1.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
–
From top left, the Philadelphia skyline, a
statue of Benjamin Franklin, the
Liberty Bell, the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia City Hall, and
Independence Hall
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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An 18th century map of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Penn's Treaty with the Indians by
Benjamin West
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Benjamin Franklin, 1777
2.
Plainfield, New Hampshire
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Plainfield is a town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States. At the 2010 census, the town had a population of 2,364. The town is home to the Helen Woodruff Smith Bird Sanctuary, the central settlement in town, where 205 people resided at the 2010 census, is defined as the Plainfield census-designated place and is located along New Hampshire Route 12A. Plainfield includes the village of Meriden, home to Kimball Union Academy, the town was first settled by a group from Plainfield, Connecticut. It was one of the towns incorporated by Colonial Governor Benning Wentworth in 1761, a part of Plainfield known as Meriden Parish, named for the farm of Massachusetts Governor Jonathan Belcher, became the site of Kimball Union Academy, built in 1813. Plainfield lies on the edge of the enclave known as the Cornish Art Colony. Maxfield Parrish painted the backdrop in the Plainfield Town Hall. Parrish purchased land close to his parents estate in 1898, at the age of 28 and he designed and built his home, The Oaks, over several years, eventually also designing and building an elaborate studio some distance behind the house. Parrish lived in Plainfield for 67 years, with the exception of a period in Arizona. In 1910, Ernest Harold Baynes founded the Meriden Bird Club, the first institution of its type in the nation. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 52.9 square miles, of which 52.2 sq mi is land and 0.8 sq mi is water. Bounded on the west by the Connecticut River, Plainfield is drained by Bloods Brook, croydon Mountain is a high ridge that occupies the eastern edge of the town. Grantham Mountain, a peak along the ridge, is the highest point in Plainfield at 2,660 feet above sea level, the town is crossed by the north-south state routes 12A and 120. Route 12A, serving the part of the town, passes through the village of Plainfield. Route 120, passing through the part of the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,241 people,844 households, the population density was 43.0 people per square mile. There were 877 housing units at a density of 16.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 08% White,0. 27% African American,0. 40% Native American,0. 40% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 27% from other races, and 0. 54% from two or more races
Plainfield, New Hampshire
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Meriden Hill c. 1908
Plainfield, New Hampshire
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Meriden Congregational Church in 1914
Plainfield, New Hampshire
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View of Kimball Union Academy c. 1910
Plainfield, New Hampshire
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Baxter Hall c. 1922
3.
Haverford College
–
Haverford College is a private, coeducational liberal arts college located in Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States, a suburb of Philadelphia. All students of the College are undergraduates, and nearly all reside on campus, the college was founded in 1833 by area members of the Orthodox Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends to ensure an education grounded in Quaker values for young Quaker men. Although the college no longer has a religious affiliation, Quaker philosophy still influences campus life. Originally an all-male institution, Haverford began admitting female students in the 1970s. Currently, more than half of Haverfords students are women, today Haverford offers its students a wide range of educational choices and considerable flexibility in choosing their areas of study or specialisation. The college offers Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 31 majors across humanities, social sciences, Haverford College is a member of the Tri-College Consortium, which allows students to register for courses at both Bryn Mawr College and Swarthmore College. It is also a member of the Quaker Consortium which allows students to cross-register at the University of Pennsylvania, the college has produced, among others,3 Nobel laureates,6 Pulitzer Prize Recipients,20 Rhodes Scholars, and 104 Fulbright Scholars. In 1897, the students and faculty of Haverford voted to adopt an Honor Code to govern academic affairs, since 1963, every student has been allowed to schedule his or her own final exams. Take-home examinations are also common at Haverford and these exams may include strict instructions such as time limits, prohibitions on using assigned texts or personal notes, and calculator usage. All students are bound to follow these instructions by the Code, originally conceived as a code of academic honesty, the Honor Code had expanded by the 1970s to govern social interactions. The code does not list specific rules of behavior, but rather emphasizes a philosophy of mutual trust, concern and respect, as well as genuine engagement, student government officers administer the Code, and all academic matters are heard by student juries. More severe matters are addressed by administrators, abstracts from cases heard by students and joint administrative-student panels are distributed to all students by several means, including as print-outs in mailboxes. The trial abstracts are made anonymous by the use of pseudonyms who are characters from entertainment or history. Every student is required to sign a pledge agreeing to the Honor Code prior to matriculation, the Haverford Honor Code is entirely student-run. The Code originated with a body of students who felt it necessary, Haverford offers Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 31 majors across humanities, social sciences and natural sciences. All departments require a thesis, project or research for graduation. The college also maintains a distribution requirement, spreading course work in all three areas of humanities, social sciences and natural sciences, in addition to major course works, additional program and course offerings are available via the Quaker Consortium. Students may pursue pre-medical, pre-law or pre-business intentions through any major, while strong in humanities and social sciences, Haverford is especially notable in the natural sciences, despite the colleges small size
Haverford College
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Founders Hall, completed in 1833, sits at the center of the upper campus and serves as an icon for the college.
Haverford College
Haverford College
–
Founders Hall after snowfall
Haverford College
–
Cherry trees surrounding Founders Hall after a snow storm.
4.
Illustration
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The origin of the word “illustration” is late Middle English, via Old French from Latin illustratio, from the verb illustrate. Contemporary illustration uses a range of styles and techniques, including drawing, painting, printmaking, collage, montage, digital design, multimedia. Most illustrators work on a freelance basis, depending on the purpose, illustration may be expressive, stylised, realistic or highly technical. This may include exploded views, cutaways, fly-throughs, reconstructions, instructional images, component designs, in contemporary illustration practice, 2D and 3D software is often used to create accurate representations that can be updated easily, and reused in a variety of contexts. In the art world, illustration has at times been considered of less importance than graphic design, original illustration art has been known to attract high prices at auction. The US artist Norman Rockwells painting Breaking Home Ties sold in a 2006 Sothebys auction for USD15.4 million, many other illustration genres are equally valued, with pinup artists such as Gil Elvgren and Alberto Vargas, for example, also attracting high prices. Historically, the art of illustration is closely linked to the processes of printing and publishing. The illustrations of medieval codices were known as illuminations, and were hand drawn. With the invention of the press during the 15th century, books became more widely distributed. Subjects included traditional folk tales, popular figures and every day life, hokusai’s The Great Wave of Kanazawa is a famous image of the time. During the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, the main reproduction processes for illustration were engraving and etching, in 18th Century England, a notable illustrator was William Blake, who used relief etching. By the early 19th century, the introduction of lithography substantially improved reproduction quality, in Europe, notable figures of the early 19th Century were John Leech, George Cruikshank, Dickens illustrator Hablot Knight Browne, and, in France, Honoré Daumier. All contributed to both satirical and “serious” publications, at this time, there was a great demand for caricature drawings encapsulating social mores, types and classes. Although all fine art trained, their reputations were gained primarily as illustrators, in common with similar magazines such as the Parisian Le Voleur, Punch realised good illustration sold as well as good text. With publication continuing into the 21st Century, Punch chronicles a gradual shift in popular illustration, from the early 1800s newspapers, mass market magazines, and illustrated books had become the dominant consumer media in Europe and the New World. By the 19th Century, improvements in printing technology freed illustrators to experiment with color, in America, this led to a golden age of illustration from before the 1880s until the early 20th Century. A small group of illustrators became highly successful, with the imagery they created considered a portrait of American aspirations of the time
Illustration
–
Illustration by
Jessie Willcox Smith
Illustration
–
People strolling by the banks of the River Thames.
Illustration
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Illustration beats explanation. Western Engraving & Colortype Co.
Illustration
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John Bauer, Swedish illustrator, Troll and Princess Tuvstarr
5.
Stephen Parrish
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Stephen Parrish was a painter and an etcher from the United States. Parrish was engaged in mercantile pursuits until he was 30, when he applied himself to art, in 1878 he fthe Pennsylvania Academy in Philadelphia, and in 1879 at the National Academy in New York City. He soon turned his attention also to etching, and in December 1879, after that he applied himself to both branches of art, exhibiting in New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, London, Liverpool, Paris, Munich, Dresden, and Vienna. He was a member of the New York Etching Club and the Society of Painter-Etchers of London, from 1884 to 1886, he traveled in Europe. Among his paintings are November, In Winter Quarters, Low Tide — Evening, On the Rance, Brittany and he also made etchings of several of his pictures. He was the father of Maxfield Parrish, wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds. Catalogue of pictures, an exhibition catalog containing a list of works by the artist
Stephen Parrish
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Portsmouth N.H. by Stephen Parrish
6.
Quaker
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Quakers are members of a historically Christian group of religious movements generally known as the Religious Society of Friends. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity, to differing extents, the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures. In 2007, there were about 359,000 adult Quakers, in 2012, there were 377,055 adult Quakers. Some meetings of both types have Recorded Ministers in their meetings—Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry, the first Quakers lived in mid-17th century England. The movement arose from the Legatine-Arians and other dissenting Protestant groups, some of these early Quaker ministers were women. They emphasized a personal and direct experience of Christ, acquired through both direct religious experience and the reading and studying of the Bible. Quakers focused their private life on developing behaviour and speech reflecting emotional purity, in the past, Quakers were known for their use of thee as an ordinary pronoun, refusal to participate in war, plain dress, refusal to swear oaths, opposition to slavery, and teetotalism. & J. Clark and the big three British confectionery makers Cadbury, Rowntree and Frys, and philanthropic efforts, including abolition of slavery, prison reform, during and after the English Civil War many dissenting Christian groups emerged, including the Seekers and others. A young man named George Fox was dissatisfied with the teachings of the Church of England and he had a vision on Pendle Hill in Lancashire, England, in which he believed that the Lord let me see in what places he had a great people to be gathered. Following this he travelled around England, the Netherlands, and Barbados preaching and teaching with the aim of converting new adherents to his faith, the central theme of his Gospel message was that Christ has come to teach his people himself. His followers considered themselves to be the restoration of the true Christian church, in 1650, Fox was brought before the magistrates Gervase Bennet and Nathaniel Barton, on a charge of religious blasphemy. According to George Foxs autobiography, Bennet was the first that called us Quakers and it is thought that George Fox was referring to Isaiah 66,2 or Ezra 9,4. Thus, the name Quaker began as a way of ridiculing George Foxs admonition, Quakerism gained a considerable following in England and Wales, and the numbers increased to a peak of 60,000 in England and Wales by 1680. This was relaxed after the Declaration of Indulgence and stopped under the Act of Toleration 1689, with the restructuring of the family and household came new roles for women, Fox and Fell viewed the Quaker mother as essential to developing holy conversation in her children and husband. Quaker women were responsible for the spirituality of the larger community, coming together in meetings that regulated marriage. The persecution of Quakers in North America began in 1656 when English Quaker missionaries Mary Fisher and they were considered heretics because of their insistence on individual obedience to the Inner Light. They were imprisoned and banished by the Massachusetts Bay Colony and their books were burned, and most of their property was confiscated. They were imprisoned in terrible conditions, then deported, in 1660, English Quaker Mary Dyer was hanged on Boston Common for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony
Quaker
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Heritage-listed Quaker meeting house,
Sydney,
Australia
Quaker
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Symbol used by Friends' service organizations since the late 19th century
Quaker
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James Nayler, a prominent Quaker leader, being pilloried and whipped
Quaker
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William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, as a young man
7.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
Europe
–
Reconstruction of
Herodotus ' world map
Europe
Europe
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A medieval
T and O map from 1472 showing the three continents as domains of the sons of
Noah — Asia to Sem (
Shem), Europe to Iafeth (
Japheth), and Africa to Cham (
Ham)
Europe
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Early modern depiction of
Europa regina ('Queen Europe') and the mythical
Europa of the 8th century BC.
8.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
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Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
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Flag
England
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Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
9.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
Italy
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering of ancient history.
Italy
–
Flag
Italy
–
The
Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries symbol of the
Kings of Italy.
Italy
–
Castel del Monte, built by German Emperor
Frederick II,
UNESCO World Heritage site
10.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
11.
Old masters
–
In art history, Old Master refers to any painter of skill who worked in Europe before about 1800, or a painting by such an artist. An old master print is a print made by an artist in the same period. The term old master drawing is used in the same way, therefore, beyond a certain level of competence, date rather than quality is the criterion for using the term. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term as A pre-eminent artist of the period before the modern, a pre-eminent western European painter of the 13th to 18th centuries. The term is used to refer to a painting or sculpture made by an Old Master. Les Maitres dautrefois of 1876 by Eugene Fromentin may have helped to popularize the concept, the collection in the Dresden museum essentially stops at the Baroque period. The end date is necessarily vague – for example, Goya is certainly an Old Master, the term might also be used for John Constable or Eugène Delacroix, but usually is not. The term tends to be avoided by art historians as too vague, especially when discussing paintings, although the terms Old Master Prints and it remains current in the art trade. Auction houses still usually divide their sales between, for example, Old Master Paintings, Nineteenth-century paintings and Modern paintings, christies defines the term as ranging from the 14th to the early 19th century. S. Master of Flémalle, Master of Mary of Burgundy, Master of Latin 757, Master of the Brunswick Diptych or Master of Schloss Lichtenstein
Old masters
–
Giorgione's
Sleeping Venus (c. 1510), Dresden,
Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister.
Old masters
–
Still Life with Pie, Silver Ewer and Crab by
Willem Claeszoon Heda (1658) Oil on canvas
Frans Hals Museum, Haarlem
Old masters
–
Portrait of a young woman by
Sandro Botticelli, 1480
Old masters
–
Sistine Chapel ceiling,
Ignudi, Michelangelo, 1509
12.
Haverford School
–
The Haverford School is a selective private, non-sectarian, all-boys college preparatory day school, junior kindergarten through grade twelve. Founded in 1884 as The Haverford College Grammar School, it is located in Haverford, Pennsylvania, nine miles northwest of Philadelphia, the school was founded in 1884 at the request of Alexander and Lois Cassatt as The Haverford College Grammar School. The school was Quaker during its affiliation with the college, but is now nonsectarian, the Haverford School is a member of the Inter Academic Athletic Association, the countrys oldest inter-scholastic academic conference. Haverford is known for its long running rivalry with fellow Inter-Academic League member Episcopal Academy, the two schools have competed annually since 1889 in Haverford-EA Day, a day of competition occurring each November. The winner is determined by who wins more of the five events, a cross-country match, a water polo game, a soccer match, a golf match. In the event of a tie, victory goes to the most recent winner, each years winner is allowed to keep the sweater, which is split between each schools colors onto which years indicating victory are embroidered. The Haverford School is located ten miles from Center City Philadelphia, the school occupies ten buildings, including a LEED Gold-certified Upper School building constructed in 2008 and an alumni gathering space unveiled as Nostrant Pavilion in 2012. Academic facilities include eighty classrooms, two libraries with a combined 40,000 volumes, eleven science and five computer labs, before the construction of the Conshohocken boathouse, the schools crew team was associated with Undine Barge Club in Boathouse Row. Haverford School is easily accessed by SEPTA bus routes 105 and 106 and these routes connect with several other routes in the area such as 44,65,103 among others. The Paoli-Thorndale Regional Rail line can be accessed at Haverford Station, the Norristown High Speed Lines Haverford Station is a 0.5 mile walk away. Many students who live out of the area get to school by one of these bus routes from Philadelphia. For those students who live in Philadelphia, SEPTA provides them with free weekly bus transpasses. Haverford School has notable alumni in the arts, sciences, government, and business, including Maxfield Parrish, Ronald Perelman, Frank S. Welsh, Steve Sabol, charles Sumner Crosman, 1884–1912 Edwin Mood Wilson, 1912–1937 Cornelius B
Haverford School
–
Haverford School
13.
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
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The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts is a museum and art school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1805 and is the first and oldest art museum, the academys museum is internationally known for its collections of 19th- and 20th-century American paintings, sculptures, and works on paper. Its archives house important materials for the study of American art history, museums, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts was founded in 1805 by painter and scientist Charles Willson Peale, sculptor William Rush, and other artists and business leaders. The growth of the Academy of Fine Arts was slow and it opened as a museum in 1807 and held its first exhibition in 1811, where more than 500 paintings and statues were on display. The first school classes held in the building were with the Society of Artists in 1810, in 1876, former Academy student Thomas Eakins returned to teach as a volunteer. Fairman Rogers, chairman of the Committee on Instruction from 1878 to 1883, made him a faculty member in 1878, Eakins revamped the certificate curriculum to what it remains today. From 1811 to 1969, the Academy also organized important annual art exhibitions from which significant acquisitions were made, harrison S. Morris, Managing Director from 1892 to 1905, collected contemporary American art for the institution. Among the many masterpieces acquired during his tenure were works by Cecilia Beaux, William Merritt Chase, Frank Duveneck, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Childe Hassam, and Edmund Tarbell. Work by The Eight, which included former Academy students Robert Henri and John Sloan, is represented in the collection. From 1890 to 1906, Edward Hornor Coates served as the president of the Academy. In 1915, Coates was awarded the Academys gold medal, rich endowments were made to the schools, a gallery of national portraiture was formed, and some of the best examples of Gilbert Stuarts work acquired. The annual exhibitions attained a brilliancy and éclat hitherto unknown, mr. Coates wisely established the schools upon a conservative basis, building almost unconsciously the dykes high against the oncoming flow of insane novelties in art patterns. In this last struggle against modernism the President was ably supported by Eakins, Anschutz, Grafly, Thouron, Vonnoh and his unfailing courtesy, his disinterested thoughtfulness, his tactfulness, and his modesty endeared him to scholars and masters alike. No sacrifice of time or of means was too great, if he thought he could accomplish the end he always had in view—the honour, during World War I, Academy students were actively involved in war work. About sixty percent of the men enlisted or entered Government service. A war service club was formed by students and a monthly publication, George Harding, a former PAFA student, was commissioned Captain during the war and created official combat sketches for the American Expeditionary Forces. Prior to the founding of the Academy, there were limited opportunities for women to receive training in the United States. Realizing the rise in interest of women, this period between the mid-19th and early 20th century shows a remarkable growth of formally trained women artists
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
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Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
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An exhibition space within the Academy
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
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Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (c. 1895)
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
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A detail of the north (Cherry Street) face of the building
14.
Robert Vonnoh
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Robert William Vonnoh was an American Impressionist painter known for his portraits and landscapes. He traveled extensively between the American East Coast and France, more specifically the artists colony Grez-sur-Loing, robert William Vonnoh was born on 17 September 1858 in Hartford, Connecticut. He studied in Boston at the Massachusetts Normal Art School now called Massachusetts College of Art and Design, then in Paris at the Académie Julian under Gustave Boulanger and Jules Joseph Lefebvre. He taught at the Massachusetts Normal Art School, at the Cowles Art School in Boston, at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Vonnoh became a member of the National Academy of Design in 1906. His most well-known work In Flanders Field was painted in 1890 in the fields of Grez-sur-Loing, a young woman crouches in the foreground, settling down to pick poppies in a vast field with two figures in the background. Although this was considered Vonnohs most ambitious work, garnering great acclaim at fairs and exhibits and it was not until 1919 when it was purchased directly by Joseph G. Butler, founder of The Butler Institute of American Art that In Flanders Field would find a permanent home. The painting is part of the permanent collection to this day in Youngstown, a retrospective exhibit of his works was displayed at Madron Gallery in Chicago and The Butler Institute, March 1 to April 9,2010 and May 2 to June 27,2010, respectively. The show included photographs of the colony in Grez-sur-Loing along with accompanying images of the artist as well as a bronze relief made by his wife. The show was curated by Yen Azzaro and a catalogue was written by Wendy Greenhouse and his paintings belong to collections at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Indianapolis Museum of Art, The Art Institute of Chicago among many others. While Vonnoh never became a name, he is cited for his experimental style within the world of American Impressionism. Vonnoh died on 28 December 1933 in Nice and is buried alongside his wife in the Duck River Cemetery in Old Lyme, American impressionism and realism, a landmark exhibition from the Met. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, artcyclopedia links to Vonnoh works butlerart. com
Robert Vonnoh
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Bessie and Robert Vonnoh, 1930
Robert Vonnoh
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In Flanders Field (Coquelicots) by Robert Vonnoh, 1890
Robert Vonnoh
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Apple bloom by Robert Vonnoh, 1903
15.
Thomas Pollock Anshutz
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Thomas Pollock Anshutz was an American painter and teacher. Co-founder of The Darby School and leader at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Anshutz was known for his award-winning portraiture work, Thomas Anshutz was born in Newport, Kentucky in 1851. He grew up in Newport and Wheeling, West Virginia and his early art instruction took place at the National Academy of Design in the early 1870s, where he studied under Lemuel Wilmarth. In 1875 he moved to Philadelphia and took a class taught by Thomas Eakins at the Philadelphia Sketch Club, in 1892 Anshutz married Effie Shriver Russell. The two spent their honeymoon in Paris, where Anshutz attended classes at Académie Julian, in 1893 they returned to Philadelphia. Later in his life he proclaimed himself a socialist and he retired from teaching in the fall of 1911 due to poor health and died on June 16,1912. Eakins began teaching at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1876, Eakins was Chief Demonstrator of Anatomy and Christian Schussele was Professor of Drawing and Painting. In 1878 Anshutz became Eakinss assistant, eventually succeeding Eakins as Chief Demonstrator when Eakins was promoted to Professor of Drawing and Painting, in 1880, while still a student, Anshutz completed his first major work, The Ironworkers Noontime. The Ironworkers Noontime, Anshutzs most well known painting, depicts twenty-or-so workers on their break in the yard of a foundry, painted near Wheeling, West Virginia, it is conceived in a naturalistic style similar to that of Eakins, although Eakins never painted industrial subjects. The piece was exhibited at the Philadelphia Sketch Club in 1881 and its brutal candor startled critics, who saw it as unexpectedly confrontational—a chilling industrial snapshot not the least picturesque or sublime. It is now in the collection of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, around 1880 Eakins became involved in photography, incorporating it into his classes and using it as a tool for his artwork. Anshutz and other students at the Academy started to use of the camera, posing models. Anshutz participated in Eakinss The Naked Series, photographing nude models in seven pre-defined standing poses and he modeled for Eakins himself, along with colleagues such as J. Laurie Wallace and Covington Few Seiss, who would pose outdoors nude, often wrestling, swimming and boxing. Eadweard Muybridge eventually made his way to Philadelphia and Anshutz and Eakins helped build Muybridges zoopraxiscope, Eakins was forced to resign from the Academy in an 1886 scandal that was sparked by his use of a fully nude male model in front of either an all-female or a mixed-male-and-female class. Anshutz did not defend his mentor, in fact, he turned against him, Anshutz was promoted to Eakinss position at the Academy. Anshutz would briefly travel to Europe, focusing primarily on his teaching in Philadelphia, numerous artists studied under Anshutz, including Elizabeth Sparhawk-Jones, George Luks, Charles Demuth, John Sloan, Charles Sheeler, Everett Shinn, John Marin, William Glackens, and Robert Henri. As a teacher, Anshutz, according to art historian Sanford Schwartz, was known as much for his approachability as his sarcasm, the Anshutz family regularly vacationed in Holly Beach, New Jersey which served as a creative place for the painter. There he experimented with watercolors, bright color palette, and simple compositions and he also photographed the natural environment, utilizing the images as studies for paintings, specifically Holly Beach and trips down the Delaware and Maurice rivers
Thomas Pollock Anshutz
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Anshutz, ca. 1900
Thomas Pollock Anshutz
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A Rose, 1907;
Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Thomas Pollock Anshutz
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The Farmer and His Son at Harvesting, 1879.
Thomas Pollock Anshutz
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The Ironworkers' Noontime, 1880,
Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.
16.
Annisquam, Massachusetts
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Annisquam is a small waterfront neighborhood in the city of Gloucester, on the North Shore of Massachusetts. It is a few miles across Cape Ann from downtown Gloucester, the name Annisquam comes from an Algonquian term meaning top of the rock, containing <wanashque>, on top of, and <-ompsk>, rock. The first European settlement in Annisquam was established in 1631, in the late 19th-century, it was home to both granite quarrying and an artist colony, which attracted painters including George Loftus Noyes and Margaret Fitzhugh Browne. Annisquam is primarily a residential neighborhood and its only businesses include a restaurant and marina, a small hotel, a real estate company, a library and the Annisquam Yacht Club, founded in 1896. Because of its size, historic architecture and secluded geography. At the mouth of the Annisquam River on Ipswich Bay is Annisquam Harbor Light, the lighthouse has been in the same spot since 1801, having undergone significant repairs in 1850. The movie Good Son starring Macaulay Culkin was filmed here
Annisquam, Massachusetts
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Annisquam's location on Cape Ann
Annisquam, Massachusetts
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Lobster Cove c. 1820
Annisquam, Massachusetts
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Annisquam Bridge in 1909
Annisquam, Massachusetts
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Street scene c. 1910
17.
Drexel University
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Drexel University is a private research university with three campuses in Philadelphia. It was founded in 1891 by Anthony J. Drexel, a noted financier, founded as Drexel Institute of Art, Science, and Industry, it was renamed Drexel Institute of Technology in 1936, before assuming the name Drexel University in 1970. As of 2015, more than 26,000 students are enrolled in over 70 undergraduate programs and more than 100 masters, doctoral, Drexel University was founded in 1891 as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry, by Philadelphia financier and philanthropist Anthony J. Drexel. The original mission of the institution was to provide opportunities in the practical arts. The institution became known as the Drexel Institute of Technology in 1936, the central aspect of Drexel Universitys focus on career preparation, in the form of its cooperative education program, was introduced in 1919. The program became integral to the unique educational experience. Participating students alternate periods of classroom-based study with periods of full-time, practical work experience related to their academic major, Papadakis oversaw Drexels largest expansion in its history, with a 471 percent increase in its endowment and a 102 percent increase in student enrollment. His leadership also guided the university toward improved performance in collegiate rankings, a selective approach to admissions. It was during this period of expansion that Drexel acquired and assumed management of the former MCP Hahnemann University, in 2006, the university established the Thomas R. Kline School of Law, and in 2011 the School of Law achieved full accreditation by the American Bar Association. Dr. Constantine Papadakis died of pneumonia in April 2009 while still employed as the universitys president and his successor, John Anderson Fry, was formerly the president of Franklin & Marshall College and served as the Executive Vice President of the University of Pennsylvania. Under Frys leadership, Drexel has continued its expansion, including the July 2011 acquisition of The Academy of Natural Sciences, the College of Arts and Sciences was formed in 1990 when Drexel merged the two existing College of Sciences and College of Humanities together. The College of Media Arts and design fosters the study, exploration and management of the arts, media, design, the performing and visual. The college offers sixteen undergraduate programs, and 6 graduate programs, in art and design fields that range from graphic design and dance to fashion design. The Bennett S. LeBow College of Business history dates to the founding in 1891 of the Drexel Institute, that later became Drexel University, the LeBow College of Business has been ranked as the 38th best private business school in the nation. Its online MBA program is ranked 14th in the world by the Financial Times, the part-time MBA program ranks 1st in academic quality in the 2015 edition of Business Insiders rankings. Undergraduate and graduate programs are ranked 19th in the country by the Princeton Review. Economics programs at the LeBow College of Business are housed within the School of Economics, in addition to the undergraduate program in economics, the school is home to a recently launched M. S. in Economics program as well as a PhD program in economics. Faculty members in the School of Economics have been published in the American Economic Review, Rand Journal of Economics, the school has been ranked among the best in the world for its extensive research into matters of international trade
Drexel University
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The Main Building, dedicated in 1891.
Drexel University
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A machine testing laboratory at Drexel University, circa 1904.
Drexel University
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Edmund D. Bossone Research Center, located on Market Street '
Avenue of Technology '
Drexel University
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The southern portion of Drexel's main campus
18.
Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
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Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art is a museum of American art in Bentonville, Arkansas. The museum, founded by Alice Walton and designed by Moshe Safdie, Alice Walton, the daughter of Walmart founder Sam Walton, spearheaded the Walton Family Foundations involvement in developing Crystal Bridges. The museums glass-and-wood design by architect Moshe Safdie and engineer Buro Happold features a series of pavilions nestled around two creek-fed ponds, Crystal Bridges also features a gathering space that can accommodate up to 300 people. Additionally, there are areas for concerts and public events. It employs approximately 300 people, and is walking distance of downtown Bentonville. The museum has amassed $488 million in assets as of August 2008 and it is the first major art museum to open in the United States since 1974. Over $317 million of the projects cost has been donated by Alice Walton, a 2013 Forbes ranking of the worlds richest people placed the Wal-Mart heiress at No. 16, with a net worth of $26.3 billion. In 2005, art historian John Wilmerding was hired for acquisition, Wilmerding commented that Alice Walton will not spend at any cost and will do her homework on almost every individual acquisition and will ask for paperwork on market comparables. He stated that often when an artwork became available through a private sale Walton would state ‘Wait, it come to auction where we can get it at a better price, ’. He also stated that the ranks at least in the top half dozen of American art museums. The museums quality and its range and depth already place it among one of the very best. Total tax losses to the state of Arkansas and the city of Bentonville are estimated at $17 million based on the financial disclosures given by the museum in the 2008 court case with Fisk University. However, the museums IRS Form 990-PF notes acquisitions of $43.6 million during 2008, $81.9 million during 2007, through 2008, the total art acquisitions were at least $222.8 million. Don Bacigalupi was appointed director of the museum in August 2009, previously, Robert G. Workman had served as director. In early May 2011, the museum announced three endowments by the Walton Family Foundation totaling $800 million and these endowments were established for operating expenses, acquisitions and capital improvements. The operating endowment, totaling $350 million, is being used to contribute to the museums base annual operating expenses expected to total between $16–20 million per year, the acquisition endowment, totaling $325 million, will be used to fund additions to the museums permanent collection. The remaining $125 million will be used as a capital improvement endowment to fund improvements to
Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
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One of the museum's namesake bridge pavilions
Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
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Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) by
Thomas Eakins
Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
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Crystal Bridges at dusk
Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art
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Walker Landing plaza between galleries
19.
Visual art
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The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, filmmaking, literature, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines involve aspects of the arts as well as arts of other types. Also included within the arts are the applied arts such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design. Current usage of the visual arts includes fine art as well as the applied, decorative arts and crafts. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could not be considered a practitioner of the arts. The increasing tendency to painting, and to a lesser degree sculpture. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected similar attitudes, training in the visual arts has generally been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. Visual arts have now become a subject in most education systems. Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a variety of tools. Digital tools that simulate the effects of these are also used, the main techniques used in drawing are, line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman, drawing goes back at least 16,000 years to Paleolithic cave representations of animals such as those at Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain. In ancient Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used as models for painting or sculpture, drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later developed to the human form with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC. Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a carrier, like drawing, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are in the Chauvet, in shades of red, brown, yellow and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer. Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt, in the great temple of Ramses II, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis. The Greeks contributed to painting but much of their work has been lost, one of the best remaining representations are the hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Another example is mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting. Apart from the manuscripts produced by monks during the Middle Ages
Visual art
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Vincent van Gogh:
The Church at Auvers (1890)
Visual art
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Mosaic of Battle of Issus
Visual art
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Nefertari with Isis
Visual art
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Raphael:
Spasimo (1514-1516)
20.
Eugene Field
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Eugene Field, Sr. was an American writer, best known for his childrens poetry and humorous essays. He was known as the poet of childhood, Field was born in St. Louis, Missouri at 634 S. Broadway where today his boyhood home is open to the public as The Eugene Field House and St. Louis Toy Museum. After the death of his mother in 1856, he was raised by a cousin, Mary Field French, in Amherst, Fields father, attorney Roswell Martin Field, was famous for his representation of Dred Scott, the slave who sued for his freedom. Field filed the complaint in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case on behalf of Scott in the court in St. Louis, Missouri. Field attended Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts and his father died when Eugene turned 19, and he subsequently dropped out of Williams after eight months. He then went to Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois, but dropped out after a year, followed by the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri, Field was not a serious student and spent much of his time at school playing practical jokes. He led raids on the wine cellar, painted the presidents house school colors. Field tried acting, studied law with success, and also wrote for the student newspaper. He then set off for a trip through Europe but returned to the United States six months later, Field then set to work as a journalist for the St. Joseph Gazette in Saint Joseph, Missouri, in 1875. That same year he married Julia Comstock, with whom he had eight children, for the rest of his life he arranged for all the money he earned to be sent to his wife, saying that he had no head for money himself. Field soon rose to city editor of the Gazette. He became known for his light, humorous articles written in a gossipy style and it was during this time that he wrote the famous poem Lovers Lane about a street in St. Joseph, Missouri. From 1876 through 1880 Field lived in St. Louis, first as a writer for the Morning Journal. After a brief stint as managing editor of the Kansas City Times, in 1883 Field moved to Chicago where he wrote a humorous newspaper column called Sharps and Flats for the Chicago Daily News. His home in Chicago was near the intersection of N. Clarendon, the Sharps and Flats column ran in the newspapers morning edition. In it, Field made quips about issues and personalities of the day, especially in the arts, a pet subject was the intellectual greatness of Chicago, especially compared to Boston. Chicago feels a special interest in Mr. Lowell next Tuesday, four months later, upon Kellys first return to Chicago as a player for Boston, Field would speak to Col. Samuel J. Bosbyshell, the Prairie avenue millionaire. Bosbyshell said, I like Mr. Kelly better than I do Lowell, when Lowell was here I had him out to the house to a $3,500 dinner, and do what I could, I couldnt get him waked up
Eugene Field
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Eugene Field
Eugene Field
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Eugene Field House, in
Denver, Colorado, is on the National Register of Historic Places
Eugene Field
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The Dinky Bird by
Maxfield Parrish, an illustration from Poems of Childhood by Eugene Field
21.
Mother Goose in Prose
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Mother Goose in Prose is a collection of twenty-two childrens stories based on Mother Goose nursery rhymes. It was the first childrens book written by L. Frank Baum, and it was originally published in 1897 by Way and Williams of Chicago, and re-released by the George M. Hill Company in 1901. The book opens with an introduction by Baum that traces the history of Mother Goose and it is followed by the original text of a nursery rhyme with a broader story to establish its literary context. When Baum later included this story in his Juvenile Speaker and The Snuggle Tales, he changed the name to Doris. Though handsomely produced, Mother Goose in Prose was priced relatively expensively for a childrens book, publisher Way and Williams went bankrupt a year later. Baum took a different approach in a subsequent venture, composing original verses for his Father Goose, new editions of Mother Goose in Prose appeared from Bounty Books in 1951 and after, Dover Publications in 2002, and Kessinger Publishing in 2004, among others. Mother Goose in Prose at Project Gutenberg Mother Goose in Prose public domain audiobook at LibriVox Mother Goose in Prose on Open Library at the Internet Archive
Mother Goose in Prose
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First edition (1897)
22.
L. Frank Baum
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Lyman Frank Baum, better known by his pen name L. Frank Baum, was an American author chiefly known for his childrens books, particularly The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. He wrote thirteen novel sequels, nine other novels, and a host of other works. Baum was born in Chittenango, New York in 1856 into a devout Methodist family and he had German, Scots-Irish, and English ancestry, and was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood. Lyman was the name of his fathers brother, but he disliked it. Benjamin Baum succeeded in many businesses, including barrel-making, oil drilling in Pennsylvania, L. Frank Baum grew up on his parents expansive estate called Rose Lawn, which he fondly recalled as a sort of paradise. Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York, Frank was a sickly, dreamy child, tutored at home with his siblings. Baum started writing early in life, possibly prompted by his father buying him a printing press. He had always close to his younger brother Henry Clay Baum. The brothers published several issues of the journal, which included advertisements, at 20, Baum took on the national craze of breeding fancy poultry. He specialized in raising the Hamburg, Baum had a flair for being the spotlight of fun in the household, including during times of financial difficulties. His selling of fireworks made the Fourth of July memorable and his skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays. Baum dressed as Santa Claus for the family and his father would place the Christmas tree behind a curtain in the front parlor so that Baum could talk to everyone while he decorated the tree without people managing to see him. He maintained this tradition all his life, Baum embarked on his lifetime infatuation—and wavering financial success—with the theater. A local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes on the promise of leading roles coming his way, disillusioned, Baum left the theater — temporarily — and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-laws dry goods company in Syracuse. This experience may have influenced his story The Suicide of Kiaros, a fellow clerk one day was found locked in a store room dead, probably from suicide. Baum could never stay away long from the stage and he performed in plays under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks. In 1880, his father built him a theater in Richburg, New York, the Maid of Arran proved a modest success, a melodrama with songs based on William Blacks novel A Princess of Thule. Baum wrote the play and composed songs for it, and acted in the leading role and his aunt Katharine Gray played his characters aunt
L. Frank Baum
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Baum in 1911
L. Frank Baum
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Promotional Poster for Baum's "Popular Books For Children", circa 1901.
L. Frank Baum
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1903 poster of Dave Montgomery as the Tin Man in Hamlin's musical stage version.
L. Frank Baum
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L. Frank Baum grave at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale, California. December 2011.
23.
Arabian Nights
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One Thousand and One Nights is a collection of Middle Eastern and South Asian stories and folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age. It is often known in English as the Arabian Nights, from the first English-language edition, the work was collected over many centuries by various authors, translators, and scholars across West, Central, and South Asia and North Africa. The tales themselves trace their roots back to ancient and medieval Arabic, Persian, Mesopotamian, Indian, Jewish, the stories proceed from this original tale, some are framed within other tales, while others begin and end of their own accord. Some editions contain only a few hundred nights, while others include 1,001 or more, the bulk of the text is in prose, although verse is occasionally used for songs and riddles and to express heightened emotion. Most of the poems are single couplets or quatrains, although some are longer, the main frame story concerns Shahryār, whom the narrator calls a Sasanian king ruling in India and China. Shahryār begins to marry a succession of only to execute each one the next morning. Eventually the vizier, whose duty it is to provide them, Scheherazade, the viziers daughter, offers herself as the next bride and her father reluctantly agrees. On the night of their marriage, Scheherazade begins to tell the king a tale, the king, curious about how the story ends, is thus forced to postpone her execution in order to hear the conclusion. The next night, as soon as she finishes the tale, she begins a new one, so it goes on for 1,001 nights. The tales vary widely, they include historical tales, love stories, tragedies, comedies, poems, burlesques, numerous stories depict jinns, ghouls, apes, sorcerers, magicians, and legendary places, which are often intermingled with real people and geography, not always rationally. The different versions have different individually detailed endings but they all end with the giving his wife a pardon. The narrators standards for what constitutes a cliffhanger seem broader than in modern literature, the history of the Nights is extremely complex and modern scholars have made many attempts to untangle the story of how the collection as it currently exists came about. Most scholars agreed that the Nights was a work and that the earliest tales in it came from India and Persia. At some time, probably in the early 8th century, these tales were translated into Arabic under the title Alf Layla and this collection then formed the basis of The Thousand and One Nights. The original core of stories was quite small, then, in Iraq in the 9th or 10th century, this original core had Arab stories added to it – among them some tales about the Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Devices found in Sanskrit literature such as stories and animal fables are seen by some scholars as lying at the root of the conception of the Nights. Indian folklore is represented in the Nights by certain animal stories, the influence of the Panchatantra and Baital Pachisi is particularly notable. The Jataka Tales are a collection of 547 Buddhist stories, which are for the most part moral stories with an ethical purpose
Arabian Nights
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Scheherazade and Shahryār by
Ferdinand Keller, 1880
Arabian Nights
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A
manuscript of the One Thousand and One Nights
Arabian Nights
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A page from Kelileh va Demneh dated 1429, from
Herat, a Persian translation of the
Panchatantra – depicts the manipulative jackal-vizier, Dimna, trying to lead his lion-king into war.
Arabian Nights
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The story of Princess Parizade and the Magic Tree by
Maxfield Parrish.
24.
Life (magazine)
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Life was an American magazine that ran weekly from 1883 to 1936 as a humor magazine with limited circulation. Time owner Henry Luce bought the magazine in 1936, solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name, Life was published weekly until 1972, as an intermittent special until 1978, and as a monthly from 1978 to 2000. After 2000 Time Inc. continued to use the Life brand for special, Life returned to regularly scheduled issues when it became a weekly newspaper supplement from 2004 to 2007. The website life. com, originally one of the channels on Time Inc. s Pathfinder service, was for a time in the late 2000s managed as a joint venture with Getty Images under the name See Your World, LLC. On January 30,2012 the LIFE. com URL became a channel on Time. com. When Life was founded in 1883, it was developed as similar to the British magazine and it was published for 53 years as a general-interest light entertainment magazine, heavy on illustrations, jokes and social commentary. The Luce Life was the first all-photographic American news magazine, the magazines role in the history of photojournalism is considered its most important contribution to publishing. Life was wildly successful for two generations before its prestige was diminished by economics and changing tastes, Life was founded January 4,1883, in a New York City artists studio at 1155 Broadway, as a partnership between John Ames Mitchell and Andrew Miller. Mitchell held a 75 per cent interest in the magazine with the remainder by Miller, both men retained their holdings until their deaths. Miller served as secretary-treasurer of the magazine and was very successful managing the side of the operation. Mitchell, a 37-year-old illustrator who used a $10,000 inheritance to invest in the weekly magazine, Mitchell created the first Life name-plate with cupids as mascots, he later drew its masthead of a knight leveling his lance at the posterior of a fleeing devil. Mitchell took advantage of a new printing process using zinc-coated plates. This edge helped because Life faced stiff competition from the humor magazines Judge and Puck. Edward Sandford Martin was brought on as Lifes first literary editor, the motto of the first issue of Life was, While theres Life, theres hope. The new magazine set forth its principles and policies to its readers and we shall try to domesticate as much as possible of the casual cheerfulness that is drifting about in an unfriendly world. The magazine was a success and soon attracted the leading contributors. Among the most important was Charles Dana Gibson, three years after the magazine was founded, the Massachusetts native first sold Life a drawing for $4, a dog outside his kennel howling at the moon. Encouraged by a publisher who was also an artist, Gibson was joined in Life early days by such illustrators as Palmer Cox
Life (magazine)
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Cover art for Life, 27 January 1910 issue, illustration by
Coles Phillips.
Life (magazine)
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Logo of Life magazine
Life (magazine)
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A cover of the earlier Life magazine from 1911
Life (magazine)
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1922 cover, "The
Flapper " by F. X. Leyendecker
25.
Mazda (light bulb)
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Mazda was a trademarked name registered by General Electric in 1909 for incandescent light bulbs. The name was used from 1909 through 1945 in the United States by GE, Mazda brand light bulbs were made for decades after 1945 outside the USA. The company chose the name due to its association with Ahura Mazda, in 1909 the Mazda name was created for the tungsten filament light bulb. GE sold bulbs under this trademark starting in 1909, GE promoted the mark as identifying tungsten filament bulbs with predictable performance and life expectancy. GE also licensed the Mazda name, socket sizes, and tungsten filament technology to other manufacturers to establish a standard for lighting. Bulbs were soon sold by manufacturers with the Mazda name licensed from GE, including British Thomson-Houston in the United Kingdom, Toshiba in Japan. Tungsten-filament bulbs of the Mazda type were initially more costly than carbon filament bulbs, often electrical utilities would trade new lamps for consumers burned-out bulbs. In at least one case the authority regulating energy rates required the utility to use only tungsten bulbs so as not to inflate customers energy use, the company dropped the campaign in 1945. GEs patents on the filament lamp expired in the late 1930s. GE stopped licensing the trademark to other manufacturers, although it continued to renew the registration up to 1990. The registration on trademark no.77,779 expired in 2000, today, the Mazda name is mostly associated with the Mazda automobile manufacturer of Japan. The Mazda trademark is now split between the Japanese manufacturer where it applies to automobiles and GE for non-automotive uses, GEs Mazda bulbs were manufactured in Northeast Minneapolis. From the 1930s until 2013, the building was headquarters for Minneapolis Public Schools, in the 1925 Felix the Cat cartoon The Cat and the Kit, Mazda lamps are Felixs choice of car headlights. In the Laurel and Hardy short, Tit for Tat,1935, as owners of an electrical repair shop. In her essay A Photographer In Moscow, Margaret Bourke-White writes. It could be held up to the Mazda lamp on the radiator, to expose the prints, in Ian Flemings James Bond novel Goldfinger, Bond awakes strapped to a table in Auric Goldfingers Swiss factory. He is disoriented and mistakes the print Société Anonyme Mazda on the bulb above him for. an important message. It is also mentioned in Here is New York, by E. B, the Mazda light bulb is improbably mentioned in the 1952 Johnny Mercer song Glow Worm, You got a cute vest-pocket Mazda/Which you can make both slow and fazda. Reference to Mazda Lamps appears on a billboard in the 1959 film On The Beach, in Clifford Odets play Rocket to the Moon, Willy Wax refers to the Mazda glow in Cleo Singers eyes
Mazda (light bulb)
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Ad for the Mazda service mark, 1917.
Mazda (light bulb)
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Subsidiaries and
divisions
26.
Colgate-Palmolive
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Under its Hills brand, it is also a manufacturer of veterinary products. The companys corporate offices are on Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, in 1833 he suffered a severe heart attack, stopping his business sales, after a convalescence he continued with his business. In the 1840s the firm began selling individual cakes of soap in uniform weights, in 1872 he introduced Cashmere Bouquet, a perfumed soap. In 1873 the firm introduced its first Colgate Toothpaste, an aromatic toothpaste sold in jars, in 1896, the company sold the first toothpaste in a tube, Colgate Ribbon Dental Cream. Also in 1896, Colgate hired Martin Ittner and under his direction founded one of the first applied research labs, by 1908 they initiated mass sales of toothpaste in tubes. Williams other son, James Boorman Colgate, was a trustee of Colgate University. In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the B. J. Johnson Company was making a soap entirely of palm oil and olive oil, the soap was popular enough to rename their company after it — Palmolive. Around the start of the 20th century Palmolive, which contained both palm and olive oils, was the worlds best-selling soap, extensive advertising included the radio programs The Palmolive Hour and Palmolive Beauty Box Theater. A Missouri-based soap manufacturer known as Peet Brothers merged with Palmolive to become Palmolive-Peet, in 1928, Palmolive-Peet bought the Colgate Company to create the Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Company. In 1953 Peet was dropped from the title, leaving only Colgate-Palmolive Company, Colgate-Palmolive has long been in competition with Procter & Gamble, the worlds largest soap and detergent maker. P&G introduced its Tide laundry detergent shortly after World War II, Colgate lost its number one place in the toothpaste market when P&G added fluoride to its toothpaste. In the beginning of TV, Colgate-Palmolive wished to compete with P&G as a sponsor of soap operas and sponsored many soaps in full or in part including The Doctors. George Henry Lesch, president, CEO, and chairman of the board of Colgate-Palmolive in the 1960s and 1970s, in 2006, Colgate-Palmolive announced the intended acquisition of Toms of Maine, a leading maker of natural toothpaste, for US $100 million. Toms of Maine was founded by Tom Chappell in 1970, today, Colgate has numerous subsidiary organizations spanning 200 countries, but it is publicly listed in only two, the United States and India. On October 25,2012, the company announced it would cut 2,310 workers, or 6% of its workforce, in 1890, Madison University in New York State was renamed Colgate University in honor of the Colgate family following decades of financial support and involvement. The Colgate-Palmolive Company has sponsored a non-profit track meet open to women of all called the Colgate Womens Games. The Colgate Womens Games is the nations largest amateur track series open to all girls from school through college. Held at Brooklyns Pratt Institute, competitors participate in preliminary meets, finalists compete for trophies and educational grants-in-aid from Colgate-Palmolive Company at New York Citys Madison Square Garden in February
Colgate-Palmolive
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Colgate-Palmolive headquarters in
Midtown Manhattan,
New York City
Colgate-Palmolive
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1922 advertisement for Palmolive soap
Colgate-Palmolive
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1915 magazine ad
27.
Oneida Limited
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Oneida Limited is one of the world’s largest designers and sellers of stainless steel and silverplated cutlery and tableware for the consumer and foodservice industries. It is also the largest supplier of dinnerware to the industry in North America. The company originated in the century in Oneida, New York. The company arose out of the utopian Oneida Community, which was established in Oneida, Oneida Community Ltd. was one of the earliest joint-stock companies in the United States. Its founders religious philosophy helped inform the development of the company. Its progressive nature also allowed for a woman, Harriet Joselyn, Oneida Community started production of silver-plated flatware and hollow-ware in 1899 using the Community Plate mark. Oneida Community purchased the Wm A. Rogers and 1881 Rogers companies in 1929, in 1935, Oneida Community changed its name to Oneida Ltd. Oneida Limited successfully adapted to the economic conditions of the First World War. Throughout both of these world economic upheavals, Oneida adapted its manufacturing capabilities, the company then managed an innovative transition to the manufacture of stainless steel flatware in 1961, which eventually dwarfed its production of silver-plated flatware. In 1971, Oneida purchased the Camden Wire Co. Inc. a major manufacturer of industrial wire products, by the 1980s, Oneida made at least half of all flatware purchased in the United States. In 1983, the company acquired Rena-Ware, a Bellevue-based kitchenware manufacturer with a majority international operations, Oneida sold Rena-ware three years later. Tableware, a flatware and china manufacturer that targeted the foodservice industry, in February 2004, it sold off more assets to BC Acquisition Co. Eventually, the facilities in Sherrill, New York were sold to Sherrill Manufacturing on March 22,2005. In 1996, Oneida Limited acquired THC Systems, Inc. including its team of professionals, Oneida Limited transitioned from its manufacturing history and focused on design and marketing of its products that are globally sourced. Sales, marketing, advertising, procurement, customer service, legal and operational support is still based in Oneida. The company was taken private in 2006, Oneida no longer operates manufacturing in the United States. Partly as a consequence of the blowback from 9/11, Oneida Limiteds sales fell more than $157 million. In 2006, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, after stabilizing financially and reducing its debt load, the company was purchased by a group of hedge funds led by Monarch Alternative Capital
Oneida Limited
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Oneida made many goods for the war.
28.
Daybreak (painting)
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Daybreak is a painting by Maxfield Parrish made in 1922. Daybreak is regarded as the most popular art print of the 20th century, based on number of prints made, according to The National Museum of American Illustration, it has outsold Andy Warhols Campbells Soup Cans and Da Vincis Last Supper. Parrish referred to Daybreak as his painting, the epitome of his work. Measuring 26.5 by 45 inches, the painting employs a formal layout similar to a stage set, painted using preparatory photographs, the models were his regular models, Kitty Owen, Parrishs daughter Jean, and Susan Lewin. Only two figures appear in the painting, though pencil studies indicate that the artist originally intended a third near the righthand column. The composition is arranged on the principle of dynamic symmetry popularized by Jay Hambidge, the painting has always been in private ownership. On May 25,2006, Daybreak was purchased by a collector at auction at Christies for US $7.6 million. This set a price for a Parrish painting. It was sold again on May 21,2010 for US $5.2 million, in 1995 Michael Jackson produced a music video, You Are Not Alone, featuring himself and his then wife, Lisa Marie Presley, in which they appear semi-nude in emulation of Daybreak. The Bloom County comic book Penguin Dreams and Stranger Things features a cover with many elements of Daybreak, the Dalis Car album cover The Waking Hour uses a detail from Daybreak. The Moody Blues 1983 album The Present features cover artwork uses a variation of Daybreak. A1986 Nestle television commercial for Alpine White features one scene imitating Daybreak, the Saint Preux album The Last Opera also uses Daybreak for its cover. Daybreak in OBryonville is a Cincinnati mural designed for ArtWorks by contemporary artist Kate Holterhoff, Parrishs flowering vine motif figures prominently in Holterhoffs mural. A discussion about experiencing the published version and the actual painting
Daybreak (painting)
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Daybreak
29.
Cadmus
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In Greek mythology, Cadmus /ˈkædməs/, Greek, Κάδμος Kadmos), was the founder and first king of Thebes. Cadmus was the first Greek hero and, alongside Perseus and Bellerophon, Cadmus founded the Greek city of Thebes, the acropolis of which was originally named Cadmeia in his honour. Cadmus was credited by the ancient Greeks with introducing the original Alphabet —to the Greeks, herodotus estimates that Cadmus lived sixteen hundred years before his time, or around 2000 BC. Herodotus had seen and described the Cadmean writing in the temple of Apollo at Thebes engraved on certain tripods and he estimated those tripods to date back to the time of Laius the great-grandson of Cadmus. On one of the tripods there was this inscription in Cadmean writing, the Homeric picture of the Mycenaean age betrays extremely little awareness of writing, possibly reflecting the loss during the Dark Age of the earlier Linear B script. Indeed, the only Homeric reference to writing was in the phrase γράμματα λυγρά, grámmata lygrá, literally baneful drawings, but such a suggestion, however attractive, is by no means a certain conclusion in light of currently available evidence. The connection between the name of Cadmus and the origins of either the Linear B script or the later Phoenician alphabet, if any. However, in modern-day Lebanon, Cadmus is still revered and celebrated as the carrier of the letter to the world, according to Greek myth, Cadmuss descendants ruled at Thebes on and off for several generations, including the time of the Trojan War. The etymology of Cadmus name remains uncertain, possible connected words include the Semitic triliteral root qdm signifies east, and the Greek kekasmai to shine. Therefore, the meaning of the name might be, He who excels. After his sister Europa had been carried off by Zeus from the shores of Phoenicia, Cadmus was sent out by his father to find her, and enjoined not to return without her. Unsuccessful in his search - or unwilling to go against Zeus - he came to Samothrace, the island sacred to the Great Gods or the Kabeiroi, whose mysteries would be celebrated also at Thebes. Cadmus did not journey alone to Samothrace, he appeared with his mother Telephassa in the company of his nephew Thasus, son of Cilix, who gave his name to the island of Thasos nearby. An identically composed trio had other names at Samothrace, according to Diodorus Siculus, Electra, there was a fourth figure, Electras daughter, Harmonia, whom Cadmus took away as a bride, as Zeus had abducted Europa. The wedding was the first celebrated on Earth to which the gods brought gifts, according to Diodorus and dined with Cadmus, Cadmus came in the course of his wanderings to Delphi, where he consulted the oracle. He was ordered to give up his quest and follow a cow, with a half moon on her flank, which would meet him. The cow was given to Cadmus by Pelagon, King of Phocis, and it guided him to Boeotia, intending to sacrifice the cow to Athena, Cadmus sent some of his companions to the nearby Ismenian spring for water. They were slain by the springs guardian water-dragon, which was in turn destroyed by Cadmus and he was then instructed by Athena to sow the dragons teeth in the ground, from which there sprang a race of fierce armed men, called the Spartoi
Cadmus
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Cadmus fighting the dragon. Painting from a
krater in the
Louvre Museum.
Cadmus
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Cadmus and the dragon, black-figured
amphora from
Euboea, ca. 560–50 BC,
Louvre (E 707).
Cadmus
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Lee Lawrie, Cadmus (1939). Library of Congress
John Adams Building, Washington, D.C.
Cadmus
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Cadmus Sowing the Dragon's teeth, by
Maxfield Parrish, 1908.
30.
Fantasy
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Fantasy is a fiction genre set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Most fantasy uses magic or other elements as a main plot element, theme. Magic and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds, in popular culture, the fantasy genre is predominantly of the medievalist form. In its broadest sense, however, fantasy works by many writers, artists, filmmakers. Fantasy is studied in a number of disciplines including English and other studies, cultural studies, comparative literature, history. The identifying trait of fantasy is the reliance on imagination to create narrative elements that do not have to rely on history or nature to be coherent. This differs from realistic fiction in that whereas realistic fiction has to attend to the history and natural laws of reality, an author applies his or her imagination to come up with characters, plots, and settings that are impossible in reality. Fantasy has often compared with science fiction and horror because they are the major categories of speculative fiction. Fantasy is distinguished from science fiction by the plausibility of the narrative elements, a science fiction narrative is unlikely, though seeming possible through logical scientific and/or technological extrapolation, whereas fantasy narratives do not need to be scientifically possible. The imagined elements of fantasy do not need an explanation to be narratively functional. Authors have to rely on the suspension of disbelief, an acceptance of the unbelievable or impossible for the sake of enjoyment. Despite both genres heavy reliance on the supernatural, fantasy and horror are distinguishable, horror primarily evokes fear through the protagonists weaknesses or inability to deal with the antagonists. Beginning perhaps with the earliest written documents, mythic and other elements that would come to define fantasy. MacDonald was an influence on both J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The other major fantasy author of this era was William Morris, lord Dunsany established the genres popularity in both the novel and the short story form. Many popular mainstream authors also began to write fantasy at this time, including H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling and Edgar Rice Burroughs. Indeed, juvenile fantasy was considered more acceptable than fantasy intended for adults, nathaniel Hawthorne wrote fantasy in A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, intended for children, though works for adults only verged on fantasy. Political and social trends can affect a societys reception towards fantasy, in the early 20th century, the New Culture Movements enthusiasm for Westernization and science in China compelled them to condemn the fantastical shenmo genre of traditional Chinese literature
Fantasy
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Fairy tales and legends, such as
Dobrynya Nikitich 's rescue of Zabava Putyatichna from the dragon
Gorynych, have been an important source for fantasy.
Fantasy
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Many works are unclear as to the belief of the authors in the marvels they contain, as in the enchanted garden from the
Decameron.
