considered less famous or obscure in another. S. Whereas the francophone Canadian singer Celine Dion is well known in both the French-speaking world and in the United States, regions within a country, or cultural communities can also have their own celebrity systems, especially in linguistically or culturally distinct regions such as Quebec or Wales. Regional radio personalities, newscasters, politicians or community leaders may be local or regional celebrities and these informal rankings indicate a placing within a hierarchy. However, due to differing levels of celebrity in different regions, a Brazilian actor might be a B-list action film actor in the U. S. but an A-list star in Portugal. Some elements are associated with fame, such as appearing on the cover of Time, being spoofed in Mad, having a wax statue in Madame Tussauds, certain people are known even to people unfamiliar with the area in which they excelled. If one has to name a famous boxer, they are likely to name Muhammad Ali or Mike Tyson. The same phenomenon is true for fictional characters, superman, Spider-Man, The Hulk, Wonder Woman and Batman represent super heroes to a far wider audience than that of the comics and graphic novels in which they appear. Disney have themeparks around the world rely on the fame of its creations headed by Mickey Mouse
5.
Journalist
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A journalist is a person who collects, writes, or distributes news or other current information. A journalists work is called journalism, a journalist can work with general issues or specialize in certain issues. However, most journalists tend to specialize, and by cooperating with other journalists, for example, a sports journalist covers news within the world of sports, but this journalist may be a part of a newspaper that covers many different topics. A reporter is a type of journalist who researches, writes, and reports on information in order to present in sources, conduct interviews, engage in research, and make reports. The information-gathering part of a job is sometimes called reporting. Reporters may split their time working in a newsroom and going out to witness events or interviewing people. Reporters may be assigned a beat or area of coverage. Depending on the context, the term journalist may include various types of editors, editorial writers, columnists, Journalism has developed a variety of ethics and standards. While objectivity and a lack of bias are of concern and importance, more liberal types of journalism, such as advocacy journalism and activism. This has become prevalent with the advent of social media and blogs, as well as other platforms that are used to manipulate or sway social and political opinions. These platforms often project extreme bias, as sources are not always held accountable or considered necessary in order to produce a written, nor did they often directly experience most social problems, or have direct access to expert insights. These limitations were made worse by a media that tended to over-simplify issues and to reinforce stereotypes, partisan viewpoints. As a consequence, Lippmann believed that the public needed journalists like himself who could serve as analysts, guiding “citizens to a deeper understanding of what was really important. ”Journalists sometimes expose themselves to danger. Organizations such as the Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom, as of November 2011, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 887 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992 by murder, crossfire or combat, or on dangerous assignment. The ten deadliest countries for journalists since 1992 have been Iraq, Philippines, Russia, Colombia, Mexico, Algeria, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Brazil and Sri Lanka. The Committee to Protect Journalists also reports that as of December 1st 2010,145 journalists were jailed worldwide for journalistic activities. The ten countries with the largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are Turkey, China, Iran, Eritrea, Burma, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Cuba, Ethiopia, apart from the physical harm, journalists are harmed psychologically. This applies especially to war reporters, but their offices at home often do not know how to deal appropriately with the reporters they expose to danger
6.
Grazia
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Grazia is a weekly womens magazine that originated in Italy with international editions printed in Albania, Bahrain, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, France, Germany. Greece, Indonesia, India, Japan, Macedonia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Pakistan, Serbia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Thailand, the Italian edition of Grazia was first published Mondadori in November 1938. The magazine was modelled on the American magazine Harpers Bazaar, the start of Grazia was a return in Italy to traditionalist values such as cooking and child-rearing. During the fascist rule in the country the magazine followed the Fascist policies, following World War II the magazine was renewed, but its conservative stance remained. From its beginning in 1938 to September 1943, Bruno Munari served as the art director for the magazine and for another Mondadori title and this brought international condemnation from animal lovers owing to the number of unwanted pets which are killed in overcrowded shelters each week. A press statement from the British Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was critical of Grazia, Grazia has international editions in several countries. Its first international edition was published in Bulgaria in March 2004, the British edition of the magazine began publication in February 2005 and is owned in the UK under licence by Bauer Consumer Media. The Greek version was launched in April 2005, in November of the same year its edition in the United Arab Emirates was first issued. The magazine had an edition in Croatia from February 2006 and in Serbia from June 2006, the Russian edition began publication in March 2007, while the Netherlands followed in August 2007. Grazia India was launched in May 2008 and its Australian edition began publication in July 2008, but folded in February 2013. In February 2009 the Chinese version of Grazia was started, being its twelfth international edition, the French version of the magazine was first published in August 2009. The inaugural issue of Grazia Korea was launched on 20 February 2013 and it features a photospread of actors Lee Byung-hun, Bae Soo-bin and Kim Do-hyun for the play based on the film Masquerade. Grazia Pakistan was launched in February 2017, Grazia had a circulation of 374,213 copies in 1984. The Italian version of the magazine had a circulation of 240,000 copies from January to August 2003, the 2007 circulation of the Italian edition was 218,083 copies. In Italy, the circulation of the rose to 382,000 copies in the first half of 2011. During the same period the British edition of the magazine had a circulation of 219,741 copies, the circulation in the UK for the second half of 2013 was 160,019 copies
7.
Irony
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Irony, in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device, literary technique, or event in which what appears, on the surface, to be the case, differs radically from what is actually the case. Irony may be divided into such as verbal, dramatic. Verbal, dramatic, and situational irony are often used for emphasis in the assertion of a truth, other forms, as identified by historian Connop Thirlwall, include dialectic and practical irony. Also, Eric Partridge, in Usage and Abusage, writes that Irony consists in stating the contrary of what is meant, the use of irony may require the concept of a double audience. The term is used as a synonym for incongruous and applied to every trivial oddity in situations where there is no double audience. The American Heritage Dictionarys secondary meaning for irony, incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs and this sense, however, is not synonymous with incongruous but merely a definition of dramatic or situational irony. It is often included in definitions of irony not only that incongruity is present, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, The term irony has its roots in the Greek comic character Eiron, a clever underdog who by his wit repeatedly triumphs over the boastful character Alazon. The Socratic irony of the Platonic dialogues derives from this comic origin. e, the word came into English as a figure of speech in the 16th century as similar to the French ironie. It derives from the Latin ironia and ultimately from the Greek εἰρωνεία eirōneía, meaning dissimulation, Romantic irony, A self-aware and self-critical form of fiction. Cosmic irony, A contrast between the absolute and the relative, the general and the individual, which Hegel expressed by the phrase, when the audience knows that the character will die before morning. It is most often used when the author causes a character to speak or act erroneously, in tragic irony, the audience knows the character is making a mistake, even as the character is making it. Verbal irony is distinguished from situational irony and dramatic irony in that it is produced intentionally by speakers, for instance, if a man exclaims, Im not upset. But reveals an upset emotional state through his voice while truly trying to claim hes not upset, but if the same speaker said the same words and intended to communicate that he was upset by claiming he was not, the utterance would be verbal irony. This distinction illustrates an important aspect of verbal irony—speakers communicate implied propositions that are contradictory to the propositions contained in the words themselves. Were left in no doubt as to whos ambitious and whos honourable, the literal truth of whats written clashes with the perceived truth of whats meant to revealing effect, which is irony in a nutshell. Ironic similes are a form of verbal irony where a speaker intends to communicate the opposite of what they mean, a fair amount of confusion has surrounded the issue of the relationship between verbal irony and sarcasm. Fowlers A Dictionary of Modern English Usage states, Sarcasm does not necessarily involve irony and irony has often no touch of sarcasm and this suggests that the two concepts are linked but may be considered separately. 2 a, a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, the psychologist Martin, in The Psychology of Humour, is quite clear that irony is where the literal meaning is opposite to the intended and sarcasm is aggressive humor that pokes fun
8.
Masonic lodge
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A Masonic lodge, often termed a private lodge or constituent lodge, is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. It is also commonly, but erroneously, used as a term for a building in such a unit meets. Every new lodge must be warranted or chartered by a Grand Lodge, a Freemason is generally entitled to visit any Lodge in any jurisdiction in amity with his own. In some jurisdictions this privilege is restricted to Master Masons and he is first usually required to check, and certify, the regularity of the relationship of the Lodge – and be able to satisfy that Lodge of his regularity of membership. Freemasons gather together as a Lodge to work the three basic Degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft and Master Mason, technically, Freemasons meet as a lodge not in a lodge. In this context, the lodge refers to a local chapter of Freemasons. However, the term is misused to refer to the buildings or rooms that Masons meet in. Masonic premises are also referred to as temples. In many countries Masonic centre or Masonic hall has now replaced these terms to avoid arousing prejudice, several different lodges, or other Masonic organisations, often use the same premises at different times. Blue lodges, craft lodges or ancient craft lodges refer to the lodges that work the first three Masonic degrees, rather than the appendant Masonic orders such as York Rite and Scottish Rite, the term craft lodge is used in Great Britain. The blue lodge is said to refer to the colour of regalia in lodges derived from English or Irish Freemasonry. Although the term was originally frowned upon, it has gained widespread, research lodges have the purpose of furthering Masonic scholarship. Quatuor Coronati Lodge is an example of a lodge, it has a strictly limited membership. Many jurisdictions have well-established research lodges, which usually meet less frequently than blue lodges, in Great Britain, a lodge of instruction may be associated with a Lodge, but is not constituted separately. In Great Britain, the mother lodge is used to identify the particular Lodge where the individual was first made a Mason. Provincial Grand Lodges exercise an intermediate authority, and also appoint Provincial Grand Officers, in any case, Grand Lodges have limited jurisdiction over their member Lodges, and where there is no prescribed ritual Lodges may thus have considerable freedom of practice. Despite these minor differences, fraternal relations exist between Lodges of corresponding degrees under different Grand Lodges. Generally, to be accepted for initiation as a regular Freemason, believe in some kind of Supreme Being
9.
Silvio Berlusconi
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Silvio Berlusconi is an Italian media tycoon and politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments. Berlusconi is the controlling shareholder of Mediaset and has owned the Italian football club A. C. Milan since 1986 and he is nicknamed Il Cavaliere for his Order of Merit for Labour, although he voluntarily resigned from this order in March 2014. In 2016, Forbes magazine ranked him as the 188th richest man in the world with a net worth of US$7.1 billion, in 2009, Forbes ranked him 12th in the List of The Worlds Most Powerful People due to his domination in Italian politics. He was the leader of the centre-right party Forza Italia from 1994 to 2009, since November 2013, he has led a revived Forza Italia. Berlusconi was the senior G8 leader from 2009 until 2011 and he holds the record of G8 Summit hosting. After serving nearly 19 years as member of the Chamber of Deputies, Italys lower house, on 1 August 2013, he was convicted of tax-fraud by the final appeal instance, Court of Cassation along with a public office ban for two years. As his age exceeded 70 years, he was exempted from direct imprisonment, because of being sentenced to a gross imprisonment for more than two years, a new Italian anticorruption law made the Senate expel and bar him from serving any legislative office for six years. Berlusconi has pledged to stay leader of Forza Italia throughout the period where he serves his imprisonment sentence, Berlusconi is famous for his populist political style and brash, overbearing personality. Berlusconi was born in Milan in 1936, where he was raised in a middle-class family and his father, Luigi Berlusconi, was a bank employee, and his mother, Rosa Bossi, a housewife. Silvio was the first of three children, he had a sister, Maria Francesca Antonietta Berlusconi, and has a brother, Paolo Berlusconi. After completing his school education at a Salesian college, he studied law at the Università Statale in Milan, graduating in 1961. Berlusconi was not required to serve the standard one-year stint in the Italian army which was compulsory at the time, in later life, he wrote AC Milans anthem with the Italian music producer and pop singer Tony Renis and Forza Italias anthem with the opera director Renato Serio. With the Neapolitan singer Mariano Apicella, he wrote two Neapolitan song albums, Meglio na canzone in 2003 and Lultimo amore in 2006, in 1965, he married Carla Elvira DallOglio, and they had two children, Maria Elvira, better known as Marina, and Pier Silvio. By 1980, Berlusconi had established a relationship with the actress Veronica Lario and he was divorced from DallOglio in 1985, and married Lario in 1990. By this time, Berlusconi was an entrepreneur, and his wedding was a notable social event. One of his best men was Bettino Craxi, a prime minister and leader of the Italian Socialist Party. In May 2009, Lario announced that she was to file for divorce, in addition to his five children, Berlusconi has ten grandchildren. Berlusconis business career began in construction, in the late 1960s, he built Milano Due,4,000 residential apartments east of Milan
10.
Canale 5
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Canale 5 is an Italian private television network of Mediaset. Canale 5 was the first private television network to have a national coverage in Italy in 1980, Canale 5 is the most watched channel in Italy because Canale 5 is a classic generalist channel, which means that it is aimed at the mass family audience. The distinguishing characteristics of the channel are programmes based on completeness and variety, able to reach, through all kinds of programmes, from entertainment to drama, the logo of Canale 5 was originally formed by the number five beside a long biscione spitting a flower. In the 1980s the reptile was replaced by a bigger number leaving only a head on the top with the flower. On 4 December 2012, Mediaset launched Canale 5 HD, a simulcast of Canale 5 in high-definition, since January 2013, Canale 5 has been directed by Giancarlo Scheri. In 1978, Telemilano, a local Milan-based broadcaster became Canale 5 two years later and began broadcasting nationally, Canale 5 was subsequently joined by Italia 1 and Retequattro
11.
Talk show
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A talk show or chat show is a television programming or radio programming genre in which one person discusses various topics put forth by a talk show host. Usually, guests consist of a group of people who are learned or who have experience in relation to whatever issue is being discussed on the show for that episode. Other times, a single guest discusses their work or area of expertise with a host or co-hosts, a call-in show takes live phone calls from callers listening at home, in their cars, etc. Sometimes, guests are already seated but are introduced and enter from backstage. There have been many notable talk show hosts, in many cases, there are several major formats of talk shows. Generally, each subgenre predominates during a specific programming block during the broadcast day, Breakfast chat or early morning shows that generally alternate between news summaries, political coverage, feature stories, celebrity interviews, and musical performances. Late morning chat shows that two or more hosts or a celebrity panel, and focus on entertainment and lifestyle features. Daytime talk shows, generally featuring a host, a guest or a panel of guests, and these shows may feature celebrities, political commentators, or ordinary people who present unusual or controversial topics. The hosts are often comedians who open the shows with comedy monologues, Sunday talk or political discussion shows are a staple of network programming in North America. These shows feature elected political figures and candidates for office, commentators, syndicated daytime shows may appear overnight in some markets, and some afternoon programs have similar structures to late night talk shows. These formats may vary across different countries or markets, Late night talk shows are especially significant in the United States. Breakfast television is a staple of British television, the daytime talk format has become popular in Latin America as well as the United States. Talk-radio host Howard Stern also hosted a show that was syndicated nationally in the USA. The tabloid talk show genre, pioneered by Phil Donahue but popularized by Oprah Winfrey was extremely popular during the last two decades of the 20th century, politics are hardly the only subject of American talk shows, however. Sports talk shows are very popular ranging from high-budget shows like The Best Damn Sports Show Period to Max Kellermans original public-access television cable TV show Max on Boxing. Craigslistin in Philly is a show you can attend at Plays & Players theatre in Philadelphia. The host is Aaron and they comment on and invite acts, to be considered one just has to post on craigslist mentioning the show in your post helps. Talk shows had been broadcast on television since the earliest days of the medium, joe Franklin, an American radio and television personality, hosted the first television talk show
12.
RAI
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RAI — Radiotelevisione italiana S. p. A. is Italys national public broadcasting company, owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance. RAI operates many DVB and Sat television channels and radio stations, broadcasting via digital terrestrial transmission and it is the biggest television broadcaster in Italy and competes with Mediaset, and other minor television and radio networks. RAI has a high television audience share of 33. 8%. Sometimes Rai 1 was received even further in Europe via Sporadic E until the switch off in July 2012. Half of RAIs revenues come from broadcast receiving licence fees, the rest from the sale of advertising time, in 1950, RAI became one of the 23 founding broadcasting organizations of the European Broadcasting Union. The Unione Radiofonica Italiana was formed in 1924 with the backing of the Marconi Company following a model adopted in other European countries, URI made its inaugural broadcast — a speech by Benito Mussolini at Teatro Costanzi — on 5 October. Regular programming began the evening, with a quartet performing Haydns Quartet No.7 in A major from the Palazzo Corradi. At 21.00 CET, Ines Donarelli Viviani announced for the first time, to all those who are listening our greetings, good evening. Guglielmo Marconis S. A. Radiofono—Società Italiana per le Radiocomunicazioni Circolari held 85% of URI shares, under the provisions of Royal Decree No.2191 of 14 October 1924 Concessione dei servizi radioauditivi circolari alla Società Anonima Unione Radiofonica Italiana. During the reconstruction following World War II, much of RAIs early programming was influenced by the Reithian style of the BBC, the emphasis was on educational content. Programs like Non è mai troppo tardi and Un viaggio al Po introduced people to life was like in other parts of the country. Over the following years RAI made various changes to its services, Rai reorganized its radio stations in November 1946 into two national networks, Rete Rossa and Rete Azzurra. Rai added the culture-based Terzo Programma in October 1950, on 1 January 1952 the Rete Rossa became the Programma Nazionale and the Rete Azzurra became the Secondo Programma. The three radio channels eventually became todays Rai Radio 1, Rai Radio 2, and Rai Radio 3. On 3 January at 11.00 CET, the first RAI television announcer presented the days schedule, at 14.30, the first regular programme in Italian television history was broadcast, Arrivi e partenze, hosted by Armando Pizzo and Mike Bongiorno. The evenings entertainment was a performance, Losteria della posta. 23.15 saw the start of the days concluding programme, RAI was originally the subsidiary of RAI Holding S. p. A. RAI Holding was absorbed into RAI as of 1 December 2004, RAI is governed by a nine-member Administrative Council
13.
Screenplay
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A screenplay or script is a written work by screenwriters for a film, video game, or television program. These screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing, in them, the movement, actions, expression, and dialogues of the characters are also narrated. A screenplay written for television is also known as a teleplay, the format is structured in a way that one page usually equates to one minute of screen time. In a shooting script, each scene is numbered, and technical direction may be given, in a spec or a draft in various stages of development, the scenes are not numbered, and technical direction is at a minimum. The standard font for a screenplay is 12 point,10 pitch Courier Typeface, the major components are action and dialogue. The action is written in the present tense, the dialogue are the lines the characters speak. Unique to the screenplay is the use of slug lines, a slug line, also called a master scene heading, occurs at the start of every scene, and is usually made up of three parts. Part one states whether the scene is set inside outside, or both, Part two states location of the scene. Part three, separated from Part two by a hyphen, refers to the time of the scene, each slug line begins a new scene. In a shooting script, the lines are numbered consecutively. These scene numbers serve as mile-post markers in a script and this allows any part of the script to be referred to by scene number. In the United States letter size paper and Courier 12 point are mandatory, the tab settings of the scene elements, which constitute the screenplays layout. The dialogue must be centered and the names must be capitalized, a script usually begins with FADE IN, followed by the first scene description. It might get more specific, e. g. FADE IN ON AN ECU of Ricky as he explains the divorce to Bob, a script will usually end with FADE TO BLACK, though there are variables, like CUT TO BLACK for abrupt endings. The style consists of a grammar that is specific to screenplays and this grammar also consists of two aspects, A prose that is manifestation-oriented, i. e. focuses largely on what is audible and what is visible on screen. This prose may only supply interpretations and explanation if clarity would otherwise be adversely affected, American screenplays are printed single-sided on three-hole-punched paper using the standard American letter size. They are then together with two brass brads in the top and bottom hole. The middle hole is left empty as it would make it harder to quickly read the script
14.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
15.
Mina (Italian singer)
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Anna Maria Quaini OMRI, known as Mina Mazzini or simply Mina, is an Italian singer. In performance, Mina combined several styles with traditional Italian melodies and swing music. Mina dominated the charts for fifteen years and reached an unsurpassed level of popularity. She has scored 79 albums and 71 singles on the Italian charts, Minas TV appearances in 1959 were the first for a female rock and roll singer in Italy. Her loud syncopated singing earned her the nickname Queen of Screamers, the public also labeled her the Tiger of Cremona for her wild gestures and body shakes. When she turned to light pop tunes, Minas chart-toppers in West Germany in 1962, Minas more refined sensual manner was introduced in 1960 with Gino Paolis ballad This World We Love In, which charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1961. Mina was banned from TV and radio in 1963 because her pregnancy and relationship with an actor did not accord with the dominant Catholic. After the ban, the broadcasting service RAI tried to continue to prohibit her songs. Minas cool act combined sex appeal with public smoking, dyed blonde hair, Minas voice has distinctive timbre and great power. Her main themes are anguished love stories performed in high dramatic tones, the singer combined classic Italian pop with elements of blues, R&B and soul music during the late 1960s, especially when she worked in collaboration with the singer-songwriter Lucio Battisti. The latter song was covered by several performers abroad, shirley Bassey carried Minas ballad Grande grande grande to charts in the U. S. U. K. and other English-speaking countries in 1973, Minas easy listening duet Parole parole was turned into a worldwide hit by Dalida and Alain Delon in 1974. Mina gave up public appearances in 1978 but has continued to release albums on a yearly basis to the present day. Anna Maria Mazzini was born into a family in Busto Arsizio. The family moved to work in Cremona in her childhood and she listened to American rock and roll and jazz records and was a frequent visitor at the Santa Tecla and the Taverna Messicana clubs of Milan, both known for promoting rock and roll. After finishing high school in 1958, she attended college where she majored in accounting. While on summer holiday in Versilia on 8 August 1958, Mazzini gave a performance of the song Unanima tra le mani to amuse her family after a concert at the La Bussola night club. During the following nights, Sergio Bernardini, the owner of the club, in September, she started her solo career with the backing of the band Happy Boys
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Ruggero Deodato
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Ruggero Deodato is an Italian film director, screenwriter, and actor. During his career, he ranged different genres like peplum, comedy, drama, poliziottesco and science fiction, but he is best known for directing violent and gory horror films. He is famous for his 1980 film Cannibal Holocaust, considered one of the most controversial and brutal movies in the history of cinema and it is also cited as a precursor of found footage films such as The Blair Witch Project and The Last Broadcast. The film strengthened Deodatos fame as a director and earned him the nickname Monsieur Cannibal in France. Deodato has been an influence on film directors like Oliver Stone, Quentin Tarantino, Deodato was born in Potenza, Basilicata, and moved to Rome with his family as a child. He went to Denmark and started as a musician playing piano, once back to Italy, he quit music after his private teacher sent him away for playing by ear. Deodato grew up in the neighborhood where Romes major film studios are located and it was there that he learned how to direct under Roberto Rossellini and Sergio Corbucci, he helped to make Corbuccis The Slave and Django as an assistant director. Later on in the 1960s, he directed some comedy, musical, in 1976 he returned to the big screen with his ultra-violent police flick Live Like a Cop, Die Like a Man. Late in 1979 he returned to the subgenre with his ultra-gory Cannibal Holocaust. The film was shot in the Amazon Rainforest for a budget of about $100,000, and starred Robert Kerman, Francesca Ciardi, and Carl Gabriel Yorke. The film is a mockumentary about a group of filmmakers who go into the Amazon Rainforest, during production, many cast and crew members protested the use of real animal killing in the film, including Kerman, who walked off the set. Deodato was forced to reveal the secrets behind the special effects. Deodato also received condemnation, still ongoing, for the use of animal torture in his films. Despite the numerous criticisms, Cannibal Holocaust is considered a classic of the horror genre and his Cut and Run is a jungle adventure thriller, containing nudity, extreme violence and the appearance of Michael Berryman as a crazed, machete-wielding jungle man. In the 1980s, he made some other films, including Body Count, Phantom of Death. In the 1990s he turned to TV movies and dramas with some success, in 2007, he made a cameo appearance in Hostel, Part II in the role of a cannibal. Deodato has made two dozen films and TV series, his films covering many different genres, including many action films, a western. Deodato was married to actress Silvia Dionisio from 1971 to 1979 and he has a son from the marriage
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Dino Risi
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Dino Risi was an Italian film director. With Mario Monicelli, Luigi Comencini, Nanni Loy and Ettore Scola, Risi had two brothers, an older brother, Fernando, a cinematographer and a younger brother, Nelo a director and writer. At the age of twelve, Risi became an orphan and was looked after by relatives and he studied medicine and later became a psychiatrist. Risi started his career in cinema as an assistant director to cinema such as Mario Soldati. Later he began directing his own films and was credited with giving early opportunities to future acting stars such as Sophia Loren and his 1966 film Treasure of San Gennaro was entered into the 5th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Silver Prize. In 2002, he was awarded the Golden Lion – Honorary Award at the Venice Film Festival for his life-time work, two of his films, Il giovedì and Il commissario Lo Gatto, were shown in a retrospective section on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival. He died on 7 June 2008 at his residence in Rome and he was 91 and is survived by two children, Claudio and Marco. Dino Risi at the Internet Movie Database BBC obituary
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Marco Leto
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Marco Leto was an Italian film and television director and screenwriter. Born in Rome, Leto started his career in the 1950s as an assistant director in a number of films. In 1965 he started a collaboration with RAI TV, for which he directed several serials, after signing some screenplays, Leto made his film directorial debut in 1973, with the critically appreciated Black Holiday. In the following years he kept both in cinema and in television. Black Holiday Al piacere di rivederla Media related to Marco Leto at Wikimedia Commons Marco Leto at the Internet Movie Database
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Pupi Avati
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Giuseppe Avati, better known as Pupi Avati, is an Italian film director, producer, and screenwriter. He is known to horror fans for his two masterpieces of the macabre, The House with Laughing Windows and Zeder. Pupi Avati was born in Bologna in 1938, after attending school and studying Political Science at the University of Bologna, he started working at a frozen food company. At the same time, he developed a passion for jazz, in the second half of the 1950s, he formed and played in the Doctor Dixie Jazz Band, of which Lucio Dalla was also a member. Although he initially intended to be a musician, Avati felt he lacked the necessary talent. In the mid-1960s, he decided to dedicate himself to cinema after seeing Federico Fellinis 8½, avatis passion for music, as well as his love for his hometown, which was the setting of many of his films, were to become recurrent themes found in his productions. His filmography as a director includes almost forty films and television works, as a screenwriter, Avati wrote or co-authored the majority of his movies, as well as screenplays for other directors. He cooperated on the script of Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini and he also produced several films for other directors and in his own work. Many of his movies are produced by his brother Antonio Avati. According to Avati, the TV series Jazz Band, written about the story of the Doctor Dixie Jazz Band marked a point for his work. The subject of his movies began coming from his own experience, and his cinema became more nostalgic, introspective, moreover, the series was successful and brought Avati to the attention to a wider public compared to his previous films. During his career as a director, screenwriter, and producer, Avati was nominated for the Golden Palm, Silver Ribbons, David di Donatello Awards and he won two David di Donatello Awards and five Silver Ribbons. Avati was nominated Commendatore Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana on 2 June 1995 and he has presided over the Federico Fellini Foundation, created in 1995, in memory of the great Rimini-born director. In 2008, Avati published his autobiography, Sotto le stelle di un film, inspired by the autobiography of the director, in 2010, Claudio Costa made a documentary film of interviews and animations, called Pupi Avati, ieri oggi domani. He started his career in the movies with two grotesque comical horror movies with surreal plots, the first was Balsamus, luomo di Satana in 1968, one of the few films where the screenplay was not written by Avati. This film was followed a year later by Thomas e gli indemoniati, in 1974, Avati made the bizarre La mazurka del barone, della santa e del fico fiorone, a movie with an almost fairy-tale-like atmosphere in a style reminiscent of the movies of Federico Fellini. In 1975, his fantasy, Bordella, caused a commotion resulting in some censorship. In 1976, Avati directed the film, La casa dalle finestre che ridono, set in the Po Valley in Emilia–Romagna
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The House with Laughing Windows
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The House with Laughing Windows is a 1976 Italian giallo film co-written and directed by Pupi Avati. The film was shot in Lido degli Scacchi in the Ferrara province of the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy and it was nominated for the 1983 International Fantasy Film Award for Best Film at Fantasporto. It was later released on video/DVD elsewhere, but only in Italian/subtitled, the film has been received well by contemporary critics. On review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes, no score has yet reached with only two critical ratings submitted. The House with Laughing Windows was released on Region 1 DVD on 18 March 2003 through Paradox Entertainment, on 5 January 2010 the film was released on Region 2 DVD through Metrodome. On 9 August 2011 Trailers From Hell, list of Italian films of 1976 The House with Laughing Windows at the Internet Movie Database La Casa dalle finestre che ridono at Rotten Tomatoes
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A Special Day
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A Special Day is a 1977 Italian drama film directed by Ettore Scola and starring Sophia Loren, Marcello Mastroianni and John Vernon. Set in Rome in 1938, its narrative follows a woman, themes addressed in the film include gender roles, fascism, and the persecution of homosexuals under the Mussolini regime. It received several nominations and awards, including a César Award for Best Foreign Film in 1978 and it is featured on the list of the 100 Italian films to be saved. The building is empty, except for the caretaker and a neighbor across the complex and he is a radio broadcaster who has been dismissed from his job and is about to be deported to Sardinia because of his homosexuality and alleged anti-fascist stance. After the familys myna escapes from their apartment and flies outside Gabrieles window, Antonietta shows up at his door, Gabriele has been interrupted from attempting suicide, but helps rescue the myna by offering it food, and is amused by the episode. Antonietta is surprised by his demeanor and, unaware of his orientation, flirts. Despite their differences, they warm to each other, the caretaker warns Antonietta that Gabriele is an anti-fascist, which Antonietta finds despicable. Gabriele eventually opens up, confessing he was fired because he is a homosexual, Antonietta confides in him her troubles with her arrogant and unfaithful husband, who, she says, has shown a preference for an educated woman. As a result, they have sex, but for different reasons, Gabriele explains that this changes nothing, as does Antonietta. Soon after their encounter, Gabriele is arrested and Antoniettas family comes back home. At the end, Antonietta sits near the window and starts reading a book Gabriele has given to her, much of the films themes revolve around gender roles and the model of masculinity under fascist Italy. The Fascist regime equates homosexuality with depopulation, and thus, Gabriele is suspected of treason, the bachelor tax of 1926 was a measure against this, and Gabriele has to pay it. While the stay-at-home mother and homosexual neighbor would seem to be an improbable pairing, at the end of the film, domestic life will continue as usual, but inner resistance to Fascism has been awakened. Maurizio Costanzo, Ruggero Maccari and Ettore Scola wrote the screenplay, after Maccari had learned about an incident in Fascist Italy in which homosexuals were arrested and taken to Sardinia. Particularly, the story of broadcaster Nunzio Filogamo was an inspiration to the story, along with Il bellAntonio and I Dont Want to Talk About It, this is one of Mastroiannis roles critiquing the Italian masculine figure as the incompetent character falling behind an evolving society. Due to the abundance of news coverage of Hitlers visit to Rome in 1938, the public service film The Führers Trip to Italy was especially mined for footage. Faced with a lack of funding from Italian producers, the filmmakers persuaded investors in Canada to support the project, canafox, a company based in Montreal, co-produced. A number of cinematic techniques are used in this film
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Ettore Scola
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Ettore Scola was an Italian screenwriter and film director. He received a Golden Globe for Best Foreign Film in 1978 for his film A Special Day, Scola was born in Trevico, Avellino, Campania. He entered the industry as a screenwriter in 1953, and directed his first film, Lets Talk About Women. In 1974 Scola enjoyed international success with We All Loved Each Other So Much, the film won the Golden Prize at the 9th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1976 he won the Prix de la mise en scène at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival for Brutti, Scola made further successful films, including A Special Day, That Night In Varennes, What Time Is It. and Captain Fracassas Journey. He directed close to 40 films in some 40 years and his film Passione damore, adapted from a nineteenth-century novel, was adapted by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine into the award-winning musical Passion. He was a member of the jury at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival, Scola died in Rome on January 19,2016 at the age of 84. Lets Talk About Women Thrilling Hard Time for Princes The Devil in Love Will Our Heroes Be Able to Find Their Friend Who Has Mysteriously Disappeared in Africa. 2001, 23rd Moscow International Film Festival Best Director for Concorrenza sleale 2001, Taormina Arte Award at Taormina Film Fest Ettore Scola at the Internet Movie Database
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Jazz band
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A jazz band is a musical ensemble that plays jazz music. Jazz bands vary in the quantity of its members and the style of jazz that they play but it is common to find a band made up of a rhythm section. The size of a band is closely related to the style of jazz they play as well as the type of venues in which they play. Jazz bands can vary in size from a big band, to a trio or quartet. The term jazz trio can refer to a three piece band with a pianist, double bass player and a drummer, some bands use vocalists, while others are purely instrumental groups. Jazz bands usually have a bandleader, in a big band setting, there is usually more than one player for a type of instrument. Small jazz bands of three to four musicians are referred to as combos and can be found in small night club venues. In modern jazz, a bass player is almost always present in a small band. Its common for musicians in a combo to perform their music from memory, the improvisational nature of these performances make every show unique. In jazz, there are types of trios. One type of trio is formed with a piano player, a bass player. Another type of jazz trio that became popular in the 1950s and 1960s is the trio, which is composed of a Hammond organ player, a drummer. In organ trios, the Hammond organ player performs the line on the organ bass pedals while simultaneously playing chords or lead lines on the keyboard manuals. In the latter type of trio, the lack of a chordal instrument means that the horn player, Jazz quartets typically add a horn to one of the jazz trios described above. The Modern Jazz Quartet was a jazz combo established in 1952 that played a style of jazz influenced by classical music, the lineup of larger jazz ensembles can vary considerably, depending on the style of jazz being performed. In a 1920s-style Dixieland jazz band, a larger ensemble would be formed by adding a player, woodwind instruments, as with the clarinet. Also by the addition of soloing instruments, the standard rhythm section is piano, bass, and drums, augmented by guitar at times in small combos and regularly in large ones. Some large swing era orchestras also employed an additional piano, accordion, the horn section consists of a woodwind section and a brass section, which play the melody and main accompaniment
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Zeder
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Zeder is a 1983 Italian horror film directed by Pupi Avati, starring Gabriele Lavia. The story is about a young novelists discovery of the writings of a late scientist who had found a means of reviving the dead, in 1956, Gabriella —a girl with apparent psychic powers—is brought to the enormous house of Dr. Meyer in Chartres, France. Meyer intends to conduct an experiment testing her abilities and he takes her into his basement, where the youngster abruptly falls to her knees and begins digging into the dirt. This is where youre hiding, isnt it and he rushes upstairs for help from his assistants and leaves Gabriella by herself. She is attacked by something unseen and is taken to the hospital, in the basement, further digging reveals a rotted corpse, with a nearby wallet identifying the dead man as Paolo Zeder. Dr. Meyer realizes that the earth in which Zeder was buried was a K-Zone, in present day Bologna, Stefano, a novelist, is given an old typewriter as a birthday present by his wife Alessandra. One night, after Alessandra has gone to bed, he discovers a series of typed letters on the typewriters ribbon, as he reads the ribbon, he finds it is an essay written by scientist Paolo Zeder discussing the existence of K-Zones—areas where death ceases to exist. According to Zeders essay, bodies buried in these zones can return from the dead, Stefano investigates the message left on the typewriter ribbon. He encounters people who make it clear that they do not appreciate any questions relating to Paolo Zeder or K-Zones, however, the resistance he experiences intrigues him even more. He becomes obsessed with getting answers to the mystery and temporarily abandons his wife and his investigation leads him to a huge old property, ostensibly abandoned but protected by electrified fences. A nearby service station attendant tells Stefano that French investors are building a hotel on the property. Stefano sneaks onto the property, and discovers surveillance equipment with numerous monitors showing the face of a man buried in a coffin. The dead man is Don Luigi Costa, an ex-priest who abandoned his vows after contracting an incurable disease, continuing Zeders work, Costa had himself buried on the property, a suspected K-Zone, and his rebirth from the dead is caught on camera. Stefano manages to elude the conspirators involved in the experimental work, at night, Stefano buries her in a K-Zone located on the abandoned property. She revives and approaches her husband, in the darkness, Stefano begins screaming horribly. In the mid-1980s, the film was released on home video by Lightning Video in the U. S. under the title Revenge of the Dead. The film was released on DVD in the United States by Image Entertainment and this version is currently out of print. Glenn Kay, who wrote Zombie Movies, The Ultimate Guide, said that the film stands out a little by actually trying to generate suspense, Zeder at the Internet Movie Database Zeder at AllMovie
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IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
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Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
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MusicBrainz
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MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an open data music database that is similar to the freedb project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the placed on the Compact Disc Database. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a compact disc metadata storehouse to become an open online database for music. MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and these entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the date and country. As of 26 July 2016, MusicBrainz contained information about roughly 1.1 million artists,1.6 million releases, end-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge for maintaining and reviewing the data, besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, must be used for this, in 2000, MusicBrainz started using Relatables patented TRM for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly, however, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP, tRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008. In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by AmpliFIND, some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems. Since the future of the free service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for AcoustID identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský, while AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 pitch classes, storing these 8 times per second, additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns. The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity, since 2003, MusicBrainzs core data are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data, is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license. The relational database management system is PostgreSQL, the server software is covered by the GNU General Public License. The MusicBrainz client software library, libmusicbrainz, is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, in December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit group, by its creator Robert Kaye
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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
