1.
Muhammad
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Muhammad is the prophet of Islam. From a secular historical perspective he was a religious, political, from an Islamic perspective, he was Gods Messenger sent to confirm the essential teachings of monotheism preached previously by Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is viewed as the prophet of God in all branches of Islam. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings, practices, born approximately 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, Muhammad was orphaned at an early age, he was raised under the care of his paternal uncle Abu Talib. Muhammad gained few early followers, and met hostility from some Meccan tribes, to escape persecution, Muhammad sent some followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina in the year 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, in Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent conflict with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts, the attack went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill, before his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam. The revelations, which Muhammad reported receiving until his death, form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the Word of God and around which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammads teachings and practices, found in the Hadith and sira literature, are upheld by Muslims. The name Muhammad means praiseworthy and appears four times in the Quran, Muhammad is sometimes addressed by designations deriving from his state at the time of the address, thus he is referred to as the enwrapped in Quran 73,1 and the shrouded in Quran 74,1. In Sura Al-Ahzab 33,40 God singles out Muhammad as the Seal of the Prophets, the Quran also refers to Muhammad as Aḥmad more praiseworthy. The name Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim, begins with the kunya Abū, the Quran is the central religious text of Islam. Muslims believe it represents the words of God revealed by the archangel Gabriel to Muhammad, the Quran, however, provides minimal assistance for Muhammads chronological biography, most Quranic verses do not provide significant historical context. An important source may be found in the works by writers of the 2nd. These include the traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad, which additional information about Muhammads life. The earliest surviving written sira is Ibn Ishaqs Life of Gods Messenger written c.767 CE, although the work was lost, this sira was used verbatim at great length by Ibn Hisham and Al-Tabari. Another early history source is the history of Muhammads campaigns by al-Waqidi, many scholars accept the earliest biographies as accurate, though their accuracy is unascertainable
2.
Mecca
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Mecca or Makkah is a city in the Hejaz region of Saudi Arabia that is also capital of the Makkah Region. The city is located 70 km inland from Jeddah in a valley at a height of 277 m above sea level. Its resident population in 2012 was roughly 2 million, although more than triple this number every year during the hajj period held in the twelfth Muslim lunar month of Dhu al-Hijjah. Mecca is home to the Kaaba, by majority description Islams holiest site, Mecca was long ruled by Muhammads descendants, the sharifs, acting either as independent rulers or as vassals to larger polities. It was conquered by Ibn Saud in 1925, during this expansion, Mecca has lost some historical structures and archaeological sites, such as the Ajyad Fortress. Today, more than 15 million Muslims visit Mecca annually, including several million during the few days of the Hajj, as a result, Mecca has become one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the Muslim world, despite the fact that non-Muslims are prohibited from entering the city. The Saudi government adopted Makkah as the spelling in the 1980s. The full official name is Makkah al-Mukarramah or Makkatu l-Mukarramah, which means Mecca the Honored, the ancient or early name for the site of Mecca is Bakkah. An Arabic language word, its etymology, like that of Mecca, is obscure, the form Bakkah is used for the name Mecca in the Quran in 3,96, while the form Mecca is used in 48,24. In South Arabic, the language in use in the portion of the Arabian Peninsula at the time of Muhammad. Other references to Mecca in the Quran call it Umm al-Qurā, another name of Mecca is Tihamah. Arab and Islamic tradition holds that the wilderness of Paran, broadly speaking, is the Tihamah, yaqut al-Hamawi, the 12th century Syrian geographer, wrote that Fārān was an arabized Hebrew word. One of the names of Mecca mentioned in the Torah, Mecca is governed by the Municipality of Mecca, a municipal council of fourteen locally elected members headed by a mayor appointed by the Saudi government. As of May 2015, the mayor of the city was Dr. Osama bin Fadhel Al-Bar, Mecca is the capital of the Makkah Region, which includes neighboring Jeddah. The provincial governor was prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Al Saud from 2000 until his death in 2007, on 16 May 2007, prince Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud was appointed as the new governor. The early history of Mecca is still disputed, as there are no unambiguous references to it in ancient literature prior to the rise of Islam. The Roman Empire took control of part of the Hejaz in 106 AD, ruling cities such as Hegra, even though detailed descriptions were established of Western Arabia by Rome, such as by Procopius, there are no references of a pilgrimage and trading outpost such as Mecca. The first direct mention of Mecca in external literature occurs in 741 AD in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle, claims have been made this could be a reference to the Kaaba in Mecca
3.
Khadija bint Khuwaylid
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Khadijah, Khadījah bint Khuwaylid or Khadījah al-Kubra was the first wife and follower of the Islamic Nabi Muhammad. She is commonly regarded by Muslims as the Mother of the Believers, Khadijah, is regarded as one of the most important female figures in Islam, like her daughter, Fatimah. Muhammad, was married to her for 25 years. After the death of Khadijah, Muhammad was later married in polygyny, Khadijah was the closest to Muhammad and confided in her the most out of all his following wives. It is narrated in many hadiths that Khadijah was Muhammads most trusted and it is narrated in Sahih Muslim, The messenger of Allah said, God Almighty never granted me anyone better in this life than her. She accepted me when people rejected me, she believed in me when people doubted me, she shared her wealth with me when people deprived me, and Allah granted me children only through her. When I sometimes said to him, as if there is no woman on Earth except Khadijah, he would say, Khadijah was such-and-such, and from her I had children. It is also narrated, The Messenger of Allah said, The best of its women is Khadijah bint Khuwailid, Khadijah was the first female and person to become a follower of Muhammad. Muhammad was married to her until her death and Khadijah was the wife to be married to Muhammad in monogamy. She is regarded as one of the most important women in Islam, and in terms of the progression of Islam, Khadijas grandfather, Asad ibn ‘Abdul-‘Uzza, was the progenitor of the Asad clan of the Tribe of Quraysh in Mecca. Her father, Khuwaylid ibn Asad, was a merchant, according to some traditions, he died c.585 CE in the Sacrilegious War, but according to others, he was still alive when Khadijah married Muhammad in 595. His sister, Umm Habib bint Asad, was the matrilineal great-grandmother of Muhammad, Khadijas mother, Fatima bint Zaidah, who died around 575, was a member of the Amir ibn Luayy clan of the Quraysh and a third cousin of Muhammads mother. Khadija married three times and had children from all her marriages, while the order of her marriages is debated, it is generally believed that she first married Abu Hala Malak ibn Nabash ibn Zarrara ibn at-Tamimi and second Atiq ibn Aidh ibn Abdullah Al-Makhzumi. To her first husband she bore two sons, who were given what were usually feminine names, Hala and Hind. He died before his business became a success, to husband Atiq, Khadija bore a daughter named Hindah. This marriage also left Khadija as a widow, Khadija became a very successful merchant. She was known by the by-names Ameerat-Quraysh, al-Tahira and Khadija Al-Kubra and it is said that she fed and clothed the poor, assisted her relatives financially and provided marriage portions for poor relations. Khadija was said to have believed in nor worshipped idols
4.
Arabic
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Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested
5.
Aisha
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‘Ā’ishah bint Abī Bakr was one of Muhammads wives. In Islamic writings, her name is often prefixed by the title Mother of the Believers. Aisha had an important role in early Islamic history, both during Muhammads life and after his death, in Sunni tradition, Aisha is thought to be scholarly and inquisitive. She contributed to the spread of Muhammads message and served the Muslim community for 44 years after his death. She is also known for narrating 2210 hadiths, not just on matters related to the Prophets private life, but also on such as inheritance, pilgrimage. Her intellect and knowledge in subjects, including poetry and medicine, were highly praised by early luminaries such as al-Zuhri. Her father, Abu Bakr, became the first caliph to succeed Muhammad, during the reign of Ali, she wanted to avenge Uthmans death, which she attempted to do in the Battle of the Camel. She participated in the battle by giving speeches and leading troops on the back of her camel and she ended up losing the battle, but her involvement and determination left a lasting impression. Afterwards, she lived quietly in Medina for more than twenty years, took no part in politics, became reconciled to Ali and this timeline has been challenged by a number of scholars in modern times. The Shia have a negative view of Aisha. They accuse her of hating Ali and defying him during his caliphate in the Battle of the Camel, Aisha was born in late 613 or early 614. She was the daughter of Umm Ruman and Abu Bakr of Mecca, Aisha was the third and youngest wife of Muhammad. No sources offer much information about Aishas childhood years. The idea to match Aisha with Muhammad was suggested by Khawlah bint Hakim, after this, the previous agreement regarding the marriage of Aisha with Jubayr ibn Mutim was put aside by common consent. Abu Bakr was uncertain at first as to the propriety or even legality of marrying his daughter to his brother. British historian William Montgomery Watt suggests that Muhammad hoped to strengthen his ties with Abu Bakr, Ibn Hisham wrote in his biography of Muhammad that she may have been ten years old at the consummation. Ibn Khallikan, as well as Ibn Sad al-Baghdadi citing Hisham ibn Urwah, record that she was nine years old at marriage, sadakat Kadri points out that the recording of Aishas age by Ibn Sad and Bukhari came a couple of centuries after the Prophets death. Child marriage was not uncommon in many places at the time and it often served political purposes, and Aishas marriage to Muhammad would have had a political connotation
6.
Muhammad's wives
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Muhammads wives or Wives of Muhammad were the eleven women married to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Muslims refer to them as Mothers of the Believers, Muslims use the term prominently before or after referring to them as a sign of respect. The term is derived from Quran 33,6, The Prophet is closer to the believers than their selves, and his wives are their mothers. Muhammads life is traditionally delineated as two epochs, pre-hijra in Mecca, a city in western Arabia, from the year 570 to 622, all but two of his marriages were contracted after the Hijra. Of his thirteen wives and/or concubines only two bore him children, a fact which has described as curious by Cornell University Professor of Near Eastern Studies David S. Powers. In Arabian culture, marriage was contracted in accordance with the needs of the tribe and was based on the need to form alliances within the tribe. Virginity at the time of marriage was emphasized as a tribal honor, Watt states that all of Muhammads marriages had the political aspect of strengthening friendly relationships and were based on the Arabian custom. Esposito points out some of Muhammads marriages were aimed at providing a livelihood for widows. He noted that remarriage was difficult for widows in a society that emphasized virgin marriages, francis Edwards Peters says that it is hard to make generalizations about Muhammads marriages, many of them were political, some compassionate, and some perhaps affairs of the heart. Muhammads first marriage lasted 25 years, according to Islamic belief, the main objectives of Muhammads marriages can be divided into four. Helping out the widows of his companions, creating family bonds between him and his companions. Spreading the message by uniting different clans through marriage, increasing credibility and sources for conveying his private family life. However, with wives, there were a lot more sources to the knowledge. Therefore, his marriages gave more women the opportunity to learn, Muhammads first marriage was at the age of 25 to the 40-year-old Khadijah. He was married to one woman until the age of 50, with the exception of Aisha, Muhammad only married widows and divorced women or captives. At age 25, Muhammad wed his wealthy employer, the 40-year-old merchant Khadija and this marriage, his first, would be both happy and monogamous, Muhammad would rely on Khadija in many ways, until her death 25 years later. They had two sons, Qasim and Abd-Allah, both died young, and four daughters—Zaynab, Ruqaiya, Umm Kulthum and Fatimah. Shia scholars dispute the paternity of Khadijas daughters, as they view the first three of them as the daughters from previous marriages and only Fatimah as the daughter of Muhammad and Khadija
7.
Abu Bakr
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Abū Bakr ‘Abdallāh bin Abī Quḥāfah aṣ-Ṣiddīq popularly known as Abu Bakr, was a senior companion and—through his daughter Aisha—the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Abu Bakr became the first openly declared Muslim outside Muhammads family, Abu Bakr served as a trusted advisor to Muhammad. During Muhammads lifetime, he was involved in campaigns and treaties. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632 to 634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammads death, as caliph, Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad. He was commonly known as The Truthful, Abu Bakrs reign lasted for 2 years,2 months and 14 days ending with his death after an illness. Abu Bakrs full name was Abd Allah ibn Uthman ibn Aamir ibn Amr ibn Kaab ibn Saad ibn Taym ibn Murrah ibn Kaab ibn Luai ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr al-Quraishi, the lineage of Abu Bakr joined that of Muhammad in the eighth degree in their common ancestor Murrah ibn Kab. The patrilineal lineage of Abu Bakr was, Abu Bakr, the son of Uthman Abu Quhafa, the son of Amar, the son of Umru, the son of Kaab, the son of Saad, the son of Taym, the son of Murrah. In Arabic, the name Abd Allah means servant of Allah, one of his early titles, preceding his conversion to Islam, was atiqe, the saved one. Muhammad later reaffirmed this title when he said that Abu Bakr is the atiqe and he was called Al-Siddiq by Muhammad after he believed him in the event of Isra and Miraj when other people didnt, and Ali confirmed that title several times. There is a dispute over his name being Abdullah,4, p.146 and many other narrations, narrates from Qasim Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abi Bakr, I asked Ayesha the name of Abu Bakr. I said people are saying Ateeq and she said Abu Quhafa had three children, one was Ateeq, second Mu’taq and third, Otaiq. All three names are similar and derived from the same root, Imam Jafar al Sadiq famously narrated how the title Siddiq was given to Abu Bakr from Muhammad. Jafar was a descendant of Abu Bakr from his maternal side. Jafar al-Sadiq was also the successor of the Naqshbandi Sufi order believed to be originating from Abu Bakr himself, Imam Muhammad al Baqir, the father of Imam Jafar Sadiq, also called Abu Bakr with the title Siddiq. Much of the knowledge about Muhammad comes through Abu Bakrs daughter. After the death of Abu Bakr, her brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was raised by Ali, after Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was killed by the Umayyads, Aisha raised and taught her nephew al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Aisha also taught another nephew Urwah ibn Zubayr and he then taught his son Hisham ibn Urwah, who was the main teacher of Malik ibn Anas whose views many Sunni follow. Qasims mother was of ‘Alis family and his daughter Farwah bint al-Qasim, therefore al-Qasim was the grandson of the first caliph Abu Bakr and the grandfather of Jafar al-Sadiq
8.
Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib
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Hamzah ibn ‘Abdul-Muttalib was a companion and paternal uncle of the Islamic Nabi Muhammad. His kunyas were Abu Umara and Abu Ya‘la and he had the by-names Asad Allah and Asad al-Jannah, and Muhammad gave him the posthumous title Sayyidush-Shuhada’. Hamzahs father was ‘Abdul Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn ‘Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy from the Quraysh tribe of Mecca and his mother was Hala bint Uhayb from the Zuhra clan of Quraysh. His parents met when ‘Abdul Muttalib went with his son ‘Abdullah to the house of Wahb ibn Abd Manaf to seek the hand of Wahbs daughter Aminah, while they were there, ‘Abdul-Muttalib noticed Wahbs niece, Hala bint Uhayb, and he asked for her hand as well. Wahb agreed, and Muhammads father ‘Abdullah and his grandfather ‘Abdul-Muttalib were both married on the day, in a double-marriage ceremony. Hence, Hamzah was the brother of Muhammads father. Hamzah was reportedly four years older than Muhammad and this is disputed by Ibn Sayyid, who argues, Zubayr narrated that Hamza was four years older than the Prophet. But this does not seem correct, because reliable hadith state that Thuwayba nursed both Hamza and the Prophet, Ibn Sayyid concludes that Hamza was only two years older than Muhammad, though he adds the traditional expression of doubt, Only God knows. Ibn Hajar writes, Hamza was born two to four years before Muhammad, Hamza was skilled in wrestling, archery and swordsmanship. He was fond of hunting, and he is described as the strongest man of the Quraysh, Hamza married three times and had six children. Salma bint Umays, the half-sister of Maymuna bint al-Harith, umama bint Hamza, wife of Salama ibn Abi Salama. The daughter of Al-Milla ibn Malik of the Aws tribe in Medina, amir ibn Hamza Khawla bint Qays of the An-Najjar clan of the Khazraj in Medina. He had issue, but their descendants had died out by the time of Ibn Sad, two daughters who died in childhood. Hamza took little notice of Islam for the first few years and he did not respond to Muhammads first appeal to the Hashim clan in 613. He converted in late 615 or early 616, Muhammad had not replied to him. Filled with rage, Hamza went out at a run, meaning to punish Abu Jahl when he met him. He entered the Kaaba, where Abu Jahl was sitting with the elders, stood over him and he said, Will you insult him, when I am of his religion and say what he says. He struck Abu Jahls head with a blow that cut open his head, some of Abu Jahls relatives approached to help him, but he told them, Leave Abu Umara alone, for, by God, I insulted his nephew deeply
9.
Zaynab bint Khuzayma
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Zaynab bint Khuzayma was the fifth wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. As a result of her death, less is known about her than any of his other wives. Typically described as being in her late 20s, although said to be 48. She was known for her compassion and pity for the poor, zaynab was first married to Tufail bin Harith, who either divorced her or died shortly afterward. Zaynab then married her first husbands brother, Ubaydah ibn al-Harith, in 624, her husband died of wounds received in the Battle of Badr, and she began to live in poverty. Ibn Kathir, in his 14th century Sira, referred to Zaynabs first husband as being Husayn bin al-Harith, and her marriage to Jahsh ibn Riyab. There are conflicting reports as to whether she was shunned and sought marriage, some even suggest she had a third husband, who also died. The following year shortly after his marriage to Hafsa bint Umar, Muhammad approached her with a mahar of either 400 dirhams or 12 ounces of gold, and offered to marry her. It was said the marriage, which took place during the month of Ramadan, was meant to assure his followers that their deaths in battle would not mean their families would starve and she was the first of his wives to come from outside the Quraysh tribe. At one point, a man came to her house to beg for some flour, and she gave him the last of her own. She died less than two years later, the one of Muhammads wives to die before him, other than his first wife Khadijah. It has been suggested she died during the month of Rabi al-thani and she was buried in Jannat al-Baqi, carried into her grave by Muhammad
10.
Banu Hilal
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The Banu Hilal was a confederation of tribes of Arabia from the Hejaz and Najd regions of the Arabian Peninsula that emigrated to North Africa in the 11th century. With the revolutionary movement of the Qarmatians in Bahrain and Oman, when the latter became masters of Egypt and the founders of Cairo in 969, they hastened to confine the unruly Bedouin in the south before sending them to the Maghreb. According to Ibn Khaldun, the Banu Hilal were accompanied by their wives and they settled in North Africa after repeatedly winning battles against the Berbers, eventually going on to cohabitate with them. Ibn Khaldun described their genealogy, which consisted of two tribes, themselves and the Banu Sulaym. They lived on the Ghazwan near Taif while the Banu Sulaym attended nearby Medina, at the time of their migration, Banu Hilal comprised six families, Athbadj, Riyah, Jochem, Addi, Zughba, and Rbia. Today, it is almost impossible to trace a purely Arab lineage due to intermarriage between Arabs and Berbers, though historians have attempted to do so. From the Arabian Peninsula, they first migrated to the south of Egypt before heading to the Maghreb, abu Zayd al-Hilali led one million Arabs into North Africa, who assimilated and intermarried with the indigenous peoples. The Fatimids used the tribe, who began their journey as allies and vassals, to punish the particularly difficult to control the Zirids after the conquest of Egypt and the founding of Cairo. As the tribe became increasingly independent and abandoned Shia Islam, they defeated the Zirids and deeply weakened the neighboring Hammadid dynasty. Their influx was a factor in the linguistic, cultural. Ibn Khaldun noted that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid desert, the Hilaleen fell under the orders of various subsequent Berber dynasties, including the Almohad Caliphate, Hafsid dynasty, and Marinid dynasty. Finding their continued presence intolerable, the Almohad Caliphate defeated the Banu Hilal and forced many of them to leave Tunisia, upon the arrival of the Turks, the Hilaleen rose against the Ottoman Empire alongside Berbers in the Aurès region and south of Algeria. Originally, the Banu Hilal embraced a lifestyle, rearing cattle. Despite several tribes living in arid and desert areas, they became experts in the field of agriculture, the Hilaleen do not embrace any specific ideology and are not very conservative, though the majority of the population does embrace Islam. Initially Shia, after the conquest of the Maghreb many Banu Hilal converted to the Maliki school of Sunni Islam, other tribes Arabized the Berbers to a considerable extent in Algeria, where intermarriage occurred frequently during their shared history. The tale is divided into three main cycles, the first two bring together unfolding events in Arabia and other countries of the east, while the third, called Taghriba, recounts the migration of the Banu Hilal to North Africa
11.
Umm Salama
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Hind bint Abi Umayya, also known as Hind al-Makhzumiyah, Hind bint Suhayl or Umm Salama was one of Muhammads wives. Umm Salama was her kunya meaning, mother of Salamah, Umm Salama was one of the most influential wives of Muhammad, recognized largely for recalling numerous Hadiths, or stories about Muhammad. The Shia belief is that Umm Salama was the most important wife of Muhammad and her father was Abu Umayya ibn Al-Mughira ibn Abdullah ibn Umar ibn Makhzum ibn Yaqaẓah also known as Suhayl or Zad ar-Rakib. He was an member of his Quraysh tribe, known for his great generosity. Her mother was Ātikah bint Āmir ibn Rabīah, of the Firas ibn Ghanam branch of the Kinana, before her marriage to Muhammad, Umm Salama was married to Abu Salama ibn Abdil-Asad al-Makhzumi, whose mother was Barrah bint Abdul Muttalib. Abu Salama was one of Muhammads close companions, Umm Salama bore for Abu Salama four children, Salama, Umar, Zaynab and Ruqayyah. Umm Salama and her husband Abu Salama were among the first who converted to Islam, only Ali, Abu Bakr and a few others were Muslims before them. Despite intense anger and persecution from the powerful Quraysh in response to their conversions to Islam, Umm Salama, as the persecution grew in severity, the new Muslims began to look for life away from Mecca. Muhammad instructed his newly converted followers, including Umm Salama and Abu Salama, Umm Salama abandoned her honorable life in her clan in Mecca to make the migration. While in Abyssinia, these Muslims were told there had been a decrease in persecution along with an increase in numbers of Muslims in Mecca. This information caused Umm Salama, her husband, and the rest of the Muslim emigrants to travel back to Mecca, upon their return to Mecca, the Quraysh again began viciously persecuting the Muslims. In response, Muhammad gave his followers instructions to make a migration to Medina, also known as the hijra. Umm Salama, along with her husband and son planned to make the hijra together, however this was stopped when Umm Salamas clan forced her to stay in Mecca, do you expect us to allow you to take her away from us. Then they pounced on him and snatched me away from him and my husbands clan, Banu Abd al-Asad, saw them taking me and became hot with rage. By Allah they shouted, we shall not abandon the boy and he is our son and we have a first claim over him. They took him by the hand and pulled him away from me, Abu Salama made the trip to Medina alone, leaving his wife and child in Mecca. After some time, Umm Salama was permitted by the Quraysh to leave Mecca, with her son, she competed the hijra and was reconnected with her husband. During her marriage to Abu Salama, Umm Salama is said to have asked her husband to make agreement that when either of them died, however, in this tradition, Abu Salama responded by instructing Umm Salama to remarry after his death
