1.
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris
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He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Stephen James Ferris, a portrait painter and a devotee of Jean-Léon Gérôme and Mariano Fortuny. He grew up around art, having been trained by his father, Ferris enrolled in the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1879 and trained further at the Académie Julian beginning in 1883 under William-Adolphe Bouguereau. He also met his namesake Jean-Léon Gérôme, who greatly influenced Ferriss decision to paint scenes from American history, as Ferris wrote in his unpublished autobiography, axiom was that one would paint best that with which he is most familiar. However, initially his subjects were Orientalist in nature, that movement having been in vogue when he was young, some of his material was original, some of it took after Fortuny, but he was skilled enough, despite never having had any experience with Asia. In 1882, he exhibited a painting entitled Feeding the Ibis, by 1895, Ferris had gained a reputation as a historical painter, and he embarked on his dream of creating a series of paintings that told a historical narrative. In 1898 he sold one of these, General Howes Levee,1777, consequently, he never sold another one of those, but he did sell the reproduction rights to various publishing companies. This later would have the effect of greatly popularizing his work, as these companies made prints, postcards, calendars, laminated cards of these works were still being sold as late as 1984. The paintings showed idealized portrayals of famous moments from American history, the Landing of William Penn, for example, shows Penn being greeted at New Castle by American Indians who are clothed in the tradition of tribes from the Great Plains. In The First Thanksgiving 1621, the outfits the Pilgrims are shown wearing are wrong. The complete series was shown at Independence Hall in Philadelphia from 1913 to 1930, in later years it was shown in a number of locations, including the Smithsonian Institution, before being returned to the Ferris family. Ferris, who had married Annette Amelia Ryder in 1894 and with whom had had a daughter named Elizabeth Mary, although his works were widely popular for many years, modern critics are far less generous in their praise. Media related to Jean Leon Gerome Ferris at Wikimedia Commons
2.
Plymouth Colony
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Plymouth Colony was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691. The first settlement of the Plymouth Colony was at New Plymouth, the settlement served as the capital of the colony, and is the modern town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the portion of the modern state of Massachusetts. Plymouth Colony was founded by a group of Separatists initially known as the Brownist Emigration and Anglicans, who came to be known as the Pilgrims. The colony was able to establish a treaty with Chief Massasoit which helped to ensure its success, in this, they were aided by Squanto and it played a central role in King Philips War, one of the earliest of the Indian Wars. Ultimately, the colony was merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony, despite the colonys relatively short existence, Plymouth holds a special role in American history. The social and legal systems of the colony became closely tied to their religious beliefs, many of the people and events surrounding Plymouth Colony have become part of American folklore, including the North American tradition known as Thanksgiving and the monument known as Plymouth Rock. Plymouth Colony was founded by a group of English separatists who later came to be known as the Pilgrims, the core group was part of a Congregationalist congregation led by William Bradford. The congregation began to feel the pressures of religious persecution while still in the English village of Scrooby, near East Retford, in 1607, Archbishop Tobias Matthew raided homes and imprisoned several members of the congregation. The congregation then left England in 1609 and emigrated to the Netherlands, first to Amsterdam, in Leiden, the congregation gained the freedom to worship as they chose, but Dutch society was unfamiliar to them. Scrooby had been a community, whereas Leiden was a thriving industrial center. The community remained close-knit, but their children began adopting Dutch language and customs, the Separatists were also still not free from the persecutions of the English Crown. English authorities came to Leiden to arrest William Brewster in 1618, after he published comments critical of the King of England. Brewster escaped arrest, but the events spurred the congregation to move farther from England. This land patent allowed them to settle at the mouth of the Hudson River and they then sought financing through the Merchant Adventurers, a group of businessmen who principally viewed the colony as a means of making a profit. Upon arriving in America, the Pilgrims began working to repay their debts, using the financing secured from the Merchant Adventurers, the Colonists bought provisions and obtained passage on two ships, the Mayflower and the Speedwell. The Congregation and the colonists finally boarded the Speedwell in July 1620 in the Dutch port of Delfshaven. Speedwell was re-rigged with larger masts before leaving Holland and setting out to meet Mayflower in Southampton, the Mayflower was purchased in London
3.
Mayflower
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The Mayflower was the ship that transported the first English Separatists, known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England to the New World in 1620. There were 102 passengers, and the crew is estimated to have been about 30 and this voyage has become an iconic story in some of the earliest annals of American history, with its story of death and of survival in the harsh New England winter environment. The culmination of the voyage in the signing of the Mayflower Compact was an event which established a form of democracy. There was a ship named Mayflower that made the London to Plymouth. This was the cause of the voyage from England to America taking more than two months. The Mayflowers return trip to London in April–May 1621 took less than half that time, by 1620, the Mayflower was aging, nearing the end of the usual working life of an English merchant ship in that era, some 15 years. No dimensions of her hull can be stated exactly, since this was years before such measurements were standardized. She probably measured about 100 feet in length from the end at the beak of her prow to the tip of her stern superstructure aft. She was about 25 feet at her widest point, with the bottom of her keel about 12 feet below the waterline, although William Bradford was not a mariner, he estimated that Mayflower had a cargo capacity of 180 tons. What is known on the basis of surviving records from that time is that she could certainly accommodate 180 casks of wine in her cargo hold, the casks were great barrels that each held hundreds of gallons of claret wine. This was a ship that traditionally was heavily armed while on trading routes around Europe, due to the possibility of encountering pirates, and with its armament, the ship and crew could easily be conscripted by the English monarch at any time in case of conflict with other nations. The general layout of the ship was as follows, Three masts, mizzen, main, and fore, Three primary levels, main deck, gun deck, and cargo hold. Aft on the deck in the stern was the cabin for Master Christopher Jones. Forward of that was the room, which housed a whipstaff for sailing control, not a wheel. Also here was the compass and probably also berths for the ships officers. Forward of the room was the capstan, a vertical axle used to pull in ropes or cables. Far forward on the deck, just aft of the bow, was the forecastle space where the ships cook prepared meals for the crew. The poop deck was above the cabin of Master Jones, on the ships highest level above the stern on the aft castle, the poop house was on this deck, which may have been for passengers use either for sleeping or cargo
4.
Puritans
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Puritanism in this sense was founded as an activist movement within the Church of England. The founders, clergy exiled under Mary I, returned to England shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, Puritanism played a significant role in English history during the first half of the 17th century. One of the most effective stokers of anti-Catholic feeling was John Pym, Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system and they largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism. Consequently, they became a political force in England and came to power as a result of the First English Civil War. Almost all Puritan clergy left the Church of England after the Restoration of 1660, the nature of the movement in England changed radically, although it retained its character for a much longer period in New England. Puritans by definition were dissatisfied with the extent of the English Reformation. They formed and identified with various groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology and, in sense, were Calvinists. In church polity, some advocated separation from all other established Christian denominations in favor of autonomous gathered churches. The Puritans were never a formally defined sect or religious division within Protestantism, the Congregationalist tradition, widely considered to be a part of the Reformed tradition, claims descent from the Puritans. Historically, the word Puritan was considered a term that characterized Protestant groups as extremists. According to Thomas Fuller in his Church History, the dates to 1564. Archbishop Matthew Parker of that used it and precisian with the sense of the modern stickler. In modern times, the word puritan is often used to mean against pleasure, in this sense, the term Puritan was coined in the 1560s, when it first appeared as a term of abuse for those who found the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559 inadequate. The term Puritan, therefore, was not intended to refer to strict morality, a common modern misunderstanding, the word Puritan was applied unevenly to a number of Protestant churches from the late 16th century onwards. Puritans did not originally use the term for themselves, the practitioners knew themselves as members of particular churches or movements, and not by a single term. Precise men and Precisians were other early derogatory terms for Puritans, seventeenth century English Puritan preacher Thomas Watson used the godly to describe Puritans in the title of one of his more famous works The Godly Mans Picture
5.
James VI and I
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James VI and I was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, James succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother Mary was compelled to abdicate in his favour. Four different regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, in 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known after him as the Jacobean era, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617 and he was a major advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonization of the Americas began, at 57 years and 246 days, Jamess reign in Scotland was longer than those of any of his predecessors. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced difficulties in England, including the Gunpowder Plot in 1605. James himself was a scholar, the author of works such as Daemonologie, The True Law of Free Monarchies. He sponsored the translation of the Bible that would later be named after him, Sir Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed the wisest fool in Christendom, an epithet associated with his character ever since. Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise Jamess reputation and treat him as a serious, James was the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her second husband, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. Both Mary and Darnley were great-grandchildren of Henry VII of England through Margaret Tudor, Marys rule over Scotland was insecure, and she and her husband, being Roman Catholics, faced a rebellion by Protestant noblemen. James was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle, and as the eldest son and heir apparent of the monarch automatically became Duke of Rothesay and Prince and he was baptised Charles James or James Charles on 17 December 1566 in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Castle. His godparents were Charles IX of France, Elizabeth I of England, Mary refused to let the Archbishop of St Andrews, whom she referred to as a pocky priest, spit in the childs mouth, as was then the custom. The subsequent entertainment, devised by Frenchman Bastian Pagez, featured men dressed as satyrs and sporting tails, Jamess father, Darnley, was murdered on 10 February 1567 at Kirk o Field, Edinburgh, perhaps in revenge for Rizzios death. James inherited his fathers titles of Duke of Albany and Earl of Ross, Mary was already unpopular, and her marriage on 15 May 1567 to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, who was widely suspected of murdering Darnley, heightened widespread bad feeling towards her. In June 1567, Protestant rebels arrested Mary and imprisoned her in Loch Leven Castle and she was forced to abdicate on 24 July 1567 in favour of the infant James and to appoint her illegitimate half-brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, as regent. The care of James was entrusted to the Earl and Countess of Mar, to be conserved, nursed, and upbrought in the security of Stirling Castle
6.
Provincetown Harbor
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Provincetown Harbor is a large natural harbor located in the town of Provincetown, Massachusetts. A tall green buoy east of Long Point marks the entrance to Provincetown Harbor from Cape Cod Bay, most of Cape Cod was created by the Laurentide Glacier between 18,000 and 15,000 years ago. Near this cape we came to anchor in fifteen fathoms, where we took great store of codfish, for which we altered the name, here we saw sculls of herring, mackerel, and other small fish, in great abundance. This is a low sandy shoal, but without danger. John Smith explored the harbor in 1614 and wrote, Cape Cod. is only a headland of high hills of sand, overgrown with pines, hurts, and such trash. This Cape is made by the sea on the one side. Provincetown Harbor was the initial anchoring place of the Pilgrims traveling on the Mayflower in 1620, before they proceeded to Plymouth, thoreau later observed that Smiths description of the harbor may have been less colored by the hardships of transoceanic troubles than the Pilgrims. The Mayflower held several different passengers in addition to the Pilgrims on its first transoceanic voyage, before coming ashore at the extreme northwest corner of the harbor, the Pilgrims and other settlers signed the Mayflower Compact in the harbor on November 11,1620. Dorothy Bradford, the first wife of William Bradford, was one of the first adult Pilgrims to die in the New World. According to the only written description of her death from close to when it actually occurred, she fell overboard from the Mayflower in Provincetown Harbor on December 17,1620. Peregrine White, the first child born to the Pilgrims in New England, was born while they were in Provincetown Harbor. From 1818 until the 1850s a fishing village existed at Long Point, complete with a post office, schoolhouse,6 windmills for saltworks, when the families left in the 1850s, they floated their homes a mile across the harbor, where many still stand today. During the American Civil War, the military established defensive artillery positions at this location. The Long Point Battery would come to be known as Fort Useless, today, Long Point is a ghost village, and nothing remains save for the Long Point Light, which had been replaced by a new light in 1875. For the better part of history, the eastern part of Provincetown harbor was connected to yet another harbor. East Harbor was the most protected mooring place in the outer Cape for boats using Cape Cod Bay, East Harbor had a 1, 000-foot-wide inlet from Provincetown Harbor, as shown in the adjacent map from 1836. A wooden bridge was erected over the East Harbor in 1854, only to be destroyed by a winter storm and this made Provincetown much like an island, in that it relied almost entirely upon its harbor for its communication, travel, and commerce needs. The East Harbor thus became a lake, connected to Provincetown Harbor only through a culvert in the dike, and in 1910, tidal flow was successfully restored by the National Park Service working together with other local, state, and federal agencies
7.
Cape Cod
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Cape Cod is a geographic cape extending into the Atlantic Ocean from the southeastern corner of mainland Massachusetts, in the northeastern United States. Its historic, maritime character and ample beaches attract heavy tourism during the summer months, as defined by the Cape Cod Commissions enabling legislation, Cape Cod is conterminous with Barnstable County, Massachusetts. It extends from Provincetown in the northeast to Woods Hole in the southwest, since 1914, Cape Cod has been separated from the mainland by the Cape Cod Canal. The canal cuts 17.5 miles roughly across the base of the peninsula, though portions of the Cape Cod towns of Bourne. Two highway bridges cross the Cape Cod Canal, the Sagamore Bridge, in addition, the Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge carries railway freight and limited passenger services onto the Cape. Cape territory is divided into fifteen towns with many villages, like Cape Cod itself, the islands south of the Cape have evolved from whaling and trading areas to become resort destinations, attracting wealthy families, celebrities, and other tourists. Both islands are also famous summer tourist destinations, commonly accessed by ferry from several locations on the cape, the phrases Cape Cod and the Islands and the Cape and Islands are often used to describe the whole region of Barnstable County, Dukes County, and Nantucket County. Several small islands right off Cape Cod, including Monomoy Island, Monomoscoy Island, Popponesset Island, the Forbes family-owned Naushon Island was first purchased by John Murray Forbes. Naushon is one of the Elizabeth Islands, many of which are privately owned, one of the publicly accessible Elizabeths is the southernmost island in the chain, Cuttyhunk, with a year-round population of 52 people. Cape Cod in particular is a retirement area,27. 8% of the population of Barnstable County is 65 years old or older. And the average age of residents is the highest of any area in New England, by voter registration numbers, Democrats outnumber Republicans by less in the three counties than in the whole of Massachusetts, to varying degrees. The name Cape Cod, as it was first used in 1602 and it remained that way for 125 years, until the Precinct of Cape Cod was incorporated as the Town of Provincetown. No longer in use over the ensuing decades, the name came to mean all of the land east of the Manomet and Scusset rivers – essentially along the line that became the Cape Cod Canal. The creation of the canal separated the majority of the peninsula from the mainland, most agencies, including the Cape Cod Commission and the Federal Emergency Management Agency, treat the Cape as an island with regard to disaster preparedness, groundwater management, and the like. Cape Cod Bay lies in between Cape Cod and the mainland – bounded on the north by a line between Provincetown and Marshfield. North of Cape Cod Bay is Massachusetts Bay, which contains the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, the Atlantic Ocean is to the east of Cape Cod, and to the southwest of the Cape is Buzzards Bay. The Cape Cod Canal, completed in 1916, connects Buzzards Bay to Cape Cod Bay, Cape Cod extends 65 miles into the Atlantic Ocean, with a breadth of between 1–20 miles, and covers more than 400 miles of shoreline. Its elevation ranges from 306 feet at its highest point, at the top of Pine Hill, in the Bourne portion of Joint Base Cape Cod, one of the biggest barrier islands in the world, Cape Cod shields much of the Massachusetts coastline from North Atlantic storm waves
8.
Colony of Virginia
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The Colony of Virginia was the first permanently settled English colony in North America. Newfoundland, with settlements, had been established as a colony by Royal Charter in 1583. American archaeologist William Kelso says Virginia is where the British Empire began and this was the first colony in the British Empire. The colony existed briefly during the 16th century, and then continuously from 1607 until the American Revolution, the name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584. In 1607, members of a joint venture called the Virginia Company founded Jamestown, tobacco became Virginias first profitable export, the production of which had a significant impact on the society and settlement patterns. In 1624, the Virginia Companys charter was revoked by King James I, from 1619 to 1776, the legislature of the Virginia was the House of Burgesses, which governed in conjunction with a colonial governor. Jamestown remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699, from 1699 until its dissolution the capital was in Williamsburg and it experienced its first major political turmoil with Bacons Rebellion of 1676. The name Virginia is the oldest designation for English claims in North America, the latter word may have inspired the Queen to name the colony Virginia, noting her status as the Virgin Queen. in Carolina Algonquian, and was not the name of the country as previously misunderstood. Virginia was originally a term used to refer to North Americas entire eastern coast from the 34th parallel north to 48th parallel and this area included a large section of Canada and the shores of Acadia. In gratitude for Virginians loyalty to the crown during the English Civil War, Charles II gave it the title of Old Dominion, Virginia maintains Old Dominion as its state nickname. Accordingly, the University of Virginias athletic teams use Cavaliers as one of their nicknames, earlier attempts had been made by the Spanish in what is now Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia, and by the French in South Carolina. Farther south, the Spanish colony of Spanish Florida, centered on St. Augustine, was established in 1565, while to the north, in 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh sent his first colonization mission to the island of Roanoke. This was the first English settlement, although it did not survive and it was a military research expedition with a very narrow focus. In 1587, Raleigh sent another group to attempt to establish a permanent settlement. The first English child born in the New World was named Virginia Dare, the expedition leader, John White returned to England for supplies that same year, but was unable to return to the colony due to war between England and Spain. When he finally did return in 1590, he found the colony abandoned, the houses were intact, but the colonists had completely disappeared. Although there are a number of theories about the fate of the colony, Dare County was named in honor of the baby Virginia Dare, who was among those whose fate is unknown. The word Croatoan was found carved into a tree, the name of a tribe on a nearby island, following the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, King James I ascended to the throne
9.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
10.
Social contract
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The question of the relation between natural and legal rights, therefore, is often an aspect of social contract theory. The term takes its name from The Social Contract, a 1762 book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau that discussed this concept, the starting point for most social contract theories is an examination of the human condition absent any political order that Thomas Hobbes termed the state of nature. In this condition, individuals actions are only by their personal power. Each solved the problem of authority in a different way. Grotius posited that human beings had natural rights. Thomas Hobbes famously said that in a state of nature, human life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, though the sovereigns edicts may well be arbitrary and tyrannical, Hobbes saw absolute government as the only alternative to the terrifying anarchy of a state of nature. Hobbes asserted that humans consent to abdicate their rights in favor of the authority of government. Pufendorf disputed Hobbess equation of a state of nature with war, the central assertion of social contract approaches is that law and political order are not natural, but are instead human creations. According to Hobbes citizens are not obligated to submit to the government when it is too weak to act effectively to suppress factionalism, the Lockean concept of the social contract was invoked in the United States Declaration of Independence. The concept of the contract is posed by Glaucon, as described by Plato in The Republic. They say that to do injustice is, by nature, good, to suffer injustice, evil, for no man who is worthy to be called a man would ever submit to such an agreement if he were able to resist, he would be mad if he did. Such is the account, Socrates, of the nature. The social contract theory also appears in Crito, another dialogue from Plato, Social contract formulations are preserved in many of the worlds oldest records. The Buddhist text of the second century BCE, Mahāvastu, recounts the legend of Mahasammata, then gradually the process of cosmic decay began its work, and mankind became earthbound, and felt the need of food and shelter. As men lost their glory, distinctions of class arose, and they entered into agreements with one another, accepting the institution of private property. He was called the Great Chosen One, and he received the title of raja because he pleased the people, in his rock edicts, the Buddhist king Asoka was said to have argued for a broad and far-reaching social contract. Natural justice is a pledge of reciprocal benefit, to prevent one man from harming or being harmed by another. There never was such a thing as justice, but only agreements made in mutual dealings among men in whatever places at various times providing against the infliction or suffering of harm
11.
Leiden
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Leiden is a city and municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. Leiden is located on the Oude Rijn, at a distance of some 20 kilometres from The Hague to its south, the recreational area of the Kaag Lakes lies just to the northeast of Leiden. A university city since 1575, Leiden houses Leiden University, the oldest university of the Netherlands, Leiden is a city with a rich cultural heritage, not only in science, but also in the arts. One of the worlds most famous painters, Rembrandt, was born, other famous Leiden painters include Lucas van Leyden, Jan van Goyen and Jan van Steen. The city has one of Europes most prominent scientific centres for more than four centuries. Modern scientific medical research and teaching started in the early 18th century in Leiden with Boerhaave, many important scientific discoveries have been made here, giving rise to Leiden’s motto, ‘City of Discoveries’. It is twinned with Oxford, the location of the United Kingdoms oldest university, Leiden University and Leiden University of Applied Sciences together have around 35,000 students. Leiden is a university city, university buildings are scattered throughout the city. Leiden was formed on a hill at the confluence of the rivers Oude. In the oldest reference to this, from circa 860, the settlement was called Leithon, the name is said to be from Germanic *leitha- canal. Leiden has in the past erroneously been associated with the Roman outpost Lugdunum Batavorum and this particular castellum was thought to be located at the Burcht of Leiden, and the citys name was thought to be derived of the Latin name Lugdunum. However the castellum was in closer to the town of Katwijk. The landlord of Leiden, situated in a stronghold on the hill, was subject to the Bishop of Utrecht. This county got its name in 1101 from a domain near the stronghold, Leiden was sacked in 1047 by Emperor Henry III. Early 13th century, Ada, Countess of Holland took refuge here when she was fighting in a war against her uncle, William I. He besieged the stronghold and captured Ada, Leiden received city rights in 1266. In 1389, its population had grown to about 4,000 persons, burgrave Filips of Wassenaar and the other local noblemen of the Hook faction assumed that the duke would besiege Leiden first and send small units out to conquer the surrounding citadels. But John of Bavaria chose to attack the citadels first and he rolled the cannons with his army but one which was too heavy went by ship
12.
Dutch Republic
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It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces, Seven Provinces, Federated Dutch Provinces, most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. This was the start of the Eighty Years War, in 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them, but after an attempt to take Antwerp in 1583. After the assassination of William of Orange, both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty, however, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England, and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy, the Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. During the Anglo-French war, the territory was divided into groups, the Patriots, who were pro-French and pro-American and the Orangists. The Republic of the United Provinces faced a series of revolutions in 1783–1787. During this period, republican forces occupied several major Dutch cities, initially on the defence, the Orangist forces received aid from Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands in 1787. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland, the Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names United Provinces of the Netherlands, on 16 March 1815, the son of stadtholder William V crowned himself King William I of the Netherlands. Between 1815 and 1890 the King of the Netherlands was also in a union the Grand Duke of the sovereign Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. After Belgium gained its independence in 1830, the state became known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world, the free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company, while Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the worlds first stock exchange, that of the Dutch East-India Company, went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a city so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles
13.
Mourt's Relation
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The booklet Mourts Relation was written primarily by Edward Winslow, although William Bradford appears to have written most of the first section. The book describes their relations with the surrounding Native Americans, up to what is called the first Thanksgiving. Mourts Relation was first published and sold by John Bellamy in London in 1622 and this significant tract has often been erroneously cited as by George Morton, sometimes called George Mourt. Morton was an English Puritan Separatist who had moved to Leiden, in 1623, Morton himself emigrated to the Plymouth Colony with his wife Juliana, the sister of Governor William Bradfords wife Alice. But George Morton didnt survive long in the New World, he died the year in 1624. A four-decade long tradition at The Wall Street Journal is to reprint the section on the first Thanksgiving on the Wednesday before the holiday. The booklet was summarized by other publications without the now-familiar Thanksgiving story, a copy was rediscovered in Philadelphia in 1820, with the first full reprinting in 1841. In a footnote, editor Alexander Young was the first person to identify the 1621 feast as the first Thanksgiving, mourt’s Relation, or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth. Mourts Relation as transcribed by Caleb Johnson Mourts Relation as transcribed by Caleb Johnson Mourts relation or journal of the plantation at Plymouth Full-text copies from HathiTrust
14.
William Bradford (Plymouth Colony governor)
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William Bradford was an English Separatist originally from the West Riding of Yorkshire, who later moved to Leiden in Holland, and then in 1620 migrated to the Plymouth Colony on the Mayflower. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and went on to serve as Governor of the Plymouth Colony intermittently for thirty years between 1621 and 1657. His journal Of Plimoth Plantation covered the years from 1620 to 1657 in Plymouth, William Bradford was born to Alice and William Bradford in Austerfield, West Riding of Yorkshire, being baptized on March 19, 1589/90. In a time when most of their countrymen were farmers of modest means, Bradfords childhood was marked by numerous deaths in the family. He was just over a year old when his father died, when he was four years old, his mother remarried, and Bradford was sent to live with his grandfather. Two years later, his grandfather died, and he returned to live with his mother and stepfather, a year later, in 1597, his mother died. Bradford thus became an orphan at the age of seven and was sent to live with two uncles. His uncles wanted young Bradford to help on the farm, and he became familiar with the Bible and classic works of literature. This, too, is seen by some as a key factor in his intellectual curiosity, when Bradford was twelve years old a young friend invited him to hear the Rev Richard Clyfton preach ten miles away in All Saints Church that is located in Babworth. Clyfton was a minister who believed that the Church of England ought to institute reforms to eliminate all vestiges of Roman Catholic practices. Proponents believed that this would result in a purer Christian church, Bradford was inspired by Clyfton’s preachings and continued to attend his sermons, even though he was forbidden by his uncles. During one meeting, Bradford met William Brewster, who was a bailiff and his residence was at Scrooby manor, four miles from Austerfield. During frequent visits, Bradford borrowed books from Brewster, and Brewster regaled the young man with stories of the efforts toward church reform taking place across England. When King James I came to the English throne in 1603, he declared that he would put an end to church reform movements and deal harshly with radical critics of the Church of England. By 1607, secret meetings were being held at Scrooby Manor and about 50 reform-minded individuals began to celebrate the Sabbath led by Richard Clyfton and this group decided that reform of the Church of England was hopeless and they would sever all ties, and they became known as Separatists. The weekly meetings of the Separatists attracted the attention of the Archbishop of York, Brewster was found guilty of being disobedient in matters of religion and was fined. Some members were imprisoned and others were watched night and day, according to Bradford, adding to their concerns, the Scrooby congregation learned that other Separatists in London had been imprisoned and left to starve. The Scrooby congregation decided in 1607 to leave England unlawfully for the Dutch Republic, most of the congregation were imprisoned for a short time after this failed attempt, including Bradford
15.
Of Plymouth Plantation
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The book ends with a list, written in 1651, of Mayflower passengers and what happened to them. The document has carried many names, at the top of the original text is Of Plim̃oth Plantation, but newer prints of the text utilize the modern spelling, Plymouth. The text of Bradfords journal is called the History of Plymouth Plantation. In Wilberforces text it is cited as History of the Plantation of Plymouth and it is also sometimes called William Bradfords Journal. A version published by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is titled Bradfords History Of Plimoth Plantation while labeled The Bradford History on the spine and it has also been called The Mayflower, although it is not a ships log and was written after the events. Bradford’s history is a blend of fact and interpretation, the Bradford journal records not only the events of the first 30 years but also the reactions of the colonists. The Bradford journal is regarded by historians as the preeminent work of 17th century America and it is Bradford’s simple yet vivid story, as told in his journal, that has made the Pilgrims the much-loved spiritual ancestors of all Americans. Bradford apparently never made an effort to publish the manuscript during his lifetime, as also that some use may be made hereof in after times by others in such like weighty employments, and herewith I will end this chapter. Bradford, like all writers of his time, uses a variety of spelling, a rule code for spelling was unknown then and dictionaries were uncommon. Consistency in spelling was not a virtue, and even important state papers might reflect regional speech, in addition, there were a number of particular customs used, as for example the long s, which was used when the letter s was doubled or used initially. Bradford also uses common abbreviations such as wt for with, and it should also be noted that the y was not the y as used in present English, but instead was a thorn or thet, pronounced as th is today. The word ye was not pronounced as yee, but rather was pronounced as the is today, after the death of Thomas Prence, who succeeded Bradford as Governor of Plymouth Colony, the manuscript was left in the tower of the Old South Meeting House in Boston. During the Revolutionary War, British troops occupied the church and the manuscript was lost for another century, when Bishop of London Frederick Temple learned of the importance of the book, he thought it should be returned. Because the book was being held by the Church of England, by the time the formal request from Hoars group reached England, the Archbishop was Frederick Temple. The bishops court ordered that a copy of the document be made for the court. The Bradford journal was presented to the Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts during a joint session of the legislature on May 26,1897 and it is on deposit in the State Library of Massachusetts in the State House in Boston. In June 1897 the state legislature ordered publication of the history with copies of the associated with the return. In 1912, the Massachusetts Historical Society published an authorized version of the text
16.
Nathaniel Morton
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Nathaniel Morton was a Separatist settler of Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, where he served for most of his life as Plymouths secretary under his uncle, Governor William Bradford. Nathaniel Morton the eldest son of George Morton and his wife Juliana Carpenter, Mortons son Nathaniel was born in Leiden, Holland, during the time the Separatists lived there between their flight from England and their eventual migration to Plymouth Colony. The Morton family sailed for Plymouth on the ship Ann in 1623, after his fathers untimely death, Nathaniel was taken into the household of his uncle William Bradford, then governor of Plymouth. Morton married Lydia Cooper on 25 Dec 1635 and they had nine children, Remember, Mercy, Hannah, Eleazer, Lydia, Nathaniel, a stillborn daughter, Elizabeth and Joanna. After the death of Lydia, Nathaniel married Anne Pritchard, Remember Morton, daughter of Nathaniel Morton, married Abraham Jackson of Plymouth, another initial proprietor of the colony. Their descendant Lydia Jackson became the wife of philosopher, poet. From December 1645 until his death, Morton was annually elected Secretary of Plymouth Colony and it later turned up in the library of the Bishop of London in 1855, and was returned to Massachusetts. Morton also wrote First Beginnings and After Progress of the Church of Christ at Plymouth, annually since 1961, The Wall Street Journal publishes an excerpt from Mortons history of Plymouth Colony as an op-ed the Wednesday before Thanksgiving Day. Morton was also the first to record the list of signers of the Mayflower Compact in his work of 1669, john Ratcliff Anderson, Robert Charles, The Great Migration Begins 1620-1633, II, Boston, Mass
17.
Julian calendar
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The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC, by edict, the Julian calendar gains against the mean tropical year at the rate of one day in 128 years. For the Gregorian the figure is one day in 3,030 years, the difference in the average length of the year between Julian and Gregorian is 0. 002%. The Julian calendar has a year of 365 days divided into 12 months. A leap day is added to February every four years, the Julian year is, therefore, on average 365.25 days long. It was intended to approximate the tropical year, as a result, the calendar year gains about three days every four centuries compared to observed equinox times and the seasons. This discrepancy was corrected by the Gregorian reform of 1582, consequently, the Julian calendar is currently 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar. Egypt converted on 20 December 1874/1 January 1875, turkey switched on 16 February/1 March 1917. Russia changed on 1/14 February 1918, Greece made the change for civil purposes on 16 February/1 March 1923 - the national day, which was a religious holiday, was to remain on the old calendar. Most Christian denominations in the west and areas evangelised by western churches have replaced the Julian calendar with the Gregorian as the basis for their liturgical calendars. However, most branches of the Eastern Orthodox Church still use the Julian calendar for calculating the date of Easter, some Orthodox churches have adopted the Revised Julian calendar for the observance of fixed feasts, while other Orthodox churches retain the Julian calendar for all purposes. The Julian calendar is used by the Berbers of the Maghreb in the form of the Berber calendar. In the form of the Alexandrian calendar, it is the basis for the Ethiopian calendar, during the changeover between calendars and for some time afterwards, dual dating was used in documents and gave the date according to both systems. In contemporary as well as texts that describe events during the period of change. The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, in addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia. According to the later writers Censorinus and Macrobius, the ideal intercalary cycle consisted of ordinary years of 355 days alternating with intercalary years, alternately 377 and 378 days long. In this system, the average Roman year would have had 366 1⁄4 days over four years, Macrobius describes a further refinement whereby, in one 8-year period within a 24-year cycle, there were only three intercalary years, each of 377 days
18.
Gregorian calendar
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The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582, the calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar involving a 0. 002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes and solstices—particularly the northern vernal equinox, transition to the Gregorian calendar would restore the holiday to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when introduced by the early Church. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe, the last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923. Many countries that have used the Islamic and other religious calendars have come to adopt this calendar for civil purposes. The reform was a modification of a made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of years in four centuries from 100 to 97. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the date of Easter. For example, the years 1700,1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the years position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox, the date was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes, the Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days. To unambiguously specify a date, dual dating or Old Style, dual dating gives two consecutive years for a given date, because of differences in the starting date of the year, and/or to give both the Julian and the Gregorian dates. The Gregorian calendar continued to use the calendar era, which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity. This year-numbering system, also known as Dionysian era or Common Era, is the predominant international standard today, the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, in the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this day was inserted by doubling 24 February. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers, the cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days, which equals 400 years
19.
Thomas Prince
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Thomas Prince was an American clergyman, scholar and historian noted for his historical text A Chronological History of New England, in the Form of Annals. He was the child of Samuel Prince Esq. and Mercy Hinkley. While at Harvard his interest in books was sparked after he chanced in my leisure Hours to read Mr, after graduation he began teaching at Sandwich while working on his M. A, which was granted in absentia in 1710 a year after he had begun travelling. He spent 2 years travelling to such as the West Indies and Madeira before travelling to England in 1711. He returned to Boston in 1717, homesick, and traveled with Deborah and her brother Samuel Denny and he married Deborah on October 30,1719, they had four daughters and a son. He was ordained as a minister on October 1,1718 by Dr. Joseph Sewell, and became the pastor for Old South Church, a position he retained until his death. In 1728 Prince began work on a A Chronological History of New England, in the Form of Annals, a history of New England beginning with the 6th day of creation. The volume had poor sales, which is attributed to the lack of need for a text of such detail at that time and the lack of interest in a text written for a higher purpose than to amuse its reader. Despite the lack of interest in the text Prince continued to work as a second volume, due to lack of further interest in the text this format was discontinued. I have laboured after accuracy, and yet I dare not say that I am without mistake, nor do I desire the reader to conceal any he may possibly find. ”Prince, a noted preacher presented a sermon at his own ordination which was said to be a wonderful production. He was given offers from various churches in New England upon his return. In the 1740s he was a supporter of the First Great Awakening, inviting George Whitefield to preach in Boston in September 1740. The publication is notable as the first such Christian periodical to be created, in 1743 he wrote An Account of the Revival of Religion in Boston in the Years 1740-1-2-3, an account of the revival of Christianity in Boston linked in part to his support of the Great Awakening. As well as the collection of books, Thomas Prince also left an intellectual legacy. Dr. Charles Chauncy, a frequent ideological opponent of Prince and he may be justly characterized as one of our great men. Deserves to be remembered with honour and his reliance on primary sources and meticulous checks of factual accuracy also makes his Annals a key historical work, one which is still in print today. A printing company named after him was also formed in 1858, the Prince Society, described in The Cambridge History of English and American Literature as one of the most honoured of American historical organizations is also named after him. Thomas Prince, and was by him bequeathed to the Old South Church,1870 http, //www. americanantiquarian. org/Inventories/Portraits/97. htm Princes library now resides in the Boston Public Library
20.
John Carver (Plymouth Colony governor)
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John Carver is credited with writing the Mayflower Compact, was its first signer, and was the first governor of New Plymouth Colony. Carver was a Leiden Separatist instrumental in organizing the Pilgrims Mayflower voyage in 1620, on which he was a passenger, a good candidate location for his ancestry may be the parish of Doncaster in Yorkshire, northern England. The author Charles Edward Banks thought so in 1929 but may have chosen the wrong Carver family to give credence to his research, the area did have a number of parishes that would eventually comprise the Separatist church whose members escaped to Holland and later to America. Bangs does note that on February 8,1609 John Carver and his first wife Mary de Lannoy, of L’Escluse, like the Separatists, who came to Holland from England about 1607/1608, the French Huguenot community was fleeing adverse events in their homeland. Mayflower passenger Francis Cooke and his French wife Hester Mahieu were also members of the French church in Leiden as was Philip de Lannoy and he may have been a relative of Carver’s wife Mary. John Carver was a deacon in Leiden about 1609 at about age 25, Leiden records of St. Pancras Church state that Carver buried a child on July 10,1609. Sometime shortly after the death of the child, Carvers wife Mary died, John Carver married secondly Katherine White, who was a prominent member of the Leiden English Separatist church. She was originally of Sturton in Nottinghamshire, eldest daughter of Alexander White, John Carvers name appears in Leiden church records for the first time in witnessing a betrothal on May 13,1616. And on May 19,1617 Katherine Carver witnessed the betrothal of Robert Cushman, Robert Cushman was a deacon of the Leiden church and would play an important part, as chief agent for the church, in preparing the Mayflower for her voyage. With the forces of King James I searching for Elder Brewster who was in hiding and they came in contact with Sir Edwin Sandys, an acquaintance of church Elder William Brewster and a leading member of the Virginia Company. The articles basically acknowledged the supremacy of the king and the Church of England, Sir Edwin Sandys reported back to Pastor John Robinson and Elder William Brewster that Carver and Cushman had carried themselves with good discretion. On November 11,1617, at St. Pancras in Leiden, Katherine Carver buried a child, by late 1618 Carver and Cushman had finally received a patent from the Virginia Company. To fund the Mayflower voyage the Leiden congregation turned to Thomas Weston, John Carver had the task of organizing the voyage, and along with chief agent Robert Cushman, the very burdensome task of negotiating funding with Thomas Weston and the Adventurers. John Carver was very wealthy and provided much of his fortune to the congregation in Leiden. Also boarding the Mayflower were four children of the More family who were sent in the care of senior Pilgrims, John Carver was entrusted with a seven-year-old boy by the name of Jasper More. The story of children was tragic, but at that time probably no one on the Mayflower knew their background. Jasper and three siblings were probably the result of a romantic relationship between his mother, a woman of the Shropshire gentry and a lover. Katherine Mores husband, Samuel More, believing that the four children were not his own, arranged to send them as indentured servants to the Colony of Virginia, the Mayflowers original destination
21.
Edward Winslow
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Edward Winslow was a Separatist who traveled on the Mayflower in 1620. He was one of senior leaders on the ship and also later at Plymouth Colony. Both Edward Winslow and his brother, Gilbert Winslow signed the Mayflower Compact, in Plymouth he served in a number of governmental positions such as assistant governor, three times was governor and also was the colonys agent in London. In early 1621 he had one of several key leaders on whom Governor Bradford depended after the death of John Carver. In 1655 he died of fever while on a British naval expedition in the Caribbean against the Spanish and he is the only Plymouth colonist with an extant portrait, and this can be seen at Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, Massachusetts. Edward Winslow was born in 1595 and would have been baptized a few days later and he was the eldest son of Edward Winslow of Droitwich, co. Worcestershire, by his wife Magdalene Oliver whom he married the year at St. Brides Church. The Winslow estate in Kempsey was called Kersweil with a name of Careswell later being given to the gentrified Plymouth estate of Governor Josiah Winslow, son of Edward Winslow. Author Charles Banks notes that it is probable that this Edward. Author Eugene Stratton believes that no one has been able to discern Kenelm Winslows ancestry with any certainty, Kenelm Winslow, probably a brother of Edward, Sr. born in 1551, was called a resident of Worcester, yeoman, in 1605. It is not certain if the family was gentry, but were at least fairly well-off, Edward, Sr. was an under-sheriff and involved in the salt production trade. Edward Winslow had four younger brothers –Gilbert accompanying him on the Mayflower in 1620, with other brothers John, Josiah, between April 1606 and April 1611, Edward Winslow attended the Kings School at Worcester Cathedral. But Winslow apparently did not fulfill his contract with Beale as about two years later, in 1617, he moved to Leiden, Holland to join the Separatist church there. In 1617 Edward Winslow traveled to Leiden Holland to join the English exile Separatist church, on April 27,1618 Winslow married in Leiden Elizabeth Barker, he being called a printer from London. Johnson reports that a search of possible English ancestral and baptismal records for Elizabeth does not reveal anything of note, merchant Adventurer investment group agent Thomas Weston assisted in this venture by providing the ship Mayflower for the Pilgrims journey. Traveling on the Mayflower in company with the Winslows were his brother Gilbert and family servant/employee George Soule, Also in the care of the family was Elinor More, a girl of eight years. In all there were four unaccompanied More children from Shipton, Shropshire in the care of senior Pilgrims on the Mayflower, Elinor, Jasper, Mary, Elinor perished the winter of 1620 with only one brother Richard More surviving. The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16,1620, the small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and the crew is estimated to be approximately 30 but the exact number is unknown
22.
William Brewster (Mayflower passenger)
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William Brewster was an English official and Mayflower passenger in 1620. In Plymouth Colony, by virtue of his education and existing stature with those immigrating from the Netherlands, Brewster, a separatist, became a regular preacher, William Brewster was born in 1568, most probably in Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, England. He was the son of William Brewster and Mary and he had a number of half-siblings and his paternal grandparents were William Brewster, and Maud Mann. His maternal grandfather was William Smythe and he studied briefly at Peterhouse, Cambridge, before entering the service of William Davison in 1584. Brewster was the only Pilgrim with political and diplomatic experience, with his mentor in prison, Brewster had returned home to Scrooby for a time, where he took up his father’s former position as postmaster. While, earlier in the 16th century, reformers had hoped to amend the Anglican church, by the end of it, many were looking toward splitting from it. On its first attempt, in 1607, the group was arrested at Scotia Creek, in 1609, he was selected as ruling elder of the congregation. William lived near St. Peters church in Leiden with his wife and he taught English to Leiden University students and was also a printer of religious pamphlets. His son, Jonathan, was a ribbonweaver, William was chosen as assistant and later as an elder to Pastor John Robinson. He was still an elder when he travelled to Plymouth Colony in 1620, in Leiden, the group managed to make a living. Brewster taught English and later, in 1616–1619, as the partner of one Thomas Brewer, printed and published books for sale in England. In 1619 Brewster and Edward Winslow published a religious tract critical of the English king, the printing type was seized by the authorities from the English ambassador, Sir Dudley Carleton, and Brewsters partner was arrested. Brewster escaped and, with the help of Robert Cushman and Sir Edwin Sandys, obtained a patent from the London Virginia Company on behalf of himself. With Brewster in hiding, the Separatists looked to their deacon John Carver, in 1620 when it came time for the Mayflower departure, Elder Brewster returned to the Leiden congregation. He had been hiding out in Holland and perhaps even England for the last year, at the time of his return, Brewster was the highest-ranking layperson of the congregation and would be their designated spiritual leader in the New World. Brewster joined the first group of Separatists aboard the Mayflower on the voyage to North America, Brewster was accompanied by his wife, Mary Brewster, and his sons, Love Brewster and Wrestling Brewster. Among the people boarding the Mayflower were four unaccompanied children from Shipton and they were placed as indentured servants with senior Separatists William Brewster, John Carver and Robert Cushman, on behalf of Samuel More, husband of the children’s mother, Katherine More. Two children were placed with William and Mary Brewster, the Mayflower departed Plymouth in England in September 1620
23.
Isaac Allerton
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Isaac Allerton, Sr. and his family, were passengers in 1620 on the historic voyage of the ship Mayflower. Allerton was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact, in Plymouth Colony he was active in colony governmental affairs and business and later in trans-Atlantic trading. Problems with the latter regarding colony expenditures caused him to be censured by the colony government and he later became a well-to-do businessman elsewhere and in his later years resided in Connecticut. Based on a given in 1639, Allerton was born in England about 1586–88. Some records from colonial Dutch New Amsterdam note he was from the English county of Suffolk, Allertons son Bartholomew did return to England from Plymouth and served as a minister in Suffolk which may indicate a connection to that county. In 1659 the will of Bartholomew was proved, and at time he was residing in Bramfield. Suffolk but no records relating to the Allertons, a quite rare name, have ever been found in Suffolk. This record indicates Isaac to have been the son of Bartholomew Allerton, tailor of Ipswich, in Leiden in 1611, Allerton stated he was from London but the actual place of his birth is unknown. Also living in Leiden in 1611 was Allertons sister Sarah Vincent, Isaac and his wife, Mary, and Sarah and her second husband Degory Priest, had a double wedding in Leiden on November 4,1611. In the records of the time, Sarah is noted to have been of London, also in Leiden at this time was John Allerton, who may well have been a relative of Isaacs or Isaacs brother, but this has never been proven for certain. Allerton became betrothed to Mary Norris in Leiden by October 7,1611 and he lived in Pieterskerkhof near St. Peters Church. In 1614 he became a citizen of Leiden, while in Leiden in 1619 Allerton worked as a tailor, John Hooke, who would travel with Allerton on the Mayflower, was his apprentice. The Allerton family boarded the Mayflower consisting of Allertons wife Mary, the Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16,1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30–40 in extremely cramped conditions and this, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On November 9/19,1620, after three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day, issac Allerton was one of the signers. Of Isaac Allerton and his first wife, William Bradford recorded, Mr. Allertons wife died with the first and his son Bartle is married in England but I know not how many children he hath. His daughter Remember is married at Salem and hath three or four children living and his daughter Mary is married here and hath four children
24.
Myles Standish
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Myles Standish was an English military officer hired by the Pilgrims as military adviser for Plymouth Colony. He accompanied them on the Mayflower journey and played a role in the administration. On February 17,1621, the Plymouth Colony militia elected him as its first commander, Standish served as an agent of Plymouth Colony in England, as assistant governor, and as treasurer of the Colony. He was also one of the first settlers and founders of the town of Duxbury, one of Standishs last military actions on behalf of Plymouth Colony was the botched Penobscot expedition in 1635. By the 1640s, he relinquished his role as an active soldier and he was still nominally the commander of the Pilgrim military forces in the growing Colony, although he seems to have preferred to act in an advisory capacity. He died in his home in Duxbury in 1656 at age 72 and he supported and defended the Pilgrims colony for much of his life, though there is no evidence to suggest that he ever joined their church. Several towns and military installations have been named for Standish, one of the best known depictions of him in popular culture was the 1858 poem The Courtship of Miles Standish by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The highly fictionalized story presents him as a timid romantic and it was extremely popular in the 19th century and played a significant role in cementing the Pilgrim story in US culture. Little is definitively known of Myles Standishs origin and early life and his place of birth has been subject to debate among historians for more than 150 years. At the center of the debate is language in his will, drafted in Plymouth Colony in 1656, however, efforts have been inconclusive in linking him to the Standishes of Duxbury Hall. A competing theory focuses on his mention of the Isle of Man, no definitive documentation exists in either location to provide clear evidence of his birthplace. The circumstances are vague at best concerning Standishs early military career in Holland, at the time, the Dutch Republic was embroiled in the Eighty Years War with Spain. Queen Elizabeth I of England chose to support the Protestant Dutch Republic, historians are divided on his role in the English military. The subsequent Twelve Years Truce between Spain and the Dutch Republic might have ended Standishs service, Standish was certainly still in Holland in 1620 and living in Leiden when he was hired by a group of refugee Puritan dissenters from England to act as their adviser on military matters. At that time, he was using the title of Captain and they approached him to return to the New World and he expressed interest. Standish lived in Leiden with his wife Rose and was already known to them. On July 22,1620, the group of English Dissenters living in Leiden boarded the Speedwell. This initial group included the mostly Brownist congregation, Myles and Rose Standish were aboard, along with the Bradfords, Winslows, Carvers, and others
25.
John Alden
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John Alden Sr. was a crew member on the historic 1620 voyage of the Pilgrim ship Mayflower. Rather than return to England with the ship, he stayed at what became Plymouth Colony and he was hired in Southampton, England, as the ships cooper, responsible for maintaining the ships barrels. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and he married fellow Mayflower passenger Priscilla Mullins, whose entire family perished in the first winter. His origins are subject to speculation, but it is currently believed that he was from the Alden family of Harwich in Essex. Harwich is an ancient North Sea port, northeast of London, the Alden family of Harwich had distant connections to Jones, residing there in the 17th century and possibly related to him by marriage. Jane, the widow, may have been his mother and Richard, records providing information from the tax list of Holyrood Ward in 1602 list the names of George Alden and Johns future father-in-law William Mullins. The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England, on September 6/16,1620, the 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. This, combined with a lack of rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many. On the way there were two deaths, a member and a passenger, but the worst was yet to come. After arriving at their destination, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in the cold, harsh, on November 9/19,1620, after a month of delays in England and about two months at sea, they spotted the Cape Cod Hook. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day, John Alden was among the original settlers of the Plymouth Colony. Although not himself a Separatist he had hired to be a cooper and decided to join the journey when she set sail. Aldens rivalry with Miles Standish for the affection of Priscilla Mullins is told elaborately in Henry Wadsworth Longfellows poem The Courtship of Miles Standish, from 1633 until 1675, he was assistant to the governor of the Plymouth Colony, frequently serving as acting governor and also on many juries. In 1634, Alden was jailed, in Boston, for a fight at Kenebeck in Maine between members of the Plymouth Colony and the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The fight involved a fur trading dispute that escalated into a killing of Plymouth colonist Moses Talbot by John Hocking by a shot to the head, Hocking was then immediately killed by Plymouth colonists by a shot to the head. While Alden did not participate in the fight, he was the member from Plymouth that the Massachusetts Bay colonists found to arrest. It was only through the intervention of Bradford that he was eventually released, John Alden married Priscilla Mullins on May 12,1622. She was the survivor of the Mayflower Mullins family
26.
Samuel Fuller (Pilgrim)
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Samuel Fuller He was a passenger on the historic 1620 voyage of the Pilgrim ship Mayflower and became a respected church deacon and the physician for Plymouth Colony. He was baptized on January 20,1580 at Redenhall, co, Samuel was a son of Robert Fuller, a butcher, and his first wife Sarah Dunthorne. She was buried there on July 1,1584, in 1614 Samuel is mentioned in the will of his father Robert, but was bequeathed a small amount of inheritance money, less even than his sisters, which may indicate his father’s unhappiness with him. His first mention in records of the time was of his move to Leiden by 1610 where he was a witness to his sister Ann’s betrothal. And in 1611 he witnessed the betrothal of future Mayflower passenger Degory Priest to Sarah Allerton, sister of another Mayflower passenger and his name appears in the Leiden records, as an active church congregation member. In Leiden records he was referred to as “a serge worker of London. ”On January 27,1612 he witnessed the betrothal of his sister Ann to a William White, apparently not the Mayflower passenger of the same name. Additionally, the Society states that there is no proof that the Mayflower White family were ever in Leiden, Samuel Fuller was betrothed to Agnes Carpenter, daughter of Alexander Carpenter, on March 15,1613 in Leiden. They married on April 24,1613, the marriage record notes a prior marriage to Alice Glasscock, who was deceased, but no record have been found of this marriage in Leiden or England. On May 7,1613, Samuel Fuller witnessed the betrothal of Alice Carpenter, sister to his wife Agnes, Alice would later be widowed and in 1623 would marry Plymouth Governor William Bradford. In mid-1615 Samuel’s wife Agnes gave birth to a boy who died soon after and was buried on June 29,1615 at St. Peter’s in Leiden, Agnes died a few days later and was buried on July 3,1615. In October 1615 records note that Samuel was living in the Groene Poort neighborhood of Leiden “over against the clock tower”, on May 27,1617 Samuel Fuller remarried to Bridget Lee. His name appears in Leiden records as a witness to betrothals in his English religious community for years more. Samuel Fuller was involved in the decision to move to Northern Virginia per agreement with the Virginia Company. Fuller, along with key congregation members Edward Winslow, William Bradford and Isaac Allerton, when the Mayflower departed England, none of the complaints had been resolved and the agreement had not been finalized. This problem persisted for more than a year and was resolved upon agent Robert Cushmans arrival on the Fortune in November 1621. In preparation for the Mayflower voyage, Samuel Fuller may have tried to learn the rudiments of medical knowledge, the Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16,1620. The small, 100-foot ship carried 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions and this, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On November 9/19,1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, Samuel Fuller and others signed the Mayflower Compact that day
27.
Christopher Martin (Mayflower passenger)
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He and his family embarked on the historic 1620 voyage of the Pilgrim ship Mayflower on its journey to the New World. He was initially the governor of passengers on the ship Speedwell until that ship was found to be unseaworthy and he was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact. He and his family all perished in the first winter at Plymouth Colony, Christopher Martin first appears in the records of Great Burstead, Essex, England, with his 1607 marriage to a widow by the name of Mary Prowe. Per Banks, according to Bradford he came from Billirike in Essex, the result of the suit is not known, but Martin did manage to build his estate significantly over the following years. Martin and his wife Mary had their child together, Nathaniel. To their marriage Mary also brought a son from her marriage, Solomon Prowe. In 1609 Christopher Martin was one of men with property holdings who were selected to appear at the archdeacons Visitation of that year. In 1611 Martin was appointed churchwarden at Great Burstead, a position of which he may have been appointed on an involuntary basis, at Easter in 1612, Martin and his wife refused to kneel at the Easter Service and to take Holy Communion. This refusal to participate in Anglican church ceremonies indicated very early his Puritan views and this particular incident did not seem to cause issues for him within the community since a month later he was admitted as a land owner of three properties in Great Burstead by the Manorial Court. The records of the Virginia Company in London state that on January 15 and it is unknown who Martin paid to transport to the Colony of Virginia. Just a note about the Virginia company, it was sold in shares, My grandfather on my mothers side was John Beauchamp, as well as that OF my ancestor, He was the first governor of Jamestown in 1607. This was in regard to the boys contrary answers to questions put to them by the vicar during their confirmation ritual, on March 3,1620 Martin was prosecuted in the Archidiaconal Court for suffering his son to the answer that his father gave him his name. Then Martin himself was cited by church officials for not providing the financial accounts he maintained during the time he was the churchwarden, problems with financial records would follow him later with the Mayflower voyage preparations. About this time, presumably in early 1620, Martin was making arrangements for his family to emigrate to America on the Mayflower, nothing further is known of him. Christopher Martin had begun selling off his holdings, in preparation for departure from England. One such sale was dated June 22,1617 and the last sale was June 8,1620. The work to be required the procurement of all needed goods and supplies for the Mayflower. Good intentions were found to not work on the personality of Christopher Martin, Carver and Cushman collected provisions in London and Canterbury with Martin doing as he wished in Southampton, the major port on England’s south coast, contrary to the others wishes
28.
William Mullins (Mayflower passenger)
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William Mullins and his family traveled as passengers on the historic 1620 voyage to America on the Pilgrim ship Mayflower. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact, Mullins perished in the first winter in the New World, with his wife and son dying soon after. William Mullins was born about 1572 in Dorking, co, Surrey, England, probably the son of John Mullins and Joan/Joane of Dorking parish, located about 21 miles south of London. John Mullins died in February 1583/84 and William’s mother Joane married secondly Vincent Benham on November 1,1585. The first mention of William Mullins in Dorking records was on October 4,1595 and that record states that he was then residing in the Chippingborough district of Dorking. Records note a William Mullins named on a 1596 muster list for Stoke, near Guildford, Surrey, where it is believed he was living at that time, and returning to Dorking about 1604. While in Guildford it is believed that Mullins married for a first time, name of wife unknown. During that time, it is believed that his first wife gave birth to at least one daughter, name Elizabeth, with baptism recorded at Holy Trinity Church. Authors Caleb Johnson and Charles Edward Banks have indicated that this unnamed wife may have given birth to a son, Dorking records exist for several dates in 1612 for William Mullins, On March 30,1612 – William Mullins witnessed the will of John Wood. On December 20,1612 – Mullins was named the overseer of the will of Jane Hammon and that document, for the first time, states Mullins occupation as shoemaker. On December 28,1612 – Mullins purchased a tenement on West Street in Dorking and this house still exists and is often a stopping place for tourists. Banks refers to house as the “Manor of Dorking. ”In August 1616 William Mullins was called before the Lordships of the Privy Council. On May 1 he appeared before the Privy Council and was continued in their custody untill by their Honours’ order hee be dismissed. It has been speculated that this may have involved matters of a nature which may have forced Mullins to consider emigrating. In May 1619 Mullins sold his Dorking Manor holdings to Ephraim Bothell/Bothall for 280 pounds, which may have been a precursor of his preparations for the Mayflower voyage. It appears he made a living as a shoemaker as his was one of the larger investments in the Merchant Adventurers group, of which he was a member. His will shows he had nine shares of stock in the Merchant Adventurers, the London businessmen known as the Merchant Adventurers, under the direction of Thomas Weston, invested in the Mayflower voyage from the very beginning. The documents drawn up, and approved by members of the Leiden church, imposed restrictions on the Pilgrims work week
29.
William White (Mayflower passenger)
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William White was a passenger on the Mayflower. Accompanied by his wife Susanna, son Resolved and two servants, he travelled in 1620 on the historic voyage and he was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and perished early in the history of Plymouth Colony. William White has been a person to research, largely because of the commonness of his name in England. And contrary to information about his supposed White family ancestry, per the Mayflower Society Families book, Volume 13. Records reveal that there were two men of that name living there, other than Mayflower William White about 1620 and both appear to have been still there after the Mayflower departed. It is believed that if William White had been a member of the Leiden congregation, his name would have appeared in Bradford’s work for that section, there is no evidence to associate the William White of the Mayflower with Leiden, Holland. Several objections have been raised,1, the Bangs article answers the major questions, including the matter of Samuel Fullers sister, Anna Fuller, being considered too old in 1621 to have married twenty-five-year-old Edward Winslow. The will of Robert Fuller is dated 19 May 1613, proved 31 May 1614 and it names, among others, to daughter Ann Fuller, twenty pounds. In Leiden, William White and Ann Fuller were betrothed on 27 Jan 1612, Robert Fullers will named her Ann Fuller. Perhaps the most logical answer would be that Robert White dictated his will to a cleric and named his son Samuel and daughters Anna, the article answers other important questions as well. The strongest, if not irrefutable, proof that Susanna was in-fact, the betrothal of Willem With, woolcomber, bachelor, from England, with En Foller, spinster, from England, on 27 Jan 1612. He was accompanied by Willem Jopson and Samuel Folle, identitfied as zijn bekende, she was accompanied by Rosemen Jepson and Sara Pryst, identified as haer bekende. The betrothal on 15 Mar 1613, of Samuel Fuller, identified as saeywercker van Londen and widower of Els Glaescoock, with Agnijes Carpenter, spinster from Wrenton in England. Samuel Fuller was accompanied by Alexander Carpenter, Willem Hoyt zijn zwager, Rogier Wilsum, and Eduwaert Saetwoot, Agnes Carpenter was accompanied by Agnijs Weyt and Els Carpenter haer zuster. That Willem Hoyt can be rendered as William White is a recognition of the problem of phoenetic spelling attempts, Hoyt sounds very close to White, another attempt to spell the same sound is seen in Weyt in the same document. This second attempt indicates strongly that the name White is being attempted, neither of these spellings recurs in the Leiden records in this period for betrothals, baptisms, or burials. Therefore, Bangs says. that William White could be described as Samuel Fullers brother-in-law is possible is only if Ann Fuller. This is the origin of the opinion that Susanna White was Samuel Fullers sister
30.
Richard Warren
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Richard Warren was one of the passengers on the Pilgrim ship Mayflower and a signer of the Mayflower Compact. Richard Warren married Elizabeth Walker, at Great Amwell, Hertfordshire, Elizabeth Walker was the daughter of Augustine Walker of Great Amwell. She was baptized at Baldock in September 1583 and this information came to light with the discovery of Augustine Walkers will dated April 19,1613, in which he named his daughter Elizabeth and her children Mary, Ann and Sarah Warren. Based on his marriage in Hertfordshire, current speculation is that he came from that county. His parentage and apparent birthplace in Hertfordshire are uncertain, but there is a Warren family that may be of that ancestry residing in the vicinity of Therfield, the author and genealogist Charles Edward Banks states that Warren came from London and was called a “merchant” of that city. Richard Warren was one of very few English merchants who signed on to make the Mayflower voyage as a member of the Leiden contingent. His reason for this has not been determined, and given his status, at the time of the Mayflower’s voyage in 1620, Richard and his wife had five daughters, Mary, Ann, Sarah, Elizabeth and Abigail. But Richard came on the Mayflower alone, deciding to wait until conditions in the New World were satisfactory before bringing over his family. Bradford’s recollection of time, “Mr. Richard Warren, but his wife and children were lefte behind. The small,100 ft ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. This, combined with a lack of rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many. On November 9/19,1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, the Mayflower Compact was signed that day. Richard Warrens name appears 12th in the list and he participated in some of the early explorations of Cape Cod, when a suitable settlement location was being searched for. This exploration would result in their first encounter with Indians and did not turn out well and this Indian challenge to the Pilgrims was later known as the First Encounter. In 1623 Warren felt that conditions were right to bring his family over from England, and they arrived that year on the Anne. In Plymouth two more children were added to their family - in 1624 his wife Elizabeth gave birth to a son Nathaniel and in 1626 another son, Joseph. ”In 1626 twenty seven Plymouth settlers, the agreement was dated October 26,1626 and was finalized sometime in 1627. The ninth lot also listed John Billington and the Soule family, in his “Increasings and Decreasings”, Bradford assigns Richard Warren the title of “Mr. ” which indicates someone of status, but does not mention him at all in his recording of Plymouth history. And except for a few mentions elsewhere, not very much is known about him in Plymouth, during her widowhood, Elizabeth Warren’s name is noted in Plymouth Colony records
31.
John Howland
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John Howland was a passenger on the Mayflower. He signed the Mayflower Compact and helped found Plymouth Colony, after the passengers came ashore John Howland became assistant to the governor over the new independent state created under the compact. The act of Governor Carver in making a treaty with the great Indian Sachem Massasoit was an exercise of power that John Howland assisted in. John Carver, the first governor of the Plymouth Colony, died in April 1621, in 1626, Howland was a freeman and one of eight settlers who agreed to assume the colonys debt to its investors in England in exchange for a monopoly of the fur trade. He was elected deputy to the General Court in consecutive years from 1641–1655, John Howland was born in Fenstanton, Huntingdonshire, England around 1592. He was the son of Margaret and Henry Howland, and the brother of Henry and Arthur Howland, although Henry and Arthur Howland were Quakers, John himself held to the original faith of the Puritans. William Bradford, who was the governor of Plymouth Colony for many years, wrote in Of Plymouth Plantation, Carver was the deacon of the Separatists church while the group resided in Leiden, Netherlands. John Howland may have accompanied Carvers household from Leiden when the Speedwell left Delfshaven for Southampton, England, ansel Ames in Mayflower and Her Log, said that Howland was probably kin of Carvers and that he was more likely a steward or a secretary than a servant. The Separatists planned to travel to the New World, on the Speedwell, the Speedwell proved to be unseaworthy and thus most of the passengers crowded onto the Mayflower. In order to finance the voyage to the New World, the Separatists had investors in England and they also had accepted non-separatists to join them on the journey. These passengers, whom the Separatists referred to as strangers, made up half of those on the Mayflower, the Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16,1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions and this, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On the way, there were two deaths, a member and a passenger, but the worst was yet to come. After arriving at their destination, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in the cold, harsh, during the voyage there was a turbulent storm during which John Howland fell overboard. He managed to grab a topsail halyard that was trailing in the water and was hauled back aboard safely. There is a painting depicting this called Howland Overboard by maritime artist Mike Hayward. <http, //mayflowerhistory. com/howland/>On November 9/19,1620, after three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land. On November 11,1620, the Mayflower Compact was signed, John Howland was the thirteenth of the 41 principal men to sign. The first winter in North America proved deadly for the Pilgrims as half their number perished, the Carver family with whom John lived, survived the winter of 1620-21
32.
Stephen Hopkins (Mayflower passenger)
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Stephen Hopkins was a passenger on the Mayflower in 1620, one of forty-one signatories of the Mayflower Compact, and an assistant to the governor of Plymouth Colony through 1636. He worked as a tanner and merchant and was recruited by the Merchant Adventurers to provide the governance for the colony and he is known as the only Mayflower passenger with prior New World experience, having been shipwrecked in Bermuda in 1609 and then serving for several years under Capt. John Smith at the Jamestown Colony, Hopkins was baptized 30 April 1581 at Upper Clatford, Hampshire, England, the son of John Hopkins and Elizabeth Williams. He died between 6 June 1644 and 17 July 1644, not much is known about his early life in Hampshire, but his family appears to have removed to Winchester, Hampshire, by 1586. His father died there in 1593, and by 1604 he had moved to Hursley, in early 1609 Stephen Hopkins began employment as a ministers clerk, reading religious works to a congregation including members of the Virginia Company. On 2 June 1609 Hopkins left his wife and family, and in his ministerial clerks position departed for Jamestown in Virginia on the 300-ton Sea Venture, flagship of a flotilla led by Sir George Somers. The Sea Venture was carrying the new Jamestown governor, Sir Thomas Gates, to his post, as well as resupplying the colony with goods and new settlers. After almost two months into the voyage, a storm separated the ships of the flotilla on 24 July 1609. Just when the Sea Venture was about to sink from storm damage, land was called out, the ship was forced to run itself aground about a mile offshore to keep from sinking. The castaways soon found that Bermuda was a Paradise, with plentiful water, in late November 1609, they commenced construction of boats enough to take everyone off the island. By January 1610, even though Stephen Hopkins had remained with Governor Gatess group, he started voicing dissatisfaction with the governance of Thomas Gates, Hopkins was arrested and charged with mutiny and was found guilty, for which the sentence was death. Many persons begged mercy for him, and he obtained a pardon, all at Jamestown were focused on returning a profit to their London investors, and under great stress when no gold, minerals or anything else of much value to London was found in the Chesapeake area. The colonists could not or would not farm, tried to barter for food with the natives and later stole food from them, leading to much violence, which continued for years. On 10 May 1610, the two newly constructed boats departed Bermuda with all on board and arrived at Jamestown eleven days later, what they found there was that the colonists in Jamestown were starving to death due to their inability and in some cases unwillingness to produce food. They were afraid to go outside their fort, so were tearing down their houses for firewood and they were not planting crops, nor trading with the natives or catching fish. Much of this had to do with some feeling it was beneath their dignity to work and the violent abuse they gave the native people. At his arrival from Bermuda, Governor Gates estimated there was only days worth of food left, just as they were preparing to depart, an English ship came into the harbor with supplies and new settlers, along with a new governor, Lord de la Warr. The colonists were forced to return and reestablish their fort, albeit reluctantly, a report of the wreck of the Sea Venture and later events reached England
33.
Edward Tilley
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Edward Tilley traveled in 1620 on the historic voyage of the ship Mayflower as a Separatist member of the Leiden, Holland contingent. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact, and died with his wife in the first Pilgrim winter in the New World, Edward Tilley was baptized in Henlow, co. Bedford, England on May 27,1588 and he was the son Robert and Elizabeth Tilley. Edward Tilley and Ann Cooper married on June 20,1614 in Henlow, bedford, she having been baptized there on November 7,1585. As with his brother John, Edward married a woman a few years his senior and their pastor in Leiden, John Robinson, spoke against such marriages, stating it was best for men not to marry older women. Edward Tilley and his wife resided in Henlow, Bedfordshire until they emigrated to Holland a few years after their marriage. Shortly after their marriage Edward and his wife went to live in Leiden and they appeared in a 1616 Leiden record where he was reported to be a weaver as with a number of other Leiden Separatists, and future Mayflower passengers. There is an indication that Edward’s brother John Tilley was also in Leiden along with Edward’s ward Henry Samson, the reason those two children were with them has not been fully explained. Per William Bradford’s later recollection of this family, “Edward Tillie, and Ann, his wife, the small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. This, combined with a lack of rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many. On November 9/19,1620, after three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day, upon arrival at Cape Cod, he was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact, signing as “Edward Tilly. ”He and his brother John both signed the Compact with the “Tilly” surname. The same day the Mayflower Compact was signed, November 11,1620, although names were not recorded, this party may have included Edward Tilley as did future ones. Several days later, on November 15,1620, sixteen men, “every man his musket, sword and they did encounter some Indians, who ran off into the woods to be followed by them for about ten miles, and later made camp for the night. They found some sand heaps where the Indians had buried seed corn for the following year, the Pilgrims made the decision to take the seed corn saying that would repay the owners when it could be ascertained who the seed corn owners were. A third exploration of the Cape Cod area, with eighteen men, set out on December 6,1620, but this time, many members of previous expeditions were not available, having been felled by illness. Both Edward Tilley and his brother John were among those named in records of that expedition. ”The expedition lasted several days, during which time they were attacked by a group of Nauset Indians. That episode with the Indians would later be known as the First Encounter, the Pilgrims explored what would eventually become the Plymouth area, and finally after a month of searching, decided that it was there they would come ashore and build their settlement
34.
John Tilley (Mayflower passenger)
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John Tilley and his family were passengers on the historic 1620 voyage of the Mayflower. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact, and died with his wife in the first Pilgrim winter in the New World, John Tilley was baptized on December 19,1571 at Henlow, co. He was the eldest child of Robert Tilley and his wife Elizabeth, John had a younger brother, Edward, who also came on the Mayflower with his wife. John Tilley, his brother Edward and their wives all perished that first winter in the New World, there are few records of John Tilley’s life in England. His name appears in the will of George Clarke of Henlow, dated September 22,1607, there is little information about the lives of John Tilley and his wife Joan. John Tilley was documented as a member of the Leiden Separatist congregation as well as his brother Edward, edward’s ward Henry Samson may also have been a member. Per William Bradford’s later recollection of this family on the Mayflower, “John Tillie, and his wife, the small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. This, combined with a lack of rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many. On November 9/19,1620, after three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day, John Tilley was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact, as was his brother, Edward. It may be that they died from the effects of the exploration weather, the Pilgrims on board for this expedition, in addition to the Tilleys, were John Howland, Stephen Hopkins and his servant Edward Doty. Senior members on the expedition included John Carver, William Bradford, militia captain Myles Standish, the number of persons on this exploration was less than half of a prior expedition due to many having been felled by illness. As was recorded. very cold and hard weather, in which time two were sick. The gunner also sick unto death. ”This exploration would not turn out well for the English in their first encounter with Indians as they found that slow-firing muskets were no match for rapid-fire arrows and this Indian challenge to the Pilgrims was later known as the First Encounter. John Tilley and his wife Joan both died the first winter, as did his brother Edward and his wife Ann, the only Tilley surviving from the Mayflower was John’s thirteen-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, who went on to marry John Howland and raise a large family. John Tilley married Joan Rogers, widow of Thomas Rogers on September 20,1596 at Henlow in Bedfordshire, Joan Hurst was the younger daughter of William Hurst, and was baptized on March 13, 1567/8 at Henlow making her a little older than John. Joan came to the marriage with a daughter Joan, born of her marriage to Thomas Rogers, Joan was baptized May 26,1594, and Rogers seems to have died shortly afterwards. Child of Joan and Thomas Rogers Joan Rogers was baptized on May 26,1594, there is no further record and she may have died young, likely sometime after her mother’s 1596 marriage to John Tilley
35.
Francis Cooke
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He was a Leiden Separatist who came to America in 1620 on the Pilgrim ship Mayflower and a signer of the Mayflower Compact. His ancestry is unknown and there are no records of the time regarding his birth. Per author Charles Edward Banks, a clue to his identity may exist in the following, there was a considerable foreign French and Walloon colony in Canterbury. Banks also states that he may have born in England of foreign parents and returned to Holland in 1603. Banks and author Eugene Aubrey Stratton had differing views of the time of his birth, per Stratton, he was probably born no earlier than 1583, and may have been under age sixty when his name appeared on the 1643 Able to Bear Arms List for Plymouth. He is first noted in records on April 25,1603 in Leiden. For purposes unknown, Cooke resided in Leiden for about six years before the arrival of the congregation of English Separatist Pastor John Robinson in 1609. Cooke was betrothed to Hester Mahieu at the French Walloon Church in Leiden on June 30,1603 and her family were Protestant refugees from Lille, France to England. She was probably born in the late 1580s with her coming to Leiden about 1590. Mary Mahieu, a sister of Hester, married Jan de Lannoy in Leiden. Cookes nephew Philip Delanoy would later join the Separatist Church in England, here Banks and Johnson betrothal data differs. Per Banks, Leiden records give Cookes betrothal as 9 June 1603, in the Leiden church Betrothal Book he was recorded as Franchois Couck and his bride being Hester Mahieu with the witnesses to the marriage being two Walloons. They were identified as from England and as from Canterbury, the Leiden congregation had some Separatist members who had fled Norwich, and the Cookes may have contacted the Separatists there. Francis and his wife Hester were identified as Franchoys Cooke et Esther sa femme in Leiden after their return from Norwich, in February 1609, members of Pastor John Robinsons English Separatist church came to Leiden. The Cookes did not then become members of the Walloon church, when the English Separatist church in Leiden decided to go to America in 1620, Cooke decided that from his family only he and his thirteen year–old son John would go over. His wife Hester and younger children would remain in Leiden until the colony was more established, the Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16,1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions and this, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On November 9/29,1620, after about 5 months at sea, including 3 months of delays in England, they spotted land, the Mayflower Compact was signed that day
36.
Thomas Rogers (Mayflower passenger)
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Thomas Rogers was a Leiden Separatist who traveled in 1620 with his eldest son Joseph as passengers on the historic voyage of the Pilgrim ship Mayflower. Thomas Rogers was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact, but perished in the winter of 1620/21 and his son Joseph, who traveled with Thomas on the Mayflower, but was too young, at age 17, to sign the Mayflower Compact, survived to live a long life. Thomas Rogers was born in the area of the village of Watford, in Northamptonshire, England and his birth year of approximately 1571 is based on his date of marriage. Thomas Rogers was a son of William Rogers and his wife Eleanor and he married Alice Cosford in Watford parish October 24,1597, with their six children being baptized there between 1598 and 1613. The family went to Leiden from England sometime after their last child, the earliest Leiden record for Thomas Rogers notes that on February 14,1614 he bought a house on Barabarasteeg from Jan Bloemsaer, a baker. Leiden records also notes that Rogers became a citizen of Leiden on June 25,1618, guaranteed by Englishmen William Jepson from Worksop, Nottinghamshire and Roger Wilson of Sandwich, co. That record states that he was a merchant of camlet, a luxury Asian-type fabric made from a combination of silk and he was finally able to sell his home on April 1,1620 to Mordecheus Colven for three hundred guilders. Per author Eugene Stratton, the 1622 Leiden poll tax listed the family of Thomas Rogers residing there in poverty, but apparently without his wife Alice. Instead of Alice, this included a possible second wife named Elizabeth – or the Dutch variant Elsgen. Thomas Rogers traveled on the Mayflower with only his eldest son Joseph, leaving behind in Leiden his wife, in the 1622 poll tax for Leiden, Rogers’ family were found among the poor of Leiden, residing at the rear of Anthony Clement’s home. William Bradford’s later recollection of Thomas Rogers and his son embarked on the Mayflower, “Thomas Rogers, Thomas Rogers and his 18-year-old son Joseph departed Plymouth, England aboard the Mayflower on September 6/16,1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions and this, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On November 9/19,1620, after three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day, Thomas Rogers was the 18th signatory to the Mayflower Compact. His son Joseph was then about 18 years of age and could not sign the Compact. Confusion has arisen related to the discovery by author Eugene Stratton of the listing of an Elsgen Rogiers in Leidens 1622 poll tax records, in her care were three of Thomas Rogers children, who remained in Leiden after he departed on the Mayflower with his son Joseph. The children were listed as Jan Tomasz, Lysbeth and Grietgen Rogiers, however, the name Elsgen is also the name used by Alice, married to Separatist Edward Southworth, during their time in Leiden. Further, Alice Cosford Rogers is reported to have died shortly after the poll was taken on June 3,1622 in Leiden, Thomas Rogers married Alice Cosford in the parish of Watford, Northamptonshire, England on October 24,1597
37.
Thomas Tinker
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Thomas Tinker and his family, comprising his wife and son, came in 1620 as English Separatists from Holland on the historic voyage of the Pilgrim Ship Mayflower. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact but he and his family all perished in the winter of 1620/1621, Norfolk, born in 1581 at Thurne, co. Author Caleb Johnson reports this same Thomas Tinker married Jane White on June 25,1609 in Thurne, co and it is known that Thomas Tinker was an English Separatist residing in Leiden, Holland in the early 1600s. But the only time that his name appears in Leiden records is on January 6,1617 and his profession was listed as wood sawyer. His guarantors, per the record of event, were Abraham Gray. The Tinker family’s embarkation on the Mayflower, per William Bradford states, “Thomas Tinker, and his wife, the Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16,1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions and this, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On November 9/19,1620, after three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land. Thomas Tinker was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact, per Johnson, this may be the same Thomas Tinker, carpenter, who married Jane White in Thurne, co. Norfolk, England on June 25,1609 ______, possibly sometime after 1609. The dates of death of Thomas Tinker, his wife and son are unknown, Bradford used the term “died in the first sickness” for the family so presumption is made they died possibly in December 1620 or January 1621 when illness had become rampant. Thomas Tinker was buried in Coles Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth and his son is noted as being buried in Coles Hill Burial Ground and the wife’s burial is listed as unknown, but it is believed she also was buried at Coles Hill. The family is memorialized on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb on Coles Hill as “Thomas Tinker his wife and son. ”The fate of the Thomas Tinker family as recollected by William Bradford in 1651, “Thomas Tinker, and his wife and sone, all dyed in the first sicknes. ”
38.
Edward Fuller (Mayflower passenger)
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Edward Fuller was a passenger on the historic 1620 voyage of the ship Mayflower. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and perished with his soon after the passengers came ashore to their new settlement at Plymouth. Fuller was baptized at Redenhall, County Norfolk, England, on September 4,1575 and he and his brother Samuel Fuller, also a Mayflower passenger, were the sons of Robert Fuller, a butcher, and apparently of Roberts first wife Sarah Dunkhorn. There is very little additional existing documentation on the life of Edward Fuller in England, the names of Edward Fuller and his brother Samuel Fuller appear in a Leiden, Holland record, but there is no other information about his life in Holland. Edward Fuller boarded the Mayflower with his wife and a child and he had two known children, Matthew, born about 1605, and Samuel, born about 1608. William Bradford, writing in 1651, recorded Mayflower passengers, Edward Fuller, and his wife, the Mayflower departed from Plymouth, England on September 6/16,1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30–40 in extremely cramped conditions, by the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales, causing the ships timbers to be badly shaken. Caulking failed to keep out sea water, and passengers, even in their berths, lay wet and ill. This, combined with a lack of rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, contributed to death for many. On November 9/19,1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, Edward Fuller was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact on 11/21 November 1620, along with his brother Samuel Fuller. After the deaths of Edward Fuller and his wife, their son Samuel, then about age twelve, was taken into the household of his uncle, Dr. Samuel Fuller. Edward Fuller and his wife died, according to Bradford, sometime after the Plymouth settlement was established and they were buried in the Coles Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth, possibly in unmarked graves, as were so many who died that winter. They are memorialized on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb on Coles Hill, as Edward Fuller, Edward Fuller was married in England sometime before 1605. His wifes name is not known and their children were born in England, Matthew Fuller was born c.1605 and died in 1678 in Barnstable. He married Frances Hyde about 1630 and had five children and he came to Plymouth Colony almost twenty years after his parents and brother Samuel, arriving before October 26,1640. He lived first in Plymouth, moving to Barnstable after 1648 and he was a doctor, a militia lieutenant, and a colony leader. Matthew Fuller was added to the Council of War, at his parents demise, he came under the care of his uncle, Samuel Fuller, probably in very early 1621. In the 1623 Division of Land, he was listed as Samuell fuller Junior and he became a freeman in 1634 and married Jane Lathropp—daughter of the prominent Rev. John Lothropp—on April 5/8,1635 in Scituate
39.
Francis Eaton (Mayflower passenger)
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Francis Eaton was born ca.1596 in Bristol, England, and died in the autumn of 1633 in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony. He, with his wife and son, were passengers on the historic 1620 voyage of the Mayflower and his signature appears on the Mayflower Compact. Francis Eaton was baptised on 11 September 1596 at St. Thomas Church in Bristol, Francis was a son of John Eaton and his wife Dorothy. He was the child of this family known to survive until adulthood. Eaton had become a carpenter in Bristol by about age nineteen and was living in a tenement in the parish of St. Phillips. Bristol records subsequent to 1615 do not list Francis Eaton, who may have left England for Holland, probably about 1618 or 1619 in England, Francis Eaton married a woman named Sarah. There is no record in Bristol of his first marriage or of the birth of his son Samuel there, indicating the family may have lived elsewhere in England prior to boarding the Mayflower. Francis Eaton, his wife Sarah, with newborn son Samuel came on the Mayflower with William Bradford writing that Samuel “came over a sucking child. ”Bradford noted this family at that time, “Francis Eaton, and Sarah, his wife, and Samuell, their sone, a yong child. ”Francis Eaton was a carpenter by trade and Banks believes that he was the Mayflower ship’s carpenter, being in the employ of the Merchant Adventurers, financial supporters of the Mayflower venture. The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on 6/16 September 1620, the small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. This, combined with a lack of rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many. On 9/19 November 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, after arrival at Cape Cod, Francis Eaton was one of the men who signed the Mayflower Compact. One of them is maried and hath a child, the other are living and he dyed about 16 years agoe. His son Samuell, who came over a child, is also maried. In 1626 Francis Eaton was one of twenty-seven Purchasers involved with the colony joint-stock company which afterwards was turned over to the control of colony members. His name appears as “Franc Eaton” on the agreement dated 26 October 1626, in the 1627 Division of Cattle, Francis and Christian Eaton, with children Samuel and Rachel, received several animals – a cow and two goats. The family had the lot and were listed as “ffancis Eaton, wife Christian Eaton, Samuell Eaton, Rahell Eaton. ”On 25 June 1631 records state he sold a cow calf to Edward Winslow. On 30 December 1631 Francis Eaton sold twenty acres of land to William Brewster, about a week later, on 8 January 1631/2, he sold his home to Winslow relatives of Edward Winslow – Kenelm, a brother, and Josiah, possibly his son. On the tax rolls of 1633, Francis Eaton was taxed at the lowest tax rate, on that list, his name appears as “France Eaton. ”Francis Eaton married, Sarah _____ married in England ca
40.
James Chilton
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James Chilton was a Leiden Separatist passenger on the historic 1620 voyage of the ship Mayflower and was the oldest person on board. Upon arrival in the New World, he was a signer of the Mayflower Compact, James Chilton was one of the earliest to die that winter, perishing within the following month. Chilton was born about 1556 probably in Canterbury, the Chilton surname is an ancient one that appears in records from at least 1339, when his ancestor Robert Chilton was a Canterbury parliamentary representative. James became a freeman in 1583 in Canterbury, and in a Canterbury Quarter Session in the next year, per Banks, in 1583 he was recorded as James Chylton, citizen and tailor of Canterbury. Research has not revealed the name of his wife, which was at one time thought to have been his stepsister, Susanna Furner, but recent research has found this not to be true. As far back as 1840 Nahum Mitchell’s History of Bridgewater provided the name of James’ wife as “Susanna”. James Chilton and his wife had seven children who were baptized in Canterbury, about 1600 the family moved to Sandwich, also in Kent, where three more children were baptized. Sandwich was becoming a center of Separatist activity, and was home to future members of John Robinsons Leiden church. The first evidence that the Chilton family had its own Separatist views appears in 1609, in late April, Chiltons wife was among four people who secretly buried a dead child, without having the Church of England perform its mandatory burial rites. After the excommunication, sometime between 1609 and 1615, James Chilton and his family left England and joined John Robinson’s congregation in Leiden, the first the family is heard from in Leiden is on July 2,1615 when their eldest daughter Isabella married Roger Chandler. She is recorded as “Ysabel Tgiltron spinster from Canterbury. ”James Chilton’s name was recorded for the first time in Leiden records on April 30,1619 when he made a Leiden Remonstrant statement. An incident involving James and a daughter was recorded in Leiden on April 28,1619, when Chilton confronted the crowd, he was struck in the head by a large cobblestone, and was knocked unconscious. All members of the James Chilton family did not travel on the Mayflower, the Chilton family on that ship consisted of James Chilton, age about sixty-four and the oldest Mayflower passenger, his wife and their daughter Mary, age about thirteen. Their daughters Isabella, married in 1615, and Ingle stayed behind in Leiden, Isabella later came to Plymouth, but Ingle stayed in Leiden and married in 1622. She was still in Leiden in 1636, when she remarried, the records of their other children are not complete, although it is known that some died in infancy. James Chilton and his family left Plymouth, England aboard the Mayflower on September 6/16,1620, the small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. This, combined with a lack of rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many. On November 9/19,1620, after three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land
41.
John Crackston
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Surname also spelled as Craxston or Crakstone John Crackston was an English Separatist from Holland who came with his son John on the historic 1620 voyage of the Pilgrim ship Mayflower. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact, but perished with the first Pilgrims to die the winter of 1620 and his son John later died in his twenties. His birth year of about 1575 is based on his daughter’s marriage date and he is believed to have come to Holland from Colchester in co. In the 1618 Leiden marriage record of his daughter Anna, she is noted in records as being a spinster from Colchester, Leiden records also state that on May 19,1617, he was the groom’s witness for the betrothal of Henry Collet to Alice Thomas. Crackston’s daughter Anna married Thomas Smith in Leiden on December 12,1618, at her wedding she was accompanied by her friend Patience Brewster, later to be a Mayflower passenger in the family of her father, Elder William Brewster. Patience was to die of a fever In Plymouth in 1634 as the first wife of colony governor Thomas Prence, in 1620 John Crackston came to the Mayflower with the Leiden contingent in the company of his son John. It is believed that his wife, name unknown, may have been deceased and his daughter Anna had married in 1618 and did not accompany them. William Bradford, writing 1651, recorded Crackston and his son embarked on the Mayflower, “John Crakston, the small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. This, combined with a lack of rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many. On November 9/19,1620, after three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land. John Crackston was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and his son John Jr. was apparently not yet twenty-one years of age and did not sign the Compact. Crackston may have married sometime prior to 1600, probably in England where his wife also may have died, children of John Crackston and _______, Anna Crackston was born about 1600, probably in Colchester, co. She married Thomas Smith, presumed to be English, in Leiden on December 22,1618, no descendants of this marriage have been identified. John Crackston was born about 1602, also presumably in England and he is believed to have died of a fever in the winter 1627-1628 brought on by frostbite caused by being lost in the forest. His name also appeared in the 1623 Division of Land as “John Crackston” with the Winslow family and it is believed that John Crackston Jr. died sometime after the 1627 Division of Cattle, possibly the next winter. John Crackston died sometime in the winter of 1620, per William Bradford among the first Mayflower passengers to die, as with most passengers who died that winter, he was most likely buried in an unmarked grave in Coles Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth. He is memorialized on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb on Coles Hill as “John Craxston Sr. ”
42.
John Billington
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John Billington was an Englishman who travelled to the New World on the Mayflower and was one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact. Nothing is known about John Billington’s life in England and his son Francis was named in a 1612 lease of property in Cowbit, Lincolnshire and either John or Eleanor, or both, were associated with this area. Around Cowbit and Spalding, in Lincolnshire, Francis Longland named young Francis Billington, son of John Billington, John Billington, his wife Elinor and two sons, John and Francis departed on the Mayflower from Plymouth, Devon, England on September 6/16,1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions and this, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would eventually be fatal for many, especially the majority of women. On November 9/19,1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, Billington signed the Mayflower Compact that day. The Billington family appeared a number of times in the accounts of early Plymouth Colony and were reported to be the colony‘s troublemakers, Francis made squibs and fired a musket in the Mayflower while the ship was anchored off Cape Cod. Francis went exploring soon after their arrival and discovered the body of water now known as Billington Sea, in March 1621 John Senior challenged Myles Standish’s orders for “contempt of the Captain’s lawful command with several speeches and was punished for it. He would do this many times more, in May 1621 John Billington became lost in some woods for several days, eventually being returned home by some natives from Nauset on Cape Cod. In 1624 John Billington was implicated in the Oldham-Lyford scandal, but insisted he was innocent and was never officially punished. In 1625 Governor Bradford wrote a letter to Robert Cushman saying “Billington still rails against you…he is a knave, John Billington married Elinor Lockwood in England. After John’s death, Elinor married Gregory Armstrong in September 1638, Elinor died after March 2, 1642/3. Gregory Armstrong died in Plymouth on November 5,1650, children of John and Elinor Billington, John, born about 1604. He died in Plymouth between May 22,1627 and his father’s death in 1630 and he married Christian Eaton in Plymouth in July 1634 and had nine children. A survey in 1650 indicated that Francis Billington was then in New England and he died in Middleboro on December 3,1684. In September 1630 John Billington was tried by a jury and hanged for the murder of John Newcomen and this was the first such execution in Plymouth colony. Bradford states he was forty years of age. Biography at Pilgrim Hall Museum Records at Pilgrim Hall Museum Biography at Mayflowerhistory. com
43.
Moses Fletcher
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In Pilgrim records written by William Bradford his name is given as “Moyses Fletcher. ”He came to America on the historic 1620 voyage of the Pilgrim ship Mayflower. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and perished shortly thereafter in the Pilgrims first winter in the New World, Moses was born about 1564 in County Kent, England, probably in the Sandwich area. He seems to have lived much of his life there, having married Mary Evans in 1589. Per Banks, he was a smith by occupation with the register of St. Peter’s. The Separatists considered Anglican burial ceremonies “popish” and that they sponsored idola. On November 6,1609, Moses Fletcher was excommunicated again for burying his own daughter Judith, Fletcher’s wife Mary seems to have died either just before or soon after the family moved to Leiden. He remarried in Leiden to Sarah, widow of William Denby on December 21,1613, the marriage record notes that Fletcher was a blacksmith. Leiden records for Moses Fletcher and his show that in 1616 he witnessed the betrothal of Zachariah Barrow to Joan Barrow. Two years later, in 1618, Fletcher’s eldest son John married in Leiden to Josina Sacharias, two other of his children, Priscilla and Elizabeth, are recorded as having married in Leiden later. Moses Fletcher came on the Mayflower without his family and it is unknown if his second wife Sarah had been left in Holland with his children or if she had died by that time. ”Moses Fletcher departed Plymouth, England aboard the Mayflower on September 6/16,1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions and this, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On November 9/19,1620, after three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day, Moses was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and perished sometime in the first Pilgrim winter. Moses Fletcher married, Mary Evans on October 30,1589 at St. Peters Church, Sandwich, Kent and they had ten children between about 1590 and about 1609, eight of whom were baptized at St. Peters. She died sometime between 1609 and 1613 in either England or Holland, Sarah _____ Denby, widow of Englishman William Denby, in Leiden on December 21,1613. Moses Fletcher was about age forty-nine years old at this time, there are no children recorded from this marriage. There is no date of her death, which is believed to have been in Holland, of his children, only John, Priscilla and Elizabeth are known to have married. None of the children are known to have come to the New World, children of Moses and Mary Fletcher, all baptized at St. Peters Church in Sandwich, Kent, Mary, baptized January 4, 1589/90
44.
Degory Priest
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Degory Priest was a member of the Leiden contingent on the historic 1620 voyage of the ship Mayflower. He was a hat maker from London who married Sarah, sister of Pilgrim Isaac Allerton in Leiden and he was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact in November 1620 and died less than two months later. In some documents of the time, his name was written as Digory Priest. According to Banks, the name of Digory Priest or Prust is common in Devon, a family with those names was found residing in Lezant, co. There are several depositions in Leiden which make his approximate birth year 1579, the first historic record of Degory Priest is from documentation in Leiden, Holland on October 7,1611 when he became betrothed to Sarah Vincent, widow of John Vincent of London. At his betrothal Priest was identified as a hat-maker from London, Sarah’s maiden name was Allerton and was a sister of Mayflower passenger Isaac Allerton. Degory and Sarah were married on November 4,1611, the day that Sarah’s brother Isaac Allerton married Mary Norris. Per Banks, “Digory” Priest was credited as one of the contingent and was again identified as a hat-maker from London in Leyden records. His name appears in many Leiden records of the time, being active in comparison to other church members. He became a citizen of Leiden on November 16,1615 with guarantors being future Mayflower compatriot Isaac Allerton, several Leiden incidents in June 1617 are recorded regarding Degory Priest’s involvement in activities that border on assault in one case and adultery in another. On June 28,1617 Priest requested two tobacco pipe-makers to sign an affidavit that he had not hit John Cripps on June 17,1617, the affidavit may have been needed by Priest to document his innocence in what could have been an assault case. Leiden records further indicate that on January 18,1618 a statement signed by tailor Isaac Allerton was witnessed by Degory Priest regarding the value of a crimson coat. In the document, Priest stated an age of forty years, Degory Priest came alone of the Mayflower, with his family remaining in Leiden. He intended to send for his wife Sarah and daughters Mary, Degory Priest departed Plymouth, England aboard the Mayflower on September 6/16,1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions and this, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On November 9/19,1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, the Mayflower Compact was signed that day. Degory Priest was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact on November 11,1620. ”And with this about Priest’s family, “But Digerie Preist had his wife and children sent hither afterwards, she being Mr. Allertons sister. ”Bradford closed his comments in this section with the note, “But the rest left no posteritie here. ”Degory Priest married Sarah Vincent on November 4,1611. She was the widow of John Vincent and sister of Mayflower passenger Isaac Allerton and they had two daughters, Mary and Sarah
