1.
Matrox
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Matrox is a producer of video card components and equipment for personal computers. Based in Dorval, Quebec, Canada it was founded by Lorne Trottier, Matrox is an umbrella name for two legal entities, Matrox Graphics Inc. the entity most recognized by the public which has been making graphics cards for over 30 years Matrox Electronic Systems Ltd. Matroxs first graphics card product was the ALT-256 for S-100 bus computers, the ALT-256 produced a 256 by 256 pixel monochrome display using an 8 kilobyte frame buffer consisting of 16 TMS4027 DRAM chips. An expanded version followed, the ALT-512, both available for Intel SBC bus machines as well, through the 1980s, Matroxs cards followed changes in the hardware side of the market, to Multibus and then the variety of PC standards. During the 1990s, the Matrox Millennium series of cards attracted buyers willing to pay for a higher quality, in 1994 Matrox introduced the Matrox Impression, an add-on card that worked in conjunction with a Millennium card to provide 3D acceleration. The Impression was aimed primarily at the CAD market, a later version of the Millennium included features similar to the Impression but by this time the series was lagging behind emerging vendors like 3dfx Interactive. Matrox made several attempts to increase its share of the market for 3D-capable cards, the Matrox Mystique, released in 1996, was the companys first attempt to make a card with good gaming performance and with pricing suitable for that market. Another attempt was the Matrox G100 and G200, the G200 was sold as two models, the Millennium G200 was a higher-end version typically equipped with 8 MB SGRAM memory, while the Mystique G200 used slower SDRAM memory but added a TV-out port. The G200 offered competent 3D performance for the first time, but was released shortly before a new generation of cards from Nvidia and ATI which completely outperformed it. Later versions in the Matrox G400 series were never able to regain the crown, since then, Matrox has continued to shift the focus of its card designs towards specialized, niche markets, moving more deeply into enterprise, industrial, and government applications. In recent years they have no more than a 3–5% share of the total video card market. Matrox is now divided in three divisions, Matrox Graphics, Matrox Video, and Matrox Imaging and these drivers were tested and are allegedly supported for quite old distributions. They do not work on newer Linux kernels and X. Org Server versions, in addition to the proprietary drivers provided by Matrox, the DRI community has provided drivers under the GPL license for many more of the devices. Computer graphics Graphics chip Graphics processing unit Matrox RT
2.
Technology
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Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, the human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The steady progress of technology has brought weapons of ever-increasing destructive power. It has helped develop more advanced economies and has allowed the rise of a leisure class, many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as pollution and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earths environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and raise new questions of the ethics of technology, examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, and the challenges of bioethics. Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the condition or worsens it. The use of the technology has changed significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, the term was often connected to technical education, as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The term technology rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution, the terms meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into technology. In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that is absent in English, which translates both terms as technology. By the 1930s, technology referred not only to the study of the industrial arts, dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions. Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 Real World of Technology lecture, gave another definition of the concept, it is practice, the way we do things around here. The term is used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics. Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time,1, defines technology in two ways, as the pursuit of life by other than life, and as organized inorganic matter. Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems and it is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator. Tools and machines need not be material, virtual technology, such as software and business methods. W. Brian Arthur defines technology in a broad way as a means to fulfill a human purpose
3.
Seagate Technology
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Seagate Technology PLC is an American data storage company. It was incorporated in 1978, as Shugart Technology, since 2010, the company is incorporated in Dublin, Ireland, with operational headquarters in Cupertino, California, United States. Seagate developed the first 5. 25-inch hard disk drive, the 5-megabyte ST-506 and they were a major supplier in the microcomputer market during the 1980s, especially after the introduction of the IBM XT in 1983. Today Seagate along with Western Digital dominates the HDD market, much of their growth has come through acquisition of competitors. In 1989, Seagate acquired Control Data Corporations Imprimis division, makers of CDCs HDD products, Seagate acquired Conner Peripherals in 1996, Maxtor in 2006, and Samsungs HDD business in 2011. Seagate Technology was incorporated on November 1,1978, and commenced operations with co-founders Al Shugart, Tom Mitchell, Doug Mahon, Finis Conner, the name was changed to Seagate Technology to avoid a lawsuit from Xeroxs subsidiary Shugart Associates. The companys first product, the 5-megabyte ST-506, was released in 1980 and it was the first hard disk to fit the 5. 25-inch form factor of the Shugart mini-floppy drive. The hard disk, which used a Modified Frequency Modulation encoding, was a hit, and was released in a 10-megabyte version. With this Seagate secured a contract as a major OEM supplier for the IBM XT, the large volumes of units sold to IBM, the then-dominant supplier of PCs, fueled Seagates early growth. In their first year, Seagate shipped $10 million of units to consumers, by 1983, the company shipped over 200,000 units for revenues of $110 million. The 20-megabyte version, the ST-225, and the 30-megabyte version and these were also made in SCSI versions. In 1983, Al Shugart was replaced as president by then chief operating officer, Tom Mitchell, Shugart continued to oversee corporate planning. By this point the company had a 45% market share of the hard drive market. In 1989, Seagate acquired Control Datas Imprimis Technology, CDCs disk storage division, in September 1991, Tom Mitchell resigned as president under pressure from the board of directors, with Al Shugart reassuming presidency of the company. Shugart refocused the company on its more lucrative markets, and on mainframe drives instead of external drives and this included a domestic partnership with Corning Inc. which began using a new glass ceramic compound to manufacture disk substrates. In 1991, Seagate also introduced the Barracuda HDDs, the industrys first hard disk with a 7200-RPM spindle speed, in May 1993, Seagate became the first company to cumulatively ship 50 million HDDs over its firms history. The following year Seagate Technology Inc moved from the Nasdaq exchange to the New York Stock Exchange, upon leaving, the company was the 17th-largest company in terms of trading volume on the Nasdaq exchange. In 1996, Seagate merged with Conner Peripherals to form worlds largest independent hard-drive manufacturer, in 1996, Seagate introduced the industrys first hard disk with a 10, 000-RPM spindle speed, the Cheetah 4LP
4.
Milpitas, California
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Milpitas /mɪlˈpiːtəs/ is a city in Santa Clara County, California. It is located with San Jose to its south and Fremont to its north, at the end of State Route 237. With Alameda County bordering directly on the north, Milpitas sits in the extreme northeast section of the South Bay, bordering the East Bay, Milpitas is also located within the Silicon Valley. The corporate headquarters of Maxtor, LSI Corporation, Adaptec, Intersil, FireEye, Viavi and Lumentum, KLA-Tencor, SanDisk, Flex and Cisco also have offices in Milpitas. The population was 66,790 at the 2010 census, Milpitas was first inhabited by the Tamyen, a linguistic subgroup of the Muwekma Ohlone people who had resided in the San Francisco Bay Area for thousands of years. The Ohlone Indians lived a life based on everyday hunting and gathering. Some of the Ohlone lived in villages within what is now Milpitas, including sites underneath what are now the Calvary Assembly of God Church. Archaeological evidence gathered from Ohlone graves at the Elmwood Correctional Facility in 1993 revealed a rich trade with tribes from Sacramento to Monterey. During the Spanish expeditions of the late 18th century, several missions were founded in the San Francisco Bay Area, during the mission period, Milpitas served as a crossroads between Mission San José de Guadalupe in modern-day Fremont and Mission Santa Clara de Asis, in present Santa Clara. Jose Maria Alviso was the son of Francisco Xavier Alviso and Maria Bojorquez, both landowners had built prominent adobe homes on their properties. Today, both still exist and are the oldest structures in Milpitas. The seriously eroded walls of the Jose Higuera Adobe, now in Higuera Adobe Park, are encapsulated in a shell built c.1970 by Marian Weller. The Alviso Adobe can be mostly in its original form with one kitchen addition made by the Cuciz family after they purchased the adobe from the Gleason family in 1922. Alviso Adobe History Park is to be opened, after the restoration of the adobe and outbuildings is completed, as an educational museum with historic items, trees, buildings. In the 1850s, large numbers of Americans of English, German, the Burnett, Rose, Dempsey, Jacklin, Trimble, Ayer, Parks, Wool, Weller, Minnis, and Evans are among the early settlers of Milpitas. These early settlers farmed the land that was once the ranchos, some set up businesses on what was then called Mission Road between Calaveras Road and the Alviso-Milpitas Road. By the late 20th century this became known as the Midtown district. Yet another influx of immigration came in the 1870s and 1880s as Portuguese sharecroppers from the Azores came to farm the Milpitas hillsides, many of the Azoreans had such locally well-known surnames like Coelho, Covo, Mattos, Nunes, Spangler, Serpa, and Silva
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Hard disk drive
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The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order. HDDs are a type of storage, retaining stored data even when powered off. Introduced by IBM in 1956, HDDs became the dominant secondary storage device for computers by the early 1960s. Continuously improved, HDDs have maintained this position into the era of servers. More than 200 companies have produced HDDs historically, though after extensive industry consolidation most current units are manufactured by Seagate, Toshiba, as of 2016, HDD production is growing, although unit shipments and sales revenues are declining. While SSDs have higher cost per bit, SSDs are replacing HDDs where speed, power consumption, small size, the primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and performance. Capacity is specified in unit prefixes corresponding to powers of 1000, the two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3. 5-inch, for desktop computers, and 2. 5-inch, primarily for laptops. HDDs are connected to systems by standard interface cables such as PATA, SATA, Hard disk drives were introduced in 1956, as data storage for an IBM real-time transaction processing computer and were developed for use with general-purpose mainframe and minicomputers. The first IBM drive, the 350 RAMAC in 1956, was approximately the size of two medium-sized refrigerators and stored five million six-bit characters on a stack of 50 disks. In 1962 the IBM350 RAMAC disk storage unit was superseded by the IBM1301 disk storage unit, cylinder-mode read/write operations were supported, and the heads flew about 250 micro-inches above the platter surface. Motion of the head array depended upon a binary system of hydraulic actuators which assured repeatable positioning. The 1301 cabinet was about the size of three home refrigerators placed side by side, storing the equivalent of about 21 million eight-bit bytes, access time was about a quarter of a second. Also in 1962, IBM introduced the model 1311 disk drive, users could buy additional packs and interchange them as needed, much like reels of magnetic tape. Later models of removable pack drives, from IBM and others, became the norm in most computer installations, non-removable HDDs were called fixed disk drives. Some high-performance HDDs were manufactured with one head per track so that no time was lost physically moving the heads to a track, known as fixed-head or head-per-track disk drives they were very expensive and are no longer in production. In 1973, IBM introduced a new type of HDD code-named Winchester and its primary distinguishing feature was that the disk heads were not withdrawn completely from the stack of disk platters when the drive was powered down. Instead, the heads were allowed to land on an area of the disk surface upon spin-down
7.
Initial public offering
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Through this process, a privately held company transforms into a public company. Initial public offerings are used by companies to raise the expansion of capital, possibly to monetize the investments of early private investors. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors, after the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, money passes between public investors. The IPO process is known as going public. Details of the offering are disclosed to potential purchasers in the form of a lengthy document known as a prospectus. Most companies undertake an IPO with the assistance of an investment banking firm acting in the capacity of an underwriter, underwriters provide several services, including help with correctly assessing the value of shares and establishing a public market for shares. Alternative methods such as the dutch auction have also been explored, in terms of size and public participation, the two most notable examples of this method is the Google IPO and Snapchats parent company Snap Inc. China has recently emerged as a major IPO market, with several of the largest IPOs taking place in that country, the earliest form of a company which issued public shares was the case of the publicani during the Roman Republic. Like modern joint-stock companies, the publicani were legal bodies independent of their members whose ownership was divided into shares, there is evidence that these shares were sold to public investors and traded in a type of over-the-counter market in the Forum, near the Temple of Castor and Pollux. The shares fluctuated in value, encouraging the activity of speculators, mere evidence remains of the prices for which partes were sold, the nature of initial public offerings, or a description of stock market behavior. Publicanis lost favor with the fall of the Republic and the rise of the Empire, the first modern IPO occurred in March 1602 when the Dutch East India Company offered shares of the company to the public in order to raise capital. All the shares were tradable, and the shareholders received receipts for the purchase, a share certificate documenting payment and ownership such as we know today was not issued but ownership was instead entered in the companys share register. In the United States, the first IPO was the offering of Bank of North America around 1783. An IPO, therefore, allows a company to tap into a pool of potential investors to provide itself with capital for future growth, repayment of debt. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors. Those investors must endure the unpredictable nature of the market to price. After the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, for early private investors who choose to sell shares as part of the IPO process, the IPO represents an opportunity to monetize their investment. This type of offering is not dilutive, since no new shares are being created, once a company is listed, it is able to issue additional common shares in a number of different ways, one of which is the follow-on offering
8.
New York Stock Exchange
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The New York Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the worlds largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its companies at US$19.3 trillion as of June 2016. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013, the NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007, the main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978. The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists, previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext, which was formed by the NYSEs 2007 merger with Euronext. NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange, the NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation. The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement, previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms, after sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted, the invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New Yorks market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York, by 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the century saw rapid growth in securities trading. Securities trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics. The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, as was the 11 Wall Street building. The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21,2005, NYSEs governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6,2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8,2006, Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, the principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance. Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE, presently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher
9.
MiniScribe
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MiniScribe was a manufacturer of disk storage products, founded in Longmont, Colorado in 1980. MiniScribe designed and sold stepper motor-based hard disk drives with an amount of onboard logic for the time. They eventually moved into higher-profile voice coil designs, and won major contracts with IBM. They were a relatively well-known brand through the early 1980s, the company was started by Terry Johnson, who had a 20-year career in the hard drive business at such companies as IBM, Memorex and Storage Technology Corporation. However, slow sales of the IBM XT led IBM to dramatically scale back their orders late that year, forcing MiniScribe to lay off 26% of its staff and causing the value of the stock plummet. Johnson left the company, at the time he stated that he had been planning to do this for some time, Johnson would later comment that Its a very low inertia industry, you can blow your way into it and get blown out of it very quickly. Roger Gower, recently promoted to President, took over the CEO role as well, shortly thereafter the company was recapitalized with a $20 million investment from Hambrecht & Quist, a venture capital firm. One of H&Qs officers was Quentin Thomas Wiles, a turnaround specialist nicknamed Dr. Fix-It, Wiles took over the CEO position from Gower, running the company remotely from his office in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, with a management team made up primarily of accountants. Their major customer at time was Compaq, but the company was also bidding for major contracts with Apple Computer. In January 1987 the company conducted a quick inventory in order to estimate their accounts prior to an independent review by a third party accounting firm. Their internal inventory count showed that there was a shortfall of between $2 and $4 million and this implied the cost to produce those drives that did sell was higher than initially thought, which, if properly booked against sales, would mean their operating margins would be unimpressive. Instead of reporting this, a number of the decided to cover it up with various means. They produced an inventory count, and then broke into the accountants lock boxes. The team continued to roll these numbers forward through the quarters, in July 1987, Parker, director of far east operations, told Wiles that something was amiss, and in August Wiles travelled to Hong Kong and Singapore where he found a complete loss of control. The inventory count that fall showed the numbers had grown to $15 million, a report was prepared to consider various solution, but Wiles suggested they continue hiding the problem and ordered all copies of the report be destroyed. The company continued to post impressive numbers, but there were troubling signs and those two numbers are normally at odds, increased receivables should indicate increased sales, which would normally result in decreased inventory. The directors began an investigation in October, while the company reported another record-setting quarter for that period in spite of failing to win either the Apple or DEC contracts. The investigation revealed that Wiles set iron-clad sales forecasts and pushed these requirements down into the team, leaving no room for failure
10.
San Jose, California
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San Jose, officially the City of San José, is the economic, cultural, and political center of Silicon Valley and the largest city in Northern California. With an estimated 2015 population of 1,026,908, it is the third most populous city in California and the tenth most populous in United States. Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley, on the shore of San Francisco Bay. San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County, the most affluent county in California. San Jose is the largest city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area, which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively. Before the arrival of the Spanish, the area around San Jose was inhabited by the Ohlone people, San Jose was founded on November 29,1777, as the Pueblo of San José de Guadalupe, the first civilian town founded in Spanish Alta California. When California gained statehood in 1850, San Jose became the states first capital, following World War II, San Jose experienced an economic boom, with a rapid population growth and aggressive annexation of nearby cities and communities carried out in the 1950s and 60s. The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from a center to an urbanized metropolitan area. Results of the 1990 U. S. Census indicated that San Jose had officially surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in Northern California, by the 1990s, San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for the high tech and internet industries. San Jose is considered to be a city, notable for its affluence. San Joses location within the high tech industry, as a cultural, political. San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world, and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world, according to the Brookings Institute. Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems, eBay, Adobe Systems, PayPal, Brocade, Samsung, Acer, Prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by several groups of Ohlone Native Americans. The first lasting European presence began with a series of Franciscan missions established from 1769 by Junípero Serra, San Jose came under Mexican rule in 1821 after Mexico broke with the Spanish crown. It then became part of the United States, after it capitulated in 1846, on March 27,1850, San Jose became the second incorporated city in the state, with Josiah Belden its first mayor. San Jose was Californias first state capital, and hosted the first, today the Circle of Palms Plaza in downtown is the historical marker for the first state capital. The city was a station on the Butterfield Overland Mail route, in the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by John Montgomery and his peers, the City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor
11.
Digital signal processor
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A digital signal processor is a specialized microprocessor, with its architecture optimized for the operational needs of digital signal processing. The goal of DSPs is usually to measure, filter or compress continuous real-world analog signals, DSPs often use special memory architectures that are able to fetch multiple data or instructions at the same time. Digital signal processing algorithms typically require a number of mathematical operations to be performed quickly and repeatedly on a series of data samples. Signals are constantly converted from analog to digital, manipulated digitally, many DSP applications have constraints on latency, that is, for the system to work, the DSP operation must be completed within some fixed time, and deferred processing is not viable. A specialized digital signal processor, however, will tend to provide a lower-cost solution, with performance, lower latency. For example, the SES-12 and SES-14 satellites from operator SES, the architecture of a digital signal processor is optimized specifically for digital signal processing. Most also support some of the features as a processor or microcontroller. Some useful features for optimizing DSP algorithms are outlined below, sometimes various sticky bits operation modes are available. DSPs can sometimes rely on supporting code to know about cache hierarchies and this is a tradeoff that allows for better performance. In addition, extensive use of DMA is employed, DSPs frequently use multi-tasking operating systems, but have no support for virtual memory or memory protection. Operating systems that use virtual memory require more time for context switching among processes, the AMD2901 bit-slice chip with its family of components was a very popular choice. There were reference designs from AMD, but very often the specifics of a design were application specific. These bit slice architectures would sometimes include a peripheral multiplier chip, examples of these multipliers were a series from TRW including the TDC1008 and TDC1010, some of which included an accumulator, providing the requisite multiply–accumulate function. In 1976, Richard Wiggins proposed the Speak & Spell concept to Paul Breedlove, Larry Brantingham, two years later in 1978 they produced the first Speak & Spell, with the technological centerpiece being the TMS5100, the industrys first digital signal processor. It also set other milestones, being the first chip to use Linear predictive coding to perform speech synthesis, in 1978, Intel released the 2920 as an analog signal processor. It had an on-chip ADC/DAC with a signal processor. In 1979, AMI released the S2811 and it was designed as a microprocessor peripheral, and it had to be initialized by the host. The S2811 was likewise not successful in the market, in 1980 the first stand-alone, complete DSPs – the NEC µPD7720 and AT&T DSP1 – were presented at the International Solid-State Circuits Conference 80
12.
Quantum Corporation
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It also sells scalable file storage systems and archive software and appliances for managing data. The companys headquarters is in San Jose, California, from its founding in 1980 until 2001, it was also a major disk storage manufacturer, and was based in Milpitas, California. Quantum sold its disk drive business to Maxtor in 2001. Early on, the company designed smaller ST-506-compatible versions of its hard drives, in 1985, it introduced the Plus Hardcard, which was essentially a smaller version of the Q500, designed to fit in an ISA slot. In 1986, Quantum entered the then-new SCSI market with the Q280 80MB drive, when the company was started, low end drives generally used stepper motors, which were slow, noisy, and prone to reliability problems. Quantum developed a positioning system to guide the actuator arm in gross motor movements. This glass scale solution saved quite a bit of hardware as it required a single 8-bit microcontroller to handle the entire servo system. The Q2000 and Q4000 were the first drives to use this technology, later on, as track pitch narrowed, diffraction became a problem, and the decision was made to discontinue the system in favor of a fully magnetic embedded servo. The last drives to use the optical assist system were the ProDrive LPS120 and 240 Gemini models, the Fireball brand of hard drives were manufactured between 1995 and 2001. In 1995,540 MB Fireball hard drives using ATA and SCSI were available, in 1997, the Fireball ST, available in 1.6 GB to 6.4 GB capacities, was considered a top performer, while the Fireball TM was significantly slower. After some success with the Fireball AT1080 and Fireball AT1280, later versions of the Fireball series reversed this trend, and eventually a 7200 rpm Fireball Plus ATA version was released. The first of the Plus series was the Fireball Plus KA, a drive available in sizes up to 18.2 gigabytes, the Bigfoot brand of hard drives were available during the late 1990s and generally had lower costs per megabyte. It used a low-profile 5. 25-inch form factor and larger disks to increase capacity without forcing an increase in areal density. However, the Bigfoot drives had slow spindles, and the larger disk diameters meant the heads had to move farther when seeking and they were thus generally disliked by power users, and found their way mostly into inexpensive, brand-name PCs. In July 1994, Quantum purchased DECs data storage division for $348 million and this gave Quantum access to the DLT streaming tape system, as well as Digitals design team in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, which previously designed the RZ72 SCSI disk. The StorageWorks brand of disk arrays was not included in the deal, after the acquisition, Quantum tasked the Shrewsbury design team with developing the Atlas series of SCSI disks. Quantums Milpitas design team created the Viking, Phoenix and Katana designs, due to widespread Y2K fears, and the associated desire to safeguard data, the DLT product line had a large increase in sales in the late 1990s. As a result, Quantum split the company into two parts, one for the DLT products, and one for hard disk drives, by 2000, the hard drive market was becoming less profitable. Quantum decided to sell its hard drive division to Maxtor at this time
13.
San Jose State University
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San José State University is a comprehensive public university located in San Jose, California, United States. Located in downtown San Jose, the SJSU main campus is situated on 154 acres, SJSU offers 134 bachelors and masters degrees with 110 concentrations and five credential programs with 19 concentrations. The university also offers two joint doctoral programs and one independent doctoral program as of 2014. SJSU is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, SJSUs total enrollment was 32,154 in fall 2016, including nearly 5,800 graduate students. As of fall 2015, graduate student enrollment at SJSU was the second-highest of any campus in the CSU system, as of fall 2014, the top five most popular undergraduate majors at SJSU were psychology, accounting, marketing, business management, and biological sciences. As of fall 2014, the top five most popular programs were software engineering, electrical engineering, library and information sciences, social work. More San José State University alumni are hired by Silicon Valley firms than graduates of any college or university. SJSU sports teams are known as the Spartans, and compete in the NCAA Division I FBS Mountain West Conference, what is now San José State University was originally established in 1857 as the Minns Evening Normal School in San Francisco, founded by George W. Minns. In 1862, by act of the California legislature, Minns Evening Normal School became the California State Normal School, the school eventually moved to San Jose in 1871, and was given Washington Square Park at Fourth and San Carlos Streets, where the campus remains to this day. In 1881, a bell was forged to commemorate the school. The bell was inscribed with the words California State Normal School, A. D.1881, the original bell appears on the SJSU campus to this day, and is still associated with various student traditions and rituals. In August 1882, a branch campus of the California State Normal School opened in Los Angeles. In 1921, the California State Normal School changed its name to the State Teachers College at San Jose, in 1935, the State Teachers Colleges became the California State Colleges, and the schools name was changed again, this time to San Jose State College. Finally, in 1974, the California legislature voted to change the name to San José State University. In 1930, the Justice Studies Department was founded as a two-year police science degree program and it holds the distinction of offering the first policing degree in the United States. A stone monument and plaque are displayed close to the site of the police school near Tower Hall. In 1942, the old gym was used to register and collect Japanese Americans before sending them to internment camps, coincidentally, Uchidas parents and siblings were among those processed in the building. In 1963, in an effort to save Tower Hall from demolition, SJSU students and alumni organized testimonials before the State College Board of Trustees, sent telegrams, and provided signed petitions
14.
Longmont, Colorado
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The City of Longmont is a Home Rule Municipality in Boulder and Weld counties of the U. S. state of Colorado. Longmont is located northeast of the county seat of Boulder and 33 miles north-northwest of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver, Longmonts population was 86,270 at the time of the 2010 U. S. Census. Longmont is the 13th most populous city in the state of Colorado, the word Longmont comes from Longs Peak, a prominent mountain named for explorer Stephen H. Long that is clearly visible from Longmont, and mont, from the French word montagne for mountain. Longmont was founded in 1871 by a group of people from Chicago, originally called the Chicago-Colorado Colony, the men sold memberships in the town and with the proceeds purchased the land necessary for the town hall. As the first planned community in Boulder County, the city streets were laid out in a plan in a square mile. The city began to flourish as a community after the building of the Colorado Central Railroad line arrived northward from Boulder in 1877. During the 1940s, Longmont began to grow beyond these original limits, during the 1960s the federal government built an air traffic control center in Longmont, and IBM built a large factory near Longmont. As agriculture waned, more high technology has come to the city, including companies like Seagate, in April 2009, the GE Energy Company relocated its control solutions business to the area. The downtown along Main Street, once nearly dead during the 1980s, has seen a vibrant revival in the 1990s and into the 21st century. The Longmont City Council in May 2013 voted to finance and build out its own municipal gigabit data fiber-optic network to every house, further information on Longmonts history, see The Official City of Longmont History and the Longmont Museum & Cultural Center. Longmont is located in northeastern Boulder County at 40°10′18″N 105°06′33″W, the city extends eastward into western Weld County. U. S. Highway 287 runs through the center of the city, leading north 16 miles to Loveland, State Highway 119 passes through the city south of downtown and leads southwest 15 miles to Boulder and east 5 miles to Interstate 25. The elevation at City Hall is 4,978 feet above sea level, St. Vrain Creek, a tributary of the South Platte River, flows through the city just south of the city center. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Longmont has an area of 27.6 square miles, of which 26.2 square miles is land and 1.5 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 86,270 people residing in the city, the population density was 3,294 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was,83. 3% White 0. 9% African American 1. 0% Native American 3. 2% Asian 0. 1% Pacific Islander 8. 6% from other races 2. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 24. 6% of the population,23. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the family size was 3.15
15.
Texas Instruments
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Texas Instruments Inc. is an American technology company that designs and manufactures semiconductors, which it sells to electronics designers and manufacturers globally. Headquartered in Dallas, Texas, United States, TI is one of the top ten semiconductor companies worldwide, Texas Instrumentss focus is on developing analog chips and embedded processors, which accounts for more than 85% of their revenue. TI also produces TI digital light processing technology and education technology products including calculators, microcontrollers, to date, TI has more than 43,000 patents worldwide. TI produced the worlds first commercial silicon transistor in 1950, Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit in 1958 while working at TIs Central Research Labs. TI also invented the hand-held calculator in 1967, and introduced the first single-chip microcontroller in 1970, in 1987, TI invented the digital light processing device, which serves as the foundation for the companys award-winning DLP technology and DLP Cinema. In 1990, TI came out with the popular TI-81 calculator which made them a leader in the calculator industry. In 1997, its business was sold to Raytheon, which allowed TI to strengthen its focus on digital solutions. Texas Instruments was founded by Cecil H. Green, J. Erik Jonsson, Eugene McDermott, McDermott was one of the original founders of Geophysical Service Inc. in 1930. McDermott, Green, and Jonsson were GSI employees who purchased the company in 1941, in November,1945, Patrick Haggerty was hired as general manager of the Laboratory and Manufacturing division, which focused on electronic equipment. By 1951, the L&M division, with its contracts, was growing faster than GSIs Geophysical division. The company was reorganized and initially renamed General Instruments Inc, because there already existed a firm named General Instrument, the company was renamed Texas Instruments that same year. From 1956 to 1961, Fred Agnich of Dallas, later a Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives, was the Texas Instruments president, Geophysical Service, Inc. became a subsidiary of Texas Instruments. Early in 1988 most of GSI was sold to the Halliburton Company, in 1930, J. Clarence Karcher and Eugene McDermott founded Geophysical Service, an early provider of seismic exploration services to the petroleum industry. In 1939, the company reorganized as Coronado Corp. an oil company with Geophysical Service Inc, on December 6,1941, McDermott along with three other GSI employees, J. Erik Jonsson, Cecil H. Green, and H. B. During World War II, GSI expanded their services to include electronics for the U. S. Army, Signal Corps, in 1951, the company changed its name to Texas Instruments, GSI becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of the new company. Texas Instruments also continued to manufacture equipment for use in the seismic industry, after selling GSI, TI finally sold the company to Halliburton in 1988, at which point GSI ceased to exist as a separate entity. Texas Instruments entered the electronics market in 1942 with submarine detection equipment. During the early 1980s, Texas Instruments instituted a quality program which included Juran training, as well as promoting statistical process control, Taguchi methods and Design for Six Sigma
16.
Unisys
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Unisys Corporation is an American global information technology company based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, that provides a portfolio of IT services, software, and technology. It is the proprietor of the Burroughs and UNIVAC line of computers. Unisys traces its roots back to the founding of American Arithmometer Company in 1886, Unisys predecessor companies also include the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation, which developed the worlds first commercial digital computers, the BINAC and the UNIVAC. In September 1986 Unisys was formed through the merger of the mainframe corporations Sperry and Burroughs, the name was chosen from over 31,000 submissions in an internal competition when Chuck Ayoub submitted the word Unisys which was composed of parts of the words united, information and systems. The merger was the largest in the industry at the time. At the time of the merger, Unisys had approximately 120,000 employees, michael Blumenthal became CEO and Chairman after the merger and resigned in 1990 after several years of losses. James Unruh, became the new CEO and Chairman after Blumenthals departure and continued in that role until 1997, by 1997, layoffs had reduced world-wide employee count to approximately 30,000. In addition to hardware, both Burroughs and Sperry had a history of working on U. S. government contracts, Unisys continues to provide hardware, software, and services to various government agencies. In 1988 the company acquired Convergent Technologies, makers of CTOS, joseph McGrath served as CEO and President from January,2005, until September,2008, he was never named chairman. On October 7,2008, J. Edward Coleman replaced J. McGrath as CEO and was named Chairman of the board as well. On November 10,2008, the company was removed from the S&P500 index as the market capitalization of the company had fallen below the S&P500 minimum of $4 billion. On October 6,2014, Unisys announced that Coleman would leave the company effective December 1,2014, Unisys share price immediately fell when this news became public. On January 1,2015, Unisys officially named Peter Altabef as its new president and CEO, paul Weaver, who was formerly Lead Independent Director, was named Chairman. Unisys promotes itself as an information technology company that solves complex IT challenges for some of the world’s largest companies. Including the CIA, FBI, INS, ICE, and the U. S. military, the company maintains a portfolio of over 1,500 U. S. and non-U. S. The companys mainframe line, Clearpath, is capable of running not only mainframe software, the Clearpath system is available in either a UNISYS 2200-based system or an MCP-based system. In 2014, Unisys phased out its CMOS processors, completing the migration of its ClearPath mainframes to Intel x86 chips, the company announced its new ClearPath Dorado 8380 and 8390 systems in May,2015, its most powerful Dorado systems ever. In 2014, CRN ranked Unisys Stealth on its list of Top 10 products for combatting advanced persistent threat, Platform among the Top 10 coolest servers of 2014
17.
SCSI
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Small Computer System Interface is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices. The SCSI standards define commands, protocols, electrical and optical interfaces, SCSI is derived from SASI, the Shugart Associates System Interface, developed circa 1978 and publicly disclosed in 1981. A SASI controller provided a bridge between a hard disk drives low-level interface and a host computer, which needed to read blocks of data, SASI controller boards were typically the size of a hard disk drive and were usually physically mounted to the drives chassis. SASI, which was used in mini- and early microcomputers, defined the interface as using a 50-pin flat ribbon connector which was adopted as the first-generation SCSI connector. SASI is a fully compliant subset of SCSI-1 so that many, if not all, larry Boucher is considered to be the father of SASI and SCSI due to his pioneering work first at Shugart Associates and then at Adaptec. A number of such as NCR Corporation, Adaptec and Optimem were early supporters of the SCSI standard. The NCR facility in Wichita, Kansas is widely thought to have developed the industrys first SCSI chip, the small part in SCSI is historical, since the mid-1990s, SCSI has been available on even the largest of computer systems. Since its standardization in 1986, SCSI has been used in the Amiga, Atari, Apple Macintosh and Sun Microsystems computer lines. Apple started using Parallel ATA for its low-end machines with the Macintosh Quadra 630 in 1994, Apple dropped on-board SCSI completely with the Power Mac G3 in 1999, while still offering a PCI controller card as an option on up to the Power Macintosh G4 models. Sun switched its lower-end range to Serial ATA, Commodore included a SCSI interface on the Amiga 3000/3000T systems and it was an add-on to previous Amiga 500/2000 models. Starting with the Amiga 600/1200/4000 systems Commodore switched to the IDE interface, Atari included SCSI interface as standard in its Atari MEGA STE, Atari TT and Atari Falcon computer models. SCSI has never been popular in the low-priced IBM PC world, owing to the lower cost, however, SCSI drives and even SCSI RAIDs became common in PC workstations for video or audio production. Although much of the SCSI documentation talks about the parallel interface, Serial interfaces have a number of advantages over parallel SCSI, including higher data rates, simplified cabling, longer reach, and improved fault isolation. ISCSI preserves the basic SCSI paradigm, especially the command set, almost unchanged, through embedding of SCSI-3 over TCP/IP, SCSI is popular on high-performance workstations, servers, and storage appliances. Almost all RAID subsystems on servers have used some kind of SCSI hard disk drives for decades, moreover, SAS offers compatibility with SATA devices, creating a much broader range of options for RAID subsystems together with the existence of nearline SAS drives. SCSI is available in a variety of interfaces, the first was parallel SCSI, which uses a parallel bus design. Since 2005, SPI was gradually replaced by Serial Attached SCSI, ISCSI, for example, uses TCP/IP as a transport mechanism, which is most often transported over Gigabit Ethernet or faster network links. With the advent of SAS and SATA drives, provision for parallel SCSI on motherboards was discontinued, initially, the SCSI Parallel Interface was the only interface using the SCSI protocol
18.
Laptop
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Laptops are folded shut for transportation, and thus are suitable for mobile use. Although originally there was a distinction between laptops and notebooks, the former being bigger and heavier than the latter, as of 2014, there is often no longer any difference. Laptops are commonly used in a variety of settings, such as at work, in education, Internet surfing using sites such as YouTube and for personal multimedia, most 2016-era laptops also have integrated webcams and built-in microphones. Laptops can be powered either from a battery or by an external power supply from an AC adapter. Hardware specifications, such as the speed and memory capacity. Design elements, form factor, and construction can also vary significantly between models depending on intended use, as portable computers evolved into the modern laptop, they became widely used for a variety of purposes. The terms laptop and notebook are used interchangeably to describe a computer in English. Regardless of the etymology, by the late 1990s, the terms were interchangeable, as the personal computer became feasible in 1971, the idea of a portable personal computer soon followed. A personal, portable information manipulator was imagined by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in 1968, the IBM Special Computer APL Machine Portable was demonstrated in 1973. This prototype was based on the IBM PALM processor, the IBM5100, the first commercially available portable computer, appeared in September 1975, and was based on the SCAMP prototype. As 8-bit CPU machines became widely accepted, the number of portables increased rapidly, the Osborne 1, released in 1981, used the Zilog Z80 and weighed 23.6 pounds. It had no battery, a 5 in CRT screen, in the same year the first laptop-sized portable computer, the Epson HX-20, was announced. The Epson had an LCD screen, a battery. Both Tandy/RadioShack and HP also produced portable computers of varying designs during this period, the first laptops using the flip form factor appeared in the early 1980s. The Dulmont Magnum was released in Australia in 1981–82, but was not marketed internationally until 1984–85, the US$8,150 GRiD Compass 1101, released in 1982, was used at NASA and by the military, among others. The Sharp PC-5000, Ampere and Gavilan SC released in 1983, the Gavilan SC was the first computer described as a laptop by its manufacturer, while the Ampere had a modern clamshell design. The Toshiba T1100 won acceptance not only among PC experts but the market as a way to have PC portability. From 1983 onward, several new techniques were developed and included in laptops, including the touchpad, the pointing stick
19.
MP3 player
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An MP3 player or Digital Audio Player is an electronic device that can play digital audio files. It is a type of Portable Media Player, the term MP3 player is a misnomer, as most players play more than the MP3 file format. Since the MP3 format is used, almost all players can play that format. In addition, there are many digital audio formats. Some formats are proprietary, such as MP3, Windows Media Audio, some of these formats also may incorporate digital rights management, such as WMA DRM, which are often part of paid download sites. Other formats are patent-free or otherwise open, such as Vorbis, FLAC, in 1981, Kane Kramer filed for a UK patent for the IXI, the first Digital Audio Player. UK patent 2115996 was issued in 1985, and U. S, patent 4,667,088 was issued in 1987. Plans were made for a 10-minute stereo memory card and the system was at one time fitted with a drive which would have enabled over an hour of recorded digital music. However, in 1988 Kramers failure to raise the £60,000 required to renew the patent meant it entering the public domain, but he still owns the designs. In the year 1987 a German Company by the name of Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft started the program for coding music with the high quality. The project was controlled by an expert in mathematics and electronics, the first MP3 player was developed by SaeHan Information Systems in 1997. Nevertheless, the first one on the American market was the Eiger Labs F10, a 32MB portable that appeared in the summer of 1998. It was a basic unit and wasnt user expandable, though owners could upgrade the memory to 64MB by sending the player back to Eiger Labs with a check for $69.00 + $7.95 shipping. The second MP3 player needed was the Rio PMP300 from Diamond Multimedia, the Rio was a big success during the Christmas 1998 season as sales significantly exceeded expectations, spurring interest and investment in digital music. Eiger Labs and Diamond and went on to establish a new segment in the audio player market. Other early MP3 portables include Sensory Sciences Rave MP2100, the I-Jam IJ-100 and these portables were small and light, but only held enough memory to hold around 7 to 20 songs at normal 128kbit/s compression rates. As more users migrated to Win 98 by 2000, all players went USB, at the end of 1999, a company called Remote Solutions significantly broke that barrier by utilizing a laptop drive for song storage rather than low capacity flash memory. The Personal Jukebox had 4. 8GB, which held about 1200 songs and this segment eventually became the dominant type of digital music player
20.
HGST
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HGST, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Western Digital that sells hard disk drives, solid-state drives, and external storage products and services. Hitachi Global Storage Technologies was founded on January 6,2003 as a merger of the disk drive businesses of IBM. Hitachi paid IBM US$2.05 billion for its HDD business, on March 8,2012, Western Digital acquired Hitachi Global Storage Technologies for $3.9 billion in cash and 25 million shares of WD common stock valued at approximately $0.9 billion. The deal resulted in Hitachi, Ltd. owning approximately 10 percent of WD shares outstanding and it was agreed that WD would operate with WD Technologies and HGST as wholly owned subsidiaries and they would compete in the marketplace with separate brands and product lines. Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Japan, Ltd. is the Japanese branch of Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, in November 2013, the company announced a 6 TB capacity drive filled with helium. In September 2014, the company announced a 10 TB helium drive, as such, as of October 19,2015, HGST is a Western Digital brand, and no longer a separate entity. Ultrastar – Enterprise-class line of 3. 5-inch and 2. 5-inch HDDs with SCSI, Fibre Channel, SAS, and SATA interfaces, deskstar – Desktop-class line in 3. 5-inch form factor with SATA interfaces. Travelstar – Mobile-class line in 2. 5-inch form factor with SATA interfaces, endurastar – Ruggedized line in 2. 5-inch form factor with PATA or SATA interfaces, primarily for automotive applications. Cinemastar –3. 5-inch and 2. 5-inch form factors, optimized for consumer electronics applications requiring quiet operation and streaming support. LifeStudio products, announced in 2010 but now discontinued, were external hard drives that combine photo organization software, a 3D Wall for displaying content, touro family of cloud storage backup products. Hitachi-LG Data Storage – joint venture of Hitachi and LG, manufacturer of DVD, Hitachi Data Systems – manufacturer of modular enterprise storage systems, software and services. Official website 日立グローバルストレージテクノロジーズ Hitachi Establishes Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, Taking a Bold New Step for Storage Innovation
21.
Western Digital
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Western Digital Corporation is an American computer data storage company and one of the largest computer hard disk drive manufacturers in the world, along with Seagate Technology. Western Digital Corporation has a history in the electronics industry as an integrated circuit maker. Western Digital was founded on April 23,1970, by Alvin B, phillips, a Motorola employee, as General Digital, initially a manufacturer of MOS test equipment. It rapidly became a speciality semiconductor maker, with capital provided by several individual investors. Around July 1971, it adopted its current name and soon introduced its first product, the oil crisis of the mid-1970s and the bankruptcy of its biggest calculator customer, Bowmar Instrument, changed its fortunes, however, and in 1976 Western Digital declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy. After this, Emerson withdrew their support of the company, WDC introduced several landmark products during this time, including the MCP-1600 multi-chip, microcoded CPU. The MCP-1600 was used to implement DECs LSI-11 system and their own Pascal MicroEngine microcomputer which ran the UCSD p-System Version III, the processor was also used in several single-chip floppy disk drive controller chips, notably the FD1771. However, the WD integrated circuit that arguably drove Westerns forward integration was the 1771 chip, despite a price far higher than average CMOS chips of the time, it was very successful and extremely profitable. That controller, the WD1003, became the basis of the ATA interface, throughout most of the 1980s, the family of controllers based on the WD1003 provided the bulk of WDCs revenues and profits, and for a time generated enormous corporate growth. Much of the mid-to-late 1980s saw an effort by WDC to use the profits from their ATA storage controllers to become a general-purpose OEM hardware supplier for the PC industry, as a result, WDC purchased a number of hardware companies. These included graphics cards, core logic chipsets, SCSI controller chips for disk and tape devices and they did well, but storage-related chips and disk controllers were their biggest money makers. 1988 also brought what would be the biggest change in WDCs history and that year, WDC bought the hard drive production assets of PC hardware maker Tandon, the first products of that union under WDCs own name were the Centaur series of ATA and XT attachment drives. By 1991, things were starting to slow down, as the PC industry moved from ST-506 and ESDI drives to ATA and SCSI and that year saw the rise of WDCs Caviar drives, brand new designs that used the latest in embedded servo and computerized diagnostic systems. Eventually, the sales of the Caviar drives resulted in WDC starting to sell some of its divisions. Paradise was sold to Philips, and since disappeared and its networking and floppy drive controller divisions went to SMC Networks and its SCSI chip business went to Future Domain, which was later bought out by market leader Adaptec. Around 1995, the lead that the Caviar drives had enjoyed was eclipsed by newer offerings from other companies, especially Quantum Corp. Products and ideas of time did not go far. The Portfolio drive was a flop, as was the SDX hard disk to CD-ROM interface, in an attempt to turn the tide in 1998, WDC recruited the help of IBM
22.
Adaptec
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Adaptec is a brand for computer storage products. The brand and many associated assets are owned by Microsemi. Larry Boucher, Wayne Higashi, and Bernard Nieman founded Adaptec in 1981, at first, Adaptec focused on devices with Parallel SCSI interfaces. Popular host bus adapters included the 154x/15xx ISA family, the 2940 PCI family, with advancements in technology, RAID functions were added while interfaces evolved to PCIe and SAS. On May 10,2010, PMC-Sierra, Inc. and Adaptec, the transaction was expected to close in approximately 30 days, subject to customary closing conditions. Following the sale, Adaptec would retain its Aristos ASIC technology business, certain real estate assets, more than 200 patents, on June 8,2010, PMC-Sierra, Inc. and Adaptec, Inc. announced the completion of the acquisition. PMC-Sierra renamed the channel storage business Adaptec by PMC, PMC-Sierra was in turn acquired by Microsemi in January 2016. The old Adaptec, Inc. changed its name to ADPT Corporation, Steel Excel is now an investment firm. Adaptec produced interface products involving SCSI, USB, IEEE1394, iSCSI, Fibre Channel, Adaptec once produced CD- and DVD-burning software under the brand names of Easy CD Creator and Toast, as well as network-attached storage devices such as the Snap Server product line. The Adaptec brand is used to sell host bus adapters, RAID adapters, SAS expander cards, cables, the New York Times, November 2,1999 - Adaptec Looks To Strengthen Data-Storage Line Official website Steel Excel Inc
23.
Fabrik Inc.
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Fabrik Inc. is a manufacturer of external hard drives and digital content management software and services. Fabrik said it was the third largest supplier of external storage products in North America in 2007 and it is headquartered in San Mateo, with offices in Santa Ana and Culver City, California. The company sells external hard drives and online backup software in a product for consumers, small business users. The company also hosts the online digital content management and sharing site. Fabrik’s product lines include SimpleTech, G-Technology, Joggle and Fabrik Ultimate Backup, Fabrik was founded as a Web-based software company in August 2005 by former Maxtor executives Mike Cordano and Keyur Patel. Anaal Udaybabu designed a brand identity for on-the-web storage, the following month, the company disclosed the completion of its series A funding of $4.1 million followed by $8 million in series B funding in July 2006 and $14.3 million in February 2007. Then in May 2007, the company received $24.9 million in funding, bringing the total to about $51.3 million in funding. com, which organized and stored digital media online. In February 2007, the acquired the consumer business of SimpleTech, inheriting the SimpleTech product line of external hard drives for consumers. Fabrik’s acquisitions and the introduction of Joggle at the DEMO conference in January 2008 created four brands, SimpleTech, G-Technology, Joggle, SimpleTech and G-Technology products were still branded as such and maintained separate online website entities. On February 23,2009, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies announced it agreed to acquire Fabrik, at this point Fabrik revenue for the year was estimated at $350M to $400M range and growing 40% on yearly basis. On April 6,2009, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies completed the acquisition, following the acquisition, the subsidiary was branded G-Technology by Hitachi. The company’s SimpleTech products are external hard drives for mainstream consumers and it includes portable external hard drives and desktop external hard drives. All SimpleTech products come bundled with free backup software and online backup capabilities. The SimpleTech drive has a 100 percent recyclable enclosure and several energy, the company claims the drive is the world’s most eco-friendly, resource conscious external hard drive. The original design of the SimpleTech portable external storage product line was inspired by the Ferrari design team Pininfarina, Fabrik started a free online digital content management site called Joggle in early 2008. The company also has an online backup approach, Fabrik Ultimate Backup. Archived Fabrik site Archived Fabrik by Hitachi Global Storage Technologies site
24.
Samsung
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Samsung Group is a South Korean multinational conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chul in 1938 as a trading company. Over the next three decades, the group diversified into areas including food processing, textiles, insurance, securities, Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 1960s and the construction and shipbuilding industries in the mid-1970s, these areas would drive its subsequent growth. Following Lees death in 1987, Samsung was separated into four business groups – Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group, since 1990, Samsung has increasingly globalised its activities and electronics, in particular, its mobile phones and semiconductors have become its most important source of income. Notable Samsung industrial affiliates include Samsung Electronics, Samsung Heavy Industries, other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance, Samsung Everland and Cheil Worldwide. Samsung has an influence on South Koreas economic development, politics, media. Its affiliate companies produce around a fifth of South Koreas total exports, Samsungs revenue was equal to 17% of South Koreas $1,082 billion GDP. On 17 February 2017, Vice Chairman Lee Jae-yong was arrested for bribery, embezzlement, hiding assets overseas, according to Samsungs founder, the meaning of the Korean hanja word Samsung is tri-star or three stars. The word three represents something big, numerous and powerful, in 1938, Lee Byung-chull of a large landowning family in the Uiryeong county moved to nearby Daegu city and founded Samsung Sanghoe. Samsung started out as a trading company with forty employees located in Su-dong. It dealt in dried-fish, locally-grown groceries and made noodles, the company prospered and Lee moved its head office to Seoul in 1947. When the Korean War broke out, he was forced to leave Seoul and he started a sugar refinery in Busan named Cheil Jedang. In 1954, Lee founded Cheil Mojik and built the plant in Chimsan-dong and it was the largest woollen mill ever in the country. Samsung diversified into different areas. Lee sought to establish Samsung as leader in a range of industries. Samsung moved into lines of such as insurance, securities. President Park Chung Hee placed great importance on industrialization and he focused his economic development strategy on a handful of large domestic conglomerates, protecting them from competition and assisting them financially. In 1947, Cho Hong-jai, the Hyosung groups founder, jointly invested in a new company called Samsung Mulsan Gongsa, or the Samsung Trading Corporation, the trading firm grew to become the present-day Samsung C&T Corporation
25.
LenovoEMC
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LenovoEMC, sometimes styled lenovo EMC², is a producer of external, portable, and networked storage products. Established in the 1980s in Roy, Utah, as Iomega, LenovoEMC has sold more than 410 million digital storage drives and it was formerly a public company. The Zip Drive was Iomegas most notable product, Iomega designed and manufactured a range of products intended to compete with and ultimately replace the 3.5 floppy disk, notably the Zip drive. Initial Iomega products connected to a computer via SCSI or parallel port, later models used USB, LenovoEMCs current product portfolio includes network-attached storage products, external hard drives, multimedia drives, and removable storage technology. The 400d is a multi-bay network-attached storage device, the 400d is powered by an Intel Atom processor running at 2.13 gigahertz, has 2 gigabytes of RAM, and has a SATA3 controller capable of moving data at 6 gigabits per second. HDMI and USB ports are included, the HDMI-out function enables monitoring live feeds from surveillance cameras. The unit can be set up and managed without a PC using a display, keyboard. The 400d is LenovoEMCs first product sold with its LifeLine 4.1 software, which adds functions such as a mode, enhanced Active Directory support. McAfee ePolicy Orchestrator is included for centralized security management, all THINK-branded systems from Lenovo pre-installed with Windows 8.1 include LenovoEMC Storage Connector in order make discovery and set-up of the 400d and other LenovoEMC NAS devices smoother. At the 2014 International CES, LenovoEMC announced the Lenovo Beacon Home Cloud Centre, the Beacon is a storage device that allows remote sharing of data such as music, pictures, and video. The Beacon allows music and video streaming to multiple devices, android phones and tablets can be used to control the Beacon. It also has an HDMI port to allow connection to a television or monitor, up to 6 terabytes of storage, RAID0 and 1, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth are all supported. Lenovo announced the construction of a research and development facility near São Paulo, Brazil and this facility will be dedicated to enterprise software and supporting LenovoEMCs development of high-end servers and cloud storage. Construction will cost $100 million and about 100 will be employed at the facility and it will be located in the University of Campinas Science and Technology Park, about 60 miles from São Paulo. Iomega started business in Roy, Utah in 1980, for many years, the firm was a significant name in the data storage industry. Iomegas most famous product, the Zip Drive, was revolutionary as it offered relatively large amounts of storage on easily portable compact cartridges, the original Zip disks 100MB capacity was a huge improvement over the 1. 44MB limitation of floppy disks. The Zip Drive became an internal and external peripheral for IBM-compatible computers. However, Zip disk cartridges sometimes failed after a short period and this problem, combined with competition from CD-RW drives, caused Zip Drive sales to decline dramatically, despite later efforts to introduce larger 250MB and 750MB disk versions
26.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
27.
History of hard disk drives
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In 1953, IBM recognized the immediate application for what it termed a Random Access File having high capacity and rapid random access at a relatively low cost. After considering technologies such as matrices, rod arrays, drums, drum arrays. The commercial usage of hard disk drives began in 1956, with the shipment of an IBM305 RAMAC system including IBM Model 350 disk storage. US Patent 3,503,060 issued March 24,1970, each generation of disk drives replaced larger, more sensitive and more cumbersome devices. The earliest drives were only in the protected environment of a data center. Later generations progressively reached factories, offices and homes, eventually reaching ubiquity, Disk media diameter was initially 24-inches in diameter but over time it has been reduced to todays typically 95 or 65 millimetres. Drives with the larger 24-inch and 14-inch diameter media were typically mounted in standalone boxes or large equipment rack enclosures, individual drives often required high-current AC power due to the large motors required to spin the large disks. Drives with smaller media generally conformed to de facto standard form factors, the capacity of hard drives has grown exponentially over time. When hard drives became available for computers, they offered 5-megabyte capacity. During the mid-1990s the typical hard drive for a PC had a capacity of about 1 gigabyte. As of August 2016, desktop hard drives typically had a capacity of 1 to 4 terabytes. The IBM350 Disk File was developed under the code-name RAMAC by an IBM San Jose team led by Reynold Johnson and it was announced in 1956 with the then new IBM305 RAMAC computer. A variant the IBM355 Disk File was simultaneous announced with the IBM RAM650 computer, the IBM350 drive had fifty 24-inch platters, with a total capacity of five million 6-bit characters. A single head assembly having two heads was used for access to all the platters, yielding an average time of just under 1 second. The IBM1301 Disk Storage Unit, announced in 1961, introduced the usage of heads having self-acting air bearings with one head per surface of the disks. Also in 1961, Bryant Computer Products introduced its 4000 series disk drives and these massive units stood 52 inches tall,70 inches wide, and had up to 26 platters, each 39 inches in diameter, rotating at up to 1,200 rpm. Access times were from 50 to 205 milliseconds, the drives total capacity, depending on the number of platters installed, was up to 205,377,600 bytes. The first disk drive to use removable media was the IBM1311 drive and it was introduced in 1962 using the IBM1316 disk pack to store two million characters
28.
Toshiba
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Toshiba Corporation, commonly known as Toshiba and stylized as TOSHIBA, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Toshiba was founded in 1938 as Tokyo Shibaura Electric K. K. through the merger of Shibaura Seisaku-sho, the company name was officially changed to Toshiba Corporation in 1978. Toshiba is organized into four groupings, the Digital Products Group, the Electronic Devices Group, the Home Appliances Group and the Social Infrastructure Group. It is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX indices, the Osaka Securities Exchange, Toshiba is the seventh largest semiconductor manufacturer in the world. Toshiba was founded in 1939 by the merger of Shibaura Seisakusho, Shibaura Seisakusho had been founded as Tanaka Seisakusho by Tanaka Hisashige in July 1875 as Japans first manufacturer of telegraph equipment. In 1904, it was renamed Shibaura Seisakusho, Tokyo Denki was founded as Hakunetsusha in 1890 and had been Japans first producer of incandescent electric lamps. It later diversified into the manufacture of consumer products and in 1899 had been renamed Tokyo Denki. The merger of Shibaura and Tokyo Denki created a new company called Tokyo Shibaura Denki and it was soon nicknamed Toshiba, but it was not until 1978 that the company was officially renamed Toshiba Corporation. The group expanded rapidly, driven by a combination of growth and by acquisitions, buying heavy engineering. In 1977, Toshiba acquired the Brazilian company Semp, subsequently forming Semp Toshiba through the combination of the two companies South American operations, the Toshiba-Kongsberg scandal involved a subsidiary of Toshiba and the Norwegian company Kongsberg Vaapenfabrikk. Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania said What Toshiba and Kongsberg did was ransom the security of the United States for $517 million, the contract ended in 2008, ending seven years of OEM production with Orion. In December 2004, Toshiba quietly announced it would discontinue manufacturing traditional in-house cathode ray tube televisions, in 2006, Toshiba terminated production of in-house plasma TVs. To ensure its competitiveness in the flat-panel digital television and display market. Before World War II, Toshiba was a member of the Mitsui Group zaibatsu, today Toshiba is a member of the Mitsui keiretsu, and still has preferential arrangements with Mitsui Bank and the other members of the keiretsu. Membership in a keiretsu has traditionally meant loyalty, both corporate and private, to members of the keiretsu or allied keiretsu. This loyalty can extend as far as the beer the employees consume, in July 2005, BNFL confirmed it planned to sell Westinghouse Electric Company, then estimated to be worth $1.8 billion. In late 2007, Toshiba took over from Discover Card as the sponsor of the top-most screen of One Times Square in New York City and it displays the iconic 60-second New Years countdown on its screen, as well as messages, greetings, and advertisements for the company. In January 2009, Toshiba acquired the HDD business of Fujitsu, Toshiba announced on 16 May 2011, that it had agreed to acquire all of the shares of the Swiss-based advanced-power-meter maker Landis+Gyr for $2.3 billion
29.
Conner Peripherals
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Conner Peripherals was a company that manufactured hard drives for personal computers. Conner Peripherals was founded in 1985 by Seagate Technology co-founder and San Jose State University alumnus Finis Conner, in 1986, they merged with CoData, a Colorado start-up founded by MiniScribe founders Terry Johnson and John Squires. CoData was developing a new type of hard disk that put the capacity of a 5. 25-inch drive into the smaller 3. 5-inch format. The CoData drive was the first Conner Peripherals product, the company was partially financed by Compaq, who was also a major customer for many years. Conners 1/3-height drives used a domed, cast aluminum lid with four screws, one on each corner, the printed circuit board was bolted to the bottom of the base plate, with the mounting holes for the drive drilled into tabs cast into the sides of the base plate. This design would be Conners trademark look well into the 1990s, another cost-saving measure was the ability of the drive to test itself when it was initially powered on after being assembled in the factory. Unlike many competitive products, this only a power connection. To remedy this, Conner produced a number of dual-actuator drives for high-throughput applications. These drives used the SCSI interface and had two independently controlled servo and read/write systems, and two sets of read/write heads. Chinook was limited by its physical size — internally it used 3. 5-inch disks, in the mid-1990s, just prior to their buyout by Seagate, Conner Peripherals started using a cost-saving measure on its low-end drives. This design used no screws to hold on the lid — just cutting the tape could permanently damage the drive by making the lid come off and this design was kept well after the Seagate buyout, and was discontinued in 1999. In 1990, Conner Peripherals set a record by reaching $1.337 billion in sales in four years, without acquisitions, the company also started manufacturing tape drives in 1993, when it purchased Archive Corporation. In 1996, Conner Peripherals was acquired by Seagate, the company could never deliver the low prices required for personal computer suppliers to switch, and the company shut down its operations in 1998 and merged with ExcelStor in 2001. StorCard was a dedicated to developing a new standard in high capacity smart cards. StorCard offered an encrypted, low-cost removable card using semiconductor memory in a credit card size format, a Novel Idea, Customer Satisfaction, The New York Times,27 May 1990, page F1. International Directory of Company Histories, Vol.6, St. James Press,1992, fundinguniverse. com, History of Conner Peripherals, Inc
30.
Control Data Corporation
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Control Data Corporation was a supercomputer firm. CDC was one of the nine major United States computer companies through most of the 1960s, the others were IBM, Burroughs Corporation, DEC, NCR, General Electric, Honeywell, RCA, CDC was well-known and highly regarded throughout the industry at the time. The remaining businesses of CDC currently operate as Ceridian, during World War II the U. S. Navy had built up a team of engineers to build codebreaking machinery for both Japanese and German electro-mechanical ciphers. A number of these were produced by a dedicated to the task working in the Washington. Eventually they found their solution, the owner of a Chase Aircraft affiliate in St. Paul, Minnesota, the Navy never told Parker exactly what the team did, since it would have taken too long to get top secret clearance. Instead they simply said the team was important, and they would be happy if he hired them all. The result was Engineering Research Associates, an engineering company that worked on a number of seemingly unrelated projects in the early 1950s. One of these was one of the first commercial stored program computers, the machine was built for the Navy, which intended to use it in their non-secret code-breaking centers. In 1952, Parker sold ERA to Remington Rand, although Rand kept the ERA team together and developing new products, it was most interested in ERAs magnetic drum memory systems. Rand soon merged with Sperry Corporation to become Sperry Rand, in the process of merging the companies, the ERA division was folded into Sperrys UNIVAC division. At first this did not cause too many changes at ERA, however, one major project was moved from UNIVAC to ERA, the UNIVAC II project, which led to lengthy delays and upsets to nearly everyone involved. Of the members forming CDC, William Norris was the choice to become the chief executive officer of the new company. CDC started business by selling subsystems, mostly drum memory systems, Cray joined the next year, and he immediately built a small transistor-based 6-bit machine known as the CDC Little Character to test his ideas on large-system design and transistor-based machines. Little Character was a great success, legend has it that the 1604 designation was chosen by adding CDCs first street address to Crays former project, the ERA-Univac 1103. A 12-bit cut-down version was released as the CDC 160A in 1960. The 160A was particularly notable as it was built as an office desk. New versions of the basic 1604 architecture were rebuilt into the CDC3000 series, Cray immediately turned to the design of a machine that would be the fastest machine in the world, setting the goal at 50 times the speed of the 1604. This required radical changes in design, and as the project dragged on — it had gone on for four years by then — the management got increasingly upset
31.
Digital Equipment Corporation
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Digital Equipment Corporation, also known as DEC and using the trademark Digital, was a major American company in the computer industry from the 1950s to the 1990s. DEC was a vendor of computer systems, including computers, software. Their PDP and successor VAX products were the most successful of all minicomputers in terms of sales, DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, in what was at that time the largest merger in the history of the computer industry. At the time, Compaq was focused on the market and had recently purchased several other large vendors. DEC was a major player overseas where Compaq had less presence, however, Compaq had little idea what to do with its acquisitions, and soon found itself in financial difficulty of its own. The company subsequently merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002, as of 2007 some of DECs product lines were still produced under the HP name. From 1957 until 1992, DECs headquarters were located in a wool mill in Maynard. DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, which merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002. Some parts of DEC, notably the business and the Hudson. Initially focusing on the end of the computer market allowed DEC to grow without its potential competitors making serious efforts to compete with them. Their PDP series of machines became popular in the 1960s, especially the PDP-8, looking to simplify and update their line, DEC replaced most of their smaller machines with the PDP-11 in 1970, eventually selling over 600,000 units and cementing DECs position in the industry. Originally designed as a follow-on to the PDP-11, DECs VAX-11 series was the first widely used 32-bit minicomputer and these systems were able to compete in many roles with larger mainframe computers, such as the IBM System/370. The VAX was a best-seller, with over 400,000 sold, at its peak, DEC was the second largest employer in Massachusetts, second only to the Massachusetts State Government. The rapid rise of the business microcomputer in the late 1980s, DECs last major attempt to find a space in the rapidly changing market was the DEC Alpha 64-bit RISC instruction set architecture. DEC initially started work on Alpha as a way to re-implement their VAX series, DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, in what was at that time the largest merger in the history of the computer industry. At the time, Compaq was focused on the market and had recently purchased several other large vendors. DEC was a major player overseas where Compaq had less presence, however, Compaq had little idea what to do with its acquisitions, and soon found itself in financial difficulty of its own. The company subsequently merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002, as of 2007 some of DECs product lines were still produced under the HP name
32.
ExcelStor Technology
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ExcelStor Technology was established in 2000 as a small hard disk drive manufacturer and has evolved into a contract manufacturer and a system integrator. ExcelStor bought the bankrupt Conner Technology PLC, its products and factory and it has a manufacturing plant in Shenzhen, China, and an R&D center in Longmont, Colorado, United States. The company is owned by Shenzhen Kaifa Technology, of which the major share holder is China Great Wall Computer Group Co. In 2002, ExcelStor signed a deal with IBM to manufacture, IBM was also to market these drives under its own brand name. In 2003, after Hitachi took over IBMs storage division, the deal was extended to include 40 GB and 80 GB drives from Hitachis Deskstar 7K250 series, since 2004 ExcelStor has manufactured some of Iomegas products, including REV. In 2007 Iomega announced it would acquire ExcelStor in a stock swap valued at approximately $315 million, the deal fell apart, however, with Iomega paying a termination fee of $7.5 million in 2008 as Iomega was being acquired by EMC Corporation. In 2007, Excelstor laid off 20 of its 28 employees at its Longmont CO R&D Center, ExcelStor Technology Kaifa Technology Great Wall Computer Group
33.
Fujitsu
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Fujitsu Ltd. commonly referred to as Fujitsu, is a Japanese multinational information technology equipment and services company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. In 2015, it was the worlds fourth-largest IT services provider measured by IT services revenue, fortune named Fujitsu as one of the worlds most admired companies and a Global 500 company. It has approximately 159,000 employees and its products and services are available in over 100 countries, Fujitsu is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX indices. Despite its connections to the Furukawa zaibatsu, Fujitsu escaped the Allied occupation of Japan after the Second World War mostly unscathed, in 1954, Fujitsu manufactured Japans first computer, the FACOM100, and in 1961 launched the transistorized FACOM222. In 1955, Fujitsu founded Kawasaki Frontale as a football club. In 1967, the name was officially changed to the contraction Fujitsū. The company also fields a company American football team, the Fujitsu Frontiers, who play in the corporate X-League, have appeared in 6 Japan X Bowls, winning one, and winning one Rice Bowl. In 1971, Fujitsu signed an OEM agreement with the Canadian company Consolidated Computers Limited to distribute CCLs data entry product, mers Kutt, inventor of Key-Edit and founder of CCL, was the common thread that led to Fujitsu’s later association with ICL and Gene Amdahl. In 1986, Fujitsu and The Queens University of Belfast business incubation unit established a joint venture called Kainos, in 1990, Fujitsu acquired 80% of the UK-based computer company International Computers Limited for $1.29 billion. In September 1990, Fujitsu announced the launch of a new series of computers which were at that time the fastest in the world. In July 1991, Fujitsu acquired more than half of the Russian company KME-CS, in 1992, Fujitsu introduced the worlds first 21-inch full-color plasma display. It was a hybrid, based upon the plasma display created at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and NHK STRL, in 1993, Fujitsu formed a flash memory manufacturing joint venture with AMD, Spansion. From February 1989 until mid-1997, Fujitsu built the FM Towns PC variant and it started as a proprietary PC variant intended for multimedia applications and computer games, but later became more compatible with regular PCs. In 1993, the FM Towns Marty was released, a console compatible with the FM Towns games. Fujitsu agreed to acquire the 58 percent of Amdahl Corporation that it did not already own for around $850 million in July 1997, in April 2000, Fujitsu acquired the remaining 70% of GLOVIA International. In April 2002 ICL was re-branded as Fujitsu, on March 2,2004, Fujitsu Computer Products of America lost a class action lawsuit over hard disk drives with defective chips and firmware. In October 2004, Fujitsu acquired the Australian subsidiary of Atos Origin, in August 2007, Fujitsu signed a £500 million, 10-year deal with Reuters Group under which Reuters outsourced the majority of its internal IT department to Fujitsu. As part of the agreement around 300 Reuters staff and 200 contractors transferred to Fujitsu, in October 2007, Fujitsu announced that it would be establishing an offshore development centre in Noida, India with a capacity to house 1,200 employees, in an investment of US$10 million
34.
Hewlett-Packard
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The Hewlett-Packard Company or shortened to Hewlett-Packard was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. The company was founded in a garage in Palo Alto by William Bill Redington Hewlett and David Dave Packard. HP was the worlds leading PC manufacturer from 2007 to Q22013 and it specialized in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and networking hardware, designing software and delivering services. HP also had services and consulting business around its products and partner products.4 billion in 2008, in November 2009, HP announced the acquisition of 3Com, with the deal closing on April 12,2010. On April 28,2010, HP announced the buyout of Palm, on September 2,2010, HP won its bidding war for 3PAR with a $33 a share offer, which Dell declined to match. On October 6,2014, Hewlett-Packard announced plans to split the PC and printers business from its enterprise products, the split closed on November 1,2015, and resulted in two publicly traded companies, HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise. William Redington Hewlett and David Packard graduated with degrees in engineering from Stanford University in 1935. The company originated in a garage in nearby Palo Alto during a fellowship they had with a past professor, Terman was considered a mentor to them in forming Hewlett-Packard. In 1939, Packard and Hewlett established Hewlett-Packard in Packards garage with a capital investment of US$538. Hewlett and Packard tossed a coin to decide whether the company they founded would be called Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett, HP incorporated on August 18,1947, and went public on November 6,1957. Of the many projects they worked on, their very first financially successful product was an audio oscillator. This allowed them to sell the Model 200A for $54.40 when competitors were selling less stable oscillators for over $200, the Model 200 series of generators continued until at least 1972 as the 200AB, still tube-based but improved in design through the years. They worked on technology and artillery shell fuses during World War II. Hewlett-Packards HP Associates division, established around 1960, developed semiconductor devices primarily for internal use, instruments and calculators were some of the products using these devices. HP partnered in the 1960s with Sony and the Yokogawa Electric companies in Japan to develop several high-quality products, the products were not a huge success, as there were high costs in building HP-looking products in Japan. HP and Yokogawa formed a joint venture in 1963 to market HP products in Japan, HP bought Yokogawa Electrics share of Hewlett-Packard Japan in 1999. HP spun off a company, Dynac, to specialize in digital equipment. The name was picked so that the HP logo hp could be turned upside down to be a reverse image of the logo dy of the new company
35.
IBM
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International Business Machines Corporation is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with operations in over 170 countries. The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company and was renamed International Business Machines in 1924, IBM manufactures and markets computer hardware, middleware and software, and offers hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. IBM is also a research organization, holding the record for most patents generated by a business for 24 consecutive years. IBM has continually shifted its business mix by exiting commoditizing markets and focusing on higher-value, also in 2014, IBM announced that it would go fabless, continuing to design semiconductors, but offloading manufacturing to GlobalFoundries. Nicknamed Big Blue, IBM is one of 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and one of the worlds largest employers, with nearly 380,000 employees. Known as IBMers, IBM employees have been awarded five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology, in the 1880s, technologies emerged that would ultimately form the core of what would become International Business Machines. On June 16,1911, their four companies were amalgamated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint forming a fifth company, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company based in Endicott, New York. The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, New York, Dayton, Ohio, Detroit, Michigan, Washington, D. C. and Toronto. They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. Thomas J. Watson, Sr. fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson, called on Flint and, Watson joined CTR as General Manager then,11 months later, was made President when court cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved. Having learned Pattersons pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTRs companies and his favorite slogan, THINK, became a mantra for each companys employees. During Watsons first four years, revenues more than doubled to $9 million, Watson had never liked the clumsy hyphenated title of the CTR and in 1924 chose to replace it with the more expansive title International Business Machines. By 1933 most of the subsidiaries had been merged into one company, in 1937, IBMs tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the U. S. During the Second World War the company produced small arms for the American war effort, in 1949, Thomas Watson, Sr. created IBM World Trade Corporation, a subsidiary of IBM focused on foreign operations. In 1952, he stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm, in 1957, the FORTRAN scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, IBM developed the SABRE reservation system for American Airlines, in 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flight of the Mercury astronauts. A year later it moved its headquarters from New York City to Armonk. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, on April 7,1964, IBM announced the first computer system family, the IBM System/360
36.
JVC
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Victor Company of Japan, Ltd, TYO,6792, usually referred to as JVC, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japans first televisions, from 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVC Kenwood Holdings, JVC was founded in 1927 as The Victor Talking Machine Company of Japan, Limited, a subsidiary of the United States leading phonograph and record company, the Victor Talking Machine Company. In 1929 majority ownership was transferred to RCA-Victor, in the 1930s JVC produced phonographs and records. In 1932, JVC started producing radios, and in 1939 Japans first locally-made television, JVC severed relations with its foreign partners during World War II. Today the record company in Japan is known as Victor Entertainment, in 1953, JVC became majority-owned by the Panasonic Corporation. Panasonic released its ownership in 2007, in the 1960s, JVC established the Nivico brand for Delmonicos line of console televisions and stereos. In 1970, JVC marketed the Videosphere, a cathode ray tube television inside a space-helmet-shaped casing with an alarm clock at the base. In 1971, JVC introduced the first discrete system for four channel quadraphonic sound on vinyl records - CD-4 or Quadradisc, in 1975, JVC introduced the first combined portable battery-operated radio with inbuilt TV, as the model 3050. The TV was a 3-inch black-and-white cathode ray tube, one year later, JVC expanded the model to add a cassette-recorder, as the 3060, creating the worlds first boombox with radio, cassette and TV. In 1976, the first VCR to use VHS was the Victor HR-3300, JVC started selling the HR-3300 in Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan on October 31,1976. Region-specific versions of the JVC HR-3300 were also distributed later on, such as the HR-3300U in the United States, in the late 1970s, JVC developed the VHS format, introducing the first VHS recorders to the consumer market in 1976 for the equivalent of US $1060. Sony, which had introduced the Betamax home videocassette tape a year earlier, became the competitor for JVCs VHS format into the 1980s. The Betamax cassette was smaller, with slightly superior quality to the VHS cassette. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVCs VHS format, Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988 and after 1993 stopped making Betamax recorders for the US market. In 1979, JVC demonstrated a prototype of its high density disc system. This system was capacitance-based, like capacitance electronic disc, but the discs were grooveless with the stylus being guided by signals in the disc surface. The VHD discs were initially handled by the operator and played on a machine that looked like an audio LP turntable, development suffered numerous delays, and the product was launched in 1983 in Japan, followed by the United Kingdom in 1984, to a limited industrial market
37.
Kyocera
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Kyocera Corporation is a Japanese multinational electronics and ceramics manufacturer headquartered in Kyoto, Japan. It was founded as Kyoto Ceramic Company, Limited in 1959 by Kazuo Inamori, the company has diversified its founding technology in ceramic materials through internal development as well as strategic mergers and acquisitions. Kyocera’s original product was a ceramic insulator known as a “kelcima” for use in television picture tubes, the company quickly adapted its technologies to produce an expanding range of ceramic components for electronic and structural applications. The company acquired electronic equipment manufacturing and radio communication technologies in 1979 through an investment in Cybernet Electronics Corporation, in the 1980s, Kyocera marketed audio components, such as CD players, receivers, turntables, and cassette decks. These featured unique elements, including Kyocera ceramic-based platforms, and are sought by collectors to the present day. At one time, Kyocera owned the famous KLH brand founded by Henry Kloss, though Kloss, in 1989, Kyocera stopped production of audio components and sought a buyer for the KLH brand. In 1989, Kyocera acquired Elco Corporation, a manufacturer of electronic connectors, expanding sales of photovoltaic solar energy products led the company to create Kyocera Solar Corporation in Japan in 1996, and Kyocera Solar, Inc. in the U. S. in 1999. On Aug 4,1999, Kyocera completed its merger with solar energy systems integrator Golden Genesis Company, also in 2000, Kyocera acquired the mobile phone manufacturing operations of Qualcomm Incorporated to form Kyocera Wireless Corp. In 2003, Kyocera Wireless Corp. established Kyocera Wireless India, KWI has established alliances with several leading players providing CDMA services in India. In 2008, Kyocera acquired Sanyo Mobile, the mobile division of Sanyo Electric Co. Ltd. and its associated operations in Japan. In April 2009, Kyocera unveiled its EOS concept phone at CTIA, with an OLED, the prototype phone also has a foldable design which is capable of morphing into a variety of shapes. In 2009 Kyocers sold its Indian R&D Division to Mindtree Limited, in March 2010, Kyocera launched its first Smartphone since 2001, after focusing on lower cost phones. In March,2010, Kyocera announced the merger of its two wholly owned subsidiaries, San Diego-based Kyocera Wireless Corp. and Kyocera Communications, Inc, the merged enterprise continued under the name Kyocera Communications, Inc. In June 2010, Kyocera acquired part of the thin film transistor liquid crystal display design, in October 2010, Kyocera acquired 100% ownership of the shares of TA Triumph-Adler AG and converted the daughter company into TA Triumph-Adler GmbH. TA Triumph-Adler GmbH currently distributes Kyocera-made printing devices and software with TA Triumph-Adler, TA Triumph-Adler GmbH is located in Nuremberg, Germany and UTAX GmbH in Norderstedt, Germany. The company name has since changed to Kyocera Unimerco A/S. In February 2012, Kyocera became the total stock holder of Optrex Corporation, in March 2016, it was announced that Kyocera would acquire an international cutting tool company called SGS Tool Company. They purchased it for $89 million, Kyocera Document Solutions Corporation manufactures a wide range of printers, MFPs. and toner cartridges which are sold throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Australia and the Americas
38.
Memorex
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Memorex is a consumer electronics brand specializing in disk recordable media for CD and DVD drives, flash memory, computer accessories and other electronics. It began as a computer tape producer and expanded to become a major IBM plug compatible peripheral supplier and it was broken up and ceased to exist after the 1990s other than as a brand. Established in 1961 in Silicon Valley, Memorex started by selling computer tapes, the company then expanded into disk drives and other peripheral equipment for IBM mainframes. In the commercials she would sing a note that shattered a glass while being recorded to a Memorex audio cassette, the tape was played back and the recording also broke the glass, asking Is it live, or is it Memorex. This would become the slogan which was used in a series of advertisements released through 1970s and 1980s. In 1982 Memorex was bought by Burroughs, over the next six years, Burroughs and its successor Unisys shut down, sold off or spun out the various parts of Memorex. The computer media, communications and IBM end user sales and service organization were spun out as Memorex International, in 1988 Memorex acquired the Telex Corporation becoming Memorex Telex NV, a corporation based in the Netherlands, which survived as an entity until the middle 1990s. As late as 2006, several pieces existed as subsidiaries of other companies, over time the Memorex consumer brand has been owned by Tandy, Handy Holdings, Imation and as of 2016 Digital Products International. Today, Memorex is a brand for electronics and accessories such as portable audio players, iPod accessories, flat panel TVs, Blu-ray Disc players, flash drives. These products are manufactured for the Memorex brand by a variety of manufacturers, for example, CD-Rs have been made by CMC Magnetics of Taiwan, Ritek of Taiwan. Memorex storage products are sold and supported by PNY Technologies, while its products are sold. 1961 - Memorex is founded by Laurence L. Spitters, Arnold T. Challman, Donald F. Eldridge,1962 - Memorex is one of the early independent companies to ship computer tape. May 1965 - Memorex IPOs at $25 and closes at $32,1966 - Memorex is first independent company to ship a disk pack. Jan 1988 - Memorex-Telex merger Dec 1988 - Unisys mainly shuts down large disk business and spins off service and repair as Sequel. Nov 1993 - Tandy sells Memorex consumer brand to Hanny Holdings of Hong Kong Oct 1996 - The U. S. operations of Memorex Telex NV filed for bankruptcy, Memorex History at Computer History Museum website
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Micropolis (company)
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Micropolis Corporation was a disk drive company located in Chatsworth, California and founded in 1976. Micropolis pioneered 100 tpi density because of the attraction of an exact 100 tracks to the inch, micropolis-compatible 5. 25-inch 77-track diskette drives were also manufactured by Tandon. Such drives were used in a number of computers like in a Vector Graphic S-100 bus computer, Micropolis later switched to 96 tpi when Shugart went to the 96 tpi standard, based on exact doubling of the 48 tpi standard. This allowed for backwards compatibility for reading by double stepping to read 48 tpi disks, Micropolis entered the hard disk business with an 8-inch hard drive, following Seagates lead. They later followed with a 5. 25-inch hard drive, Micropolis started to manufacture drives in Singapore in 1986. Manufacturing of 3. 5-inch hard disks started in 1991, after the disk business sale, Micropolis was reorganized as StreamLogic Corporation, which declared bankruptcy in 1997 amid securities fraud allegations. StreamLogics RAIDION line of storage subsystems survive, now marketed by the RAIDION Systems division of Peripheral Technology Group and its VIDEON video on demand technology was sold to Sumitomo Corporation. Its assets were sold in 2000 to Bell Microproducts, archived from the original on 2017-03-28
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Mitsubishi Electric
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Mitsubishi Electric Corporation is a Japanese multinational electronics and electrical equipment manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It is one of the companies of Mitsubishi. Mitsubishi Electric manufactures electric and architectural equipment, and is a worldwide producer of photovoltaic panels. The corporation was established on 15 January 1921, in the United States, products are manufactured and sold by Mitsubishi Electric United States headquartered in Cypress, California. Malaysia Singapore South Korea Thailand Mitsubishi Electric Saudi Ltd, televisions The companys most notable products in the United States come from the large-screen HDTV division. Competitors in this market are Sony, Pioneer, Panasonic, JVC, Samsung, Daewoo, LG, the company manufactured direct-view CRT televisions until 2001. The last notable size in this field was a 40 tube size, Mitsubishi manufactured LCD TVs until 2008. Mitsubishi manufactured DLP High Definition TVs until December,2012, the company is now focusing on professional and home theater DLP projection applications, and is no longer manufacturing televisions for the consumer market. Air conditioners EcoCute heat pump water heaters Dehumidifiers Uninterruptible Power Supply systems Mobile phones, Mitsubishi quit the mobile phone business in Apr 2008 after decrease in shipments. They estimated a loss of 17 billion Yen in income before income taxes. The Corporation claims to have achieved the worlds first transmission at 10 Gbit/s between relay equipment boards set at a distance of 500 mm apart, Mitsubishi also previously made Video Cassette Recorders known as the Mitsubishi Black Diamond VCR
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NEC
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NEC Corporation is a Japanese multinational provider of information technology services and products, headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. NEC provides IT and network solutions to enterprises, communications services providers and to government agencies. The company was known as the Nippon Electric Company, Limited and its NEC Semiconductors business unit was one of the worldwide top 20 semiconductor sales leaders before merging with Renesas Electronics. NEC is a member of the Sumitomo Group, kunihiko Iwadare and Takeshiro Maeda established Nippon Electric Limited Partnership on August 31,1898 by using facilities that they had bought from Miyoshi Electrical Manufacturing Company. Iwadare acted as the partner, Maeda handled company sales. Western Electric, which had an interest in the Japanese phone market, was represented by Walter Tenney Carleton, Carleton was also responsible for the renovation of the Miyoshi facilities. It was agreed that the partnership would be reorganized as a company when treaty would allow it. On July 17,1899, the treaty between Japan and the United States went into effect. Nippon Electric Company, Limited was organized the day with Western Electric Company to become the first Japanese joint-venture with foreign capital. Ernest Clement and Carleton were named as directors, Maeda and Mototeru Fujii were assigned to be auditors. Iwadare, Maeda and Carleton handled the overall management, the company started with the production, sales and maintenance of telephones and switches. NEC modernized the facilities with the construction of the Mita Plant in 1901 at Mita Shikokumachi. It was completed in December 1902, the Japanese Ministry of Communications adopted a new technology in 1903, the common battery switchboard supplied by NEC. The common battery switchboards powered the subscriber phone, eliminating the need for a permanent magnet generator in each subscribers phone, the switchboards were initially imported, but were manufactured locally by 1909. NEC started exporting telephone sets to China in 1904, in 1905, Iwadare visited Western Electric in the U. S. to see their management and production control. On his return to Japan he discontinued the system of sub-contracting and replaced it with a new system where managers. Inefficiency was also removed from the production process, the company paid higher salaries with incentives for efficiency. New accounting and cost controls were put in place, and time clocks installed, between 1899 and 1907 the number of telephone subscribers in Japan rose from 35,000 to 95,000
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Plus Development
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Their goal was to provide a simplified upgrade path for the newly released IBM PCs which did not come with a hard drive. The company was incorporated as BBH Corporation, but also used the name Bits in Space for fun. It later changed its name to Qew Corporation, finally ending up as Plus Development Corporation. At that time, all of the products were using a standard hard drive with a 1.6 inch/40.6 mm height forcing the card to hang over the adjacent PC slot. The hard drive was located on the side away from the connector sometimes enabling a short half-length expansion card to be installed in the adjacent slot. These hard drive cards were described as occupying 1.5 expansion slots. Below are some of companies and product names with a product to the Plus Hardcard. JVC Kamerman Labs, – Slot Machine Maynard Electronics, – On Board Microscience International Corp, however Tandy offered a size reduced 10 1/2 slot, where as Plus hard cards took a full length 13 inches. Hence Plus development hardcards are not physically compatible, as they are too long to fit in a Tandy 1000 computer, if the cover is removed, and the metal plate is removed so that a Plus Development card could fit in physically, it would work normally. The trade paper InfoWorld published the announcement in their December 3,1990, edition noting the $3.8 million cash transaction
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Samsung Electronics
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(Korean, 삼성전자, Hanja, 三星電子 is a South Korean multinational electronics company headquartered in Suwon, South Korea. Through extremely complicated ownership structure with some circular ownership, it is the division of the Samsung Group. It is the second largest information technology company by revenue. Samsung Electronics has assembly plants and sales networks in 80 countries, since 2012, Kwon Oh-hyun has served as the companys CEO. It is the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones and smartphones fueled by the popularity of its Samsung Galaxy line of devices, Samsung has been the worlds largest television manufacturer since 2006, and the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones since 2011. Samsung Electronics is a part of the South Korean economy. Samsung Electric Industries was established as an industry Samsung Group in 1969 in Suwon and its early products were electronic and electrical appliances including televisions, calculators, refrigerators, air conditioners and washing machines. In 1970, Samsung Group established another subsidiary, Samsung-NEC, jointly with Japans NEC Corporation to manufacture home appliances, in 1974, the group expanded into the semiconductor business by acquiring Korea Semiconductor, one of the first chip-making facilities in the country at the time. The acquisition of Korea Telecommunications, a switching system producer, was completed at the start of the next decade in 1980. By 1981, Samsung Electric Industries had manufactured over 10 million black-and-white televisions, one year later, Samsung became the third company in the world to develop a 64 kb DRAM. Samsung Electronics launched its first mobile phone in 1988, in the South Korean market, sales were initially poor and by the early 1990s, Motorola held a market share of over 60 percent in the countrys mobile phone market compared to just 10 percent for Samsung. Samsungs mobile phone division also struggled with poor quality and inferior products until the mid-1990s, Lee Kun-Hee decided that Samsung needed to change strategy. The company shelved the production of many under-selling product lines and instead pursued a process of designing and manufacturing components, in addition, Samsung outlined a 10-year plan to shrug off its image as a budget brand and to challenge Sony as the worlds largest consumer electronics manufacturer. It was hoped in this way Samsung would gain an understanding of how products are made and this patient vertical integration strategy of manufacturing components has borne fruit for Samsung in the late-2000s. As Samsung shifted away from markets, the company devised a plan to sponsor major sporting events. One such sponsorship was for the 1998 Winter Olympics held in Nagano, Samsung had a number of technological breakthroughs, particularly in the field of memory which are commonplace in most electrical products today. This includes the worlds first 64Mb DRAM in 1992,256 Mb DRAM in 1994, in 2004, Samsung developed the worlds first 8Gb NAND Memory chip and a manufacturing deal was struck with Apple in 2005. In 2005, Samsung Electronics surpassed its Japanese rival, Sony, for the first time to become the worlds twentieth-largest and most popular consumer brand, in 2007, Samsung Electronics became the worlds second-largest mobile-phone maker, overtaking Motorola for the first time
