1.
Gothic Revival architecture
–
Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, scalloping, lancet windows, hood mouldings, the Gothic Revival movement emerged in 19th-century England. Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism, ultimately, the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century. The Gothic Revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism, which had its roots in antiquarian concerns with survivals, as industrialisation progressed, a reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Proponents of the such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin took a critical view of industrial society. To Pugin, Gothic architecture was infused with the Christian values that had been supplanted by classicism and were being destroyed by industrialisation, poems such as Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson recast specifically modern themes in medieval settings of Arthurian romance. In German literature, the Gothic Revival also had a grounding in literary fashions, guarino Guarini, a 17th-century Theatine monk active primarily in Turin, recognized the Gothic order as one of the primary systems of architecture and made use of it in his practice. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746, with design input from William Adam, displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. The eccentric landscape designer Batty Langley even attempted to improve Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions, a younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for J. Brittens series of Cathedral Antiquities, which began appearing in 1814. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an Attempt. to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, the categories he used were Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It went through numerous editions and was still being republished by 1881. The largest and most famous Gothic cathedrals in the U. S. A. are St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City and Washington National Cathedral on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington, D. C. One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate in Ontario, Gothic Revival architecture was to remain one of the most popular and long-lived of the Gothic Revival styles of architecture. The revived Gothic style was not limited to architecture, classical Gothic buildings of the 12th to 16th Centuries were a source of inspiration to 19th-century designers in numerous fields of work. Architectural elements such as pointed arches, steep-sloping roofs and fancy carvings like lace ant lattice work were applied to a range of Gothic Revival objects. Sir Walter Scotts Abbotsford exemplifies in its furnishings the Regency Gothic style, parties in medieval historical dress and entertainment were popular among the wealthy in the 1800s but has spread in the late 20th century to the well-educated middle class as well. By the mid-19th century, Gothic traceries and niches could be inexpensively re-created in wallpaper, the illustrated catalogue for the Great Exhibition of 1851 is replete with Gothic detail, from lacemaking and carpet designs to heavy machinery
2.
Art Deco
–
Art Deco, sometimes simply referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It took its name, short for Arts Decorators, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 and it combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles, sometimes contradictory, united by a desire to be modern. It featured rare and expensive materials such as ebony and ivory, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York were the most visible monuments of the new style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic, a more sleek form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco became one of the first truly international architectural styles, with examples found in European cities, the style came to an end with the beginning of World War II. Deco was replaced as the dominant global style by the functional and unadorned styles of modernism. The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858, in 1868, Le Figaro newspaper used the term art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de lOpéra. In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewelry and glass designers and it took its present name of ENSAD in 1927. The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times, describing the different styles at the exhibit. Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major book on the style. Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times, in 1971, Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of Art Deco. The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, the term arts décoratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Société des artistes décorateurs, or SAD, was founded in 1901, a similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the arts, the Esposizione international dArte decorative moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et décoration, Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français, and later in the Salon dautomne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts, in 1911 the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912
3.
San Francisco
–
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
4.
California
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
5.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Timothy L. Pflueger
–
Timothy Ludwig Pflueger was a prominent architect, interior designer and architectural lighting designer in the San Francisco Bay Area in the first half of the 20th century. Rather than breaking new ground with his designs, Pflueger captured the spirit of the times and refined it and his work influenced later architects such as Pietro Belluschi. Francis Hotel and the Cirque Room at The Fairmont, three of the most successful San Francisco bars in their day, Pfluegers social and business connections spanned the city, including three private mens clubs which he joined, the Bohemian Club, the Olympic Club and The Family. He designed buildings and interior architecture for the latter two, Pflueger was a board member of the San Francisco Art Association starting in 1930, and served variously as chair and director. While on the board, Pflueger helped the organization found the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Pflueger was born the second of seven sons in the Potrero Hill area of San Francisco to German immigrants August Pflueger and Ottilie Quandt who had met in Los Angeles and married. At age 11, Pflueger took his first job working for a picture-framing firm near his home, after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Pflueger continued his grade-school education, graduating at age 13 in a mass ceremony held in Golden Gate Park for all the citys devastated public schools. By 1907, Pflueger was working as a draftsman and soon joined the architectural firm Miller and Colmesnil, under the guidance of James Rupert Miller, young Pflueger sketched ornamental details based on ideas from his bosses, and attended Mission High Evening School to further his education. Pflueger became thoroughly involved with SFACs collegial activities and was director in 1914. Pflueger was given the opportunity to serve as architect on a rural church project funded by The Family. After working with members of The Family on the project. The rural church was declared California Historical Landmark number 909 in 1977, Colmesnil left the firm some time around 1913, leaving Miller to conduct business as J. R. Miller. The first expansion, completed in 1914, gave the building a garden, dining room, kitchen. Pflueger volunteered for World War I in 1917, working for the Quartermaster Corps to design base facilities and he was first stationed in Washington, D. C. and then sent to San Juan, Puerto Rico to take part in base expansion there. A massive new entrance incorporating 17 Ionic columns was erected, topped by a pediment displaying a tableau carved by Armenian sculptor Haig Patigian, the Neoclassic-style project was completed in 1920. In 1984, the building was designated San Francisco Landmark No.167, in June 1920, Pflueger passed his architecture licensing exams to become a certified California architect. He was elected president of the SFAC later that year, taking office in early 1921, J. R. Pflueger extended his proposed styles to include Aztec elements and Spanish Colonial Revival themes, the latter favored by several clients for their homes. Miller made Pflueger his junior partner following their completion of the US$80,000 San Francisco Stock Exchange building at 350 Bush Street in 1923, the firm conducted business as Miller and Pflueger. Miller and Pflueger were selected in 1923 to build a new headquarters tower for Pacific Telephone & Telegraph
7.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
8.
William Taylor (bishop)
–
William Taylor was an American Missionary Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1884. Taylor University, a Christian college in Indiana, carries his name, Taylor was born May 2,1821 in Rockbridge County—home to Sam Houston, Robert E. Lee, and Stonewall Jackson —in the Commonwealth of Virginia. He was the oldest of children born to Stuart Taylor. The Hickman family was of English ancestry and settled in Delaware in the late 1750s, both families fought for American freedom in the Revolution of 1776 and afterward emancipated their slaves. Taylor’s father, Stuart, was a tanner and currier—a mechanical genius of his times, both parents, he says, were of powerful constitution of body and mind…their English school education quite equal to the average of their day. Before William was ten years old, his grandmother had taught him the Lords Prayer and he longed for this relationship, but was unsure how to obtain it. Overhearing the story of a poor Black man who had received salvation, he wondered why he could not and he entered the Baltimore Annual Conference in 1843. Bishop Taylor traveled to San Francisco, California in 1849, the 1860 edition of Address to Young America refers to him as. Taylor University was named after him and according to their website he started the first hospital in California, between 1856 and 1883 he traveled in many parts of the world as an evangelist. His vast missionary travels included Australia and South Africa, England, the West Indies, British Guiana, and Ceylon, India, South America, and Liberia, Angola, Congo and he was elected Missionary Bishop of Africa in 1884, and retired in 1896. As stated in his book The Flaming Torch in Darkest Africa, summers at the Luluaburg mission on the Upper Kassai River, Angola. Nonetheless, the mission did produce the first modern grammar of Kimbundu, the self-supporting mission concept is not explained in Robert Custs note, but he squarely identified himself as critical of Taylors Missionary methods. List of Bishops of the United Methodist Church This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Gilman. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. article name needed
9.
140 New Montgomery
–
The 26-floor building was designed to consolidate numerous smaller buildings and outdated offices into a modern headquarters for The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. The building was the first high-rise south of Market Street, and along with the Russ Building, AT&T sold the building in 2007, and as of 2013, Internet company Yelp is the main tenant. At the time of its construction, it housed The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. a member of the Bell System, the building once had a bell motif in many places on its façade, most notably surrounding the arch over the main entrance doors on New Montgomery Street. After the breakup of the Bell System in 1984 and the formation the regional so-called Baby Bell companies, statues of eight eagles perch atop the towers crown. The building has an L-shaped floor plan, and the architecture decoratively incorporates spotlights to show the exteriors terra cotta ornamentation day, in 1929, Winston Churchill visited the building and made one of the first transatlantic telephone calls. In 2007, the PacBell Building was sold by AT&T to Stockbridge Capital Group, in 2008, the new owners filed plans to convert the tower into 118 luxury condominiums. However, those plans were put on hold during the 2008 financial crisis, following a surge in office demand in 2010–2011, Wilson Meany Sullivan changed the plans back to office space. In 2012, Yelp announced it had signed a lease on the buildings 100,000 square feet of space through 2020. After two expansions, the company held a total of almost 150,000 square feet on 13 floors as of fall 2015, south of Market, San Francisco Eliel Saarinens Tribune Tower design Russ Building List of tallest buildings in San Francisco 140 New Montgomery Alexis C. Madrigal, A 26-Story History of San Francisco
10.
Aeolian-Skinner
–
— Æolian-Skinner of Boston, Massachusetts was an important American builder of a large number of notable pipe organs from its inception as the Skinner Organ Company in 1901 until its closure in 1972. Key figures were Ernest M. Skinner, Arthur Hudson Marks, Joseph Silver Whiteford, the company was formed from the merger of the Skinner Organ Company and the pipe organ division of the Æolian Company in 1932. Between 1904 and 1910, the firm produced approximately 30 instruments during that 6-year period, including new instruments of Skinners design. By 1912 the firm had perfected the Pitman Windchest, to a state of technical elegance. Virtually all major builders of electro-pneumatic action organs, including M. P. Möller and this allowed the instruments to provide very quick and responsive control of the expression levels of the different parts of the instrument. In 1914 the Skinner Organ Factory company moved into a new building in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston at Crescent Avenue. G. Donald Harrison joined the Skinner firm in July 1927, after several years of conflict between Ernest Skinner and Arthur Marks, Harrison was appointed Vice-President and Tonal Director of Æolian-Skinner in 1933. The company’s tonal philosophy continued to turn from the orchestral instruments built under the direction of Skinner to a classically eclectic style. Organists began to look to the past to find direction for the future and these ideas included the provision of smaller scaled diapasons, along with more higher-pitched and mutation stops in place of large-scaled unison diapasons, color reeds and flutes. During Harrison’s tenure from 1933 until his death in 1956, the design of Æolian-Skinner organs changed a great deal. The company used Skinners Pitman windchest, for example, throughout its existence, also the high quality and distinctive design details of the Æolian-Skinner console were preserved. After Harrison’s death in June 1956, former Vice President Joseph S. Whiteford was appointed President, Whiteford joined the company in 1948 and had distinguished himself through research in the field of musical acoustics as it relates to church music. Under his direction, Æolian-Skinner built pipe organs for five of the foremost symphony orchestras in America and his love for vocal music led him to emphasize the role of the organ in accompanying singing. He had a personality that was well suited to the prestige of the Æolian-Skinner name. In fact, his personal involvement secured major contracts that were directly commissioned without competing bids and his tonal work was not without criticism, including from within the company- e. g. Donald Gilletts unhappiness with Whitefords string quartet Greats. For more information see Dr Charles Callahans book Aeolian-Skinner Remembered, notable instruments from the Whiteford period include, Detroit, Ford Auditorium Currently dismantled. The organ will be installed in St. Aloysius Catholic Church in downtown Detroit, beginning In 1954, Aeolian-Skinner produced a series of LP records titled, The King of Instruments. These LPs are devoted to the tone and history of the modern organ, Volume 1-The American Classic Organ contains a descriptive discussion written over both sides of the LP cover by Tyler Turner and Joseph Whiteford on the beginnings of The American Classic Organ
11.
Manual (music)
–
A manual is a musical keyboard designed to be played with the hands, on an instrument such as a pipe organ, harpsichord, clavichord, electronic organ, or synthesizer. The term manual is used with regard to any hand keyboard on these instruments to distinguish it from the pedalboard and it is proper to use manual rather than keyboard, then, when referring to the hand keyboards on any instrument that has a pedalboard. Music written to be played only on the manuals can be designated by manualiter, organs and synthesizers can, and usually do, have more than one manual, most home instruments have two manuals, while most larger organs have two or three. Elaborate pipe and theater organs can have four or more manuals, the manuals are set into the organ console. A typical, full-size organ manual consists of five octaves, or 61 keys, some smaller electronic organs may have manuals of four octaves or less. On smaller electronic organs and synthesizers, the manuals may span fewer octaves and this arrangement encourages the organist to play the melody line on the upper manual as he plays the harmony line or chords on the lower manual. On pipe organs each manual plays a specific subset of the organs stops, synthesizers can program separate manuals to emulate sounds of various orchestral sections or instruments. On such instruments a performer can produce the sounds of an entire orchestra through his or her use of all available manuals in conjunction with the pedalboard, despite the superficial resemblance to piano keyboards, organ manuals require a very different style of playing. Organ keys often require less force to depress than piano keys, when depressed, an organ key continues to sound its note at the same volume until the organist releases the key, unlike a piano key, whose note gradually fades away. Another difference is that of dynamic control, while the piano note, then, can only decay, the organ note may increase in volume or undergo other dynamic changes. All of these mean that both the technique of organ playing and the resulting music are quite different from those of the piano. Nevertheless, the trained pianist may play a basic organ repertoire with little difficulty, although more advanced organ music will require specialized training, theatre pipe organs use the nomenclature Great, Accompaniment, Solo, Bombarde, and Orchestral. Devices known as couplers are available to link the manuals
12.
Occidental College
–
Occidental College is a private, co-educational liberal arts college located in the Eagle Rock neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, United States. Founded in 1887 by clergy and members of the Presbyterian Church, Occidental College is often referred to as Oxy for short. In 2017, the Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings placed Occidental 27th on its list of the top 100 liberal arts colleges in the United States. The New York Times ranked Occidental No.20 on its list of the most economically diverse U. S. colleges and universities, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching selected Occidental as a community engagement institution. The college was named to the 2014 Presidents Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll with distinction, Occidental is also one of the most racially diverse liberal arts colleges, with approximately 50% of the student body identitifying as students of color. The college is ranked No.7 for liberal arts colleges, Oxy was ranked the sixth Most Beautiful college campus by Newsweek in 2012. Occidental College was founded on April 20,1887, by a group of Presbyterian clergy, missionaries, and laymen, including James George Bell, Lyman Stewart, the cornerstone of the schools first building was laid in September 1887 in the Boyle Heights neighborhood of Los Angeles. The colleges first term began a year later with 27 male and 13 female students, in 1896, the Boyle Heights building was destroyed by fire. The college temporarily relocated to the old St. Vincents College campus on Hill Street before a new site was selected in Highland Park in 1898, eventually, the college erected three main buildings, the Academy Building, the Stimson Library, and the Hall of Arts and Letters. In 1909, the Pomona College Board of Trustees suggested a merger between Pomona and Occidental, but the proposal came to nothing, the following year, the college severed formal ties with the Presbyterian Church and became a non-sectarian, non-denominational institution. The small size of the 15-acre campus and the disruption caused by frequent freight trains pushed the colleges trustees to find a new location, in 1912, the school began construction of a new campus located in Los Angeles Eagle Rock neighborhood. That same year, Occidental President John Willis Baer announced the decision to convert Occidental College into an all-mens institution. However, students and faculty protested, and the idea was abandoned, two weeks after Booker T. Washington came to visit Occidental, on March 27,1914, Swan, Fowler, and Johnson Halls were dedicated at its new Eagle Rock campus. Patterson Field, today one of the oldest collegiate sports stadiums in Los Angeles, was opened in 1916, in April 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I, the college formed a Students Army Training Corps to aid the war effort. The Delta of California Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa was established at Occidental in 1926, at a time when the other chapters in California were at Stanford, UC Berkeley. During World War II, many students left Occidental to fight in the war, in July 1943, the U. S. Navy established a Navy V-12 officer training program on campus that produced hundreds of graduates before it was disbanded at the end of the war in 1945. Rhodes scholars Aaron Segal and John Paden were among the 10 Occidental students who participated in Crossroads Africa that year, in 1969,42 students were suspended for peacefully protesting military recruiting on campus. One year later, faculty voted to suspend classes in the wake of the Kent State shootings, subsequently, Oxy students wrote 7,000 letters to Washington D. C. protesting U. S. involvement in the war in Southeast Asia
13.
Stockton, California
–
Stockton is the county seat of San Joaquin County located in the central valley portion of the U. S. State of California and the. Stockton was founded by Captain Charles Maria Weber in 1849 after he acquired Rancho Campo de los Franceses, the city is named after Robert F. Stockton, and it was the first community in California to not have a name of Spanish or Native American origin. The city is located on the San Joaquin River in the northern San Joaquin Valley and had an population of 315,592 as of 2016. Stockton is the 13th largest city in California and the 63rd largest city in the United States and it was named an All-America City in 1999,2004 and again in 2015. Built during the California Gold Rush, Stocktons seaport serves as a gateway to the Central Valley and it provided easy access for trade and transportation to the southern gold mines. Stockton has been the location of the oldest university in California, as a result of the 2008 financial crisis, Stockton was the second largest city in the United States to file for bankruptcy protection. Stockton successfully exited bankruptcy in February 2015, Stockton is situated amidst the farmland of Californias San Joaquin Valley, a subregion of the Central Valley. In and around Stockton are thousands of miles of waterways, which make up the California Delta, Interstate 5 and State Route 99, inland Californias major north-south highways, pass through the city. State Route 4 and the dredged San Joaquin River connect the city with the San Francisco Bay Area to its west, Stockton and Sacramento are Californias only inland sea ports. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city occupies an area of 64.8 square miles. When Europeans first visited the Stockton area, the Yatchicumne, a branch of the Northern Valley Yokuts Indians and they built their villages on low mounds to keep their homes above regular floods. A Yokuts village named Pasasimas was located on a mound between Edison and Harrison Streets on what is now the Stockton Channel in downtown Stockton, the Siskiyou Trail began in the northern San Joaquin Valley. It was a centuries-old Native American footpath that lead through the Sacramento Valley over the Cascades, Gold rush era Europeans and Americans started to arrive in the area after gold was found in northern California, starting with the California Gold Rush in 1848. When Captain Charles Maria Weber, a German immigrant, decided to try his hand at mining in late 1848. As an alien, Weber could not secure a land grant directly, born in New York, Gulnae had married a Mexican woman and sworn allegiance to Mexico, which then ruled California. He applied in Webers place for a grant of eleven square leagues on the east side of the San Joaquin River. Weber acquired the Rancho Campo de los Franceses Mexican land grant, Weber built the first permanent residence in the San Joaquin Valley on a piece of land now known as Weber Point. During the California Gold Rush, Stockton developed as a river port, during its early years, Stockton was known by several names, including Tuleburg, Fat City, Mudville, and Californias Sunrise Seaport
14.
University of the Pacific (United States)
–
The University of the Pacific is a private university in the western United States, located in Stockton, California. It is the oldest chartered university in California, the first independent co-educational campus in California and it was first chartered on July 10,1851, in Santa Clara, California, under the name California Wesleyan College. The school moved to San Jose in 1871 and then to Stockton 94 years ago in 1923, Pacific is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. It has extensive collections pertaining to jazz musician and alumnus Dave Brubeck and it is also home to the papers of environmental pioneer John Muir. Pacific was founded on July 10,1851, in Santa Clara and it was originally named California Wesleyan College, but one month later, it petitioned to have its name changed to the University of the Pacific. In 1858, the college opened the first medical school on the West Coast, in 1871, the campus was moved to San Jose and the college opened its doors to women, becoming the first independent co-educational campus in California. In 1878, the Conservatory of Music was established at Pacific, in 1896, Napa College merged with the college. In 1911, the name was changed to College of the Pacific, in 1923, the campus relocated from the Bay Area to the city of Stockton becoming the first institution of higher education in the Central Valley, it became the University of the Pacific in 1961. In 1962, Pacific merged with the San Francisco College of Physicians and Surgeons, and then in 1966, with the McGeorge School of Law. In the late 1960s, when “. federal law about public funding of church-related institutions became an issue. ”The university stopped receiving funding from the United Methodist Church, on October 17,2013, the university announced an estate gift from Robert and Jeanette Powell of US$125 million. It is the largest gift in the universitys 162-year history, in the previous year, Pacific awarded its highest honor, The Order of Pacific, posthumously to both Mr. and Mrs. Powell. ” This gift increased Pacifics endowment to $334 million, part of Disneys 1973 film The Worlds Greatest Athlete was also shot at Pacific. The Stockton Campus is home to three residential halls, Grace Covell Hall, Southwest Hall, and the Quad Buildings. The Quads are composed of several separate smaller residence halls in proximity to each other, Grace Covell is the largest residence hall on campus holding more than 350 students while Southwest and the Quads hold a lower number of students. There are also fraternity and sorority houses located on campus, in 2008, the university opened a new University Center, at a cost of $38 million, to centralize all campus student-centered activities. The Don & Karen DeRosa University Center houses a new dining hall, student cafe, pub, bookstore and conference centers. It also built a new $20 million Biological Sciences Center in 2008 that provides advanced classroom and laboratory facilities for studying the natural sciences. The campus is home to Morris Chapel, a church with simple architecture, excellent acoustics
15.
Rainbow Room
–
The Rainbow Room is a fine-dining restaurant and event space previously run by the Cipriani family on the 65th floor of the Comcast Building at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City. It is the second highest restaurant in New York City behind ONE Dine on the 101st floor of One World Trade Center, opened in 1934, it was the first restaurant to be located in a high-rise building and remained the highest elevated restaurant in the United States for decades. Suffering from a decline in business following the crisis of 2007–08. In 2012, it was declared a New York City landmark by the New York Landmarks Preservation Commission, on September 17,2013, it was announced that the Rainbow Room would reopen in fall 2014 after undergoing a full restoration along with a new executive chef and management team. After a years-long restoration process by Gabellini Sheppard Associates, it reopened to the public on October 5,2014, the renovation includes the landmarked dance floor and a new cocktail lounge called SixtyFive. The Rainbow Room was originally designed by architect Wallace K. Harrison of Associated Architects, supposedly inspired by French architect Jacques Carlu Round Room, the Rainbow Room draws its inspiration from the Round Room in the Carlu, his design for a restaurant in Toronto. Designed in a classical style, The Rainbow Room featured a revolving dance floor, a live big band orchestra. Private events were hosted in several rooms on the floor below. Culinarily, the Rainbow Room has focused on Modern American cuisine, on the same floor of the Comcast building was The Rainbow Grill, a separate, somewhat less expensive restaurant that had an à la carte menu and its own celebrations on major holidays. David Rockefeller, the son of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. commissioned the restoration, led by Joe Baum, Arthur Emil, and architect Hugh Hardy. In 1988, Phil Donahue presented a special from the Rainbow Room, honoring Mary Martin, with Steve Leeds leading the Rainbow Room Orchestra, and guest vocalists Michael Feinstein, bandleader Leeds sang the final number Isnt It Romantic. The Ciprianis extensively remodeled the grill and fired all union workers, in 2003 Michael DiLeonardo, an associate of Peter Gotti, turned states evidence against the accused mobster. In his testimony DiLeonardo said the Ciprianis gave $120,000 to the Gambino crime family to make union problems at the Rainbow Room disappear. On New Years Eve, the price of admission included caviar, truffles, champagne, and mixed drinks, admission to the 2007 New Years Eve party was $1600.00 per person. In 2008, the Cipriani company filed a brief with the City of New York, the designation would prevent the Rainbow Room from being converted into office space. In 2009 the Ciprianis announced that they planned to close the grill although part would remain open as a bar, the Ciprianis chief operating officer blamed the current economic crisis in New York and around the world, on top of an ongoing dispute with our landlord. Tishman Speyer said it intended to evict the Ciprianis unless they paid back rent, the two sides settled the dispute, with the Ciprianis agreeing to give up possession of the restaurant and banquet hall on August 1,2009. The last night of dancing at the hot spot took place on June 5,2009
16.
Ordnance Corps (United States Army)
–
The United States Army Ordnance Corps is a Sustainment branch of the United States Army, headquartered at Fort Lee, Virginia. The broad mission of the Ordnance Corps is to supply Army combat units with weapons and ammunition, including at times their procurement, along with the Quartermaster Corps and Transportation Corps, it forms a critical component of the U. S. Army logistics system. The officer in charge of the branch for doctrine, training, the current Chief of Ordnance is Brigadier General Kurt J. Ryan. In the British colonies in America, each colony was responsible for its own supply of ordnance materiel, the first written record of an ordnance officer in British colonial America was Samuel Sharpe in the Massachusetts Bay Colony appointed in 1629 as Master Gunner of Ordnance. By 1645, the Massachusetts Colony had a permanent Surveyor of Ordnance and he was responsible for the supply and maintenance of weapons and munitions. During the course of the American Revolution, each group of American forces in the field had a Commissary of Military Stores to support the soldiers. In January 1777, General George Washington appointed Benjamin Flower as the head of the Commissary General of Military Stores, Benjamin Flower was given the rank of Colonel and served in that capacity throughout the American Revolution. The Commissary General of Military Stores was an echelon above the Commissary of Military Stores in the field, in 1794, the Springfield Armory would become the first national armory, producing arms and ammunition until its closing in 1968. Harpers Ferry armory began production in 1798, the act also created a new position, the Commissary General of Ordnance. On 5 February 1815 Colonel Decius Wadsworth, the former Commissary General of Purchases was chosen as the Commissary General of Ordnance, in 1821, all officers assigned to the Ordnance Department were re-commissioned into the artillery branch. The Ordnance Department would continue to function with officers from artillery, in 1832 an act of Congress would re-establish the Ordnance Department. On 3 August 1861, an Act of Congress added to the Ordnance Department the actual title of Chief of Ordnance with the rank pay and emoluments of the Quartermaster General. On 1 January 1861, Brigadier General James Wolfe Ripley was promoted over the current Commissary General of Ordnance Colonel Henry K. Craig to become the first formally recognized Chief of Ordnance. The Spanish–American War was the first conflict in which the department deployed materiel overseas, in 1919, testing was moved from Sandy Hook Proving Ground to the Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. By 1940 all Ordnance training, officer and enlisted was moved from Raritan Arsenal, New Jersey to the Aberdeen Proving Ground, in August 1942, the Ordnance Department assumed responsibility for procurement and maintenance of all wheeled and motored vehicles. Typically, the Ordnance Department was responsible for getting weapons and ammunition to the troops at the divisional level. Materiel was delivered in theater to depots, which mainly supplied other supply installations, and Ammunition Supply Points, although the precise organization structure was always adjusted to field conditions, there were usually two ASPs per division. World War II Army divisions usually had one Ordnance Company, as the ammunition supplies were distributed down the organizational hierarchy, their transportation and allocation increasingly became the responsibility of the combat units themselves
17.
Dropped ceiling
–
A dropped ceiling is a secondary ceiling, hung below the main ceiling. Dropped ceilings and ceiling tiles were being used in Japan for aesthetic reasons as early as the Muromachi Period, blackfriars Theater in London, England, built in 1596, had dropped ceilings to aid acoustics. U. S. Patent No.1,470,728 for modern dropped ceilings was applied for by E. E. Hall on May 28,1919, once the repair or inspection was completed, the tiles had to be reinstalled. This process could be very time-consuming and expensive, on September 8,1958 Donald A. Brown of Westlake, Ohio filed for a patent for Accessible Suspended Ceiling Construction. This invention provided suspended ceiling construction in which access may readily be obtained at any desired location, Patent Number US2,984,946 A was granted on May 23,1961. Brown has sometimes credited as being the inventor of the dropped ceiling even though other patents preceded his as shown in the table below. Drop ceilings may also be used to hide problems, such as structural damage, further, drop out ceilings can also conceal the sprinkler systems while still providing full fire suppression functionality. Custom runs of specialty ceiling tiles can be done at low cost compared with the past. Acoustic balance and control was another early objective of dropped ceilings, a noisy room can overstimulate occupants, while a too quiet interior may seem dull and uninviting. The acoustic performance of suspended ceilings has improved dramatically over the years and this is sometimes achieved by adding insulation known as Sound Attenuation Batts, more commonly referred to as sound batts, above the panels to help deaden sounds and keep adjacent rooms quieter. Many manufacturers of modern dropped ceilings include sustainability as an objective, sustainable features may include, Energy efficiency, including daylight efficacy and thermal insulating qualities. This uses the plane to reflect daylight as well as electrical illumination to maximize lumen efficacy. A common measure of the reflectance of a ceiling material is ASTM E1477 for Light Reflectance. A level of about 75% is considered good, although levels are possible. Fortunately, most ceiling system products are now designed with this integration in mind, decisions here can also affect aesthetics as well as access and maintenance. These channels snap together in a regularly spaced pattern of cells, each cell is then filled with lightweight ceiling tiles or panels which simply drop into the grid. The primary grid types are Standard 1, Slimline, and concealed grid, in the United States the cell size in the suspension grids is typically either 2 ft ×2 ft or 2 ft ×4 ft and the ceiling tiles are the same size. In Europe the cell size in the grids is 600×600 mm
18.
Internal Revenue Service
–
The Internal Revenue Service is the revenue service of the United States federal government. The IRS is responsible for collecting taxes and administering the Internal Revenue Code and its duty to maximize tax revenue entails providing tax assistance to taxpayers, as well as pursuing and resolving instances of erroneous or fraudulent tax filings. The IRS has also overseen various benefits programs, and enforces portions of the Affordable Care Act. The IRS originated with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, an office created in 1862 to assess the nations first income tax. The temporary measure provided over a fifth of the Unions war expenses and was allowed to expire a decade later, in 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution was ratified authorizing Congress to impose a tax on income, in the 1950s, the agency was renamed the Internal Revenue Service and significantly reorganized. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 modernized the IRS and restructured it along a private sector model, in the 2015 fiscal year, the IRS processed almost 240 million returns and collected approximately $3.3 trillion in revenue, spending 35¢ for every $100 it collected. The Revenue Act of 1862 was passed as an emergency and temporary war-time tax and it copied a relatively new British system of income taxation, instead of trade and property taxation. The first income tax was passed in 1862, The initial rate was 3% on income over $800, in 1862 the rate was 3% on income between $600 and $10,000, and 5% on income over $10,000. In 1864 the rate was 5% on income between $600 and $5,000,7. 5% on income $5, 000–10,000, and 10% on income $10,000 and above. By the end of the war, 10% of Union households had paid some form of tax. After the Civil War, Reconstruction, railroads, and transforming the North and South war machines towards peacetime required public funding, however, in 1872, seven years after the war, lawmakers allowed the temporary Civil War income tax to expire. Income taxes evolved, but in 1894 the Supreme Court declared the Income Tax of 1894 unconstitutional in Pollock v. Farmers Loan & Trust Co. a decision that contradicted Hylton v. United States, the federal government scrambled to raise money. In 1906, with the election of President Theodore Roosevelt, and later his successor William Howard Taft, by February 1913,36 states had ratified the change to the Constitution. It was further ratified by six states by March. Of the 48 states at the time,42 ratified it, connecticut, Rhode Island, and Utah rejected the amendment, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Florida did not take up the issue. A copy of the very first IRS1040 form, dated 1913, in the first year after ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, no taxes were collected—instead, taxpayers simply completed the form and the IRS checked it for accuracy. The IRSs workload jumped by ten-fold, triggering a massive restructuring, professional tax collectors began to replace a system of patronage appointments
19.
Phillip Burton Federal Building
–
The building occupies an entire city block, bounded by Golden Gate Avenue at the south, Turk Street at the north, Polk Street at the west, and Larkin Street at the east. It serves as one of four courthouses for the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, the building was finished in 1964, one of the earliest office towers for San Francisco. It is named for former U. S, federal Bureau of Investigation San Francisco Field Office - 13th Fl. Federal Public Defender - 19th Fl, internal Revenue Service Help Center - 1st Fl. U. S. Attorneys Office - 11th and 9th Fl, U. S. Department of Justice Antitrust Division - 10th Fl. U. S. District Court for the Northern District of California U. S. Marshals Service - 20th Fl, list of tallest buildings in San Francisco
20.
United States Army Corps of Engineers
–
The United States Army Corps of Engineers, also sometimes shortened to CoE is a U. S. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, the Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U. S. hydropower capacity. The corps mission is to Deliver vital public and military engineering services, partnering in peace and war to strengthen our Nations security, energize the economy and their most visible missions include, Planning, designing, building, and operating locks and dams. Other civil engineering projects include flood control, beach nourishment, design and construction of flood protection systems through various federal mandates. Design and construction management of military facilities for the Army, Air Force, Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve and other Defense and Federal agencies. The history of United States Army Corps of Engineers can be traced back to 16 June 1775, colonel Richard Gridley became General George Washingtons first chief engineer, however, it was not until 1779 that Congress created a separate Corps of Engineers. One of its first tasks was to build fortifications near Boston at Bunker Hill, the first Corps of Engineers was mostly composed of French subjects who had been hired by General Washington from the service of Louis XVI. that the said Corps. Shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York, until 1866, the superintendent of the United States Military Academy was always an officer of engineer. During the first half of the 19th century, West Point was the major and, for a while, the General Survey Act of 1824 authorized the use of Army engineers to survey road and canal routes. Separately authorized on 4 July 1838, the U. S and it was merged with the Corps of Engineers on 31 March 1863, at which point the Corps of Engineers also assumed the Lakes Survey District mission for the Great Lakes. In 1841, Congress created the Lake Survey, the survey, based in Detroit, Mich. was charged with conducting a hydrographical survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes and preparing and publishing nautical charts and other navigation aids. The Lake Survey published its first charts in 1852, in the mid-19th century, Corps of Engineers officers ran Lighthouse Districts in tandem with U. S. Naval officers. The Army Corps of Engineers played a significant role in the American Civil War, many of the men who would serve in the top leadership in this institution were West Point graduates who rose to military fame and power during the Civil War. Some of these men were Union Generals George McClellan, Henry Halleck, George Meade, and Confederate generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph Johnston, the versatility of officers in the Army Corps of Engineers contributed to the success of numerous missions throughout the Civil War. They were responsible for building pontoon and railroad bridges, forts and batteries, the destruction of supply lines. The Army Corps of Engineers served as a function in making the war effort logistically feasible. This method of building trenches was known as the zigzag pattern, from the beginning, many politicians wanted the Corps of Engineers to contribute to both military construction and works of a civil nature. During World War II the mission grew to more than 27,000 military, included were aircraft, tank assembly, and ammunition plants, camps for 5.3 million soldiers, depots, ports, and hospitals, as well as the Manhattan Project, and the Pentagon
21.
Selective Service System
–
The Selective Service System is an independent agency of the United States government that maintains information on those potentially subject to military conscription. A2010 GAO report estimated the rate at 92% with the names and addresses of over 16.2 million men on file. The Selective Service System provides the names of all registrants to the Joint Advertising Marketing Research & Studies program for inclusion in the JAMRS Consolidated Recruitment Database, the names are distributed to the Services for recruiting purposes on a quarterly basis. Regulations are codified at 32 C. F. R, owing to very slow enlistment following the U. S. The Act gave the President the power to men for military service. All men aged 21 to 30 were required to register for service for a service period of 12 months. As of mid-November 1917, all registrants were placed in one of five new classifications, Men in Class I were the first to be drafted, and men in lower classifications were deferred. Dependency deferments for registrants who were fathers or husbands were especially widespread, the age limit was later raised in August 1918 to a maximum age of 45. The military draft was discontinued in 1920, the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was passed by the 76th United States Congress on September 16,1940, establishing the first peacetime conscription in United States history. It required all men between the ages of 18 to 64 to register with Selective Service and it originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for a service period of 12 months. In 1941 the military service period was extended to 18 months, the Selective Service System created by the 1940 Act was terminated by the Act of March 31,1947. The Selective Service Act of 1948, enacted in June of that year, created a new and separate system, all men 18 years and older had to register with Selective Service. All men between the ages of 19 to 26 were eligible to be drafted for a requirement of 21 months. Conscripts could volunteer for service in the Regular Army for a term of four years or the Organized Reserves for a term of six years. Due to deep postwar budget cuts, only 100,000 conscripts were chosen in 1948, in 1950, the number of conscripts was greatly increased to meet the demands of the Korean War. The outbreak of the Korean War fostered the creation of the Universal Military Training and this lowered the draft age from 19 to 18 1⁄2, increased active-duty service time from 21 to 24 months, and set the statutory term of military service at a minimum of eight years. Students attending a college or training program full-time could request an exemption, a Universal Military Training clause was inserted that would have made all men obligated to perform 12 months of military service and training if the Act was amended by later legislation. Despite successive attempts over the several years, however, such legislation was never passed
22.
Vietnam War
–
It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
23.
Tenderloin, San Francisco
–
The northern boundary with Lower Nob Hill historically has been set at Geary Street. The terms Tenderloin Heights and The Tendernob refer to the area around the boundary between the Upper Tenderloin and Lower Nob Hill. The eastern extent, near Union Square, overlaps with the Theater District, part of the western extent of the Tenderloin, Larkin and Hyde Streets between Turk and OFarrell, was officially named Little Saigon by the City of San Francisco. The Tenderloin took its name from a neighborhood in New York with similar characteristics. There are several explanations of how that neighborhood was named, some said it was a reference to the neighborhood as the soft underbelly of the city, with allusions to vice and corruption, especially graft. Another popular explanation, probably folklore, attributes the name to a New York City police captain, Alexander S. Another version of story says that the officers who worked in the Tenderloin received a hazard pay bonus for working in such a violent area. Yet another story, also likely apocryphal, is that the name is a reference to the loins of prostitutes, the Tenderloin borders the Mission/Market Street corridor, which follows the Spaniards El Camino Real, which in turn traced an ancient north/south Indian trail. The Tenderloin is sheltered by Nob Hill, and far enough from the bay to be on solid ground, there is evidence that a community resided here several thousand years ago. In the 1960s, the area was excavated to develop the BART/MUNI subway station at Civic Center, during the excavation, the remains of a woman dated to be 5,000 years old were found. The Tenderloin has been a residential community since shortly after the California Gold Rush in 1849. The area had an active nightlife in the late 19th century with many theaters, restaurants, notorious madam Tessie Wall opened her first brothel on OFarrell Street in 1898. Almost all of the buildings in the neighborhood were destroyed by the 1906 earthquake, the area was immediately rebuilt with some hotels opening by 1907 and apartment buildings shortly thereafter, including the historic Cadillac Hotel. Also around this time, due to Red Light Abatement Act, Prostitution and other began to be pushed out from the Barbary Coast district to the more southern. With housing consisting almost entirely of single-room-occupancy hotel rooms, studio and one bedroom apartments, after World War II, with the decline in central cities throughout the United States, the Tenderloin lost population, creating a large amount of vacant housing units by the mid-1970s. The low-cost vacant housing, and the proximity to Chinatown through the Stockton Street Tunnel, made the area appealing to refugees, studio apartments became home for families of four and five people and became what a local police officer called vertical villages. The Tenderloin quickly increased from having just a few children to having over 3,500, a number of neighborhood Southeast Asian restaurants, bánh mì coffee shops, ethnic grocery stores, video shops, and other stores opened at this time, which still exist. The Tenderloin has a history as a center of alternate sexualities
24.
Battle of Hastings
–
It took place approximately 7 miles northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory. The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, Harold was crowned king shortly after Edwards death, but faced invasions by William, his own brother Tostig and the Norwegian King Harald Hardrada. Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066, the deaths of Tostig and Hardrada at Stamford Bridge left William as Harolds only serious opponent. While Harold and his forces were recovering, William landed his forces in the south of England at Pevensey on 28 September 1066. Harold was forced to march south swiftly, gathering forces as he went, the exact numbers present at the battle are unknown, modern estimates are around 10,000 for William and about 7,000 for Harold. Harold appears to have tried to surprise William, but scouts found his army and reported its arrival to William, the battle lasted from about 9 am to dusk. Early efforts of the invaders to break the English battle lines had little effect, therefore, Harolds death, probably near the end of the battle, led to the retreat and defeat of most of his army. After further marching and some skirmishes, William was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066, there continued to be rebellions and resistance to Williams rule, but Hastings effectively marked the culmination of Williams conquest of England. Casualty figures are hard to come by, but some estimate that 2,000 invaders died along with about twice that number of Englishmen. William founded a monastery at the site of the battle, the altar of the abbey church supposedly placed at the spot where Harold died. In 911, French Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings to settle in Normandy under their leader Rollo and their settlement proved successful, and they quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing paganism, converting to Christianity, and intermarrying with the local population. Over time, the frontiers of the duchy expanded to the west, in 1002, King Æthelred II of England married Emma, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy. Their son Edward the Confessor spent many years in exile in Normandy, Edward was childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable Godwin, Earl of Wessex and his sons, and he may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandys ambitions for the English throne. Following King Edwards death on 5 January 1066, the lack of a clear heir led to a succession in which several contenders laid claim to the throne of England. Edwards immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex, Harold Godwinson, Harold was at once challenged by two powerful neighbouring rulers. Duke William claimed that he had promised the throne by King Edward. Harald III of Norway, commonly known as Harald Hardrada, also contested the succession, William and Harald Hardrada immediately set about assembling troops and ships for separate invasions. In early 1066, Harolds exiled brother Tostig Godwinson raided south-eastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, threatened by Harolds fleet, Tostig moved north and raided in East Anglia and Lincolnshire
25.
Eliel Saarinen's Tribune Tower design
–
The winning entry, the neo-Gothic Tribune Tower, was built in 1925. Saarinens entry came in place yet became influential in the design of a number of future buildings. In 1921–22, the prominent Tribune Tower competition was held to design a new headquarters for the Chicago Tribune, first place was awarded to a design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood, a neo-Gothic building completed in 1925. Saarinen was awarded $20,000 for second place, his design was never constructed, many observers felt that Saarinens simplified yet soaring setback tower was the most appropriate entry, and his novel modernist design influenced many subsequent architectural projects. Saarinen was an architect but had never before designed a skyscraper. To arrive at his design, he took as a starting place the upward sweep of Gothic architecture. He said that through logical construction each portion of the design was made to reflect the goal of verticality. He was 49 years old when he submitted the design, the year he moved from Finland to the Chicago area. In the U. S. he contributed to a design for the Chicago lakefront, and he lectured at the University of Michigan. Instead, others found success by incorporating his vision, pflueger, George W. Kelham, Hubbell and Benes, Holabird & Roche, Alfred C. Finn, and James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter, Jr. as well as later architect César Pelli, respected Chicago architect Louis Sullivan offered high praise to Saarinens design, and said that his building indicated the future direction for the old Chicago School. Sullivan named Saarinen his stylistic successor, Chicago architects Thomas Tallmadge and Irving Kane Pond were also very vocal in their praise for Saarinen. Pond said Saarinens design was by far the best contest entry, that it was devoid of the superficial adornments featured on the winning entry, Tallmadge projected that Saarinens design would be transformative for American skyscrapers. He said that under Saarinens hand, the spirit of the skyscraper, rid of its inhibitions, leaps in joyous freedom to the sky. Skyscraper Museum director Carol Willis, and art consultant Franck Mercurio, curator at the Field Museum in Chicago, Mercurio argues that Goodhues design is a better example of modernism because it has less ornamentation. Goodhues entry gained him honorable mention but no cash award, the following buildings have been observed to be influenced by Saarinens 1922 design. The Chicago Tribune Competition, Skyscraper Museum
26.
Emporis
–
Emporis GmbH is a real estate data mining company with headquarters in Hamburg, Germany. The company collects and publishes data and photographs of buildings worldwide, Emporis offers a variety of information on its public database, Emporis. com, located at www. emporis. com. Emporis is frequently cited by media sources as an authority on building data. Emporis previously focused exclusively on high-rise buildings and skyscrapers, which it defines as buildings between 35 and 100 metres tall and at least 100 metres tall, respectively, today, the database has expanded to include low-rise buildings and other structures. Michael Wutzke started a website about skyscrapers in Frankfurt in 1996, in 2000 he started skyscrapers. com which was folded into Emporis in 2003. In 2004, Stephan R. Boehm assumed the role of Chairman, Wutzke was Chief Technology Officer and managing director until 2010, when he left the company. In 2007 venture capital firm Neuhaus Partners and KfW Bankengruppe invested several million Euro in the company, effective January 1,2009, the company moved its headquarters from Darmstadt to Frankfurt. In 2011, the company moved from Frankfurt to Hamburg, in 2000 a group of Emporis senior editors began presenting the Emporis Skyscraper Award. Eligible buildings are selected from a list of all buildings in the world at least 100 meters tall which were completed that year
27.
SkyscraperPage
–
SkyscraperPage is an internet forum for skyscraper hobbyists and enthusiasts that tracks existing and proposed skyscrapers around the world. SkyscraperPage. com drawings have appeared in National Geographics website, Wired, Condé Nast, The Globe and they are based in Victoria, British Columbia. The site has a database of scale-model illustration skyscrapers and other major macro-engineering projects, the scale of the drawings are one pixel per meter. The images are created using pixel art, using these diagrams, skyscrapers and other tall structures from any cities can be compared. General information is given about each structure, such as the location, the year built, if available. In 2008, the site had over 22,000 custom made drawings of skyscrapers, there were 600 artists signed up with the site, about half of whom were active. List of Internet forums List of tallest buildings in the world
28.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
29.
Skyscraper
–
A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
30.
Salesforce Tower
–
Salesforce Tower, formerly known as the Transbay Tower, is a 1, 070-foot supertall office skyscraper under construction in the South of Market district of downtown San Francisco. When completed, the tower will be the tallest in San Francisco, with a top roof height of 970 feet and an overall height of 1,070 feet, it will be the second-tallest building west of the Mississippi River after the Wilshire Grand Center in Los Angeles. Developer Hines, with a proposal by architect César Pelli, was selected as the winner of a competition in 2007 to entitle. In 2012, Boston Properties acquired a 50% stake in the project, the site of the tower was in a dilapidated area, formerly used as a ground-level entrance to the San Francisco Transbay Terminal, which was demolished in 2011. The TJPA sold the parcel to Boston Properties and Hines for US$192 million, actual below-grade construction work started in late 2013. The project is a joint venture between general contractors Clark Construction and Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction, the development was originally contracted on spec, meaning the developer-owner did not have a major tenant lease secured beforehand. On April 11,2014, Salesforce. com announced that it signed a lease for 714,000 square feet on floors 1, 3–30, previously known as the Transbay Tower, the building was renamed Salesforce Tower. The lease was valued at US$560 million over 15 and a half starting in 2017. The tower is expected to be completed in 2018 and will have 61 floors, the original proposal called for a 1, 200-foot tower, but the height was later reduced. It will be the tallest building in San Francisco, surpassing the Transamerica Pyramid by more than 200 feet, the tower is expected to become the second-tallest building in the Western United States. A facebook group critical of the design gained over 700 likes. Despite the tower not being completed, San Francisco Curbed readers rated Salesforce Tower as one of the 20 ugliest buildings in the city. Many also noted their disappointment that the tower, built on formerly state-owned land and claiming the highest elevation point in San Francisco, satirical blogs have also ridiculed the tower for its provocative shape
31.
Transamerica Pyramid
–
The Transamerica Pyramid is the tallest skyscraper in the San Francisco skyline. Its height is surpassed by Salesforce Tower, currently under construction, designed by architect William Pereira and built by Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company, at 853 ft, on completion in 1972 it was the eighth tallest building in the world. The Transamerica building was commissioned by Transamerica CEO John R. Beckett, built on the site of the historic Montgomery Block, it has a structural height of 853 ft and has 48 floors of retail and office space. Construction began in 1969 and finished in 1972, and was overseen by San Francisco-based contractor Dinwiddie Construction, Transamerica moved its headquarters to the new building from across the street, where it had been based in a flatiron-shaped building now occupied by the Church of Scientology of San Francisco. Although the tower is no longer Transamerica Corporation headquarters, it is associated with the company and is depicted in the companys logo. The building is evocative of San Francisco and has one of the many symbols of the city. Designed by architect William Pereira, it faced opposition during planning, John King of the San Francisco Chronicle summed up the improved opinion of the building in 2009 as an architectural icon of the best sort - one that fits its location and gets better with age. The Transamerica Pyramid was the tallest skyscraper west of Chicago from 1972 to 1974 surpassing the then Bank of America Center and it was surpassed by the Aon Center in Los Angeles. The building is thought to have been the target of a foiled terrorist attack, involving the hijacking of airplanes as part of the Bojinka plot. In 1999, Transamerica was acquired by Dutch insurance company Aegon, when the non-insurance operations of Transamerica were later sold to GE Capital, Aegon retained the building as an investment. The Transamerica Pyramid has been the tallest skyscraper in San Francisco since 1972, the land use and zoning restrictions for the parcel limited the number of square feet of office that could be built upon the lot, which sits at the north boundary of the financial district. The building is a tall, four-sided pyramid with two wings to accommodate an elevator shaft on the east and a stairwell and a tower on the west. The top 212 feet of the building is the spire, there are four cameras pointed in the four cardinal directions at the top of this spire forming a virtual observation deck. Four monitors in the lobby, whose direction and zoom can be controlled by visitors, an observation deck on the 27th floor was closed after the September 11,2001 attacks, and replaced by the virtual observation deck. The top of the Transamerica Pyramid is covered with aluminum panels, the buildings façade is covered in crushed quartz, giving the building its light color. The four-story base contains 16,000 cu yd of concrete, the buildings foundation is 9 feet thick, the result of a 3-day, 24-hour continuous concrete pour. Several thousand dollars in quarters and change were thrown into the pit by observers surrounding the site at street level during the pouring, only two of the buildings 18 elevators reach the top floor. The original proposal was for a 1,150 ft building, the proposal was rejected by the city planning commission, saying it would interfere with views of San Francisco Bay from Nob Hill
32.
555 California Street
–
555 California Street, formerly Bank of America Center, is a 52-story 778 ft skyscraper in San Francisco, California. It is the second tallest building in the city, the largest by area. Some sites round the heights of all four buildings to 780 ft making those four buildings tied as the 66th tallest buildings in the country, colloquially known as Triple Five,555 California Street was meant to display the wealth, power, and importance of Bank of America. Design was by Wurster, Bernardi and Emmons and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, with architect Pietro Belluschi consulting, structural engineering was by the San Francisco firm H. J. Brunnier Associates. The skyscraper has thousands of bay windows thanks to its design, meant to improve the rental value. The irregular cutout areas near the top of the building were designed to suggest the Sierra mountains, at the north side of the skyscraper is a broad plaza named in honor of Bank of America founder A. P. Giannini. In the plaza the 200-ton black Swedish granite sculpture Transcendence by Masayuki Nagare resembles a liver but is known as the Bankers Heart. Nearly the entire block—the skyscraper, the hall, the plaza, the stairways. A restaurant, the Carnelian Room, was on the 52nd floor, the elevator to this restaurant is one of the few publicly accessible high-speed elevators in San Francisco. The restaurant closed at midnight New Years Eve 2009, the film shows panoramic views of San Francisco from the roof of the building. Many scenes were filmed in the interior ground-floor lobby. The granite stairs coming up from California Street to the A. P, the rooftop setting of the building used in Dirty Harry was also used a decade later in the Chuck Norris film An Eye for an Eye. The southeast corner of California and Kearny is about 35 feet above sea level, the Transamerica Pyramid is taller, but because of its top spire,555 California has the highest habitable space. The corner of California and Montgomery is built on landfill and the lowest level of the garage is below the level of the bay, so pumps, audible from the garage. The building is built on two huge Teflon slabs meant to slide over each other in case of an earthquake, state of the art design when it was built
33.
345 California Center
–
345 California Center is a 48-story office tower in the financial district of San Francisco, California. Completed in 1986, the 211.8 m tower is the third-tallest in the city after the Transamerica Pyramid and 555 California Street if the spires are included and it was originally proposed to be 30 m taller. 345 California is in the middle of a block with buildings on each of the four corners. Initially planned as condominiums, the top 11 floors of the building are the Loews Regency San Francisco hotel, several glass skybridges offer views of the San Francisco Bay Area. The Loews Regency has the street address 222 Sansome, with a different entrance, San Francisco, A Guide To Recent Architecture. Mandarin Oriental, San Francisco official website
34.
Millennium Tower (San Francisco)
–
Millennium Tower is a 58-story,196.6 m condominium skyscraper completed in 2009 in the South of Market district in downtown San Francisco. A mixed-use, primarily residential structure, it is the tallest residential building in San Francisco, the blue-gray glass, late-modernist tower is bounded by Mission, Fremont, and Beale Streets, and the north end of the Transbay Transit Center site. The building was opened to residents on April 23,2009 and its highest level,58 floors above the ground, is listed as the 60th, because floors 13 and 44 are missing for superstitious reasons. In 2016, the building was found to be both sinking and tilting, tenants received official disclosure of the structure issues in May 2016, a few months before the news went public. The US$350 million project was developed by Millennium Partners of New York City, designed by Handel Architects, engineered by DeSimone Consulting Engineers and constructed by Webcor Builders. At 645 ft, it is the tallest concrete structure in San Francisco, the fourth tallest building in San Francisco overall, and it was also the tallest residential building west of the Mississippi River when finished. The tower is slender, with each floor containing 14,000 sq ft of floor space, in addition to the 58-story tower, there is a 125 ft, 11-story tower on the northeast end of the complex. Between the two towers is a 43 ft, two-story glass atrium, in total, the project has 419 units. The residences are said to be the priciest on the West Coast, the bottom 25 floors of the main tower are called Residences while the floors from 26 to the top have the name Grand Residences. The 53 units in the separate 12-story tower are called the City Residences, below street level, there are 434 parking spaces in a five-level subterranean garage located under the 11-story tower. The building is located next to the site of the future Transbay Transit Center, overall, the towers design is intended to resemble a translucent crystal, and is a landmark for the Transbay Redevelopment and the southern skyline of San Francisco. Millennium Tower is also home to RN74, a restaurant and wine bar under the direction of Chef Michael Mina, Millennium Partners first proposed the development in 2002 with 163 condominiums,108 rentals and a 136-unit extended stay hotel rooms. The project was approved in 2003 by the S. F, Planning Commission 4–1 and construction began in 2005. The only against vote came from Planning Commissioner Sue Lee, on September 6,2010, Dan Goodwin, also known as SpiderDan and Skyscraperman, scaled the outside of the tower using suction cups. Following the climb, Goodwin was arrested by the San Francisco police, in 2013, the building sold its final unit, generating US$750 million in total sales, a 25 percent return on the estimated US$600 million in development costs. In 2016, it was released to the public that the building was sinking and tilting, the foundation of the structure is a concrete slab built on 60–90 feet deep concrete friction piles into mud fill and sand, which is a poor ground type for supporting large structures. A number of buildings in this part of San Francisco required use of end-bearing piles. An examination in 2016 showed the building had sunk 16 inches with a tilt at the base
35.
One Rincon Hill
–
One Rincon Hill is an upscale residential complex on the apex of Rincon Hill in San Francisco, California, United States. The complex, designed by Solomon, Cordwell, Buenz and Associates and developed by Urban West Associates and it is part of the San Francisco Skyline and is visible from Mt. Diablo and Port of Oakland. The taller tower, One Rincon Hill South Tower, was completed in 2008, the shorter tower, marketed as Tower Two at One Rincon Hill, was completed in 2014 and reaches a height of 541 feet with 50 stories. The South Tower contains high-speed elevators with special features for moving residents effectively, both skyscrapers and the townhomes contain a total of 709 residential units. The building site, located next to the western approach of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. The clock tower was demolished shortly after the city approved the One Rincon Hill project, construction of the townhomes and the South Tower lasted from 2005 to 2008, but was stopped for brief periods of time due to seismic concerns and a construction accident. As the South Tower neared completion, it generated controversy concerning view encroachment, high pricing, the complex is on a 1.3 acres parcel on the apex of the Rincon Hill neighborhood. The site is bounded by Harrison Street to the west, the Fremont Street exit ramp to the north, the approach to the Bay Bridge on the east, Solomon, Cordwell, Buenz and Associates, a Chicago architectural firm, designed the complex. The developer of complex is Urban West Associates, headed by Mike Kriozere. The developers headquarters are in San Diego, although all its highrise projects over 14 stories are in the San Francisco Bay Area. The Rincon Hill complex is the second project in San Francisco, with the first being ONE Embarcadero South. According to the developer the total cost of the Rincon Hill project was US$290 million, the complex consists of two buildings joined together at the base by a row of townhomes. The South Tower and North Tower rise 641 ft and 541 ft above the corner of Fremont and Harrison streets, the North Tower has 50 floors, while the South Tower has 60. Because of the sloped Rincon Hill site, the South Towers lobby floor or the 1st Street entrance is on the floor. It is also one of the tallest all-residential towers west of the Mississippi River, the architectural style for both buildings of the Rincon Hill complex is late-modernist. The three sides of the South Tower facing southeast, northeast, and northwest have a linear glass curtainwall, the North Tower has a similar design, except it is shorter and the curved aluminum and glass side faces northeast. Both skyscrapers of the Rincon Hill project contain an oval-shaped crown housing mechanical equipment, the crown of the South Tower contains a band of 25 LED floodlights that remain lit all night. Each LED light consumes little energy and has a lifetime of 40,000 hours and these lights are used to signal the weather, just like the lights on the John Hancock Tower in Boston
36.
101 California Street
–
101 California Street is a 48-story office skyscraper completed in 1982 in the Financial District of San Francisco, California. The 183 m tower, providing 1,250,000 sq ft of space, is bounded by California, Davis, Front. The faceted cylindrical tower features a seven-story, glass-enclosed lobby and a plaza with flower beds. During the holiday season, a platform with many oversized Christmas ornaments is added to the plaza, the buildings entrance is very similar to that of 101 Park Avenue in New York City, and was also designed by Philip Johnson and John Burgee in 1982. The eight stairwells throughout the building are intended for use only. The building is the site of what has become known as the 101 California Street shootings, a mass murder which occurred there in 1993. On July 1, Gian Luigi Ferri, a client of the law firm Pettit & Martin, entered their offices on the 34th floor and killed eight people. The event was a catalyst in the passage of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, a terraced garden in the plaza in front of the building is now dedicated to the victims. 101 California property website 101 California at Hines Interests Limited Partnership
37.
Market Center (San Francisco)
–
It served as the headquarters of the Chevron Corporation until 2001. 575 Market Street is a 40-story,175 m building completed in 1975,555 Market Street is the shorter tower at 95 m with 22 stories, and was completed in 1964. The two buildings are surrounded by small ornamental plazas, both buildings are terra cotta over a granite base. Chevron occupied the Market Center complex from 1965 until 2001 when it moved its headquarters to its campus in San Ramon, in 1999, Chevron sold the two buildings to Tishman Speyer and Travelers Real Estate Ventures for US$189.1 million and leased back the office space. At the time the company moved its headquarters, it had already moved most workers to San Ramon. By 2003, the complex was 83 percent vacant, and a joint venture between DivcoWest Properties and RREEF bought the property for US$79.5 million, in 2010, RREEF sold the complex to Manulife Financial for US$267 million. List of tallest buildings in San Francisco Official website
38.
44 Montgomery
–
44 Montgomery is a 43-story,172 m office skyscraper in the heart of San Franciscos Financial District. When completed in 1967, it was the tallest building west of Dallas until 555 California Street was erected in 1969, the building was once the world headquarters for Wells Fargo Bank. It was sold by AT&T in 1997 for US$111 million, the building contains direct underground access to the Montgomery Street Station. List of tallest buildings in San Francisco 44 Montgomery Street official website
39.
One Market Plaza
–
One Market Plaza is a complex of three office buildings at 1 Market Street along the San Francisco Embarcadero. The complex was renovated in 1996 by the architect firm César Pelli & Associates Architects, in Spring 2014 a new renovation began, which is still ongoing. An $88 million renovation brought modern amenities such as air conditioning and it later hosted the headquarters of Del Monte Foods for ten years on the buildings top three floors. Paramount Group buys half interest in One Market Plaza, One Market Plaza at Emporis Southern Pacific Building at Emporis
40.
One Sansome Street
–
The 168 m,41 floor,587,473 sq ft office tower was completed in 1984. The One Sansome Street tower is adjacent to the site of the ornate Anglo and London Paris National Bank. Designed by architect Albert Pissis, the building was granite clad with 38 ft high Doric columns. The historic architecture of the building serves as a conservatory for the skyscraper today. By 2010, it was owned by Broadway Partners Fund Manager, in 2010, a partnership between Barker Pacific Group and Prudential Real Estate Investors took ownership of the building. In 2011, Citigroup signed an extension through 2022 to remain the buildings anchor tenant. The building contains direct access to the Montgomery Street Station. San Franciscos tallest buildings One Sansome Street office website
41.
One Front Street
–
One Front Street, also known as Shaklee Terraces, is an office skyscraper in the Financial District of San Francisco, California. The 164 m, 38-floor tower was completed in 1979, the composition of the façade closely resembles that of the Shell Building by Emil Fahrenkamp, which was built in Berlin in 1931. The Shaklee Corporation was once headquartered in the tower until the company moved to Pleasanton, in 1999-2001 Scient Corporation, a dot-com era consulting firm, had its head office on the upper floors of the building, prior to its move to Market Street. Tenants include, First Republic Bank Lookout, Inc, kite Wells Fargo Bank Covington & Burling Skidmore Owings & Merrill FTI Jones Lang LaSalle BNP Paribas List of tallest buildings in San Francisco Woodbridge, Sally B
.jpg)
