1.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
2.
Coat of arms of Montreal
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The first coat of arms of Montreal was designed by Jacques Viger, the citys first mayor, and adopted in 1833 by the city councillors. Modifications were made one hundred five years later and adopted on 21 March 1938. The coat of arms was the city emblem representing Montreal until 1981. The scroll and motto below the shield read Concordia Salus, a Latin phrase translated as salvation through harmony, in 1938, the city council requested that the arms be updated to better reflect Montreals population. The beaver had become a symbol of Montreal and its industriousness by this time period. In place of the beaver on the shield, a fleur de lys was added to symbolize the descendants of the original French settlers. The rose, thistle and clover remained, timbré a beaver couchant on a branch proper. The shield surrounded by a spray of maple leaves vert, the motto CONCORDIA SALUS is inscribed on a scroll below the shield. The four flora designs found upon the shield are traditional national symbols in their own right, the first European settlers in possession of the Island of Montreal hailed from France, and thus are represented by this symbol. The Red Rose of Lancaster was used as a symbol of the English Royal House of Lancaster, traditionally known as a trefoil, the shamrock was a symbol to early Irish Christians of the trinity. It has endured to become a symbol of the Irish people, the device consists of the citys name with accent mark as found with the French spelling and a stylized rosette that is itself composed of four hearts. Officially, the type is to be in black and the rosette in red, Greater Montreal attempted to unify the City of Montreal with the other eighty-one surrounding municipalities under one logo in 2006. The logo that was introduced consisted of a stylized M meant to look, as the firm put it, deliberately chubby, very welcoming. Public sentiment grew increasingly negative when it was discovered the cost of the design was $1,487,000 paid out from the public fund. Montreal itself continues to use the 1981 logo, and even Greater Montreal has since dropped the design they themselves introduced, Canadian heraldry List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols National symbols of Canada Montreal Coat of Arms. The City of Montréals First Coat of Arms, gestion de documents et archives, Ville de Montréal
3.
Official residence
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An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence, the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The President uses own private residence, - Its address is 1 Cheongwadae-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the palace during the Joseon Dynasty. Cheong Nam Dae - Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003, - It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. Cheong Hae Dae - Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, - It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. Chongri Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here, - Its address is 111-2 Samcheongdong-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae, gukhoeuijang Gonggwan - This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here, - It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Chief Justice of Republic of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here, - It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. S
4.
Term of office
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A term of office is the length of time a person serves in a particular elected office. In many jurisdictions there is a limit on how long terms of office may be before the officeholder must be subject to re-election. Some jurisdictions exercise term limits, setting a number of terms an individual may hold in a particular office. Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdoms system of government are replicated in other countries. The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication, in the United Kingdom Members of Parliament in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, an election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, an MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election. The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned, prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Ministers request, the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is possible, but under much more limited circumstances. Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric. The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster, the office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit and this is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years. Federal judges have different terms in office, however, the majority of the federal judiciary, Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts, serve for life. The terms of office for officials in state governments according to the provisions of state constitutions. The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire, the National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures,44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature at two years. Five had terms of office at four years,37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature at four years
5.
Montreal City Council
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The Montreal City Council is the governing body in the mayor–council government in the city of Montreal, Quebec. The head of the city government in Montreal is the mayor, the council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making authority in the city, although much power is centralized in the executive committee. The council consists of 65 members from all boroughs of the city, the city council is also required to supervise, standardize or approve certain decisions made by the borough councils. The decision-making powers of the executive committee cover, in particular, the awarding of contracts or grants and it may also be assigned further powers by the city council. Standing committees are the prime instruments for public consultation. They are responsible for the study of pending matters and for making the appropriate recommendations to the council. They also review the annual budget forecasts for departments under their jurisdiction, a public notice of meeting is published in both French and English daily newspapers at least seven days before each meeting. All meetings include a question period. The standing committees, of which there are seven, have terms lasting two years, in addition, the city council may decide to create special committees at any time. Each standing committee is made up of seven to nine members, including a chairman, the members are all elected municipal officers, with the exception of a representative of the government of Quebec on the public security committee. The current city council consists of the mayor and 64 elected city councillors, unlike most Canadian cities, the city of Montreal has political parties. Each borough is divided into two and five districts, and has a different system of representation depending on its population. Marc-André Gadoury, Érika Duchesne, Russell Copeman, Richard Bergeron and Réal Ménard crossed the floor to join the EDC
6.
Vauquelin Square
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Vauquelin Square is a small urban square located in Old Montreal. The square was a part of the fief given in 1658 to Lambert Closse and it passed to the Crown in 1763 and was the site of the old prison until 1836. In 1846, the Quebec government took over the prison and demolished it in 1850 so that it could build a new courthouse, the demolition of the old prison freed up the space on the east side of the new courthouse. In 1858, that land was used to create a square called Neptune Square, at its centre, a fountain was built featuring a statue of Neptune, God of the Sea. In 1895, the square was given a structure for a newspaper stand. In 1902, the city of Montreal rented the land at the rate of one dollar. In 1924, following the reconstruction of City Hall, the square was renamed City Hall Square for a short time. Six years later, following a subscription, the square was renamed Vauquelin Square. It was unveiled on June 22nd,1930, Vauquelin was the captain of a French navy ship that distinguished itself in the defense of Louisbourg during the Seven Years War. The monument is 6.8 metres high, the statue itself is 2.8 metres high, on June 5th,1833, then-mayor Fernand Rinfret unveiled a plaque to commemorate Jacques Viger, the citys first mayor. In 1966, the square was refurbished into its current shape, until then, vehicular traffic had been permitted on either side of the statue between Notre Dame Street and the Champ-de-Mars. Additional changes were made to the square in 1984
7.
Red Rose of Lancaster
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The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower of Lancashire. The exact species or cultivar which the red rose relates to is uncertain, the rose was first adopted as an heraldic device by the first Earl of Lancaster. It was one of the badges of Henry IV of England, following the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, it became the emblem of Lancashire. Lancasters Red Rose is a variety and is possibly the first cultivated rose. The rose grew wild throughout Central Asia and was discovered by the ancient Persians and Egyptians, later adopted by the Romans, who introduced it to Gaul where it assumed the name Rosa gallica. It is documented that Charlemagnes court exploited the rose as a perfume, the rose was also appreciated for its medical value and was utilized in countless medical remedies. The Red Rose of Lancaster derives from the gold badge of Edward I of England. Other members of his family used variants of the badge, with the kings brother. It is believed that the Red Rose of Lancaster was the House of Lancasters badge during the Wars of the Roses, evidence for this wearing of the rose includes land tenure records requiring service of a red rose yearly for a manor held directly from Henry VI of England. There are, however, doubts as to whether the red rose was actually an emblem taken up by the Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses. It also allowed Henry to invent and exploit his most famous heraldic device, the Tudor Rose, combining the so-called Lancastrian red rose and this floral union neatly symbolised the restoration of peace and harmony and his marriage in January 1486 to Elizabeth of York. It was a brilliant piece of simple heraldic propaganda. ”The Tudor Rose is used as the plant badge of England, since 1974 a number of metropolitan boroughs in Greater Manchester and Merseyside have included red roses in their armorial bearings to show their formation from parts of Lancashire. It is also present in the crest of the coat of arms of the London Borough of Enfield, as two flags of the same design can not be registered, Lancashire’s official flag is now registered as a red rose on a yellow field. Today the Red Rose is still used, and not necessarily on a yellow background. Lancashire County Cricket Club still use the rose as an emblem, the Trafford Centre also features Red Roses in its architecture, most noticeably on all of the glass panes in the shopping centre. Lancashire GAA features a red rose on its emblem, edge Hill University in Ormskirk uses the Red Rose on a yellow background on its crest along with a Liver bird which signifies its current location and origins in Liverpool. From the nineteenth century the red rose was part of the badge of a number of units of the British Army recruiting in the county. In World War I the rose was worn by British 55th Division during their campaign in Belgium, their motto was They win or die, the cap badge of the Duke of Lancasters Regiment, formed in 2006, features the rose
8.
Thistle
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Thistle is the common name of a group of flowering plants characterised by leaves with sharp prickles on the margins, mostly in the family Asteraceae. Prickles often occur all over the plant – on surfaces such as those of the stem and these are an adaptation that protects the plant from being eaten by herbivores. Typically, an involucre with a shape of a cup or urn subtends each of a thistles flowerheads. The term thistle is sometimes taken to mean exactly those plants in the tribe Cynareae, especially the genera Carduus, Cirsium, however, plants outside this tribe are sometimes called thistles, and if this is done thistles would form a polyphyletic group. Thistle is the emblem of Scotland and Lorraine, as well as the emblem of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Some species, although not intensely poisonous, do affect the health of animals that swallow more than small amounts of the material, similarly, some species of Silybum that occur as weeds, also are cultivated for seeds that yield vegetable oil and pharmaceutical compounds such as Silibinin. Other thistles that nominally are weeds are important honey plants, both as bee fodder in general, and as sources of luxury monofloral honey products, Thistle flowers are favourite nectar sources of the pearl-bordered fritillary, small pearl-bordered fritillary, high brown fritillary, and dark green fritillary butterflies. Some thistles, have been introduced outside their native range. The thistle has been the emblem of Scotland since the reign of Alexander III and was used on silver coins issued by James III in 1470. It is the symbol of the Order of the Thistle, a chivalric order of Scotland. It is found in many Scottish symbols and as the name of several Scottish football clubs, the thistle, crowned with the Scottish crown, was the symbol of seven of the eight former Scottish Police Services, the sole exception being the former Northern Constabulary. The thistle is also the emblem of Encyclopædia Britannica, which originated in Edinburgh and it is also used to symbolise connection with Scotland overseas. According to a legend, an invading Norse army was attempting to sneak up at night upon a Scottish armys encampment. During this operation one barefoot Norseman had the misfortune to step upon a thistle, causing him to cry out in pain, which species of thistle is referred to in the original legend is disputed. Other species, including dwarf thistle, musk thistle, and melancholy thistle have also been suggested, the thistle, and more precisely Onopordum acanthium, is one of the symbols of Lorraine, together with its coat of arms which displays three avalerions, and the Cross of Lorraine. Lorraine is a located in northeastern France, along the border with Luxembourg. Before the French Revolution, a part of the region formed the Duchy of Lorraine. In the Middle Ages, the thistle was an emblem of the Virgin Mary and it was later adopted as a personal symbol by René of Anjou, together with the Cross of Lorraine, then known as the Cross of Anjou
9.
Trefoil
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Trefoil is a graphic form composed of the outline of three overlapping rings used in architecture and Christian symbolism. The term is applied to other symbols of three-fold shape. One of the earliest examples is in the tracery at Winchester. The fourfold version of an architectural trefoil is a quatrefoil, two forms of this are shown below, A dove, symbolic of the Holy Spirit, is sometimes depicted within the outlined form of the trefoil combined with a triangle. In architecture and archaeology, trefoil describes a layout or floorplan consisting of three apses in clover-leaf shape, as for example in the Megalithic temples of Malta, particularly in church architecture, such a layout may be called a triconchos. The heraldic trefoil is a stylized clover and it should not be confused with the figure named in French heraldry tiercefeuille, which is a stylized flower with three petals. It differs from the heraldic trefoil in being not slipped and it could be translated as threefoil. Symmetrical Trefoils are particularly popular as warning and informational symbols, easily stenciled symbols are also favored. While the green trefoil is considered by many to be the symbol of Ireland, therefore, shamrocks generally do not appear on Irish coins or postage stamps. A trefoil is also part of the logo for Adidas Originals, a trefoil formation is a cross-sectional arrangement of electrical cables that minimises electrodynamic forces during fault conditions. Also, the field of each phase conductor in a 3-phase system is negated when the other two phase conductors are nearby to form a trefoil. Fleur-de-Lys Foil Trefoil domain Trefoil arch Trefoil knot Torus knot Quatrefoil Explanation of Christian symbolism of Trefoil
10.
Beaver
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The beaver is a large, primarily nocturnal, semiaquatic rodent. Castor includes two extant species, the North American beaver and Eurasian beaver, Beavers are known for building dams, canals, and lodges. They are the second-largest rodent in the world and their colonies create one or more dams to provide still, deep water to protect against predators, and to float food and building material. The North American beaver population was more than 60 million. Beavers, along with pocket gophers and kangaroo rats, are castorimorph rodents, Beavers are known for their natural trait of building dams on rivers and streams, and building their homes in the resulting pond. Beavers also build canals to float building materials that are difficult to haul over land and they use powerful front teeth to cut trees and other plants that they use both for building and for food. In the absence of existing ponds, beavers must construct dams before building their lodges, first they place vertical poles, then fill between the poles with a crisscross of horizontally placed branches. They fill in the gaps between the branches with a combination of weeds and mud until the dam impounds sufficient water to surround the lodge and this serves as a warning to beavers in the area. Once a beaver has sounded the alarm, nearby beavers will dive, Beavers are slow on land, but are good swimmers, and can stay under water for as long as 15 minutes. Beavers are herbivores, and prefer the wood of quaking aspen, cottonwood, willow, alder, birch, maple and they also eat sedges, pondweed, and water lilies. Beavers do not hibernate, but store sticks and logs in a pile in their ponds, some of the pile is generally above water and accumulates snow in the winter. This insulation of snow often keeps the water freezing in and around the food pile. Beavers have webbed hind-feet, and a broad, scaly tail and they have poor eyesight, but keen senses of hearing, smell, and touch. A beavers teeth grow continuously so that they not be worn down by chewing on wood. Their four incisors are composed of hard orange enamel on the front, the chisel-like ends of incisors are maintained by their self-sharpening wear pattern. The enamel in a beavers incisors contains iron and is resistant to acid than enamel in the teeth of other mammals. Beavers continue to grow throughout their lives, adult specimens weighing over 25 kg are not uncommon. Females are as large as or larger than males of the same age, Beavers live up to 24 years of age in the wild
11.
Fleur-de-lis
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The fleur-de-lis or flower-de-luce is a stylized lily that is used as a decorative design or symbol. Many of the saints are depicted with a lily, most prominently St. Joseph. The fleur-de-lis is represented in Unicode at U+269C in the Miscellaneous Symbols block and it remains an enduring symbol of France that appears on French postage stamps, although it has never been adopted officially by any of the French republics. According to French historian Georges Duby, the three represent the medieval social classes, those who worked, those who fought. It is unclear where the fleur-de-lis originated, among the Egyptians, Persians, Arabs and Greeks, this arabesque evoked warrior-like power. In France it is used in city emblems like in the coat of arms of the city of Lille, Saint-Denis, Brest, Clermont-Ferrand, Boulogne-Billancourt. The fleur-de-lis was the symbol of Île-de-France, the core of the French kingdom, many of the current departments use the ancient symbol on their coats to express this heritage. In Italy, the fleur de lis, called giglio is mainly known as the crest of the city of Florence, in the Florentine fleurs-de-lis, the stamens are always posed between the petals. This heraldic charge is known as the Florentine lily to distinguish it from the conventional design. As an emblem of the city, it is found in icons of Zenobius, its first bishop. Several towns subjugated by Florence or founded within the territory of the Florentine Republic adopted a variation of the Florentine lily in their crests, often without the stamens. The heraldic fleur-de-lis is still widespread, among the cities which use it as a symbol are some whose names echo the word lily, for example, Liljendal, Finland. This is called canting arms in heraldic terminology, other European examples of municipal coats-of-arms bearing the fleur-de-lis include Lincoln in England, Morcín in Spain, Wiesbaden in Germany, Skierniewice in Poland and Jurbarkas in Lithuania. The Swiss municipality of Schlieren and the Estonian municipality of Jõelähtme also have a fleur-de-lis on their coats, in Malta, the town of Santa Venera has three red fleurs-de-lis on its flag and coat of arms. Another suburb which developed around the area known as Fleur-de-Lys. The coat of arms of the medieval Kingdom of Bosnia contained six fleurs-de-lis, understood as the native Bosnian or Golden Lily and this emblem was revived in 1992 as a national symbol of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was the flag of Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992 to 1998. The state insignia were changed in 1999, the former flag of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina contains a fleur-de-lis alongside the Croatian chequy. Fleurs also appear in the flags and arms of cantons, municipalities, cities
12.
Charles Wilson (Canadian politician)
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Charles Wilson was a Canadian businessman and politician. Wilson was born at Coteau-du-Lac, Quebec, in 1808 and he was the son of Alexander Wilson, a native of Huntly, Aberdeenshire, who came to Quebec City where he was a merchant, magistrate and later Seigneur of Granville. Wilson established a business, and became a prosperous and respected merchant near the Montreal waterfront. In 1835, he married Ann Tracey, sister of Daniel Tracey and he served as a City Councillor of Montreal from 1848 to 1849 and from 1850 to 1852 and Mayor of Montreal from 1851 to 1854. Protestant journalists such as John Dougall of the Montreal Witness persisted in accusing the mayor for the Gavazzi Riots, charles Wilson is interred in the Notre-Dame-des-Neiges Cemetery in Montreal. He is commemorated by both Wilson Avenue in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce and by rue Charles-Wilson in Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours. Charles Wilson – Parliament of Canada biography
13.
James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin
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James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and 12th Earl of Kincardine KT GCB KSI PC was a British colonial administrator and diplomat. He served as Governor of Jamaica, Governor General of the Province of Canada, in 1857, he was appointed High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary in China and the Far East to assist in the process of opening up China and Japan to Western trade. Subsequently, he submitted the Qing Dynasty to the treaty of the Convention of Peking, adding Kowloon Peninsula to the British crown colony of Hong Kong. Lord Elgin was the son of the 7th Earl of Elgin and 11th Earl of Kincardine and he shared his birthday 20 July with his father. He had seven brothers and sisters and four half-sisters and one half-brother from his fathers first marriage, Lord Elgins father was reportedly impoverished by the purchase of the Elgin Marbles. His father had acquired them at great expense, but sold them to the British government for much less, James Bruce was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, graduated with a first in Classics in 1832. While at Oxford, he became friends with William Ewart Gladstone and he was elected at the 1841 general election as a Member of Parliament for Southampton, but the election was declared void on petition. He did not stand in the resulting by-election, James Bruce became Governor of Jamaica in 1842, and in 1847 was appointed Governor General of Canada. Under Lord Elgin, the first real attempts began at establishing responsible government in Canada, Lord Elgin became the first Governor General to distance himself from the affairs of the legislature. Since then, the Governor-General has had a symbolic role with regards to the political affairs of the country. As Governor-General, he wrestled with the costs of receiving high levels of immigration in the Canadas, in 1849 the Baldwin-Lafontaine government passed the Rebellion Losses Bill, compensating French Canadians for losses suffered during the Rebellions of 1837. Lord Elgin granted royal assent to the bill despite heated Tory opposition, the decision sparked the Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal by an English-speaking mob. Instead of calling in the military, he withdrew his family to their country residence, the French-speaking minority in the Canadian legislature also unsuccessfully tried to have him removed from his post. In 1849, the Stony Monday Riot took place in Bytown on Monday 17 September, tories and Reformists clashed over the planned visit of Lord Elgin, one man was killed and many sustained injuries. Two days later, the two factions, armed with cannon, muskets and pistols faced off on the Sappers Bridge. Although the conflict was defused in time by the military, a support for the Crowns representative. In 1854, Lord Elgin negotiated the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States in an attempt to stimulate the Canadian economy, later that year, he granted royal assent to the law that abolished the seigneurial system in Quebec, and then resigned as Governor-General. In 1857, Lord Elgin was appointed High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary in China, during the Second Opium War, he led the bombardment of Canton and oversaw the end of the war by signing the Treaty of Tientsin on 26 June 1858
14.
Governor General of Canada
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The Governor General of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The commission is for a period of time—known as serving at Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the normal convention. Beginning in 1959, it has also been traditional to rotate between anglophone and francophone incumbents, once in office, the governor general maintains direct contact with the Queen, wherever she may be at the time. The office began in the 16th and 17th centuries with the Crown-appointed governors of the French colony of Canada followed by the British governors of Canada in the 18th and 19th centuries, subsequently, the office is, along with the Crown, the oldest continuous institution in Canada. Throughout this process of gradually increasing Canadian independence, the role of governor general took on additional responsibilities, finally, in 1947, King George VI issued letters patent allowing the viceroy to carry out almost all of the monarchs powers on his or her behalf. The current governor general is David Johnston, who has served since 1 October 2010, johnstons wife—who is thus the viceregal consort—is Sharon Johnston. The Government of Canada spells the title governor general without a hyphen, the Canadian media still often use the governor-general spelling. As governor is the noun in the title, it is pluralized, thus, governors general, moreover, both terms are capitalized when used in the formal title preceding an incumbents name. The position of general is mandated by both the Constitution Act,1867, and the letters patent issued in 1947 by King George VI. As such, on the recommendation of his or her Canadian prime minister and that individual is, from then until being sworn-in, referred to as the governor general-designate. Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor general-designate, the governor general will then give a speech, outlining whichever cause or causes he or she will champion during his or her time as viceroy. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The prime minister may recommend to the Queen that the viceroy remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor general may also resign, and two have died in office, the sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice. We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence, however, between 1867 and 1931, governors general were appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British Cabinet. Thereafter, in accordance with the Statute of Westminster 1931, the appointment was made by the sovereign with the direction of his or her Canadian ministers only. Until 1952, all governors general were also members of the Peerage or sons of peers. These viceroys spent a limited time in Canada, but their travel schedules were so extensive that they could learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in a lifetime
15.
Montreal municipal election, 2009
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The city of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, held a municipal election at the same time as numerous other municipalities in Quebec, on 1 November 2009. Voters elected the Mayor of Montreal, Montreal City Council, the election became plagued with allegations of corruption and mafia involvement in city contracts. Despite being assailed with accusations of corruption, incumbent Mayor Gérald Tremblay led his Union Montréal party to a third victory, unions seat totals remained firm especially in the boroughs merged into the city in 2002, it retained complete control of eight boroughs and near-complete control of three more. Vision Montréal, led by former Quebec minister of municipal affairs Louise Harel, however, its campaign was blindsided by a scandal involving its second-in-command and former leader Benoit Labonté, who dropped out of the race. Vision increased its council standing but was unable to defeat the mayor and it won complete control of Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve and majorities in three other borough councils. Third party Projet Montréal increased sharply in popularity, polls shortly prior to the election put its leader Richard Bergeron neck-and-neck with the two other main candidates. Besides its main issue of transit and urban planning, the party emphasized ethics. Party names are the official ones registered with Élection Montréal, johanna Raso - Financial consultant, former lecturer at McGill University, published articles. She was invited to run for mayor by both major parties, Union Montreal and Vision Montreal. She declined both invitations, despite support from the business community. Élection Montréal 2009 Official election results
16.
Ville-Marie, Montreal
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Ville-Marie is the name of a borough in the centre of the city of Montreal, Quebec. The borough is named after Fort Ville-Marie, the French settlement that would later become Montreal, Old Montreal is a National Historic Site of Canada. In 2011, it had a population of 84,013 and it is bounded on the south by the Saint Lawrence River. The borough council of Ville-Marie differs from other councils in two important respects. The office of mayor, rather than being elected by the boroughs citizens, is held ex officio by the mayor of Montreal. Also, two of the members of the council are city councillors from other boroughs, chosen by the mayor. This governing structure is due to the status of Ville-Marie as the centre of Montreal. The borough also comprises most of Mount Royal Park, Cité du Havre, Saint Helens Island, Montreals interurban rail and bus terminals, and its two commuter rail terminals are in the borough. It is served by the Orange, Green, and Yellow Lines of the Montreal Metro, the Metros central station, Berri-UQAM, and the Central Bus Station, are also located in Ville-Marie. Two autoroutes serve the area, Autoroute Bonaventure and the partly underground Autoroute Ville-Marie, two bridges — the Victoria Bridge and Jacques-Cartier Bridge — provide access to the South Shore, while the Pont de la Concorde provides access to Saint Helens Island and Notre Dame Island. The Jacques-Cartier Bridge also provides access to Saint Helens Island and Notre Dame Island, many of Montreals most famous attractions are situated in Ville-Marie. The Grande Bibliothèque du Québec is a recent addition, and the CHUM megahospital is planned for the borough, major parks and recreation areas include Mount Royal and its park, Parc Jean-Drapeau, Dorchester Square and Place du Canada, Musée Grévin Montreal and the Old Port. As Ville-Marie contains Montreals central business district, numerous companies are headquartered or have regional offices in the borough. The Commission scolaire de Montréal operates French-language public schools, the English Montreal School Board operates English-language schools. The Montreal Public Libraries Network operates the Frontenac and Père-Ambroise libraries, Boroughs of Montreal Districts of Montreal Municipal reorganization in Quebec Boroughs website All Ville-Marie skyscrapers on IMTL website
17.
Michael Applebaum
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Michael Mark Applebaum is a former Canadian politician, who was selected by councillors as interim Mayor of Montreal on November 16,2012. Prior to November 14,2012 Applebaum was part of the Union Montréal party, Applebaum was first elected as city councillor for Notre-Dame-de-Grâce on November 6,1994 as a member of the now defunct Parti des Montréalais. Before being elected to city council, he was an estate agent. Applebaum was the first anglophone to hold the office since the end of James John Guerins term in 1912 and he was also the first Jew to assume the office of mayor of Montreal. On June 17,2013 he was arrested and indicted on 14 charges including fraud, conspiracy, breach of trust, on June 18, he announced his resignation of Mayor of Montreal, maintaining that the allegations against him were unfounded. He was released from custody and made his first court appearance on October 9,2013. Applebaum was born in Montreal the third child of Ray and Moishe Applebaum, Canadian Jews and he worked at his familys eponymous shoe store since the age of 13, and opened his first clothing boutique at 18 while studying at Dawson College. He later took over the store and became a real estate agent. Applebaum is involved in the Jewish community, and is supportive of Israel and he and his wife Merle have three children. Mayor Gérald Tremblay appointed Applebaum to the Montreal Executive Committee in January 2009, at one point he was the member responsible for Sports & Recreation. He was promoted by Tremblay to chair of the committee on April 6,2011. His responsibilities included urban planning and buildings, finances, borough relations, human resources, administrative services and he resigned from his position as chair of the executive committee on November 9,2012, although he retained his position as mayor of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce borough. Following Tremblays resignation on November 5,2012, Applebaum was believed to be a contender to win Union Montréals nomination as its new mayoral candidate. However, he was passed over in favour of councillor Richard Deschamps, an anonymous colleague told reporters that Applebaums candidacy had been rejected because his French language skills were not strong enough to be mayor of an 80 percent francophone city. However, several francophone councillors disputed that claim, saying that Applebaum speaks credible French, notably, Vision Montreal leader Louise Harel told The Gazette, I wish I could speak English as well as speaks French. He subsequently left Union Montréal to sit as an independent councillor and he argued that in light of the corruption crisis facing the city, notably among the ruling Union Montreal party, the interim mayor should be independent of party affiliation. In the final city council vote on November 16,2012, Applebaum pledged not to run for mayor in the 2013 municipal election, indicating that he would instead run for another term as borough mayor of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce. Applebaum was arrested by Quebecs anti-corruption unit UPAC at his home on June 17,2013 and he initially faced 14 charges including fraud, conspiracy, breach of trust, and corruption in municipal affairs
18.
Timeline of Montreal history
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The timeline of the history of Montreal shows the significant events in the history of Montreal that transformed it from a small fort into a big city of North America. The area known today as Montreal had been inhabited by the Algonquins, Huron, in the earliest oral history, the Algonquins were from the Atlantic coast. Together with other Anicinàpek, they arrived at the First Stopping Place, There, the Nation found a turtle-shaped island marked by miigis shells. The Iroquois or Haudenosaunee were centred from at least 1000 CE in northern New York, but their influence extended into what is now southern Ontario,1142 – The Iroquois Confederacy is, from oral tradition, supposed to have been formed in 1142 CE. In the modern Iroquois language, Montréal is called Tiohtià, ke, other native languages, such as Algonquin, refer to it as Moniang. The St. Lawrence Iroquoians established the village of Hochelaga at the foot of Mount Royal,1535 – Jacques Cartier renames the Saint Lawrence River in honour of the Deacon Lawrence on August 10. Prior to this, the Saint Lawrence River had been known by names, including the Hochelaga River. Cartier penetrates far into the interior for the first time, via the river,1535 – September 19, Cartier starts his journey from Quebec City to Montréal, while in search of a passage to Asia. 1535 – Cartier visits Hochelaga on October 2, claiming the St. Lawrence Valley for France and he becomes the first European to reach the area now known as Montréal when he enters the village of Hochelega. Cartier estimates the population to be over a thousand,1535 – October 3, Cartier climbs up the mountain on the Île de Montréal and names it Mont Royal. He wrote, Nous nommasmes icelle montaigne le mont Royal, the name Montréal is generally thought to be derived from Mont Royal, the name given to the mountain by Cartier in 1535. 1556 – On his map of Hochelega, Italian geographer Giovanni Battista Ramusio writes Monte Real to designate Mont Royal,1580 – The St. Lawrence Iroquoians seem to have vacated the Saint Lawrence River valley sometime prior to 1580. 1601 – On his map, Guillaume Le Vasseur writes Hochelaga for the inhabited area,1603 – Samuel de Champlain comes to the Island of Montreal and Île Perrot. He describes Mont Royal, Lake Saint-Louis and the Lachine Rapids,1608 – Quebec City is founded. 1611 – Samuel de Champlain, in the company of a young Huron Indian,1611 – Champlain decides to establish a fur trading post at present-day Pointe-à-Callière. 1611 – A young man named Louis drowns, thus giving his name to both the Sault-Saint-Louis and Lake Saint-Louis,1611 – Saint Helens Island is named by Samuel de Champlain in honour of his wife. 1613–20 – The Compagnie des Marchands operate in New France but, as a result of a breach of their contract,1615 – Denis Jamet and Joseph Le Caron say the first mass on the Island of Montréal. 1615 – Les Franciscains des Recollets, an order of French missionaries, are the first to settle Canada, in their honour, the area later known as Griffintown is called Faubourg des Recollet
19.
History of Quebec
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Quebec has played a special role in French history, the modern province occupies much of the land where French settlers founded the colony of Canada in the 17th and 18th centuries. The population is predominantly French-speaking and Roman Catholic, with a large Anglophone minority, the political alienation of the Francophones from the Anglophones has been a persistent theme since the late 19th century. Tensions were especially high during the First World War, historically, British merchants and financiers controlled the economy, and dominated Montreal. The Catholic Church, in cooperation with the landowners, led a highly traditional social structure in rural. Much of that changed during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, Quebecs separatists, calling for an independent nation, gained strength, but were narrowly defeated in two referenda. Quebec imposed increasingly stringent laws favouring the French language, many Anglophones left, aboriginal settlements were located across the area of present-day Quebec before the arrival of Europeans. In the northernmost areas of the province, Inuit communities can be found, other aboriginal communities belong to the following First Nations, The aboriginal cultures of present-day Quebec are diverse, with their own languages, way of life, economies, and religious beliefs. Before contact with Europeans, they did not have a written language, today around three-quarters of Quebecs aboriginal populations lives in small communities scattered throughout the rural areas of the province, with some living on reserves. Jacques Cartier sailed into the St. Lawrence River in 1534 and established a colony near present-day Quebec City at the site of Stadacona. Linguists and archaeologists have determined these people were distinct from the Iroquoian nations encountered by later French and Europeans and their language was Laurentian, one of the Iroquoian family. By the late 16th century, they had disappeared from the St. Lawrence Valley, existing archaeological evidence attests to a human presence on the current territory of Quebec sometime around 10,000 BC. Paleo-American populations preceded the arrival of the Algonquian and Iroquois people in southern Quebec about 10,000 years ago, the Paleoindian period was followed by the Archaic, a time when major changes occurred in the landscape and the settlement of the territory of Quebec. With the end of glaciation, the territory increased in size. Migrations became rarer and moving around became a seasonal activity necessary for hunting, fishing or gathering, the nomadic populations of the Archaic period were better established and were very familiar with the resources of their territories. They adapted to their surroundings and experienced a degree of population growth, aboriginal peoples used a greater variety of local material, developed new techniques, such as polishing stone, and devised increasingly specialized tools, such as knives, awls, fish hooks, and nets. Agriculture appeared experimentally toward the 8th century and it was only in the 14th century that it was fully mastered in the Saint Lawrence River valley. The Iroquoians cultivated corn, marrow, sunflowers, and beans, in 1508, only 16 years after the first voyage of Christopher Columbus, Thomas Auber, who was likely part of a fishing trip near Newfoundland, brought back a few Amerindians to France. This indicates that in the early 16th century, French navigators ventured in the gulf of the St. Lawrence, along with the Basques and the Spaniards who did the same
20.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
21.
Montreal Gazette
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Founded in 1778 by Fleury Mesplet, The Gazette is Quebecs oldest daily newspaper and Canadas oldest daily newspaper still in publication. The oldest newspaper overall is the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph, which was established in 1764 and is published weekly, Fleury Mesplet founded a French-language weekly newspaper called La Gazette du commerce et littéraire, pour la ville et district de Montréal on June 3,1778. It was the first entirely French-language newspaper in Canada, the paper did not accept advertising aside for the various books Mesplet also published. The articles were meant to promote discussion, and focused on literature and philosophy, as well as various articles, poems. The newspaper was shut down in 1779 when Mesplet and the editor, Valentin Jautard were arrested for sedition and imprisoned for three years. Mesplet began a weekly, The Montreal Gazette / La Gazette de Montréal, on August 25,1785. Its offices were located in the house of Joseph Lemoyne de Longueuil on rue de la Capitale, French columns were in the left-hand column and English columns in the right-hand column. The columns were written in French and translated to English by Valentin Jautard. The columns were mostly on education, religion and literature, foreign and local news made up the rest of the paper. The paper took a Voltairian and anti-clerical stance, wanted Quebec to have its own legislative assembly, the newspaper also introduced advertising and announcements, taking up half of four pages. It is the ancestor of the current newspaper. The newspaper did well, and Mesplets operation moved to Notre-Dame Street in 1787, Mesplet continued to operate the newspaper until his death in 1794. Following Mesplets death, his widow published the newspaper for several issues, two rivals, Louis Roy and Edward Edwards fought over the right to publish the newspaper over the course of two years. Edwards eventually won the press and newspaper, and continued operations until his assets were seized in 1808. The newspaper was then the property of James Brown for fourteen years, in 1822, it was sold to businessman Thomas Andrew Turner who converted into an English-only paper in 1822. Under Turner, The Gazette identified with the interests of business leaders in their fight with the Patriote movement. This was among the events leading to the burning of the Parliament Buildings. In 1968, The Gazette was acquired by the Southam newspaper chain, for many years, The Gazette was caught in a three-way fight for the English newspaper audience in Montreal with the tabloid Montreal Herald and the broadsheet Montreal Star
22.
CTV News
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CTV News is the news division of the CTV Television Network in Canada. The name CTV News is also applied as the title of local and regional newscasts on the networks owned-and-operated stations, local newscasts on CTV Two are also branded as CTV News, although in most cases they are managed separately from the newscasts on the main CTV network. Canada AMs replacement Your Morning is produced by Bell Media In-House Productions, with news content provided by CTV News. In most markets, local CTV News programs air at noon,6 p. m. and 11,00 p. m. or 11,30 p. m. on weekdays, and at 6 p. m. and 11,00 p. m. /11,30 p. m. on weekends. In selected markets,5,00 and/or 5,30 p. m. newscasts are also produced, CFTO News for the Toronto station. By late 2005 the O&Os local newscasts had been renamed CTV News, beginning in February 2014, local programs were again rebranded using region-specific on-air titles such as CTV News Toronto. At the same time the CTV and CTV Two O&O stations received a new package, which is in a blue and white color scheme, a revised logo. National aggregate ratings published by BBM Canada refer to the local broadcasts collectively as CTV Evening News, CTV Late News, CTV Noon News, etc. although these titles are not used on-air. Since most CTV affiliates are owned by the network, CTV offers the opportunity to buy national ads on local programming across its O&Os, making these aggregate ratings useful for advertisers. Bell Medias secondary A system which was acquired through the purchase of CHUM Limited, and operated primarily in smaller markets produced similar local newscasts known as A News. When the A system re-branded as CTV Two on August 29,2011, most of these stations are nevertheless required to operate their local news operations separately from CTV stations serving the same or adjacent markets. Affiliates not owned by the network also air their own newscasts, such as NTV. The channel airs programs focused on the region, and currently airs simulcasts of CFTOs 6, 00pm and 11. CTV News has bureaus across Canada and around the world, but many were closed to cut costs, viewers may also upload media for any station or program. Official website CTV Toronto News CTV Montreal News CTV Edmonton News CTV British Columbia News
23.
Peter McGill
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Peter McGill was a Scots-Quebecer businessman who served as the second mayor of Montreal, Canada East from 1840 to 1842. He was born Peter McCutcheon in the village of Creebridge, Wigtownshire in Scotland, in 1821, he changed his name when he became the heir of his uncle John McGill, at the latters request. McGill served as president of the Bank of Montreal from 1834 to 1860 and he founded the first railway company in Canada in 1834. It is he, rather than James McGill, who is depicted in the mural in the McGill station of the Montreal metro. Peter-McGill Street in Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve borough is named after him, on his passing in 1860, Peter McGill was interred in Montreals Mount Royal Cemetery. Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours
24.
Joseph Bourret
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Joseph Bourret was a 19th-century Canadian lawyer, banker and politician. Bourret was educated at the Classical College at Nicolet, Quebec, after clerking for three years for his uncle, Bourret was admitted to the bar in 1823. He practiced law at his uncles office for ten years, when his uncle died, he entered into a partnership with a well known lawyer, Toussaint Pelletier. He was appointed to the city council by the government in 1840. He was elected councilor for the Centre Quarter in 1842 and the Quartier St. Antoine from 1846 until 1852, Bourret was the third and sixth mayor of Montreal, Quebec, and served as minister of public works in the Lafontaine-Baldwin government. Bourret also served on the council of Canada from 1848 until his death in 1859. Bourret was supported by Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine because as a moderate, he was acceptable to the rich Anglo-Saxons who formed the majority of the Montreal electorate, while Lafontaine and Bourret supported responsible government, they provided a more moderate option than the radicals that led the Rebellions of 1837. Bourret also worked to preserve the French-Canadian identity, in 1843, he and Ludger Duvernay restored the mutual aid organization that became the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society. He later served as the fifth president and he was also a co-founder of one of French Canadas earliest financial institutions, Banque d’Épargne de la Cité et du District de Montréal. The bank was established to serve working-class Quebecers and had the support of the Roman Catholic Church. During his time as mayor, Montreal was the capital of the Province of Canada, therefore, Bourret bestowed the Saint Anne Market Building to the Parliament of the Canadas. Bourret was instrumental in the construction of the Bonsecours Market and the aqueducts into Montreal and he became an advocate for a safe water system after a cholera outbreak during his second term as mayor. Bourret was born in Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec on 10 June 1802 to farmer Joseph Bourret and he married Emélie Pelletier, daughter of Toussaint Pelletier and Elisabeth Lacoste in 1834. Then in 1839, he married Marie-Stéphanie Bédard, daughter of the lawyer Joseph Bédard, Bourret died while working on 5 March 1859 at the age of 56. The funeral services were held in the Notre-Dame Basilica, in his memory, Montreal has named Avenue Bourret near Jewish General Hospital, cote St. Catherine. Biography at City of Montreal archives Biography from the National Assembly of Quebec Desrochers, Bourret est devenu maire grâce à linfluence de La Fontaine
25.
James Ferrier (politician)
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James Ferrier was a Scottish-Canadian politician. Born in Fife, Scotland, he immigrated to Canada in 1821 and established himself in Montreal, Quebec and he served as the fourth mayor of Montreal from 1844 to 1847 and city councillor of that city from 1841 to 1848. He served on the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada from 1847 until Confederation and he sat with the Conservative group and represented the Senatorial Division of Shawinegan until his death in 1888. He simultaneously served on the Legislative Council of Quebec from 1867 until his death and he was chancellor of McGill University from 1884 to 1888. He is commemorated by Ferrier Street in northwestern Côte-des-Neiges, Montreal, james Ferrier – Parliament of Canada biography Biography. Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours
26.
Wolfred Nelson
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Wolfred Nelson was from 1854 to 1856 the mayor of Montreal, Quebec. Nelson was born in Montreal the son of William Nelson, an immigrant to Colonial America from Newsham, North Yorkshire and his mother, Jane Dies, was a teacher and daughter of an important land owner in the New York area. Along with his younger brother Robert Nelson, he was known as a member of the Patriotes, Nelson studied at the school of his father in William Henry. He became a doctor in January 1811, and subsequently served in capacity with the British troops on the War of 1812. He moved to Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu where he opened a distillery and he entered politics when elected in William Henry in 1827. In 1827, he was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly and he became a Patriote leader in the region of the Richelieu River valley, and supported the use of arms at the Assemblée des Six-Comtés in 1837. A Column of Liberty was also erected in Saint-Charles Square, on 16 November 1837, he and 25 others were charged with high treason. It was around this time that Nelson exclaimed, The time has come, drawn from the American Declaration of Independence, the document listed the crimes that Great Britain had committed against Lower Canada, as well as the right to overthrow the government. Later, he led a group of armed citizens who resisted arrest by the British army at St-Denis, exiled to Bermuda in 1838, Nelson was granted amnesty by the British colonial government and came back to Montreal in 1842. In 1844, he was elected to the new Parliament of the Province of Canada, in 1854, he became mayor of Montreal, and he died in June 1863. He is interred in the Anglican cemetery in Sorel-Tracy and is commemorated by a park in Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve borough, dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours. University of Toronto and Université Laval
27.
Henry Starnes
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Henry Starnes was a Quebec businessman and political figure. He was born in Kingston in Upper Canada in 1816 and studied at the Montreal Academical Institution and he began work with James Leslies food importing business in Montreal and became a partner in the business in 1849. He then served as director for several banks in Montreal and he served on Montreals City Council from 1852 to 1853 and from 1855 to 1856 and as Mayor from 1856 to 1858 and 1866 to 1868. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada for Châteauguay in 1858 and he was named to the Legislative Council of Quebec for Salaberry division in 1867. In 1859, he had become manager for the Montreal branch of the Ontario Bank, in 1871, he helped establish the Metropolitan Bank and became its first president. That bank served as a conduit for transferring contributions from Sir Hugh Allan to George-Étienne Cartier, in exchange, the exposure of this arrangement led to the Pacific Scandal and the fall of John A. Macdonalds Conservative government. The Metropolitan Bank closed in 1876, Starnes unorthodox financial management was blamed for its collapse and he died in Montreal in 1896. Hon. Henry Starnes married Eleanor Stuart, the couple had three daughters, Louise, Eleanor and Corinne. Louise Starnes married Captain Mitchell-Innes, 60th Rifles, Eleanor Starnes married the Hon. J. R. D. Tollemache, a son of John Tollemache, 1st Baron Tollemache. He was created a C. B.1887, and died August,1902, dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours
28.
Jean-Louis Beaudry
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Jean-Louis Beaudry was a Canadian entrepreneur and politician. Beaudry served as mayor of Montreal three times, from 1862 to 1866, from 1877 to 1879, and from 1881 to 1885 for a time served as mayor of ten years. Born in Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines, Quebec, he was raised and worked on the family farm, after working as a clerk and shopkeeper, Beaudry opened a dry goods store with his brother in 1834. In 1827 he signed a petition in opposition to the union of the upper and lower Canadas. In 1837 he became one of the presidents of the Société des Fils de la Liberté. When the Rebellions of 1837 occurred, Beaudry fled temporarily to the United States and he returned in June 1838 and resumed his business dealings which flourished. Having established himself as a businessman, in 1860 Beaudry ran and was elected councillor. In 1862 he ran for mayor of Montreal and won and he was easily re-elected through 1885. He declined to run for a couple of years, but ran again in 1868 against William Workman, during the campaign Beaudry turned off voters with religious and negative overtones. Beaudry did not run for mayor again until 1877, where he won, however, in 1879 he lost in a fierce campaign against Sévère Rivard. Beaudry was once again re-elected from 1881 through 1885 and his younger brother Prudent Beaudry was mayor of Los Angeles. He was a member of the Legislative Council of Quebec from 1867 until his death, dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours
29.
William Workman
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William Workman, of Mount Prospect House, Montreal, was an Irish-born Canadian entrepreneur, businessman and philanthropist. He was a partner in Canadas largest wholesale hardware house of Frothingham & Workman and he was Mayor of Montreal and invested in railways, shipping, real estate and charity. His home was in Montreals Golden Square Mile and he is buried at Mount Royal Cemetery, in 1807, William Workman was born at his familys handsome cottage in Ballymacash, Co. The Workmans were said to have once been wealthy, but the familys fortunes had declined, William was the son of Joseph Workman, of Ballymacash, and his wife Catherine Gowdy, daughter of Alexander Gowdy, land steward to Squire Johnson of Ballymacash. In 1787, his father emigrated with a brother, Benjamin, Benjamin secured the position of Professor of Mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania and Joseph worked under him as a tutor of mathematics. Returning to Ballymacash, Squire Johnson appointed him to be the new schoolmaster, Joseph replaced his father-in-law as land steward and Johnson appointed him clerk of the peace. William Workmans first employment was working on the newspapers, Canadian Courant and Montreal Advertiser, owned by his brother, in 1830, he joined another brother, Thomas, in the wholesale hardware house of John Frothingham. By 1836, the Workmans had become partners, indicating that they had brought some capital into the firm. As well as handling imported items, Frothingham and Workman manufactured some hardware in their Montreal factories which employed hundreds of men, Workman would remain in partnership with Frothingham until his retirement in 1859, and under them it would become Canadas largest tool and hardware wholesale business. He invested in Canadas first railway, the Champlain and St. Lawrence, completed in 1836 and he was one of the largest shareholders in the St Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad when the line was taken over by the Grand Trunk Railway in 1854. By the 1840s, Workman was a wealthy man. In 1842, he built a mansion in Montreals Golden Square Mile. He had considerable property elsewhere in Montreal, particularly on the western outskirts, from 1849 to 1874, he served as President of Montreals City Bank. In 1854, he ventured into shipping with several prominent Montreal businessmen, including the Torrances, a year later, Workman purchased two large steamboats for the St Lawrence trade. When he retired from Frothingham & Workman in 1859, he took an active interest in public affairs, since the 1840s, as a manufacturer and leader of the Association for the Promotion of Canadian Industry, Workman had been in favour of high protective tariffs. He never attempted to enter politics, but following Confederation he took an active interest in federal affairs, Workman was best known in Montreal for his municipal political activity and his local philanthropy. He was nominated for mayor 1868, running against Jean-Louis Beaudry, Beaudry made serious allegations of corruption against Workman in an attempt to win, which led to Workman being disqualifed. However, found to be innocent of these charges, he was allowed back in the race
30.
Charles-Joseph Coursol
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Charles-Joseph Coursol, QC was a Canadian lawyer and politician, the Mayor of Montreal, Quebec between 1871 and 1873, and a member of Canadian Parliament from 1878 until his death. Baptised Michel-Joseph-Charles Coursol, he was born at Fort Malden, Upper Canada, located at what is now Amherstburg and he was the son of Michel Coursol, of the Hudsons Bay Company, and Marie-Mélanie Quesnel, daughter of Joseph Quesnel. His father died before he was one old, and he was adopted and brought up like a son in the home of his uncle. During his legal career in Montreal, he was a city councillor in Saint-Antoine ward between 1853 and 1855, Coursol left politics for numerous years, yet maintained a high profile in the Montreal community with other activities such as business and culture. He returned to politics and was acclaimed Mayor in both 1871 and 1872. During that time, Coursol established urban parks for public use, after he left the Mayors office, Coursol served as President of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society from 1872 to 1876. His attention turned to politics, winning the Montreal East riding for the Conservatives in the 1878 federal election. He served second and third terms in the riding, running uncontested in the 1882 and 1887 federal elections, however, Coursol died in office at Montmagny, Quebec on 4 August 1888. Coursols honours included Spains Order of Charles III in 1872, then his appointment as Queens Counsel in February 1873, Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online Charles-Joseph Coursol at City of Montreal Parliament of Canada biography, Michel-Charles-Joseph Coursol
31.
Francis Cassidy
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Francis Cassidy QC was a Canadian lawyer and politician, the Mayor of Montreal, Quebec for three months in 1873, until his term was cut short by death. Cassidy was born at Saint-Jacques-de-l’Achigan, in what is today Quebecs Montcalm Regional County Municipality, despite spending childhood in a poor family, he attended Collège de l’Assomption with the support of Abbé Étienne Normandin. He began legal studies in Montreal, formally becoming a lawyer on 18 August 1848, after developing a distinguished legal career, he was designated Queens Counsel on 5 August 1863. He was a founder of the Institut canadien de Montréal and served as its president between 1849 and 1850 and again between 1857 and 1858, from 1871 to 1873, he served as a Conservative member for Montréal-Ouest riding during the first portion of the 2nd Legislative Assembly of Quebec. Just months after becoming Montreals uncontested mayor in February 1873, Cassidy died in office that June, dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours. Francis Cassidy at City of Montreal Les archives de Radio-Canada, Francis Cassidy, maire de Montréal
32.
Aldis Bernard
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Aldis Bernard was a Canadian dentist and politician, the Mayor of Montreal, Quebec between 1873 and 1875. Bernard was educated in dentistry at Philadelphia, after which he practiced as a dentist in the southern United States and he married there and in 1840 moved back to Canada first residing in the Niagara Peninsula. In 1841, he settled in Montreal and established a practice there. This effort was largely due to the medical establishments negative view of dentistry at that time. The Dental Association of the Province of Quebec was eventually formed in 1869 with Bernard as its founding President and his first terms as a Montreal municipal councillor for Montreal Centre ward began in 1858 and ended in 1861. He returned to city politics in 1866 and again served as a councillor until the death of Mayor Francis Cassidy in June 1873, city Council then appointed Bernard as interim Mayor to serve out the remainder of Cassidys term. Voters returned Bernard to the Mayors post in the 1874 city elections, under his leadership, urban parks such as Mount Royal Park and Dufferin Park were established. Work on a new city hall also commenced under Bernards watch, the circumstances of Bernards birth have not been confirmed, but his obituaries suggest he was born in Quebecs Eastern Townships to United Empire Loyalist parents. Mary Webb Meredith was Bernards first wife until her death in 1845 and he remarried in 1852 to Sarah Couch, a member of the Roman Catholic Church in contrast to Bernards Protestant church membership. He had eight children, one of whom with his first wife, Bernard did not seek another term as Mayor in 1875. He moved to San Jose, California shortly before his death in July 1876 and his body was returned to Montreal for burial on 15 July 1876. A Brief History of Mont Royal, A day-in-the-life of Victorian-Era Montreal
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William Hales Hingston
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Sir William Hales Hingston, KCB was a Canadian physician, politician, banker, and Senator. Born in Hinchinbrooke near Huntingdon, Quebec, he received his MDCM from McGill University in 1851, in 1875, he became Mayor of Montreal and was re-elected by acclamation for a second and final term. He was president of the Montreal City and District Savings Bank, in 1896, he was appointed to the Senate representing the senatorial division of Rougemont, Quebec. He sat as a Conservative and died in office and he was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1895. Pius IX made him a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great in 1875, lady Hingston volunteered for the St. Patricks Orphan Asylum and the Catholic Sailors Club. She served as a director of the Womens Historical Society, and Vice-President of the Aberdeen Association and she was a founder and later President, of the Society of Decorative Art. She championed the preservation of Mount Royal Park, and served as a member of the Advisory Board of the Parks and she was identified with the movement for the prevention of tuberculosis. Their oldest son, William F. Hingston, was rector of Loyola College from 1918 to 1925, William Hales Hingston – Parliament of Canada biography Alan Hustak. Sir William Hingston 1829–1907, Montreal Mayor, Surgeon and Banker, sir William Hales Hingston - Catholic Encyclopedia article
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