1.
Santa Clara, California
–
Santa Clara is a city in Santa Clara County, California, named after the Spanish mission that was established there in 1777. The citys population was 116,468 at the 2010 United States Census, located 45 miles southeast of San Francisco, the city was founded in 1777 and incorporated in 1852. The city is the site of the eighth of 21 California missions, Mission Santa Clara de Asís, the Mission and Mission Gardens are located on the grounds of Santa Clara University. Saint Clare is the saint of Santa Clara. Santa Clara is located in the center of Silicon Valley and is home to the headquarters of several companies such as Intel. It is also home to Santa Clara University, the oldest institution of learning in the state of California. It is bordered by San Jose, Sunnyvale, and Cupertino, the first European to visit the valley was José Francisco Ortega in 1769. He found the area inhabited by Native Americans, whom the Spanish called the Costanos, coast people, the Spanish began to colonize California with 21 missions and the Mission Santa Clara de Asis was founded in 1777. In 1846, the American flag was raised over Monterey and symbolized the transfer of the sovereignty of the California Republic over to the United States of America, in 1851, Santa Clara College was established on the grounds of the original Mission. In 1852, Santa Clara was incorporated as a town, it became state-chartered by 1862, for the next century the economy centered on agriculture since orchards and vegetables were thriving in the fertile soil. By the beginning of the 20th century, the population had reached 5,000, in 1905, the first public high-altitude flights by humans were made over Santa Clara in gliders designed by John J. Montgomery. The semiconductor industry, which sprouted around 1960, changed the city and surrounding Valley of Hearts Delight, Santa Claras first medical hospital was built in 1963. This structure, on Kiely Boulevard, was replaced in 2007 with the new Kaiser Permanente medical center located on Lawrence Expressway at Homestead Road, Santa Clara was also home to a major mental health facility, Agnews State Hospital. According to the National Park Service, more than 100 persons were killed at this site in the 1906 earthquake, the site is the former home to Sun Microsystems and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Santa Clara is drained by three creeks, all of which empty into the southern portion of San Francisco Bay, these creeks are San Tomas Aquino Creek, Saratoga Creek. This owl uses burrows created by ground squirrels and prefers generally level grasslands, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city covers an area of 18.4 square miles, all of it land. The average daily temperatures in July range from 82 °F to 53 °F, winters are mild, with the mean daily temperatures in January ranging from 58 °F to 38 °F. Most of the rainfall comes in the winter months, the summer months are generally rainless
Santa Clara, California
–
The Santa Clara Convention Center in July 2007
Santa Clara, California
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Santa Clara's Main Street, circa 1910.
Santa Clara, California
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A housing development.
Santa Clara, California
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McAfee headquarters
2.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
3.
Privately held company
–
More ambiguous terms for a privately held company are unquoted company and unlisted company. Though less visible than their publicly traded counterparts, private companies have major importance in the worlds economy. In 2008, the 441 largest private companies in the United States accounted for US$1,800,000,000,000 in revenues and employed 6.2 million people, according to Forbes. In 2004, the Forbes count of privately held U. S. businesses with at least $1 billion in revenue was 305, cargill, Koch Industries, Bechtel, Publix, Pilot Corp. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, S. C, johnson, McWane, Carlson Companies, and Mars are among the largest privately held companies in the United States. In the broadest sense, the private corporation refers to any business not owned by the state. This usage is found in former communist countries to differentiate from former state-owned enterprises. In the United States, the privately held company is more often used to describe for-profit enterprises whose shares are not traded on the stock market. In countries with public trading markets, a privately held business is taken to mean one whose ownership shares or interests are not publicly traded. Often, privately held companies are owned by the company founders and/or their families, sometimes employees also hold shares of private companies. Most small businesses are privately held, Private companies may be called corporations, limited companies, limited liability companies, unlimited companies, or other names, depending on where and how they are organized and structured. In the United States, but not generally in the United Kingdom, privately held companies generally have fewer or less comprehensive reporting requirements and obligations for transparency, via annual reports, etc. than publicly traded companies do. For example, in the United States, unlike in Europe, in addition, private company executives may steer their ships without shareholder approval, allowing them to take significant action without delays. There is a requirement for large proprietary companies, which are required to lodge Form 388H to the ASIC containing their financial report. In the United States, private companies are held to different accounting auditing standards than are public companies, other companies, like Sageworks, provide aggregated data on privately held companies, segmented by industry code. Privately held companies also sometimes have restrictions on how many shareholders they may have, for example, the U. S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, section 12, limits a privately held company, generally, to fewer than 2000 shareholders, and the U. S. Investment Company Act of 1940, requires registration of investment companies that have more than 100 holders, in Australia, section 113 of the Corporations Act 2001 limits a privately held company to fifty non-employee shareholders. Private enterprises comprise the sector of an economy
Privately held company
4.
Computer security
–
A vulnerability is a system susceptibility or flaw. Many vulnerabilities are documented in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures database, an exploitable vulnerability is one for which at least one working attack or exploit exists. They may exist for a number of reasons, including by original design or from poor configuration, denial of service attacks are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. An unauthorized user gaining physical access to a computer is most likely able to copy data from it. They may also compromise security by making operating system modifications, installing software worms, keyloggers, even when the system is protected by standard security measures, these may be able to be by-passed by booting another operating system or tool from a CD-ROM or other bootable media. Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent these attacks, eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation, typically between hosts on a network. For instance, programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight have been used by the FBI, spoofing, in general, is a fraudulent or malicious practice in which communication is sent from an unknown source disguised as a source known to the receiver. Spoofing is most prevalent in communication mechanisms lack a high level of security. Tampering describes a malicious modification of products, so-called Evil Maid attacks and security services planting of surveillance capability into routers are examples. Privilege escalation describes a situation where an attacker with some level of restricted access is able to, without authorization, elevate their privileges or access level. So for example a computer user may be able to fool the system into giving them access to restricted data. Phishing is the attempt to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, phishing is typically carried out by email spoofing or instant messaging, and it often directs users to enter details at a fake website whose look and feel are almost identical to the legitimate one. Preying on a victims trust, phishing can be classified as a form of social engineering and this is done using multiple transparent or opaque layers. The attacker is basically hijacking the clicks meant for the top level page and routing them to some other irrelevant page, a similar technique can be used to hijack keystrokes. Social engineering aims to convince a user to disclose secrets such as passwords, card numbers, etc. by, for example, impersonating a bank, a common scam involves fake CEO emails sent to accounting and finance departments. In early 2016, the FBI reported that the scam has cost US businesses more than $2bn in about two years, Computer security is critical in almost any industry which uses computers. However, computers can be protected through well built software and hardware, by having strong internal interactions of properties, software complexity can prevent software crash and security failure. In-store payment systems and ATMs have also been tampered with in order to gather customer account data, computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of telecommunications, the power grid, nuclear power plants, and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks
Computer security
–
Common consumer devices that can be used to transfer data surreptitiously.
5.
TPG Capital
–
TPG also manages investment funds specializing in growth capital, venture capital, public equity, and debt investments. The firm invests in a range of industries including consumer/retail, media and telecommunications, industrials, technology, travel/leisure. The firm was founded in 1992 by David Bonderman, James Coulter, since inception, the firm has raised more than $50 billion of investor commitments across more than 18 private equity funds. TPG is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, and San Francisco, the company has additional offices in Europe, Asia, Australia and other parts of North America. As of the end of 2008, TPG had completed fundraising for over 20 funds with investor commitments of over $50 billion. This includes TPGs T3 Partners funds, which invest in technology focused deals alongside the firms main buyout funds, the Texas Pacific Group, as it was originally known, was founded in 1992 by David Bonderman, James Coulter and William S. Price III. Prior to founding TPG, Bonderman and Coulter had worked for Robert M. Bass making leveraged buyout investments during the 1980s, at the time, TPG was virtually alone in its conviction that there was an investment opportunity with the airline. The plan included bringing in a new management team, improving aircraft utilization, by 1998, TPG had generated an annual internal rate of return of 55% on its investment. In 1997, TPG completed fundraising for its private equity fund. In June 1996, TPG acquired the AT&T Paradyne unit, a communications business. Also in 1996, TPG invested in Beringer Wine, Ducati Motorcycles, TPGs most notable 1997 investment was its takeover of J. Crew. TPG acquired an 88% stake in the retailer for approximately $500 million, the company was able to complete a turnaround beginning in 2002 and complete an initial public offering in 2006. The following year, in 1998, TPG led a group in a minority investment in Oxford Health Plans. TPG and its co-investors invested $350 million in a preferred stock that can be converted into 22. 1% of Oxford. The company completed a buyback of the TPGs PIPE convertible in 2000, as the decade came to a close, TPG was once again fundraising, for its third private equity fund. This time, however TPG was raising not only a new buyout fund, in 1999, TPG invested in Piaggio S. p. A, Bally International, and ON Semiconductor. TPG has also recognized for its dedicated operations group that has become a major part of the process from investment to sale in many of their portfolio companies. The group is led by Dick Boyce and involves itself in tricky turnaround situations, operations improvement, other major private equity firms have begun to develop operations group as well, attempting to recreate the model at TPG but most have had trouble creating as expansive a program
TPG Capital
–
TPG's San Francisco offices at
345 California Street
TPG Capital
–
Basic investment types
TPG Capital
–
3i Group
6.
Thoma Bravo
–
Thoma Bravo, formerly Thoma Cressey Bravo and Thoma Cressey Equity Partners, is an American private equity and growth capital firm based in Chicago and San Francisco. As of 2008, the firm has raised more than $1.5 billion in investor commitments, the firm principally invests in high-growth industries, including health care and software. Thoma Bravo invests through a series of limited partnerships and its investors include a variety of pension funds, endowments. The firms earliest predecessor Golder Thoma & Co. was founded in 1980 by Stanley Golder, in the 1970s, Golder built the private equity program at First Chicago Corp. Although it would often be referred to as Golder Thoma. In 1998, disagreements between the senior partners led Golder, Thoma, Cressey, Rauner, Inc. split into two private equity firms. Both firms continue to invest primarily through consolidations of specific industries, referred to as roll-ups, Thoma Cressey Equity Partners, based in Chicago, Thoma Cressey would be renamed Thoma Chressey Bravo to reflect the growing role of partner Orlando Bravo. GTCR Golder Rauner, the $8 billion private equity firm, based in Chicago, GTCR founder Stanley Golder died in 2000 and today the firm is led by Bruce Rauner along with several partners. In 2008, Bryan Cressey left Thoma Cressey Bravo with several investment professionals to form Cressey & Co. a small healthcare focused private equity firm. Thoma Cressey Bravo became Thoma Bravo after Cressey’s departure, led by managing partners Carl Thoma, Orlando Bravo, Lee Mitchell, the firm closed its 9th fund in March 2009 with $822.5 million
Thoma Bravo
–
Thoma Bravo
Thoma Bravo
–
Basic investment types
7.
Intel
–
Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California that was founded by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce. It is the worlds largest and highest valued semiconductor chip makers based on revenue, and is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, Intel supplies processors for computer system manufacturers such as Apple, Lenovo, HP, and Dell. Intel Corporation was founded on July 18,1968, by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, the companys name was conceived as portmanteau of the words integrated and electronics. The fact that intel is the term for intelligence information made the name appropriate. Intel was a developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips. Although Intel created the worlds first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, during the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. The Open Source Technology Center at Intel hosts PowerTOP and LatencyTOP, and supports other projects such as Wayland, Intel Array Building Blocks, and Threading Building Blocks. Client Computing Group – 55% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in desktop, data Center Group – 29% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in server, network, and storage platforms. Internet of Things Group – 5% of 2016 revenues – offers platforms designed for retail, transportation, industrial, buildings, non-Volatile Memory Solutions Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – manufactures NAND flash memory products primarily used in solid-state drives. Intel Security Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – produces software, particularly security, programmable Solutions Group – 3% of 2016 revenues – manufactures programmable semiconductors. In 2016, Dell accounted for 15% of Intels total revenues, Lenovo accounted for 13% of total revenues, in the 1980s, Intel was among the top ten sellers of semiconductors in the world. In 1991, Intel became the biggest chip maker by revenue and has held the position ever since, other top semiconductor companies include TSMC, Advanced Micro Devices, Samsung, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and STMicroelectronics. Competitors in PC chip sets include Advanced Micro Devices, VIA Technologies, Silicon Integrated Systems, however, the cross-licensing agreement is canceled in the event of an AMD bankruptcy or takeover. Some smaller competitors such as VIA Technologies produce low-power x86 processors for small factor computers, however, the advent of such mobile computing devices, in particular, smartphones, has in recent years led to a decline in PC sales. Since over 95% of the worlds smartphones currently use processors designed by ARM Holdings, ARM is also planning to make inroads into the PC and server market. Intel has been involved in disputes regarding violation of antitrust laws. Intel was founded in Mountain View, California in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore, a chemist, and Robert Noyce, arthur Rock helped them find investors, while Max Palevsky was on the board from an early stage. Moore and Noyce had left Fairchild Semiconductor to found Intel, Rock was not an employee, but he was an investor and was chairman of the board
Intel
–
Headquarters in
Santa Clara,
California
Intel
–
The current logo, used since December 2005.
Intel
–
Andy Grove,
Robert Noyce and
Gordon Moore (1978)
Intel
–
Federico Faggin, the designer of Intel 4004.
8.
PGP Corporation
–
PGP Corporation was a company that sold Pretty Good Privacy computer software. It was founded in 2002, and acquired by Symantec in 2010, PGP Corporation was co-founded in June 2002 by Jon Callas and Phil Dunkelberger, based in Menlo Park, California. It was funded by Rob Theis, general partner, Doll Capital Management and Terry Garnett, general partner, the company owned the Pretty Good Privacy software, which was originally developed by Phil Zimmermann. Originally written in 1991, PGP was one of the first freely and publicly available implementations of public-key cryptography and it was originally used to allow individuals to communicate securely through bulletin board systems. PGP later became standardized and supported by other applications, including email. PGP Corporation acquired the code and rights to the name from Network Associates in August 2002, the company released version 9 of the software in 2005. PGP Corporations focus shifted towards the corporate market, in 2004, the company announced plans to integrate with Symantec anti-virus technology. In 2009, Callas left to be a security consultant, in February 2010, the company acquired certificate authority TC TrustCenter and its parent company, ChosenSecurity, to form its PGP TrustCenter division. On April 29,2010, Symantec Corp. announced the acquisition of PGP Corporation for about $300 million cash, the merger was completed in June of that year
PGP Corporation
–
PGP Corporation headquarters in Menlo Park
9.
Remedy Corporation
–
Remedy Corporation was a software company that produced the Action Request System and various applications therein. Remedy is now the Service Management Business Unit of BMC Software, Remedy Corporation was founded in 1990 by Larry Garlick, who was the CEO until 2001, and Dave Mahler and Doug Mueller. The company went public in 1995 and in 1996 was named by Business Week as the Number 1 Top Hot Growth Company in America, competitor Peregrine Systems purchased the company for $1.2 billion in cash and stock in 2001. On September 22,2002, Peregrine and its wholly owned subsidiary, Peregrine Remedy, two months after accounting irregularities forced Peregrine Systems into bankruptcy, it sold the Remedy business unit to BMC Software. Remedy was then known as Remedy, a BMC Software Company until 2004, Remedy IT Service Management BMC ARSList - an independent community of ARSystem Users Remedies for Remedy - User contributed news and information gathering site about Remedy AR System
Remedy Corporation
–
Remedy Corporation
10.
BMC Software
–
BMC Software is an American technology company. BMC produces software and services that assist businesses in moving to digital operations and its software serves functions including IT service management, data center automation, performance management, virtualization lifecycle management and cloud computing management. The company identifies its strategy as digital enterprise management, and focuses on platforms including mainframe computers, mobile devices, BMC previously offered primarily on-premises services, but as of 2016 its business model increasingly incorporates Software-as-a-Service. In 2013, BMC transitioned from a public to a private company, investors included Bain Capital, Golden Gate Capital, Insight Venture Partners, GIC Private Limiteds GIC Special Investments Pte Ltd and Elliott Management Corporation. The company was founded in Houston, Texas, by former Shell Oil employees Scott Boulette, John J. Moores, Moores served as the companys first CEO. The firm primarily wrote software for IBM mainframe computers, the standard at the time. During those years, BMC wrangled with IBM about issues such as software tie-in claims, IBM and BMC were involved in litigation. In 1987, Moores was succeeded by Richard A. Hosley II as CEO, in July 1988, BMC was re-incorporated in Delaware and went public with an initial public offering for BMC stock. The first day of trading was August 12,1988, from that time until its privatization, BMC filed quarterly and annual statements with the SEC. Annual stockholder meetings are held in Houston during July or August. The stock was traded on NASDAQ under the symbol BMCS. BMC programmers received commissions for their designs since the beginning of the firm, as a cost-saving measure from the early days of the company, sales were handled via direct mail and telemarketing. In 1991, BMC placed one-quarter of pretax revenues into the budget for research, the employees at the headquarters in Sugar Land, Texas often wore Hawaiian shirts rather than business suits. In 1989, BMC announced plans to lease additional property in Sugar Land and in 1990, Max Watson, Jr. succeeded Hosley as CEO, in 1991, BMC had 640 employees with $139 million in revenues. Revenues, net earnings, and earnings per share increased approximately 50% over 1990, by 1991, it had offices in several complexes in the Houston area including Stafford and Sugar Land. Later in 1991, BMC announced it was building a new complex for $65 million. The 20 story tower opened in late 1993, in 1994, BMC made an alliance with computer maker Digital Equipment Corporation in which BMC would convert its Patrol software to run on all Digital operating system environments. In 1997, BMC bought Datatools, a privately based maker of backup and recovery products based in Sunnyvale, California, in 1998, BMC bought Boole & Babbage, an automation computer software company based in Silicon Valley
BMC Software
–
"Building Four" on the Houston campus
BMC Software
–
BMC Software, Inc.
11.
Trusted Information Systems
–
TIS was headquartered in Glenwood, Maryland, in a surprisingly rural location, the company was started in Walkers garage on Shady Lane in Glenwood, MD. As the company grew, rather than move to Baltimore or the Washington D. C. suburbs, a small office building was constructed on land next to Walkers new home on Route 97. TISs operating system work directly affected BSD/OS, which the Gauntlet Firewall and IPSec was based on, as well as Linux, FreeBSD, HP UX, Sun OS, Darwin, and others. The security research organization became NAI Labs and the Gauntlet engineering and development organization was folded into Network Associates engineering, NAI Labs went through a couple of branding changes which complemented Network Associates branding efforts. In 2001 the name was changed to Network Associates Laboratories to better match the corporate identity, then, in 2002-2003, there was a major branding initiative by Network Associates culminating in selection of the flag brand, McAfee. As a result, the security research organization became McAfee Research, in 2003, SPARTA, Inc. an employee-owned company, acquired the Network Security branch of McAfee Research. In 2005, SPARTA acquired the remaining branches of McAfee Research, in 2008, Cobham, plc, a British aerospace company, acquired SPARTA. There have been no changes to SRD or ISSO that affect the security research. The end of product line came in 2013, following McAfees acquisition of another major firewall vendor. McAfee announced in October 2013 the intention to migrate their existing installed base of firewalls to Stonesofts own Stonegate, linkedIn Alumni Group Firewall Toolkit Archive Stephen Walker Congressional Testimony
Trusted Information Systems
–
Trusted Information Systems, Inc.
12.
Free software
–
The right to study and modify software entails availability of the software source code to its users. This right is conditional on the person actually having a copy of the software. Richard Stallman used the existing term free software when he launched the GNU Project—a collaborative effort to create a freedom-respecting operating system—and the Free Software Foundation. The FSFs Free Software Definition states that users of software are free because they do not need to ask for permission to use the software. Free software thus differs from proprietary software, such as Microsoft Office, Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides or iWork from Apple, which users cannot study, change, freeware, which is a category of freedom-restricting proprietary software that does not require payment for use. For computer programs that are covered by law, software freedom is achieved with a software license. Software that is not covered by law, such as software in the public domain, is free if the source code is in the public domain. Proprietary software, including freeware, use restrictive software licences or EULAs, Users are thus prevented from changing the software, and this results in the user relying on the publisher to provide updates, help, and support. This situation is called vendor lock-in, Users often may not reverse engineer, modify, or redistribute proprietary software. Other legal and technical aspects, such as patents and digital rights management may restrict users in exercising their rights. Free software may be developed collaboratively by volunteer computer programmers or by corporations, as part of a commercial, from the 1950s up until the early 1970s, it was normal for computer users to have the software freedoms associated with free software, which was typically public domain software. Software was commonly shared by individuals who used computers and by manufacturers who welcomed the fact that people were making software that made their hardware useful. Organizations of users and suppliers, for example, SHARE, were formed to exchange of software. As software was written in an interpreted language such as BASIC. Software was also shared and distributed as printed source code in computer magazines and books, in United States vs. IBM, filed January 17,1969, the government charged that bundled software was anti-competitive. While some software might always be free, there would henceforth be an amount of software produced primarily for sale. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the industry began using technical measures to prevent computer users from being able to study or adapt the software as they saw fit. In 1980, copyright law was extended to computer programs, Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the Free Software Foundation was founded in October 1985
Free software
–
Richard Stallman, founder of the
Free Software Movement (2009)
Free software
–
Trisquel, an operating system composed entirely of free software
Free software
–
Creating a 3D car racing game using the free/open-source
Blender Game Engine
Free software
–
Of the
world's five hundred fastest
supercomputers, 480 (96%) use the Linux kernel. The world's second fastest computer is the
Oak Ridge National Laboratory 's
Titan supercomputer (illustrated), which uses the
Cray Linux Environment.
13.
Secure Computing Corporation
–
Secure Computing Corporation, or SCC, was a public company that developed and sold computer security appliances and hosted services to protect users and data. McAfee acquired the company in 2008, the company also developed filtering systems used by governments such as Iran and Saudi Arabia that blocks their citizens from accessing information on the Internet. In 1984, a group called the Secure Computing Technology Center was formed at Honeywell in Minneapolis. The centerpiece of SCTC was its work on security-evaluated operating systems for the NSA and this work included the Secure Ada Target and the Logical Coprocessing Kernel, both designed to meet the stringent A1 level of the Trusted Computer Systems Evaluation Criteria. Secure Computing became a traded company in 1995. Following the pattern of other Internet-related startups, the stock price tripled its first day, it opened at $16 a share, the price peaked around $64 in the next several weeks and then collapsed over the following year or so. It ranged between roughly $3 and $20 afterward until the company was purchased by McAfee, the company headquarters were moved to San Jose, California, in 1998, though the bulk of the workforce remained in the Twin Cities. The Roseville employees completed a move to St. Paul, Minnesota, several other sites now exist, largely the result of mergers. Secure Computing consisted of several merged units, one of the oldest being Enigma Logic, bob Bosen, the founder, claims to have created the first security token to provide challenge-response authentication. Bosen published a game for the TRS-80 home computer in 1979, called 80 Space Raiders. People who used the mechanism encouraged him to repackage it for remote authentication, Bosen started Enigma Logic to do so, and filed for patents in 1982–83, a patent was issued in the United Kingdom in 1986. Ultimately, the portion of the challenge response was eliminated to produce a one-time password token similar to the SecurID product. Enigma Logic merged with Secure Computing Corporation in 1996, Secure Computing acquired the SmartFilter product line by purchasing Webster Network Strategies, the producer of the WebTrack product, in 1996. The acquisition included the domain name webster. com, which was sold to the publishers of Websters Dictionary. Shortly after acquiring the Webster/SmartFilter product, Secure Computing merged with Border Network Technologies, Border Network Technologies boasted an excellent product and a highly developed set of sales channels, some said that the sales channels were a major inducement for the merger. Although the plan was to merge the Borderware product with Sidewinder. In 1998, the Borderware business unit was sold to a new company, by this time, the mergers had yielded a highly distributed company with offices in Minnesota, Florida, California, and two or three in Ontario. This proved unwieldy, and the scaled back to offices in Minnesota
Secure Computing Corporation
–
Secure Computing Corporation
14.
Open Source
–
The open-source model is a decentralized development model that encourages open collaboration. A main principle of open-source software development is peer production, with such as source code, blueprints. The open-source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code, the model is used for projects such as in open-source appropriate technologies, and open-source drug discovery. Open source promotes universal access via an open-source or free license to a design or blueprint. Before the phrase open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of other terms, Open source gained hold with the rise of the Internet. The open-source software movement arose to clarify copyright, licensing, domain, generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the source code is available to the general public for use and/or modification from its original design. Open-source code is meant to be an effort, where programmers improve upon the source code. Code is released under the terms of a software license, depending on the license terms, others may then download, modify, and publish their version back to the community. The sharing of technical information predates the Internet and the personal computer considerably, for instance, in the early years of automobile development a group of capital monopolists owned the rights to a 2-cycle gasoline engine patent originally filed by George B. By controlling this patent, they were able to monopolize the industry and force car manufacturers to adhere to their demands, in 1911, independent automaker Henry Ford won a challenge to the Selden patent. The result was that the Selden patent became virtually worthless and a new association was formed, by the time the US entered World War II,92 Ford patents and 515 patents from other companies were being shared among these manufacturers, without any exchange of money. Beginning in the 1960s, ARPANET researchers used an open Request for Comments process to encourage feedback in early telecommunication network protocols and this led to the birth of the early Internet in 1969. The sharing of code on the Internet began when the Internet was relatively primitive, with software distributed via UUCP, Usenet, IRC. BSD, for example, was first widely distributed by posts to comp. os. linux on the Usenet, in addition, the ambiguity of the term free software was seen as discouraging business adoption. The group included Christine Peterson, Todd Anderson, Larry Augustin, Jon Hall, Sam Ockman, Michael Tiemann, Peterson suggested open source at a meeting held at Palo Alto, California, in reaction to Netscapes announcement in January 1998 of a source code release for Navigator. Linus Torvalds gave his support the day, and Phil Hughes backed the term in Linux Journal. Richard Stallman, the founder of the free movement, initially seemed to adopt the term. Netscape released its code under the Netscape Public License and later under the Mozilla Public License
Open Source
–
Google Android operating system
Open Source
–
Barack Obama and
Dakota Meyer drinking
White House Honey Ale in 2011. The recipe is available for free.
Open Source
–
VIA OpenBook, is an open-source hardware laptop reference design.
15.
Linux
–
Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17,1991 by Linus Torvalds, the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to some controversy. Linux was originally developed for computers based on the Intel x86 architecture. Because of the dominance of Android on smartphones, Linux has the largest installed base of all operating systems. Linux is also the operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers. It is used by around 2. 3% of desktop computers, the Chromebook, which runs on Chrome OS, dominates the US K–12 education market and represents nearly 20% of the sub-$300 notebook sales in the US. Linux also runs on embedded systems – devices whose operating system is built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes TiVo and similar DVR devices, network routers, facility automation controls, televisions, many smartphones and tablet computers run Android and other Linux derivatives. The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free, the underlying source code may be used, modified and distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License. Typically, Linux is packaged in a known as a Linux distribution for both desktop and server use. Distributions intended to run on servers may omit all graphical environments from the standard install, because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use. The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&Ts Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, first released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1973, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie, the availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier. Due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, as a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of Bell Labs, freed of the legal obligation requiring free licensing, the GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, has the goal of creating a complete Unix-compatible software system composed entirely of free software. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation, by the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has stated that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time, although not released until 1992 due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux. Torvalds has also stated that if 386BSD had been available at the time, although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April 2000
Linux
–
Linus Torvalds, principal author of the
Linux kernel
Linux
–
Ubuntu, a popular Linux distribution
Linux
–
5.25-inch
floppy discs holding a very early version of Linux
Linux
–
Nexus 5 running
Android
16.
FreeBSD
–
FreeBSD is a free and open source Unix-like operating system descended from Research Unix via the Berkeley Software Distribution. Although for legal reasons FreeBSD cannot use the Unix trademark, it is a descendant of BSD. FreeBSD has similarities with Linux, with two differences in scope and licensing, FreeBSD maintains a complete operating system, i. e. The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution, a wide range of additional third-party applications may be installed using the pkgng package management system or the FreeBSD Ports, or by directly compiling source code. FreeBSDs roots go back to the University of California, Berkeley, the university acquired a UNIX source license from AT&T. The BSD project was founded in 1976 by Bill Joy, but since BSD contained code from AT&T Unix, all recipients had to get a license from AT&T first in order to use BSD. In June 1989, Networking Release 1 or simply Net-1 – the first public version of BSD – was released, after releasing Net-1, Keith Bostic, a developer of BSD, suggested replacing all AT&T code with freely-redistributable code under the original BSD license. Work on replacing AT&T code began and, after 18 months, however, six files containing AT&T code remained in the kernel. The BSD developers decided to release the Networking Release 2 without those six files and they released 386BSD via an anonymous FTP server. The first version of FreeBSD was released on November 1993, in the early days of the projects inception, a company named Walnut Creek CDROM, upon the suggestion of the two FreeBSD developers, agreed to release the operating system on CD-ROM. By 1997, FreeBSD was Walnut Creeks most successful product, the company itself later renamed to The FreeBSD Mall and later iXSystems. Today, FreeBSD is used by many IT companies such as IBM, Nokia, Juniper Networks, certain parts of Apples Mac OS X operating system are based on FreeBSD. The PlayStation 3 operating system also borrows certain components from FreeBSD, netflix, WhatsApp, and FlightAware are also examples of big, successful and heavily network-oriented companies which are running FreeBSD. 386BSD and FreeBSD were both derived from 1992s BSD release, in January 1992, BSDi started to release BSD/386, later called BSD/OS, an operating system similar to FreeBSD and based on 1992s BSD release. AT&T filed a lawsuit against BSDi and alleged distribution of AT&T source code in violation of license agreements, the lawsuit was settled out of court and the exact terms were not all disclosed. The only one that became public was that BSDi would migrate their source base to the newer 4. 4BSD-Lite sources, Although not involved in the litigation, it was suggested to FreeBSD that they should also move to 4. 4BSD-Lite. FreeBSD2.0, which was released on November 1994, was the first version of FreeBSD without any code from AT&T, Desktop Although FreeBSD does not install the X Window System by default, it is available in the FreeBSD ports collection. A number of Desktop environments such as GNOME, KDE and Xfce, embedded systems Although it explicitly focuses on the IA-32 and x86-64 platforms, FreeBSD also supports others such as ARM, PowerPC and MIPS to a lesser degree
FreeBSD
–
FreeBSD's mascot is the generic
BSD Daemon, also known as Beastie
FreeBSD
–
FreeBSD 10
bootloader with
ASCII art logo
17.
Darwin (operating system)
–
Darwin is an open-source Unix operating system released by Apple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of code developed by Apple, as well as derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, Mach. Darwin forms the set of components upon which macOS, iOS, watchOS. It is mostly POSIX-compatible, but has never, by itself, starting with Leopard, macOS has been certified as compatible with the Single UNIX Specification version 3. The heritage of Darwin began with NeXTs NeXTSTEP operating system, first released in 1989, after Apple bought NeXT in 1997, it announced it would base its next operating system on OPENSTEP. This was developed into Rhapsody in 1997, Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999, Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000, and Mac OS X10.0 in 2001. Up to Darwin 8.0.1, Apple released a binary installer after each major Mac OS X release that one to install Darwin on PowerPC. Minor updates were released as packages that were installed separately, Darwin is now only available as source code, except for the ARM variant, which has not been released in any form separately from iOS. However, the versions of Darwin are still available in binary form. The kernel of Darwin is XNU, a kernel that combines a heavily modified version of the Mach 3.0 kernel, various elements of BSD. The hybrid kernel design leverages the flexibility of a microkernel and the performance of a monolithic kernel. An open-source port of the XNU kernel exists that supports Darwin on Intel and AMD x86 platforms not officially supported by Apple, an open-source port of the XNU kernel also exists for ARM platforms. Older versions supported some or all of 32-bit PowerPC, 64-bit PowerPC and it supports the POSIX API by way of its BSD lineage and a large number of programs written for various other UNIX-like systems can be compiled on Darwin with no changes to the source code. Darwin does not include many of the elements of macOS, such as the Carbon and Cocoa APIs or the Quartz Compositor and Aqua user interface. The following is a table of major Darwin releases with their dates of release, note that the corresponding macOS release may have been released on a different date, refer to the macOS pages for those dates. In the build numbering system of macOS, every version has a unique beginning build number, Mac OS X v10.0 had build numbers starting with 4,10.1 had build numbers starting with 5, and so forth. The command uname -r in Terminal will show the Darwin version number, and the command uname -v will show the XNU build version string, due to the free software nature of Darwin, there are many projects that aim to modify or enhance the operating system. OpenDarwin was an operating system based on the Darwin system
Darwin (operating system)
–
Darwin
18.
Simple Network Management Protocol
–
Devices that typically support SNMP include cable modems, routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, and more. SNMP is widely used in management for network monitoring. SNMP exposes management data in the form of variables on the managed systems organized in a management information base which describe the system status and these variables can then be remotely queried by managing applications. Three significant versions of SNMP have been developed and deployed, SNMPv1 is the original version of the protocol. More recent versions, SNMPv2c and SNMPv3, feature improvements in performance, SNMP is a component of the Internet Protocol Suite as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force. It consists of a set of standards for network management, including an application protocol, a database schema. In typical uses of SNMP one or more computers, called managers, have the task of monitoring or managing a group of hosts or devices on a computer network. Each managed system executes, at all times, a component called an agent which reports information via SNMP to the manager. Managed devices exchange node-specific information with the NMSs, an agent is a network-management software module that resides on a managed device. An agent has local knowledge of management information and translates that information to or from an SNMP-specific form, a network management station executes applications that monitor and control managed devices. NMSs provide the bulk of the processing and memory resources required for network management, one or more NMSs may exist on any managed network. SNMP agents expose management data on the systems as variables. The protocol also permits active management tasks, such as modifying and applying a new configuration through remote modification of these variables, the variables accessible via SNMP are organized in hierarchies. SNMP itself does not define which information a managed system should offer, rather, SNMP uses an extensible design which allows applications to define their own hierarchies and metadata. These hierarchies, and other metadata, are described by management information bases, MIBs describe the structure of the management data of a device subsystem, they use a hierarchical namespace containing object identifiers. Each OID identifies a variable that can be read or set via SNMP, MIBs use the notation defined by Structure of Management Information Version 2.0, a subset of ASN.1. SNMP operates in the Application Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite, the SNMP agent receives requests on UDP port 161. The manager may send requests from any available port to port 161 in the agent
Simple Network Management Protocol
–
Principle of SNMP Communication
19.
Calgary
–
Calgary is a city in the Canadian province of Alberta. It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, the city anchors the south end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The city had a population of 1,239,220 in 2016, making it Albertas largest city, also in 2016, Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609, making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada. The Calgary CMA is home to the second-highest number of head offices in Canada among the countrys 800 largest corporations. In 1988, Calgary became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games, Calgary was named after Calgary on the Isle of Mull, Scotland. In turn, the name originates from a compound of kald and gart, similar Old Norse words, meaning cold and garden, alternatively, the name might be Gaelic Cala ghearraidh, meaning beach of the meadow, or Gaelic for either clear running water or bay farm. The Calgary area was inhabited by people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years. Before the arrival of Europeans, the area was inhabited by the Blackfoot, Blood, Peigan, in 1787, cartographer David Thompson spent the winter with a band of Peigan encamped along the Bow River. He was a Hudsons Bay Company trader and the first recorded European to visit the area, John Glenn was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873. The site became a post of the North-West Mounted Police, the NWMP detachment was assigned in 1875 to protect the western plains from US whisky traders, and to protect the fur trade. Originally named Fort Brisebois, after NWMP officer Éphrem-A, Brisebois, it was renamed Fort Calgary in 1876 by Colonel James Macleod. When the Canadian Pacific Railway reached the area in 1883, over a century later, the Canadian Pacific Railway headquarters moved to Calgary from Montreal in 1996. Calgary was officially incorporated as a town in 1884, and elected its first mayor, in 1894, it was incorporated as The City of Calgary in what was then the North-West Territories. The Calgary Police Service was established in 1885 and assumed municipal, local duties from the NWMP, the Calgary Fire of 1886 occurred on November 7,1886. Fourteen buildings were destroyed with losses estimated at $103,200, although no one was killed or injured, city officials drafted a law requiring all large downtown buildings to be built with Paskapoo sandstone, to prevent this from happening again. After the arrival of the railway, the Dominion Government started leasing grazing land at minimal cost, as a result of this policy, large ranching operations were established in the outlying country near Calgary. Already a transportation and distribution hub, Calgary quickly became the centre of Canadas cattle marketing and meatpacking industries. By the late 19th century, the Hudsons Bay Company expanded into the interior and established posts along rivers that later developed into the cities of Winnipeg, Calgary
Calgary
–
From top left:
Scotiabank Saddledome and
Downtown Calgary,
SAIT Polytechnic,
Calgary Stampede,
Canada Olympic Park,
Lougheed House,
Stephen Avenue,
Calgary Zoo
Calgary
–
Calgary as it appeared circa 1885
Calgary
–
Downtown Calgary in 2010.
Calgary
–
Ice fog is common over ice-free currents of the
Bow River when temperatures drop to −17 °C (1 °F).
Hoar frost forms on vegetation. January 9, 2015 −20 °C (−4 °F), 10:00 am
20.
Alberta
–
Alberta is a western province of Canada. With an estimated population of 4,196,457 as of July 1,2015, it is Canadas fourth-most populous province and its area is about 660,000 square kilometres. Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1,1905, the premier has been Rachel Notley since May 2015. Alberta is bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the U. S. state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to only a single U. S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces. About 290 km south of the capital is Calgary, the largest city in Alberta, Calgary and Edmonton centre Albertas two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding one million, while the province has 16 census agglomerations. Tourist destinations in the province include Banff, Canmore, Drumheller, Jasper, Alberta is named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, the fourth daughter of Victoria, Queen of Canada, and Albert, Prince Consort. Princess Louise was the wife of John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, Lake Louise and Mount Alberta were also named in her honour. Alberta, with an area of 661,848 km2, is the fourth largest province after Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. To the south, the borders on the 49th parallel north, separating it from the US state of Montana. The province extends 1,223 km north to south and 660 km east to west at its maximum width, with the exception of the semi-arid steppe of the south-eastern section, the province has adequate water resources. There are numerous rivers and lakes used for swimming, fishing, there are three large lakes, Lake Claire in Wood Buffalo National Park, Lesser Slave Lake, and Lake Athabasca which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the Athabasca River which travels 1,538 km from the Columbia Icefield in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca, the largest river is the Peace River with an average flow of 2161 m3/s. The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the Slave River, Albertas capital city, Edmonton, is located approximately in the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly city in Canada, and serves as a gateway. The region, with its proximity to Canadas largest oil fields, has most of western Canadas oil refinery capacity, Calgary is located approximately 280 km south of Edmonton and 240 km north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the population lives in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The land grant policy to the served as a means to populate the province in its early years
Alberta
–
Welcome to Alberta sign traveling from east to west
Alberta
–
Flag
Alberta
–
Topographic map of Alberta
Alberta
–
Moraine Lake in
Banff National Park
21.
Antivirus
–
Antivirus or anti-virus software, sometimes known as anti-malware software, is computer software used to prevent, detect and remove malicious software. Antivirus software was developed to detect and remove computer viruses. However, with the proliferation of other kinds of malware, antivirus software started to provide protection from other computer threats and this computer virus infected Digital Equipment Corporations PDP-10 mainframe computers running the TENEX operating system. The Creeper virus was deleted by a program created by Ray Tomlinson. The Creeper virus was followed by several other viruses, the first known that appeared in the wild was Elk Cloner, in 1981, which infected Apple II computers. In 1983, the computer virus was coined by Fred Cohen in one of the first ever published academic papers on computer viruses. Cohen used the computer virus to describe a program that. The first IBM PC compatible in the computer virus. From then, the number of viruses has grown exponentially, most of the computer viruses written in the early and mid-1980s were limited to self-reproduction and had no specific damage routine built into the code. That changed when more and more programmers became acquainted with computer virus programming, before internet connectivity was widespread, computer viruses were typically spread by infected floppy disks. Antivirus software came into use, but was updated relatively infrequently, during this time, virus checkers essentially had to check executable files and the boot sectors of floppy disks and hard disks. However, as internet usage became common, viruses began to spread online, there are competing claims for the innovator of the first antivirus product. Possibly, the first publicly documented removal of an in the computer virus was performed by Bernd Fix in 1987. In 1987, Andreas Lüning and Kai Figge founded G Data Software, dubiously, they later also produced Virus Construction Kits. In 1987, the Ultimate Virus Killer was also released and this was the de facto industry standard virus killer for the Atari ST and Atari Falcon, the last version of which was released in April 2004. In 1987, in the United States, John McAfee founded the McAfee company and, at the end of that year, in the meanwhile, in Czechoslovakia, Peter Paško, Rudolf Hrubý and Miroslav Trnka created the first version of NOD antivirus. In 1987, Fred Cohen wrote that there is no algorithm that can detect all possible computer viruses. Finally, in the end of 1987, the first two heuristic antivirus utilities were released, Flushot Plus by Ross Greenberg and Anti4us by Erwin Lanting
Antivirus
–
ClamTk, an open source antivirus based on the
ClamAV antivirus engine, originally developed by Tomasz Kojm in 2001.
22.
Firewall (computer)
–
In computing, a firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted, secure network and another outside network, such as the Internet. Firewalls are often categorized as either network firewalls or host-based firewalls, Network firewalls filter traffic between two or more networks, they are either software appliances running on general purpose hardware, or hardware-based firewall computer appliances. Host-based firewalls provide a layer of software on one host that controls network traffic in, Firewall appliances may also offer other functionality to the internal network they protect, such as acting as a DHCP or VPN server for that network. The term firewall originally referred to a wall intended to confine a fire or potential fire within a building, later uses refer to similar structures, such as the metal sheet separating the engine compartment of a vehicle or aircraft from the passenger compartment. Firewall technology emerged in the late 1980s when the Internet was a new technology in terms of its global use. It has hit Berkeley, UC San Diego, Lawrence Livermore, Stanford, the Morris Worm spread itself through multiple vulnerabilities in the machines of the time. Although it was not malicious in intent, the Morris Worm was the first large attack on Internet security. The first type of firewall was the packet filter which looks at network addresses and ports of the packet, the first paper published on firewall technology was in 1988, when engineers from Digital Equipment Corporation developed filter systems known as packet filter firewalls. This fairly basic system was the first generation of what is now a highly involved, packet filters act by inspecting the packets which are transferred between computers on the Internet. If a packet does not match the packet filters set of filtering rules, conversely, if the packet matches one or more of the programmed filters, the packet is allowed to pass. This type of packet filtering pays no attention to whether a packet is part of a stream of traffic. Instead, it filters each packet based only on information contained in the packet itself, when the packet passes through the firewall, it filters the packet on a protocol/port number basis. For example, if a rule in the firewall exists to block telnet access, from 1989–1990 three colleagues from AT&T Bell Laboratories, Dave Presotto, Janardan Sharma, and Kshitij Nigam, developed the second generation of firewalls, calling them circuit-level gateways. Second-generation firewalls perform the work of their predecessors but operate up to layer 4 of the OSI model. This is achieved by retaining packets until enough information is available to make a judgement about its state, though static rules are still used, these rules can now contain connection state as one of their test criteria. Certain denial-of-service attacks bombard the firewall with thousands of fake connection packets in an attempt to overwhelm it by filling its connection state memory, Marcus Ranum, Wei Xu, and Peter Churchyard developed an application firewall known as Firewall Toolkit. In June 1994, Wei Xu extended the FWTK with the enhancement of IP filter
Firewall (computer)
–
Gufw firewall. The firewall shows its settings for incoming and outgoing traffic.
23.
Public key infrastructure
–
A public key infrastructure is a set of roles, policies, and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption. The purpose of a PKI is to facilitate the secure transfer of information for a range of network activities such as e-commerce, internet banking. In cryptography, a PKI is an arrangement that binds public keys with identities of entities. The binding is established through a process of registration and issuance of certificates at, depending on the assurance level of the binding, this may be carried out by an automated process or under human supervision. The PKI role that assures valid and correct registration is called a registration authority, an RA is responsible for accepting requests for digital certificates and authenticating the entity making the request. In a Microsoft PKI, an authority is usually called a subordinate CA. An entity must be uniquely identifiable within each CA domain on the basis of information about that entity, a third-party validation authority can provide this entity information on behalf of the CA. Public key cryptography is a technique that enables entities to securely communicate on an insecure public network. A public key infrastructure is a system for the creation, storage, the PKI creates digital certificates which map public keys to entities, securely stores these certificates in a central repository and revokes them if needed. e. A secure location in which to store and index keys A certificate management system managing things like the access to stored certificates or the delivery of the certificates to be issued. A certificate policy Broadly speaking, there have traditionally been three approaches to getting this trust, certificate authorities, web of trust, and simple public key infrastructure, the primary role of the CA is to digitally sign and publish the public key bound to a given user. This is done using the CAs own private key, so that trust in the user key relies on ones trust in the validity of the CAs key. When the CA is a third party separate from the user and the system, then it is called the Registration Authority, the key-to-user binding is established, depending on the level of assurance the binding has, by software or under human supervision. The term trusted third party may also be used for certificate authority, moreover, PKI is itself often used as a synonym for a CA implementation. In this model of trust relationships, a CA is a third party - trusted both by the subject of the certificate and by the party relying upon the certificate. The top spot has been held by Symantec ever since survey began and this approach involves a server that acts as an offline certificate authority within a single sign-on system. A single sign-on server will issue digital certificates into the client system, users can execute programs, etc. with the temporary certificate. It is common to find this solution variety with X. 509-based certificates, the singular term web of trust does not imply the existence of a single web of trust, or common point of trust, but rather one of any number of potentially disjoint webs of trust
Public key infrastructure
–
Diagram of a public key infrastructure
24.
BeyondTrust
–
Symark was founded in 1985 as a VAX/VMS utility software company in Los Angeles San Fernando Valley. Its name is derived from the initials of its founders, Bob Sommers, Symark was also a client-server computing vendor, before later acquiring a license for the UNIX security product UPM and rebranding their version PowerBroker. Symark relocated to Westlake Village, California, then again to Agoura Hills, the company was focused on identity, access, and password management for privileged users on UNIX systems. From 2003—2008 the company expanded in Spain, Portugal, Japan, during the same time period they also grew almost 300 percent and were one of the fastest growing private companies in the L. A. area. In 2005, AutoProf grew 90% in revenue over the previous year, four million desktops were under management of DesktopStandards software across 3,500 customers. Between 2003—2005, DesktopStandard added six products to their portfolio for RBAC, password management,2009, Symark acquired the Windows-based business of BeyondTrust in 2009 for approximately $20 million and they adopted BeyondTrust as the new company name. 2011, BeyondTrust acquired software from Likewise Software, may 2012, BeyondTrust Acquired Vulnerability Management Pioneer eEye Digital Security. December 2012, BeyondTrust Acquired Blackbird Group
BeyondTrust
–
BeyondTrust
25.
Consumer Electronics Show
–
The Consumer Electronics Show is an annual trade show organized by the Consumer Technology Association. Held in January at the Las Vegas Convention Center in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, the first CES was held in June 1967 in New York City. It was a spinoff from the Chicago Music Show, which then had served as the main event for exhibiting consumer electronics. The event had 17,500 attendees and over 100 exhibitors, from 1978 to 1994, CES was held twice each year, once in January in Las Vegas known as Winter Consumer Electronics Show and once in June in Chicago, known as Summer Consumer Electronics Show. The winter show was held in Las Vegas in 1995 as planned. However, the inaugural E3 gaming show was scheduled to be held on the West Coast in May and proved a source of increasing competition, causing the Philadelphia Summer CES show to be cancelled. The 1996 Winter show was held in Las Vegas in January, followed by a Summer show this time in Orlando, Florida. Again, the 1997 Winter show in Las Vegas was very successful, the next Summer show was scheduled to be held in conjunction with Spring COMDEX in Atlanta, however when only two dozen-or-so exhibitors signed on, the CES portion of the show was cancelled. In 1998, the changed to a once-a-year format with Las Vegas as the location. In Las Vegas, the show is one of the largest, taking up to 18 days to set up, run, organizers held the first CES in New York City from June 24 to 28,1967. The 200 exhibitors attracted 17,500 attendees to the Hilton, on view, the latest pocket radios and TVs sporting integrated circuits. In a one-time experiment, the Summer CES1993 was open to the general public, major announcements during this edition were, Capcom unveils Mega Man X First Time in North American. The Blu-ray Group held at the January 2004 CES the first US press conference to promote the Blu-ray Disc format, the 2005 CES was from January 6–9,2005, in Las Vegas, Nevada at the Las Vegas Convention Center. Samsung showed off a 102-inch plasma television, zimiti Ltd won the Best of Innovators award for Personal Electronics. It is the only British company to have won this award, the 2006 exhibition took place on January 5–8,2006 at the Las Vegas Convention Center, the Sands Convention Center, the Alexis Park Hotel and the Las Vegas Hilton Hotel. HDTV was a theme in the Bill Gates keynote as well as many of the other manufacturers speeches. The standards competition between HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc was conspicuous, with some of the first HD movie releases, philips showed a rollable display prototype whose screen can retain an image for several months without electricity. Hillcrest Labs won the Best Of Innovations award in the video category for software and hardware that allows a television to be controlled with natural gestures
Consumer Electronics Show
–
Attendees walking by the
LG Electronics display at CES 2010
Consumer Electronics Show
26.
Personal computer
–
A personal computer is a multi-purpose electronic computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. PCs are intended to be operated directly by a end-user, rather than by an expert or technician. In the 2010s, PCs are typically connected to the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web, personal computers may be connected to a local area network, either by a cable or a wireless connection. In the 2010s, a PC may be, a multi-component desktop computer, designed for use in a location a laptop computer, designed for easy portability or a tablet computer. In the 2010s, PCs run using a system, such as Microsoft Windows, Linux. The very earliest microcomputers, equipped with a front panel, required hand-loading of a program to load programs from external storage. Before long, automatic booting from permanent read-only memory became universal, in the 2010s, users have access to a wide range of commercial software, free software and free and open-source software, which are provided in ready-to-run or ready-to-compile form. Since the early 1990s, Microsoft operating systems and Intel hardware have dominated much of the computer market, first with MS-DOS. Alternatives to Microsofts Windows operating systems occupy a minority share of the industry and these include Apples OS X and free open-source Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and Berkeley Software Distribution. Advanced Micro Devices provides the alternative to Intels processors. PC is an initialism for personal computer, some PCs, including the OLPC XOs, are equipped with x86 or x64 processors but not designed to run Microsoft Windows. PC is used in contrast with Mac, an Apple Macintosh computer and this sense of the word is used in the Get a Mac advertisement campaign that ran between 2006 and 2009, as well as its rival, Im a PC campaign, that appeared in 2008. Since Apples transition to Intel processors starting 2005, all Macintosh computers are now PCs, the “brain” may one day come down to our level and help with our income-tax and book-keeping calculations. But this is speculation and there is no sign of it so far, in the history of computing there were many examples of computers designed to be used by one person, as opposed to terminals connected to mainframe computers. Using the narrow definition of operated by one person, the first personal computer was the ENIAC which became operational in 1946 and it did not meet further definitions of affordable or easy to use. An example of an early single-user computer was the LGP-30, created in 1956 by Stan Frankel and used for science and it came with a retail price of $47, 000—equivalent to about $414,000 today. Introduced at the 1965 New York Worlds Fair, the Programma 101 was a programmable calculator described in advertisements as a desktop computer. It was manufactured by the Italian company Olivetti and invented by the Italian engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto, the Soviet MIR series of computers was developed from 1965 to 1969 in a group headed by Victor Glushkov
Personal computer
–
Commodore PET in 1983 (at
American Museum of Science and Energy)
Personal computer
Personal computer
–
IBM Personal Computer XT in 1988
Personal computer
–
The 8-bit
PMD 85 personal computer produced in 1985-1990 by the
Tesla company in the former socialist
Czechoslovakia. This computer was produced locally (in
Piešťany) due to a lack of foreign currency with which to buy systems from the West.
27.
Computer server
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In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called clients. This architecture is called the model, and a single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices. Servers can provide various functionalities, often called services, such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients, a single server can serve multiple clients, and a single client can use multiple servers. A client process may run on the device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device. Typical servers are database servers, file servers, mail servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, designating a computer as server-class hardware implies that it is specialized for running servers on it. The use of the server in computing comes from queueing theory, where it dates to the mid 20th century, being notably used in Kendall. In earlier papers, such as the Erlang, more terms such as operators are used. In computing, server dates at least to RFC5, one of the earliest documents describing ARPANET, the use of serving also dates to early documents, such as RFC4, contrasting serving-host with using-host. The Jargon File defines server in the sense of a process performing service for requests, usually remote, with the 1981 version reading. A kind of DAEMON which performs a service for the requester, strictly speaking, the term server refers to a computer program or process. Through metonymy, it refers to a used to running one or several server programs. On a network, such a device is called a host, in addition to server, the words serve and service are frequently used, though servicer and servant are not. The word service may refer to either the form of functionality. Alternatively, it may refer to a program that turns a computer into a server. Originally used as servers serve users, in the sense of obey, today one says that servers serve data. For instance, web servers serve web pages to users or service their requests, the server is part of the client–server model, in this model, a server serves data for clients. The nature of communication between a client and server is request and response and this is in contrast with peer-to-peer model in which the relationship is on-demand reciprocation. In principle, any computerized process that can be used or called by another process is a server, thus any general purpose computer connected to a network can host servers
Computer server
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Wikimedia Foundation servers
Computer server
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A rack-mountable server. Top cover removed to reveal the internal components.
Computer server
