1.
Pasquotank County, North Carolina
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Pasquotank County /ˈpæskwətænk/ is a county located in the U. S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 40,661 and its county seat is Elizabeth City. The county was created as Pasquotank Precinct and gained county status in 1739. Pasquotank County is part of the Elizabeth City, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 289 square miles, of which 227 square miles is land and 63 square miles is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in North Carolina by land area, almost all of the terrain in Pasquotank County is flatland with a topography near sea level, a characteristic of most of North Carolinas Coastal Plain. The county is flanked by two rivers, the Pasquotank—with which it shares its name—to the east, and the Little River to the west, the population density was 154 people per square mile. There were 14,289 housing units at a density of 63 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 56. 7% White,37. 8% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,1. 1% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,1. 8% from other races, and 2. 2% from two or more races. 4. 0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,25. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the family size was 3.01. In the county, the population was out with 24. 9% under the age of 18,11. 3% from 18 to 24,28. 4% from 25 to 44,21. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males, the median income for a household in the county was $30,444, and the median income for a family was $36,402. Males had an income of $30,072 versus $21,652 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,815,18. 4% of the population and 15. 5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the people living in poverty,25. 5% are under the age of 18 and 17. 9% are 65 or older. Pasquotank County is a member of the Albemarle Commission regional council of governments
Pasquotank County, North Carolina
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Pasquotank County Courthouse
2.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
Jazz
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Louis Armstrong (1901–1971) is considered one of the pivotal musicians in jazz for his contributions as a trumpet player, composer and singer.
Jazz
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Double bassist
Reggie Workman, saxophone player
Pharoah Sanders, and drummer
Idris Muhammad performing in 1978
Jazz
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Albert Gleizes, 1915, Composition pour Jazz, gouache on cardboard, mounted on Masonite, 73 x 73 cm,
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Jazz
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In the late 18th-century painting
The Old Plantation, African-Americans dance to banjo and percussion.
3.
Composer
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A composer is a person who creates or writes music, which can be vocal music, instrumental music or music which combines both instruments and voices. The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation, many composers are also skilled performers, either as singers, instrumentalists, and/or conductors. Examples of composers who are well known for their ability as performers include J. S. Bach, Mozart. In many popular genres, such as rock and country. For a singer or instrumental performer, the process of deciding how to perform music that has previously composed and notated is termed interpretation. Different performers interpretations of the work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen. Composers and songwriters who present their own music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the music of others, although a musical composition often has a single author, this is not always the case. A piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or, in the 20th and 21st century, a culture eventually developed whereby faithfulness to the composers written intention came to be highly valued. This musical culture is almost certainly related to the esteem in which the leading classical composers are often held by performers. The movement might be considered a way of creating greater faithfulness to the original in works composed at a time that expected performers to improvise. In Classical music, the composer typically orchestrates her own compositions, in some cases, a pop songwriter may not use notation at all, and instead compose the song in her mind and then play or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical music. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music. In the development of European classical music, the function of composing music initially did not have greater importance than that of performing it. The preservation of individual compositions did not receive attention and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance. In as much as the role of the composer in western art music has seen continued solidification, for instance, in certain contexts the line between composer and performer, sound designer, arranger, producer, and other roles, can be quite blurred. The term composer is often used to refer to composers of music, such as those found in classical, jazz or other forms of art. In popular and folk music, the composer is usually called a songwriter and this is distinct from a 19th-century conception of instrumental composition, where the work was represented solely by a musical score to be interpreted by performers
Composer
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French composer
Louis-Nicolas Clérambault composing at the keyboard
4.
Educator
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A teacher is a person who helps others to acquire knowledge, competences or values. Informally the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone, in some countries, teaching young people of school age may be carried out in an informal setting, such as within the family, rather than in a formal setting such as a school or college. Some other professions may involve a significant amount of teaching, in most countries, formal teaching is usually carried out by paid professional teachers. This article focuses on those who are employed, as their role, to teach others in a formal education context. A teachers role may vary among cultures, Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills. Formal teaching tasks include preparing lessons according to agreed curricula, giving lessons, a teachers professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline, Teaching is a highly complex activity. This is in part because teaching is a practice, that takes place in a specific context. Factors that influence what is expected of teachers include history and tradition, social views about the purpose of education, so the competences required by a teacher are affected by the different ways in which the role is understood around the world. Broadly, there seem to be four models, the teacher as manager of instruction, the teacher as caring person, the teacher as expert learner, some evidence-based international discussions have tried to reach such a common understanding. Scholarly consensus is emerging that what is required of teachers can be grouped under three headings, knowledge craft skills and dispositions and it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can create a positive learning experience. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the materials on a daily basis. One of the challenges facing teachers is that they may have covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject. Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who didnt show much enthusiasm for the course materials, Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm can lead to students who are more likely to be engaged, interested, energetic, and curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom, students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher were more likely to read lecture material outside of the classroom. There are various mechanisms by which teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation, teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere of energy and enthusiasm which feeds student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter. Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to becoming more self-determined in their own learning process. The concept of mere exposure indicates that the teachers enthusiasm may contribute to the expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning
Educator
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A teacher in a classroom at a secondary school in
Pendembu,
Sierra Leone.
Educator
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Jewish children with their teacher in
Samarkand, the beginning of the 20th century.
Educator
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A teacher of a Latin school and two students, 1487
Educator
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Dutch schoolmaster and children, 1662
5.
Civil rights
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Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society, Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights. They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the phrase civil rights is a translation of Latin ius civis. Roman citizens could be either free or servile, but they all had rights in law. After the Edict of Milan in 313, these included the freedom of religion. Roman legal doctrine was lost during the Middle Ages, but claims of rights could still be made based on religious doctrine. According to the leaders of Ketts Rebellion, all men may be made free. In the 17th century, English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights, the Parliament of England adopted the English Bill of Rights in 1689. The Virginia Declaration of Rights, by George Mason and James Madison, was adopted in 1776, the Virginia declaration is the direct ancestor and model for the U. S. Bill of Rights. The removal by legislation of a civil right constitutes a civil disability, in early 19th century Britain, the phrase civil rights most commonly referred to the issue of such legal discrimination against Catholics. In the House of Commons support for civil rights was divided, the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 restored their civil rights. In the 1860s, Americans adapted this usage to newly freed blacks, congress enacted civil rights acts in 1866,1871,1875,1957,1960,1964,1968, and 1991. Marshall notes that civil rights were among the first to be recognized and codified, followed later by political rights, in many countries, they are constitutional rights and are included in a bill of rights or similar document. They are also defined in human rights instruments, such as the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Civil and political rights need not be codified to be protected, although most democracies worldwide do have formal written guarantees of civil, Civil rights are considered to be natural rights. Thomas Jefferson wrote in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America that a free people their rights as derived from the laws of nature, the question of to whom civil and political rights apply is a subject of controversy. According to political scientist Salvador Santino F. Regilme Jr. Custom also plays a role, the United States Declaration of Independence states that people have unalienable rights including Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. It is considered by some that the purpose of government is the protection of life. Ideas of self-ownership and cognitive liberty affirm rights to choose the food one eats, the one takes
Civil rights
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Savka Dabčević-Kučar,
Croatian Spring participant; Europe's first female prime minister
6.
Capitol Records
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Capitol Records, LLC is an American record label which operates as a division of the Capitol Music Group. The label was founded as the first West Coast-based record label in the United States in 1942 by three industry insiders named Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs, in 1955, the label was acquired by the British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary. EMI was later acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company in 2013, making Capitol Records, Capitol Records circular headquarter building located in Los Angeles is a recognized landmark of California. Mercer first raised the idea of starting a company while golfing with Harold Arlen. By 1941, Mercer was a songwriter and a singer with multiple successful releases. Mercer next suggested the idea to Wallichs while visiting his record store, Wallichs expressed interest in the idea and the pair negotiated an agreement whereby Mercer would run the company and identify their artists, while Wallichs managed the business side. On February 2,1942, Mercer and Wallichs met with DeSylva at a Hollywood restaurant to inquire about the possibility of investment of the company from Paramount Pictures, while DeSylva declined the proposal, he handed the pair a check worth $15,000. On March 27,1942, the three men incorporated as Liberty Records, in May 1942, the application was amended to change the companys name to Capitol Records. On April 6,1942, Mercer supervised Capitols first recording session where Martha Tilton recorded the song Moon Dreams, on May 5, Bobby Sherwood and his orchestra recorded two tracks in the studio. On May 21, Freddie Slack and his orchestra recorded three tracks in the studio, one with the orchestra, one with Ella Mae Morse called Cow-Cow Boogie, on June 4,1942, Capitol opened its first office in a second-floor room south of Sunset Boulevard. On that same day, Wallichs presented the companys first free record to Los Angeles disc jockey Peter Potter, on June 5,1942, Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra recorded four songs at the studio. On June 12, the recorded five more songs in the studio. On June 11, Tex Ritter recorded Jingle Jangle Jingle and Goodbye My Little Cherokee for his first Capitol recording session, and the songs formed Capitols 110th produced record. 133 - Get On Board Little Chillun - July 31,1942 - is a Freddie Slack/Ella Mae Morse/Mellowaires recording that might be the first rock n roll record and she has sometimes been called the first rock n roll singer. A good example is her 1942 recording of song which, with strong gospel, blues, boogie. Bone Walker recorded Mean Old World a pioneering example of the use of electric guitar. The earliest recording artists included co-owner Mercer, Whiteman, Tilton, Morse, Margaret Whiting, Jo Stafford, the Pied Pipers, Johnnie Johnston, Tex Ritter, Capitols first gold single was Morses Cow Cow Boogie in 1942. Capitols first album was Capitol Presents Songs By Johnny Mercer, a three 78-rpm disc set with recordings by Mercer, Stafford and the Pied Pipers, all with Westons Orchestra
Capitol Records
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Center of image: 1950s LP on Capitol
Capitol Records
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Capitol Records
Capitol Records
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45rpm Beatles single on Capitol
Capitol Records
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Capitol logo from 1969 to 1977
7.
Impulse! Records
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Records is an American jazz record company and label established by Creed Taylor in 1960. John Coltrane was among Impulse. s earliest signings, thanks to the consistent sales and critical kudos generated by his recordings, the label came to be known as the house that Trane built. Impulse. s parent company, ABC-Paramount Records, was established in 1955 as the division of the American Broadcasting Company. In the 1940s and 1950s, ABC benefitted from the U. S. governments antitrust actions against broadcasters, in the early 1950s, ABC acquired the Blue Network of radio stations from NBC and later merged with the newly independent Paramount Theaters chain, formerly owned by Paramount Pictures. The new recording division was located at 1501 Broadway, above the Paramount Theatre in Times Square, under the leadership of Leonard Goldenson, the former head of Paramount Pictures, the company sought to establish itself as a cross-media force in television, theaters and sound recordings. It enjoyed early success in TV with The Mickey Mouse Club, the new recording company enjoyed Goldensons full support. Sid Feller, a producer and arranger, was the first salaried employee on July 15,1955, the label achieved early success in pop music with Paul Anka. In 1960 Am-Par established a subsidiary and hired Creed Taylor. Taylor became producer and A&R manager and he chose the name Pulse but then learned there was already a label with that name, so he added a prefix. In the mid-60s, Impulse. s headquarters were moved to 1130 Avenue of the Americas, Impulse. s albums are noted for their visual appeal. The black, orange, and white livery was devised by Fran Attaway, the color scheme was chosen for its brightness and because no other label used this combination. The labels logo featured the Impulse, name in a heavy, sans-serif, lower-cased font, followed by an exclamation mark that mirrors the lower-case i at the beginning. For most of the 1960s, Impulse. s album covers featured the logo in orange letters in a circle, with black-and-orange exclamation marks above it. One exception is the album A Love Supreme, which used the design in black, in 1968 the circular front-cover badge was replaced by a one-color design featuring a simplified Impulse. Logo and the ABC Records logo side by side within a rectangular border. Album covers often featured stylish, large-format photographs or paintings, usually in color, LPs were issued in a gatefold sleeve, with photographs and liner notes, in some cases, multi-page booklets. Taylor achieved early success by signing Ray Charles, who had just ended his contract with Atlantic Records, charless Genius + Soul = Jazz gave the label its first hit and became the fourth-highest charting album of his career. Other early successes included Out of the Cool by Gil Evans, nelson played an important role in the labels early years before relocating to Los Angeles, where he became an arranger for film and television
Impulse! Records
8.
Coleman Hawkins
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Coleman Randolph Hawkins, nicknamed Hawk and sometimes Bean, was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. One of the first prominent jazz musicians on his instrument, as Joachim E. Berendt explained, there were some tenor players before him, but the instrument was not an acknowledged jazz horn. While Hawkins is strongly associated with the music and big band era. Fellow saxophonist Lester Young, known as Pres, commented in a 1959 interview with The Jazz Review, As far as Im concerned, I think Coleman Hawkins was the President first, as far as myself, I think Im the second one. Miles Davis once said, When I heard Hawk, I learned to play ballads, Hawkins was born in Saint Joseph, Missouri, in 1904. He was named Coleman after his mother Cordelias maiden name and he attended high school in Chicago, then in Topeka, Kansas at Topeka High School. He later stated that he studied harmony and composition for two years at Washburn College in Topeka while still attending high school. In his youth he played piano and cello, and started playing saxophone at the age of nine, by the age of fourteen he was playing around eastern Kansas. Hawkinss first major gig was with Mamie Smiths Jazz Hounds in 1921, and he was with the band full-time from April 1922 to 1923, in the Jazz Hounds, he coincided with Garvin Bushell, Everett Robbins, Bubber Miley and Herb Flemming, among others. Hawkins joined Fletcher Hendersons Orchestra, where he remained until 1934, sometimes doubling on clarinet, Hawkinss playing changed significantly during Louis Armstrongs tenure with the Henderson Orchestra. In the late 1920s, Hawkins also participated in some of the earliest interracial recording sessions with the Mound City Blue Blowers, during his time with Henderson he became a star soloist with increasing prominence on records. He was also featured on a Benny Goodman session on February 2,1934 for Columbia, which also featured Mildred Bailey as guest vocalist. In a landmark recording of the era, captured as an afterthought at the session, Hawkins ignores almost all of the melody. In its exploration of harmonic structure it is considered by many to be the next step in jazz recording after Louis Armstrongs West End Blues in 1928. Hawkins time touring Europe between 1934 and 1939 allowed many other tenor saxophonists to establish themselves back in the U. S. including Lester Young, Ben Webster, and Chu Berry. After an unsuccessful attempt to establish a big band, he led a combo at Kellys Stables on Manhattans 52nd Street with Thelonious Monk, Oscar Pettiford, Miles Davis, later he toured with Howard McGhee and recorded with J. J. Johnson and Fats Navarro. He also toured with Jazz at the Philharmonic, after 1948 Hawkins divided his time between New York and Europe, making numerous freelance recordings. In 1948 Hawkins recorded Picasso, a piece for unaccompanied saxophone
Coleman Hawkins
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Coleman Hawkins, c. September 1946. Photo:
William P. Gottlieb.
Coleman Hawkins
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The grave of Coleman Hawkins
9.
Thelonious Monk
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Thelonious Sphere Monk was an American jazz pianist and composer. Monk is the second most-recorded jazz composer after Duke Ellington, which is remarkable as Ellington composed more than a thousand pieces. He was renowned for his style in suits, hats. Monk is one of five musicians to have been featured on the cover of Time, after Louis Armstrong, Dave Brubeck. Thelonious Sphere Monk was born two years after his sister Marion on October 10,1917, in Rocky Mount, North Carolina and his badly written birth certificate misspelled his first name as Thelious or Thelius. It also did not list his name, taken from his maternal grandfather. A brother, Thomas, was born in January 1920, in 1922, the family moved to 243 West 63rd Street, in Manhattan, New York City. Monk started playing the piano at the age of six, and was largely self-taught and he attended Stuyvesant High School but did not graduate. He toured with an evangelist in his teens, playing the church organ, in the early to mid-1940s, Monk was the house pianist at Mintons Playhouse, a Manhattan nightclub. Much of Monks style was developed during his time at Mintons, Monk is believed to be the pianist featured on recordings Jerry Newman made around 1941 at the club. Monks style at this time was described as hard-swinging, with the addition of runs in the style of Art Tatum. Monks stated influences included Duke Ellington, James P. Johnson, in the documentary Thelonious Monk, Straight, No Chaser, it is stated that Monk lived in the same neighborhood in New York City as Johnson and knew him as a teenager. So, the worked out a music that was hard to steal. Ill say this for the leeches, though, they tried, ive seen them in Mintons busily writing on their shirt cuffs or scribbling on the tablecloth. And even our own guys, Im afraid, did not give Monk the credit he had coming, why, they even stole his idea of the beret and bop glasses. In 1944 Monk made his first studio recordings with the Coleman Hawkins Quartet, Hawkins was one of the earliest established jazz musicians to promote Monk, and the pianist later returned the favor by inviting Hawkins to join him on a 1957 session with John Coltrane. Monk made his first recordings as leader for Blue Note in 1947, Monk married Nellie Smith the same year, and in 1949 the couple had a son, T. S. Monk, who became a jazz drummer. A daughter, Barbara, was born in 1953 and died in 1984 from cancer, in August 1951, New York City police searched a parked car occupied by Monk and friend Bud Powell
Thelonious Monk
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Monk at Minton's Playhouse, New York, 1947
Thelonious Monk
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From left, Thelonious Monk,
Howard McGhee,
Roy Eldridge, and
Teddy Hill,
Minton's Playhouse, New York, N.Y., c. September 1947
10.
Sonny Rollins
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Walter Theodore Sonny Rollins is an American jazz tenor saxophonist, widely recognized as one of the most important and influential jazz musicians. In a seven-decade career, he has recorded at least sixty albums as leader and a number of his compositions, including St. Thomas, Oleo, Doxy, Pent-Up House, Rollins was born in New York City to parents from the United States Virgin Islands. The youngest of three siblings, he grew up in central Harlem and on Sugar Hill, receiving his first alto saxophone at the age of seven or eight and he attended Edward W. Stitt Junior High School and graduated from Benjamin Franklin High School in East Harlem. Rollins started as a pianist, changed to alto saxophone, during his high school years, he played in a band with other future jazz legends Jackie McLean, Kenny Drew, and Art Taylor. After graduating from school in 1947, Rollins began performing professionally. Between 1951 and 1953, he recorded with Miles Davis, the Modern Jazz Quartet, Charlie Parker, a breakthrough arrived in 1954 when he recorded his famous compositions Oleo, Airegin, and Doxy with a quintet led by Davis that also featured pianist Horace Silver. In 1955, Rollins entered the Federal Medical Center, Lexington, Rollins initially feared sobriety would impair his musicianship, but then went on to greater success. Rollins briefly joined the Miles Davis Quintet in the summer of 1955, later that year, he joined the Clifford Brown–Max Roach quintet, studio albums documenting his time in the band are Clifford Brown and Max Roach at Basin Street and Sonny Rollins Plus 4. A long blues solo on Saxophone Colossus, Blue 7, was analyzed in depth by the composer and critic Gunther Schuller in a 1958 article. In the solo for St. Thomas, Rollins uses repetition of a pattern, and variations of that pattern, covering only a few tones in a tight range. This is interrupted by a sudden flourish, utilizing a much wider range before returning to the former pattern, in his book The Jazz Style of Sonny Rollins, David N. Baker explains that Rollins very often uses rhythm for its own sake. He will sometimes improvise on a pattern instead of on the melody or changes. In 1956 he married the actress and model Dawn Finney, in 1956 he also recorded Tenor Madness, using Daviss group – pianist Red Garland, bassist Paul Chambers, and drummer Philly Joe Jones. The title track is the recording of Rollins with John Coltrane. In 1957, Rollins pioneered the use of bass and drums, without piano, as accompaniment for his saxophone solos, two early tenor/bass/drums trio recordings are Way Out West and A Night at the Village Vanguard. Way Out West was so named because it was recorded for California-based Contemporary Records, the Village Vanguard album consists of two sets, a matinee with bassist Donald Bailey and drummer Pete LaRoca and an evening set with bassist Wilbur Ware and drummer Elvin Jones. Rollins used the trio format intermittently throughout his career, sometimes taking the step of using his sax as a rhythm section instrument during bass. Lew Tabackin cited Rollinss pianoless trio as an inspiration to lead his own, Joe Henderson, David S. Ware, Joe Lovano, Branford Marsalis, and Joshua Redman have also led pianoless sax trios
Sonny Rollins
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Rollins performing in October 2011
Sonny Rollins
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Rollins at Newport in 2008
Sonny Rollins
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Sonny Rollins at Stockholm Jazz Fest 2009
11.
Charlie Parker
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Charles Charlie Parker, Jr. also known as Yardbird and Bird, was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Parker was an influential jazz soloist and a leading figure in the development of bebop. Parker was a blazingly fast virtuoso, and he introduced revolutionary harmonic ideas including rapid passing chords, new variants of altered chords and his tone ranged from clean and penetrating to sweet and somber. Parker acquired the nickname Yardbird early in his career, Parker was an icon for the hipster subculture and later the Beat Generation, personifying the jazz musician as an uncompromising artist and intellectual rather than just an entertainer. Charles Parker, Jr. was born in Kansas City, Kansas, and raised in Kansas City, Missouri, the child of Charles Parker and Adelaide Addie. He attended Lincoln High School in September 1934, but withdrew in December 1935, Parker began playing the saxophone at age 11, and at age 14 he joined his schools band using a rented school instrument. His father, Charles, was absent but provided some musical influence, he was a pianist. He later became a Pullman waiter or chef on the railways, Parkers mother Addie worked nights at the local Western Union office. His biggest influence at that time was a trombone player who taught him the basics of improvisation. In the late 1930s Parker began to practice diligently, during this period he mastered improvisation and developed some of the ideas that led to bebop. In an interview with Paul Desmond, he said that he spent three to four years practicing up to 15 hours a day, bands led by Count Basie and Bennie Moten certainly influenced Parker. In 1937, Parker played at a jam session at the Reno Club in Kansas City and his attempt to improvise failed when he lost track of the chord changes. This prompted Jo Jones, the drummer for Count Basies Orchestra, in 1938 Parker joined pianist Jay McShanns territory band. The band toured nightclubs and other venues of the southwest, as well as Chicago, Parker made his professional recording debut with McShanns band. As a teenager, Parker developed a morphine addiction while hospitalized after an automobile accident and he continued using heroin throughout his life, and it ultimately contributed to his death. In 1939 Parker moved to New York City, to pursue a career in music and he held several other jobs as well. He worked for nine dollars a week as a dishwasher at Jimmies Chicken Shack, in 1942 Parker left McShanns band and played for one year with Earl Hines, whose band included Dizzy Gillespie, who later played with Parker as a duo. This period is virtually undocumented, due to the strike of 1942–1943 by the American Federation of Musicians, Parker joined a group of young musicians, and played in after-hours clubs in Harlem, such as [[Clark Monroes Uptown House
Charlie Parker
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Parker with
Tommy Potter,
Max Roach and
Miles Davis at Three Deuces, New York
Charlie Parker
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Parker's grave at Lincoln Cemetery
Charlie Parker
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"Bird Lives" sculpture by
Robert Graham in Kansas City, Missouri
Charlie Parker
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Charlie Parker Residence
12.
Duke Ellington
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Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington was an American composer, pianist, and bandleader of a jazz orchestra, which he led from 1923 until his death in a career spanning over fifty years. Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920s onward, in the 1930s, his orchestra toured in Europe. Some of the musicians who were members of Ellingtons orchestra, such as saxophonist Johnny Hodges, are considered to be among the best players in jazz, Ellington melded them into the best-known orchestral unit in the history of jazz. Some members stayed with the orchestra for several decades, a master at writing miniatures for the three-minute 78 rpm recording format, Ellington often composed specifically to feature the style and skills of his individual musicians. Ellington also recorded songs written by his bandsmen, for example Juan Tizols Caravan, and Perdido, after 1941, Ellington collaborated with composer-arranger-pianist Billy Strayhorn, whom he called his writing and arranging companion. With Strayhorn, he composed many extended compositions, or suites, following an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival, in July 1956, Ellington and his orchestra enjoyed a major career revival and embarked on world tours. Ellington recorded for most American record companies of his era, performed in films, scoring several. His reputation continued to rise after he died, and he was awarded a special posthumous Pulitzer Prize for music in 1999, Ellington was born on April 29,1899, to James Edward Ellington and Daisy Ellington in Washington, D. C. Daisy primarily played parlor songs and James preferred operatic arias and they lived with his maternal grandparents at 2129 Ida Place, NW, in the West End neighborhood of Washington, D. C. Dukes father was born in Lincolnton, North Carolina, on April 15,1879, Daisy Kennedy was born in Washington, D. C. on January 4,1879, the daughter of a former American slave. James Ellington made blueprints for the United States Navy, when Ellington was a child, his family showed racial pride and support in their home, as did many other families. African Americans in D. C. worked to protect their children from the eras Jim Crow laws, at the age of seven, Ellington began taking piano lessons from Marietta Clinkscales. Daisy surrounded her son with dignified women to reinforce his manners, Ellingtons childhood friends noticed that his casual, offhand manner, his easy grace, and his dapper dress gave him the bearing of a young nobleman, and began calling him Duke. Ellington credited his chum Edgar McEntree for the nickname, I think he felt that in order for me to be eligible for his constant companionship, I should have a title. Though Ellington took piano lessons, he was interested in baseball. President Roosevelt would come by on his horse sometimes, and stop and watch us play, Ellington went to Armstrong Technical High School in Washington, D. C. He gained his first job selling peanuts at Washington Senators baseball games, in the summer of 1914, while working as a soda jerk at the Poodle Dog Café, Ellington wrote his first composition, Soda Fountain Rag. He created the piece by ear, as he had not yet learned to read, I would play the Soda Fountain Rag as a one-step, two-step, waltz, tango, and fox trot, Ellington recalled
Duke Ellington
–
Ellington c. 1940s
Duke Ellington
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"East St. Louis Toodle-Oo" (1927)
Duke Ellington
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Duke Ellington at the Hurricane Club in New York, May 1943
Duke Ellington
–
Ellington poses with his piano at the KFG Radio Studio November 3, 1954.
13.
Eric Dolphy
–
Eric Allan Dolphy, Jr. was an American jazz alto saxophonist, flautist, and bass clarinetist. On a few occasions, he played the clarinet and piccolo. Dolphy was one of several multi-instrumentalists to gain prominence in the 1960s and he was one of the first important bass clarinet soloists in jazz, extended the vocabulary and boundaries of the alto saxophone, and was among the earliest significant jazz flute soloists. Dolphy was born in Los Angeles to Eric Allan Dolphy, Sr. and Sadie Dolphy and he picked up the clarinet at the age of six, and in less than a month was playing in the schools orchestra. He also learned the oboe in high school, though he never recorded on the instrument. Hearing Fats Waller, Duke Ellington and Coleman Hawkins led him towards jazz and he picked up the saxophone and flute while in high school. His father built a studio for Eric in their backyard, and Eric often had friends come by to jam and he performed locally for several years, most notably as a member of bebop big bands led by Gerald Wilson and Roy Porter. He was educated at Los Angeles City College and also directed its orchestra, on early recordings, he occasionally played baritone saxophone, as well as alto saxophone, flute and soprano clarinet. Dolphy finally had his big break as a member of Chico Hamiltons quintet, with the group he became known to a wider audience and was able to tour extensively through 1958-1959, when he parted ways with Hamilton and moved to New York City. Dolphy appears with Hamiltons band in the film Jazz on a Summers Day playing flute during the Newport Jazz Festival 58, Charles Mingus had known Eric from growing up in Los Angeles, and Dolphy joined his band shortly after arriving in New York. He took part in Mingus big band recording Pre-Bird, and is featured on Bemoanable Lady, later he joined Mingus working band which also included Dannie Richmond and Ted Curson. They worked at the Showplace during 1960 and recorded the albums, Dolphy, Mingus said, was a complete musician. He was a lead alto in a big band. He could make it in a classical group, and, of course, he was entirely his own man when he soloed. And he had mastered all the instruments he played, in fact, he knew more than was supposed to be possible to do on them. During this time, Dolphy also recorded a large ensemble session for the Candid label, Dolphy left Mingus band in 1961 and went to Europe for a few months, where he recorded in Scandinavia and Berlin, though he would record with Mingus throughout his career. He participated in the big band session for Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus in 1963 and is featured on Hora Decubitus, in early 1964, he joined Mingus working band again, along with Jaki Byard, Johnny Coles, and Clifford Jordan. This sextet worked at the Five Spot before playing shows at Cornell University and Town Hall in New York, many recordings were made of their tour, which, although short, is well-documented
Eric Dolphy
–
Eric Dolphy
14.
Miles Davis
–
Miles Dewey Davis III was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. He is among the most influential and acclaimed figures in the history of jazz, with his ever-changing directions in music, Davis was at the forefront of a number of major stylistic developments in jazz over his five-decade career. In the early 1950s, Davis recorded some of the earliest hard bop music while on Prestige Records, after a widely acclaimed comeback performance at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1955, he signed a long-term contract with Columbia Records and recorded the 1957 album Round About Midnight. It was his first work with saxophonist John Coltrane and bassist Paul Chambers and his million-selling 1970 record Bitches Brew helped spark a resurgence in the genres commercial popularity with jazz fusion as the decade progressed. In 2006, Davis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Miles Dewey Davis III was born on May 26,1926 into an affluent middle class African-American family in Alton, Illinois,15 miles north of St. Louis. The second of three children, he had a sister, Dorothy Mae, and a younger brother. His father, Miles Dewey Davis II of Arkansas, was a dental surgeon who earned three college degrees, and his mother Cleota Mae Davis, also of Arkansas, was a music teacher. They owned a 200-acre estate near Pine Bluff, Arkansas that housed a profitable pig farm where Davis and his siblings would ride horses, fish, and hunt. In 1927, the moved to East St. Louis, Illinois. From 1932 to 1934, Davis attended John Robinson Elementary School, an institution, followed by Crispus Attucks School where he performed well in mathematics, music. As a youngster Davis developed his earliest appreciation for music, citing the the blues, big bands, and gospel music. In 1935, Davis received his first trumpet as a gift from John Eubanks, a friend of his father and his mother objected the choice of instrument as she preferred her son took up the violin. Davis would carry his signature tone throughout his career. He once remarked on its importance to him, saying, I prefer a round sound with no attitude in it, like a voice with not too much tremolo. If I cant get that sound I cant play anything, in 1939, the family moved to 1701 Kansas Avenue in East St. Louis. For his 13th birthday held that year, Davis father bought his son a new trumpet, around this time, Davis took additional trumpet lessons from Joseph Gustat, principal trumpeter of the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra. In 1941, the 15-year-old Davis began at East St. Louis Lincoln High School where he joined the marching band directed by Buchanan. Davis claimed the contests he did not win was largely down to prejudice over his race, I went and got everything, every book I could get to learn about theory
Miles Davis
–
Davis in 1955, photo by
Tom Palumbo
Miles Davis
–
Miles Davis Youth House on 17th st. and Kansas Av.,
East St. Louis, IL in oct. 2014
Miles Davis
–
Tommy Potter,
Charlie Parker, Miles Davis,
Duke Jordan,
Max Roach, August 1947
Miles Davis
–
Coleman Hawkins and Miles Davis, c. September 1947
15.
Charles Mingus
–
Charles Mingus Jr. was an American jazz double bassist, composer and bandleader. His compositions retained the hot and soulful feel of hard bop, drawing heavily from black gospel music and blues, while containing elements of Third Stream, free jazz. He once cited Duke Ellington and church as his main influences, Mingus espoused collective improvisation, similar to the old New Orleans jazz parades, paying particular attention to how each band member interacted with the group as a whole. In creating his bands, he looked not only at the skills of the available musicians, many musicians passed through his bands and later went on to impressive careers. He recruited talented and sometimes little-known artists, whom he utilized to assemble unconventional instrumental configurations, as a performer, Mingus was a pioneer in double bass technique, widely recognized as one of the instruments most proficient players. Nearly as well known as his ambitious music was Minguss often fearsome temperament and his refusal to compromise his musical integrity led to many onstage eruptions, exhortations to musicians, and dismissals. Indeed, Dizzy Gillespie had once claimed Mingus reminded him of a young Duke, Gunther Schuller has suggested that Mingus should be ranked among the most important American composers, jazz or otherwise. Charles Mingus was born in Nogales, Arizona and he was largely raised in the Watts area of Los Angeles. His maternal grandfather was a Chinese British subject from Hong Kong, Mingus was the third great-grandson of the familys founding partiarch who was, by most accounts, a German immigrant. His ancestors included German American, African American, British, Chinese, in Minguss autobiography Beneath the Underdog his mother was described as the daughter of an Englishman and a Chinese woman, and his father was the son of a black farm worker and a Swedish woman. The autobiography doesnt confirm whether Charles Mingus Sr. or Mingus himself believed this story was true and his mother allowed only church-related music in their home, but Mingus developed an early love for other music, especially Duke Ellington. Despite this, Mingus was still attached to the cello, as he studied bass with Red Callender in the late 1930s, Callender even commented that the cello was still Minguss main instrument. In Beneath the Underdog, Mingus states that he did not actually start learning bass until Buddy Collette accepted him into his band under the stipulation that he be the bands bass player. Due to an education, the young Mingus could not read musical notation quickly enough to join the local youth orchestra. This had a impact on his early musical experiences, leaving him feeling ostracized from the classical music world. These early experiences, in addition to his confrontations with racism, were reflected in his music. Much of the technique he learned was applicable to double bass when he took up the instrument in high school. He studied for five years with Herman Reinshagen, principal bassist of the New York Philharmonic, throughout much of his career, he played a bass made in 1927 by the German maker Ernst Heinrich Roth
Charles Mingus
–
Performance for the
U.S. Bicentennial, New York City, July 4, 1976 Photo by
Tom Marcello
16.
Dizzy Gillespie
–
John Birks Dizzy Gillespie was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, composer, and singer. AllMusics Scott Yanow wrote, Dizzy Gillespies contributions to jazz were huge, Gillespie was a trumpet virtuoso and improviser, building on the virtuoso style of Roy Eldridge but adding layers of harmonic complexity previously unheard in jazz. His beret and horn-rimmed spectacles, his singing, his bent horn, pouched cheeks. In the 1940s Gillespie, with Charlie Parker, became a figure in the development of bebop. He taught and influenced other musicians, including trumpeters Miles Davis, Jon Faddis, Fats Navarro, Clifford Brown, Arturo Sandoval, Lee Morgan, Chuck Mangione. Gillespie was born in Cheraw, South Carolina, the youngest of nine children of James, James was a local bandleader, so instruments were made available to the children. Gillespie started to play the piano at the age of four, Gillespies father died when he was only ten years old. Gillespie taught himself how to play the trombone as well as the trumpet by the age of twelve, from the night he heard his idol, Roy Eldridge, play on the radio, he dreamed of becoming a jazz musician. He received a scholarship to the Laurinburg Institute in North Carolina which he attended for two years before accompanying his family when they moved to Philadelphia. Teddy Hills band was where Gillespie made his first recording, King Porter Stomp, Willis was not immediately friendly but Gillespie was attracted anyway. The two finally married on May 9,1940 and they remained married until his death in 1993. Gillespie stayed with Teddy Hills band for a year, then left, in 1939, Gillespie joined Cab Calloways orchestra, with which he recorded one of his earliest compositions, the instrumental Pickin the Cabbage, in 1940. After a notorious altercation between the two men, Calloway fired Gillespie in late 1941, the incident is recounted by Gillespie, along with fellow Calloway band members Milt Hinton and Jonah Jones, in Jean Bachs 1997 film, The Spitball Story. Calloway did not approve of Gillespies mischievous humor, nor of his approach to soloing, according to Jones. Finally, their grudge for each other erupted over a thrown spitball, Calloway never thought highly of Gillespie, because he didnt view Gillespie as a good musician. Once during a rehearsal, a member of the band threw a spitball, already in a foul mood, Calloway decided to blame this on Gillespie. In order to clear his name, Gillespie didn’t take the blame, Calloway had minor cuts on the thigh and wrist. After the two men were separated, Calloway fired Gillespie, a few days later, Gillespie tried to apologize to Calloway, but he was dismissed
Dizzy Gillespie
–
Gillespie in concert, Deauville,
Normandy, France
Dizzy Gillespie
–
Dizzy Gillespie,
Tadd Dameron,
Hank Jones,
Mary Lou Williams and Milt Orent in 1947
Dizzy Gillespie
–
Tadd Dameron, Mary Lou Williams and Dizzy Gillespie in 1947
Dizzy Gillespie
–
Ella Fitzgerald, Dizzy Gillespie,
Ray Brown,
Milt Jackson and
Timme Rosenkrantz in September 1947, New York
17.
Clifford Brown
–
Brownie, was an American jazz trumpeter. He died at the age of 25 in a car accident, nonetheless, he had a considerable influence on later jazz trumpet players, including Donald Byrd, Lee Morgan, Booker Little, Arturo Sandoval and Freddie Hubbard. He was also a composer of note, two of his compositions, Joy Spring and Daahoud, have become jazz standards. Brown won the Down Beat critics poll for the New Star of the Year in 1954, Brown was born into a musical family in a progressive East-Side neighborhood of Wilmington, Delaware. His father organized his four youngest sons, including Clifford, into a vocal quartet, around age ten, Brown started playing trumpet at school after becoming fascinated with the shiny trumpet his father owned. At age thirteen, upon entering senior high, his father bought him his own trumpet, as a junior in high school, he received lessons from Robert Boysie Lowery and played in a jazz group that Lowery organized. He even began making trips to Philadelphia, Brown took pride in his neighborhood and earned a good education from Howard High. Brown briefly attended Delaware State University as a major, before he switched to Maryland State College. Brown played in the fourteen-piece, jazz-oriented, Maryland State Band, in June 1950, he was seriously injured in a car accident after a successful gig. During his year-long hospitalization, Dizzy Gillespie visited the younger trumpeter, Browns injuries limited him to the piano for months, he never fully recovered and would routinely dislocate his shoulder for the rest of his life. Brown moved into playing music professionally, where he became one of the most highly regarded trumpeters in jazz. Brown was influenced and encouraged by Fats Navarro, sharing Navarros virtuosic technique and his sound was warm and round, and notably consistent across the full range of the instrument. He could articulate every note, even at very fast tempos which seemed to present no difficulty to him and his sense of harmony was highly developed, enabling him to deliver bold statements through complex harmonic progressions, and embodying the linear, algebraic terms of bebop harmony. In addition to his prowess, he could express himself deeply in a ballad performance. His first recordings were with R&B bandleader Chris Powell, following which he performed with Tadd Dameron, J. J. Johnson, Lionel Hampton, and Art Blakey before forming his own group with Max Roach. The Clifford Brown & Max Roach Quintet was a mark of the hard bop style. Browns trumpet was originally partnered with Harold Lands tenor saxophone, after Land left in 1955 in order to spend more time with his wife, Sonny Rollins joined and remained a member of the group for the rest of its existence. In their hands the bebop vernacular reached a peak of inventiveness, the clean-living Brown escaped the influence of heroin on the jazz world
Clifford Brown
–
Clifford Brown
18.
Sonny Stitt
–
Edward Sonny Stitt was an American jazz saxophonist of the bebop/hard bop idiom. He was one of the best-documented saxophonists of his generation, recording more than 100 albums and he was nicknamed the Lone Wolf by jazz critic Dan Morgenstern, in reference to his relentless touring and devotion to jazz. Stitt was sometimes viewed as a mere Charlie Parker mimic, especially earlier in his career, edward Boatner, Jr. was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and grew up in Saginaw, Michigan. Sonny was given up for adoption in 1924 by his father, no one seems to know why Boatner gave his son away, but the child was adopted by the Stitt family, who raised him in Saginaw. He later began calling himself Sonny, while in high school in Saginaw, Stitt played in the Len Francke Band, a local popular swing band. Parker is alleged to have remarked, Well, Ill be damned, you sound just like me, to which Stitt responded, Well and its the only way I know how to play. Kenny Clarke remarked of Stitts approach, Even if there had not been a Bird, Stitt had played in some swing bands in the early 1940s and was featured in Tiny Bradshaws big band in the early forties. He replaced Charlie Parker in Dizzy Gillespies bopbig band in 1945 and in 1946 made the first recordings under his own name for Savoy Records, later on, he played with Gene Ammons and Bud Powell. Stitt spent time at the Federal prison in Lexington, Kentucky, indeed, Stitt began to develop a far more distinctive sound on tenor. Stitt joined Miles Davis briefly in 1960, and recordings with Davis quintet can be only in live settings on the tour of 1960. Concerts in Manchester and Paris are available commercially and also a number of concerts on the record Live at Stockholm, all of which featured Wynton Kelly, Jimmy Cobb and Paul Chambers. However, Miles fired Stitt due to the drinking habit he had developed. Later in the 1960s, Stitt paid homage to one of his influences, Charlie Parker, on the album Stitt Plays Bird. Stitt recorded a number of records with his friend and fellow saxophonist Gene Ammons. Stitt would venture into soul jazz, and he recorded with fellow tenor saxophonist Booker Ervin in 1964 on the Soul People album, Stitt also recorded with Duke Ellington alumnus Paul Gonsalves in 1963 for Impulse. on the Salt And Pepper album in 1963. Stitt was one of the first jazz musicians to experiment with the Selmer Varitone amplification system as heard on the albums Whats New in 1966, indeed, his fiery and ebullient soloing was quite reminiscent of his earlier playing. In 1971 he also recorded album with Varitone, Just The Way It Was - Live At The Left Bank. Stitts productivity dropped in the 1970s due to alcoholism, Stitt had drank heavily since giving up heroin in the late fifties but the abuse was beginning to take its toll
Sonny Stitt
–
Sonny Stitt in New York City on July 6, 1976
19.
Billy Eckstine
–
William Clarence Billy Eckstine was an American jazz and pop singer, and a bandleader of the swing era. He was noted for his rich, resonant, almost operatic bass-baritone voice, Eckstines recording of I Apologize was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1999. Eckstines paternal grandparents were William F. Eckstein and Nannie Eckstein, William F. was born in Prussia and Nannie in Virginia. His parents were William Eckstein, a chauffeur, and Charlotte Eckstein, Eckstine was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a State Historical Marker is placed at 5913 Bryant St, Highland Park, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to mark the house where he grew up. Billys sister, Maxine, was a well-respected Spanish teacher at Taylor Allderdice High School in Pittsburgh and he attended Peabody High School before moving to Washington, DC. He attended Armstrong High School, St. Paul Normal and Industrial School and he left Howard in 1933, after winning first place in an amateur talent contest. He married his first wife, June, in 1942, after their divorce in 1952, he remarried shortly after to actress and model Carolle Drake in 1953, and they remained married until his death. Heading to Chicago, Eckstine joined Earl Hines Grand Terrace Orchestra in 1939, staying with the band as vocalist and trumpeter, by that time, Eckstine had begun to make a name for himself through the Hines bands juke-box hits as Stormy Monday Blues and his own Jelly Jelly. In 1944, Eckstine formed his own big band and it became the school for adventurous young musicians who would shape the future of jazz. Included in this group were Dizzy Gillespie, Dexter Gordon, Miles Davis, Art Blakey, Charlie Parker, tadd Dameron, Gil Fuller and Jerry Valentine were among the bands arrangers. The Billy Eckstine Orchestra is considered to be the first bop big-band, both were awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Dizzy Gillespie, in reflecting on the band in his 1979 autobiography To Be or Not to Bop, gives this perspective and our attack was strong, and we were playing bebop, the modern style. No other band like this one existed in the world, Eckstine became a solo performer in 1947, with records featuring lush sophisticated orchestrations. Even before folding his band, Eckstine had recorded solo to support it, far more successful than his band recordings, these prefigured Eckstine’s future career. Eckstine would go on to record over a dozen hits during the late 1940s and he signed with the newly established MGM Records, and had immediate hits with revivals of Everything I Have Is Yours, Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart’s Blue Moon, and Juan Tizol’s Caravan. Eckstine had further success in 1950 with Victor Young’s theme song to My Foolish Heart, and his 1950 appearance at the Paramount Theatre in New York City drew a larger audience than Frank Sinatra at his Paramount performance. One photograph taken by Holmes and published in LIFE showed Eckstine with a group of female admirers, Eckstines biographer Cary Ginell, wrote of the image that Holmes. captured a moment of shared exuberance, joy, and affection, unblemished by racial tension. Holmes would later describe the photograph as the favorite of the many she had taken in her career as it. told just what the world should be like
Billy Eckstine
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Billy Eckstine in New York City c.1946
Billy Eckstine
–
Sarah Vaughan & Billy Eckstine at Monterey Jazz Festival 1981. Photo by Brian McMillen
20.
Stan Getz
–
Stanley Stan Getz was an American jazz saxophonist. Playing primarily the tenor saxophone, Getz was known as The Sound because of his warm, lyrical tone, his influence being the wispy, mellow timbre of his idol. Coming to prominence in the late 1940s with Woody Hermans big band, Getz was born on February 2,1927, at St. Vincents Hospital in Philadelphia. In 1913, Harris and Beckie emigrated to the United States with their three sons Al, Phil, and Ben after their son Louis Gayetski in 1912. The Getz family first settled in Philadelphia, but during the depression the family moved to New York City, Getz worked hard in school, receiving straight As, and finished sixth grade close to the top of his class. Getzs major interest was in musical instruments and he played a number of them before his father bought him his first saxophone at the age of 13. Even though his father also got him a clarinet, Getz instantly fell in love with the saxophone and he attended James Monroe High School in the Bronx. In 1941, he was accepted into the All City High School Orchestra of New York City and this gave him a chance to receive private, free tutoring from the New York Philharmonics Simon Kovar, a bassoon player. He also continued playing the saxophone and he eventually dropped out of school in order to pursue his musical career, but was later sent back to the classroom by the school systems truancy officers. In 1943 at the age of 16, he was accepted into Jack Teagardens band, Getz also played along with Nat King Cole and Lionel Hampton. With Herman, he had a hit with Early Autumn and after Getz left The Second Herd he was able to launch his solo career and he was the leader on almost all of his recording sessions after 1950. Getzs reputation was enhanced by his featured status on Johnny Smiths 1952 album Moonlight in Vermont. The single of the tune became a hit that stayed on the charts for months. In the mid to late 1950s working from Scandinavia, Getz became popular playing cool jazz with Horace Silver, Johnny Smith, Oscar Peterson, and many others. His first two quintets were notable for their personnel, including Charlie Parkers rhythm section of drummer Roy Haynes, pianist Al Haig, a 1953 line-up of the Dizzy Gillespie/Stan Getz Sextet featured Gillespie, Getz, Peterson, Herb Ellis, Ray Brown and Max Roach. Returning to the U. S. from Europe in 1961, teaming with guitarist Charlie Byrd, who had just returned from a U. S. State Department tour of Brazil, Getz recorded Jazz Samba in 1962 and it quickly became a hit. Getz won the Grammy for Best Jazz Performance of 1963 for Desafinado and it sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. His second bossa nova album, also recorded in 1962, was Big Band Bossa Nova with composer and arranger Gary McFarland, as a follow-up, Getz recorded the album, Jazz Samba Encore. with one of the originators of bossa nova, Brazilian guitarist Luiz Bonfá
Stan Getz
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Stan Getz in 1958
Stan Getz
–
With his granddaughter Katie in 1987 at the
Lincoln Center
21.
Bebop
–
As bebop was not intended for dancing, it enabled the musicians to play at faster tempos. Bebop musicians explored advanced harmonies, complex syncopation, altered chords, extended chords, chord substitutions, asymmetrical phrasing, Bebop groups used rhythm sections in a way that expanded their role. The term bebop is derived from nonsense syllables used in scat singing and it appears again in a 1936 recording of Ise a Muggin by Jack Teagarden. A variation, rebop, appears in several 1939 recordings, the first, known print appearance also occurred in 1939, but the term was little-used subsequently until applied to the music now associated with it in the mid-1940s. Some researchers speculate that it was a used by Charlie Christian because it sounded like something he hummed along with his playing. Another theory is that it derives from the cry of Arriba, used by Latin American bandleaders of the period to encourage their bands. At times, the bebop and rebop were used interchangeably. By 1945, the use of bebop/rebop as nonsense syllables was widespread in R&B music, ability to play sustained, high energy, and creative solos was highly valued for this newer style and the basis of intense competition. Swing-era jam sessions and cutting contests in Kansas City became legendary, the Kansas City approach to swing was epitomized by the Count Basie Orchestra, which came to national prominence in 1937. One young admirer of the Basie orchestra in Kansas City was an alto saxophone player named Charlie Parker. Young was equally daring with his rhythm and phrasing as with his approach to harmonic structures in his solos and he would frequently repeat simple two or three note figures, with shifting rhythmic accents expressed by volume, articulation, or tone. His phrasing was far removed from the two or four bar phrases that players had used until then. They would often be extended to an odd number of measures and he would take a breath in the middle of a phrase, using the pause, or free space, as a creative device. The overall effect was that his solos were something floating above the rest of the music, Parker played along with the new Basie recordings on a Victrola until he could play Youngs solos note for note. That understatement of harmonically sophisticated chords would soon be used by young musicians exploring the new language of bebop. That solo showed a sophisticated harmonic exploration of the tune, with implied passing chords, Hawkins would eventually go on to lead the first formal recording of the bebop style in early 1944. As the 1930s turned to the 1940s, Parker went to New York as a player in the Jay McShann Orchestra. Guitarist Charlie Christian, who had arrived in New York with the Benny Goodman Orchestra in 1939 was, like Parker, christians major influence was in the realm of rhythmic phrasing
Bebop
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Dizzy Gillespie, at the Downbeat Club, NYC, ca 1947
Bebop
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Several Bebop musicians headlining on
52nd Street, May 1948
22.
Down Beat
–
Downbeat, down beat or Down Beat may refer to, Downbeat, the first beat of a measure in music. This term originated from orchestral conducting, where the lowest point on the signals the first beat in a given measure. It is now used widely throughout music to indicate the beginning of a piece of music. Downbeat, a club in New York City. See, List of jazz venues in the United States
Down Beat
23.
Civil Rights Movement
–
This article covers the phase of the movement between 1954 and 1968, particularly in the South. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance, between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations and productive dialogues between activists and government authorities. Federal, state, and local governments, businesses, and communities often had to immediately to these situations. The 1950s and 1960s Civil Rights Movement witnessed the passage of several pieces of federal legislation. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 restored and protected voting rights for minorities, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 removed racial and national barriers and opened the way for non-white immigrants. The Fair Housing Act of 1968 banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing, African Americans re-entered politics in the South, and across the country young people were inspired to take action. A wave of inner city riots in black communities from 1964 through 1970 undercut support from the white community. Many popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King, but, some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person, organization, or strategy. Before the American Civil War, almost four million blacks were enslaved in the South, only men of property could vote. From 1865 to 1877, the United States underwent a turbulent Reconstruction Era trying to free labor. Many whites resisted the changes, leading to insurgent movements such as the Ku Klux Klan, whose members attacked black. In 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant, the U. S. Army, however, if the states failed to implement the acts, the laws allowed the Federal Government to get involved. Many Republican governors were afraid of sending black militia troops to fight the clan in fear of war, for more than 60 years, blacks in the South were not able to elect anyone to represent their interests in Congress or local government. Since they could not vote, they could not serve on local juries, during this period, the white-dominated Democratic Party maintained political control of the South. With whites controlling all the seats representing the population of the South. The Republican Party—the party of Lincoln—which had been the party that most blacks belonged to, until 1965, the solid South was a one-party system under the Democrats. Outside a few areas, the Democratic Party nomination was tantamount to election for state, in 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House, making him the first African American to attend an official dinner there. The invitation was roundly criticized by politicians and newspapers
Civil Rights Movement
–
Four leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. From left:
Bayard Rustin,
Andrew Young, (N.Y. Cong.
William Ryan),
James Farmer, and
John Lewis in 1965.
Civil Rights Movement
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The mob-style
lynching of Will James, Cairo, Illinois, 1909.
Civil Rights Movement
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School integration, Barnard School, Washington, D.C., 1955
Civil Rights Movement
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Troops from the
327th Regiment, 101st Airborne escorting the
Little Rock Nine African-American students up the steps of Central High.
24.
Pasquotank County
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Pasquotank County /ˈpæskwətænk/ is a county located in the U. S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 40,661 and its county seat is Elizabeth City. The county was created as Pasquotank Precinct and gained county status in 1739. Pasquotank County is part of the Elizabeth City, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 289 square miles, of which 227 square miles is land and 63 square miles is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in North Carolina by land area, almost all of the terrain in Pasquotank County is flatland with a topography near sea level, a characteristic of most of North Carolinas Coastal Plain. The county is flanked by two rivers, the Pasquotank—with which it shares its name—to the east, and the Little River to the west, the population density was 154 people per square mile. There were 14,289 housing units at a density of 63 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 56. 7% White,37. 8% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,1. 1% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,1. 8% from other races, and 2. 2% from two or more races. 4. 0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,25. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the family size was 3.01. In the county, the population was out with 24. 9% under the age of 18,11. 3% from 18 to 24,28. 4% from 25 to 44,21. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males, the median income for a household in the county was $30,444, and the median income for a family was $36,402. Males had an income of $30,072 versus $21,652 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,815,18. 4% of the population and 15. 5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the people living in poverty,25. 5% are under the age of 18 and 17. 9% are 65 or older. Pasquotank County is a member of the Albemarle Commission regional council of governments
Pasquotank County
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Pasquotank County Courthouse
25.
North Carolina
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North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain
North Carolina
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North Carolina topographic map
North Carolina
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Flag
North Carolina
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The
Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from the
Blue Ridge Parkway.
North Carolina
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Deer in the
Eno River as it flows through the Piedmont region of North Carolina
26.
Great Dismal Swamp
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The Great Dismal Swamp is a large swamp in the Coastal Plain Region of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina, between Norfolk, Virginia, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina. It is located in parts of the southern Virginia independent cities of Chesapeake and Suffolk and northern North Carolina counties of Gates, Pasquotank, some estimates place the size of the original swamp at over one million acres, stretching from Norfolk, Virginia to Edenton, North Carolina. Lake Drummond, a 3, 100-acre natural lake, is located in the heart of the swamp, the lake, a remarkably circular body of water, is one of only two natural lakes in Virginia. Along the Great Dismal Swamps eastern edge runs the Dismal Swamp Canal, the refuge was officially established through the Dismal Swamp Act of 1974, and today consists of over 112,000 acres of forested wetlands. Outside the boundaries of the refuge, the state of North Carolina has preserved and protected additional portions of the swamp through the establishment of the Dismal Swamp State Park, the park protects 22 square miles of forested wetland. A45, 611-acre remnant of the swamp was declared a National Natural Landmark in 1973. The origin of Lake Drummond, one of two natural lakes in Virginia, is not entirely clear as there is no apparent network of natural streams emptying into the lake. Archaeological evidence suggests varying cultures of humans have inhabited the swamp for 13,000 years, in 1650, Algonquian-speaking Native Americans of coastal tribes lived in the swamp. In 1665, William Drummond, the first governor of North Carolina, was the first European recorded as discovering the swamps lake, settlers did not appreciate the ecological importance of wetlands. In 1763, George Washington visited the area, and he and others founded the Dismal Swamp Company in a venture to drain the swamp, the company later turned to the more profitable goal of timber harvesting. Several African-American maroon societies lived in the Great Dismal Swamp during early American history and these Great Dismal Swamp maroons consisted of black refugee slaves who had escaped to seek safety and liberty. The swamps role in the history of slavery in the United States is reflected in Harriet Beecher Stowes second novel, Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp. The Underground Railroad Education Pavilion, a set up to educate visitors about the fugitive slaves who lived in the swamp, was opened February 24,2012. The Dismal Swamp Canal was authorized by Virginia in 1787 and by North Carolina in 1790, construction began in 1793 and was completed in 1805. The canal, as well as a railroad constructed through part of the swamp in 1830, the canal deteriorated after the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal was completed in 1858. In 1929, the United States Government bought the Dismal Swamp Canal, the canal is now the oldest operating artificial waterway in the country. Like the Albemarle and Chesapeake canals, it is part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway and this area is along the Atlantic Flyway of migrating species. S. During this time, a 45, 611-acre portion of the swamp was declared a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service in 1973 due to its combination of geological and ecological features
Great Dismal Swamp
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Photograph of
Lake Drummond,
Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge,
Virginia
Great Dismal Swamp
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Refugee slaves in the Great Dismal Swamp before the Civil War, painted 1888
Great Dismal Swamp
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Photograph of the reddish-colored sand of the shallow water on a calm day of
Lake Drummond,
Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge,
Virginia
Great Dismal Swamp
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Locator map of the Great Dismal Swamp
27.
Avery County
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Avery County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,797, the county seat was initially established in Elk Park when the county was first formed, but was moved to Newland upon completion of the courthouse in 1912. Founded in 1911, it is the youngest of North Carolinas 100 counties, the county is the newest of North Carolinas 100 counties. It was formed in 1911 from parts of Caldwell County, Mitchell County and it was named for Waightstill Avery, a colonel in the American Revolutionary War and the first Attorney General of North Carolina. It is often noted for the amount of Christmas trees that the county produces. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 247 square miles. Avery County is extremely rural and mountainous with all of the terrain located within the Appalachian Mountains range. The highest point in the county is Grassy Ridge Bald,6,165 feet above sea level, most of Grandfather Mountain is within Avery county. At 5,526 feet, Beech Mountain is the highest incorporated community east of the Mississippi River, at 3,606 feet Newland is the highest county seat in the Eastern USA. The population density was 70 people per square mile, there were 11,911 housing units at an average density of 48 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 95% White,3. 48% Black or African American,0. 34% Native American,0. 19% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 28% from other races, and 0. 71% from two or more races. 2. 41% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the family size was 2.82. In the county, the population was out with 19. 40% under the age of 18,10. 30% from 18 to 24,30. 10% from 25 to 44,24. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age of Avery County is aging, with it at 38 years, for every 100 females there were 111.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $30,627, and the median income for a family was $37,454. Males had an income of $25,983 versus $21,652 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,176, about 10. 90% of families and 15. 30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 30% of those under age 18 and 19. 00% of those age 65 or over
Avery County
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Avery County Courthouse
Avery County
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Unusual, doubly terminated
quartz crystal with clay inclusions, found in Avery County, which is well known for producing quartz specimens.
28.
Bedford-Stuyvesant
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Bedford–Stuyvesant is a neighborhood of 153,000 inhabitants in the north central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community Board 3, Brooklyn Community Board 8, the neighborhood is patrolled by the NYPDs 79th and 81st precincts. In the City Council, the district is represented by Robert Cornegy of the 36th Council District, Bedford–Stuyvesant is bordered by Flushing Avenue to the north, Classon Avenue to the west, Broadway to the east, and Atlantic Avenue to the south. It is served by Postal Service ZIP codes 11205,11206,11216,11221,11233, and 11238. The main north–south thoroughfare is Nostrand Avenue, but the shopping street is Fulton Street. Fulton Street runs east–west the length of the neighborhood and intersects high-traffic streets including Bedford Avenue, Nostrand Avenue, Bedford–Stuyvesant is actually made up of four neighborhoods, Bedford, Stuyvesant Heights, Ocean Hill, and Weeksville. Part of Clinton Hill used to be considered part of Bedford–Stuyvesant, for decades, it has been a cultural center for Brooklyns African American population. Following the construction of the IND Fulton Street Line in 1936, from Bedford–Stuyvesant, African Americans have since moved into the surrounding areas of Brooklyn, such as East New York, Crown Heights, Brownsville, and Fort Greene. These homes were developed by developers for the expanding middle to upper middle class from the 1890s to the late 1910s. The neighborhoods name is a combination of the names of the Village of Bedford, the name Stuyvesant derives from Peter Stuyvesant, the last governor of the colony of New Netherland. In pre-revolutionary Kings County, Bedford was the first major settlement east of the then Village of Brooklyn on the road to the town of Jamaica. Stuyvesant Heights, however, was farmland, the became a community after the American Revolutionary War. In 1838 the Weeksville subsection was recognized as one of the first free African American communities in the United States, the petition to form a new hamlet was approved by Governor Stuyvesant in 1663. Its leading signer was Thomas Lambertsen, a carpenter from Holland, a year later the British capture of New Netherland signaled the end of Dutch rule. In Governor Nicolls Charter of 1667 and in the Charter of 1686, Bedford hamlet had an inn as early as 1668, and in 1670 the people of Breuckelen purchased from the Canarsie Indians an additional area for common lands in the surrounding region. Farmers from New Lots and Flatbush used this road on their way to Manhattan, within the Stuyvesant Heights Historic District, the Turnpike ran along the approximate line of Decatur Street. Cripplebush Road to Newtown and the Clove Road to Flatbush also met at Bedford Corners, hunterfly Road, which joined the Turnpike about a mile to the east of Clove Road, also served as a route for farmers and fishermen of the Canarsie and New Lots areas. At the time of the Revolution, Lefferts son Jakop was a citizen of Bedford
Bedford-Stuyvesant
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Bedford-Stuyvesant
Bedford-Stuyvesant
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Macon Street and Arlington Place
Bedford-Stuyvesant
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Along Stuyvesant Avenue.
Bedford-Stuyvesant
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Row houses on MacDonough Street.
29.
Brooklyn, New York
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
Brooklyn, New York
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Clockwise from top left:
Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones,
Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch,
Brooklyn Borough Hall,
Coney Island
Brooklyn, New York
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Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886.
Brooklyn, New York
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Brooklyn Museum - Hooker's Map of the Village of Brooklyn
Brooklyn, New York
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A typical dining table in the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, from
The Brooklyn Museum.
30.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
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British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
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Flag
New York (state)
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1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
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The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
