McDonnell F-101 Voodoo

F-101 Voodoo
McDonnell F-101A Voodoo
Role	Fighter aircraft
Manufacturer	McDonnell Aircraft
First flight	29 September 1954
Introduction	May 1957
Retired	1972, USAF 1982, US ANG 1984, Canada
Primary users	United States Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force
Number built	807
Unit cost	US$1,276,145 (RF-101C)[1] US$1,754,066 (F-101B)[2]
Developed from	XF-88 Voodoo
Variants	McDonnell CF-101 Voodoo

Canadian CF-101 Voodoo in Bagotville, Summer 1962

The McDonnell F-101 Voodoo was a supersonic jet fighter which served the United States Air Force (USAF) and the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF).

Initially designed by McDonnell Aircraft as a long-range bomber escort (known as a penetration fighter) for the Strategic Air Command (SAC), the Voodoo was instead developed as a nuclear-armed fighter-bomber for the Tactical Air Command (TAC), and as a photo reconnaissance aircraft based on the same airframe. An F-101A set a number of world speed records for jet powered aircraft, including fastest airspeed, attaining 1,207.6 miles (1,943.4 km) per hour on 12 December 1957.^[3] They operated in the reconnaissance role until 1979.

Delays in the 1954 interceptor project led to demands for an interim interceptor aircraft design, a role that was eventually won by the B model of the Voodoo. This required extensive modifications to add a large radar to the nose of the aircraft, a second crewmember to operate it, and a new weapons bay using a rotating door that kept its four AIM-4 Falcon missiles or two AIR-2 Genie rockets hidden within the airframe until it was time to be fired. The F-101B entered service with Air Defense Command in 1959 and the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1961. US examples were handed off to the Air National Guard where they served until 1982. Canadian examples remained in service until 1984.

Background[edit]

The Voodoo's career as a fighter-bomber was relatively brief, but the reconnaissance versions served for some time. Along with the US Air Force's Lockheed U-2 and US Navy's Vought RF-8 Crusaders, the RF-101 reconnaissance variant of the Voodoo was instrumental during the Cuban Missile Crisis and saw extensive service during the Vietnam War.^[4] Interceptor versions served with the Air National Guard until 1982, and in Canadian service they were a front line part of NORAD until their replacement with the CF-18 Hornet in the 1980s.

While the Voodoo was a moderate success, it may have been more important as an evolutionary step towards its replacement in most roles, the F-4 Phantom II, one of the most successful Western fighter designs of the 1960s. The Phantom would retain the twin engines, twin crew for interception duties, and a tail mounted well above and behind the jet exhaust but was an evolution of the F3H Demon while the Voodoo was developed from the earlier XF-88 Voodoo.

Design and development[edit]

Initial design on what would eventually become the Voodoo began just after World War II in response to a USAAF Penetration Fighter Competition in 1946. This called for a long-range, high-performance fighter to escort a new generation of bombers, much as the North American P-51 Mustang had escorted the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses and Consolidated B-24 Liberators in World War II. Several companies responded with designs, and the Air Force provided funds for several of them to produce prototypes.

After being awarded a contract (AC-14582) on 14 February 1947, McDonnell built two prototypes, designated the XF-88 Voodoo.^[5] The first prototype (serial number 46-6525), powered by two 3,000 lbf (13.3 kN) Westinghouse XJ34-WE-13 turbojets, flew from Muroc on 20 October 1948.^[6] Preliminary testing revealed that while handling and range was adequate, the top speed was a disappointing 641 mph (1,032 km/h) at sea level.^[7] After fitting McDonnell-designed afterburners to the second prototype, thrust was increased to 3,600 lbf (16.1 kN) with corresponding performance increases in top speed, initial rate of climb and reduced takeoff distance. Fuel consumption was greatly increased by use of the afterburners, however, reducing the range.^[6]

Although the XF-88 won the "fly-off" competition against the competing Lockheed XF-90 and North American YF-93, the detonation of the first nuclear weapon by the Soviet Union resulted in the USAF (created in 1947) re-evaluating its fighter needs, with interceptors being more important and bomber escorts being of reduced priority, and it terminated the Penetration Fighter program in 1950.^[8] Analysis of Korean War missions, however, revealed that contemporary USAF strategic bombers were vulnerable to fighter interception. In 1951, the USAF issued a new requirement for a bomber escort with all major US manufacturers submitting designs. The McDonnell design was a larger and higher powered version of the XF-88, and won the bid in May 1951. The F-88 was redesignated the F-101 Voodoo in November 1951.^[9]

Design changes for new engines[edit]

The new design was considerably larger, carrying three times the initial fuel load and designed around larger, more powerful Pratt & Whitney J57 turbojets.^[10] The greater dimensions of the J57 engines required modifications to the engine bays, and modification to the intakes to allow a larger amount of airflow to the engine. The new intakes were also designed to be more efficient at higher Mach numbers. In order to increase aerodynamic efficiency, reduce structural weight and alleviate pitch-up phenomena recently identified in flight testing of the Douglas D-558-2 Skyrocket, an aircraft with a control surface configuration similar to the XF-88, the horizontal tail was relocated to the top of the vertical stabilizer, giving the F-101 its signature "T-tail". In late 1952, the mission of the F-101 was changed from "penetration fighter" to "strategic fighter", which entailed equal emphasis on both the bomber escort mission and on nuclear weapons delivery. The new Voodoo mock-up with the reconfigured inlets, tail surfaces, landing gear, and dummy nuclear weapon was inspected by Air Force officials in March 1953.^[11] The design was approved, and an initial order for 29 F-101As was placed on 28 May 1953, no prototypes being required as the F-101 was considered a simple development of the XF-88,^[12] with the Cook-Cragie production policy, in which initial low-rate production would be used for testing without the use of separate prototypes, chosen instead.^[13][14]

First production[edit]

F-101A, AF Serial No. 53-2418, at Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum, Pueblo, Colorado, before restoration

F-101A serial number 53-2418 was the first production aircraft; its maiden flight was on 29 September 1954 at Edwards AFB where it reached Mach 0.9 (961.0 km/h) at 35,000 feet (11,000 m)^[15] This aircraft, which is privately owned, has been moved to the Evergreen Maintenance Center in Marana, Arizona, restored, and now on display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.^[16] It was previously on display at the Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum.

The end of the war in Korea and the development of the jet-powered Boeing B-52 Stratofortress negated the need for fighter escort and Strategic Air Command withdrew from the program.

Operational history[edit]

F-101A / RF-101G[edit]

Despite SAC's loss of interest, the aircraft attracted the attention of Tactical Air Command (TAC), and the F-101 was reconfigured as a fighter bomber, intended to carry a single nuclear weapon for use against tactical targets such as airfields. With the support of TAC, testing was resumed, with Category II flight tests beginning in early 1955. A number of problems were identified during development, with many of these fixed. The aircraft had a dangerous tendency toward severe pitch-up at high angle of attack that was never entirely solved.^[17] Around 2,300 improvements were made to the aircraft in 1955–56 before full production was resumed in November 1956.

F-101A Voodoo

The first F-101A was delivered on 2 May 1957 to the 27th Strategic Fighter Wing, which transferred to TAC in July that year,^[13] replacing their F-84F Thunderstreak. The F-101A was powered by two Pratt & Whitney J57-P-13 turbojets,^[12] allowing good acceleration, climb-performance, ease in penetrating the sound barrier in level flight, and a maximum performance of Mach 1.52. The F-101's large internal fuel capacity allowed a range of approximately 3,000 mi (4,828 km) nonstop.^[18] The aircraft was fitted with an MA-7 fire-control radar for both air-to-air and air-to-ground use, augmented by a Low Altitude Bombing System (LABS) system for delivering nuclear weapons,^[12] and was designed to carry a Mk 28 nuclear bomb. The original intended payload for the F-101A was the McDonnell Model 96 store, a large fuel/weapons pod similar in concept to that of the Convair B-58 Hustler, but was cancelled in March 1956 before the F-101 entered service. Other operational nuclear payloads included the Mk 7, Mk 43, and Mk 57 weapons. While theoretically capable of carrying conventional bombs, rockets, or Falcon air-to-air missiles,^[19] the Voodoo never used such weapons operationally.^[20] It was fitted with four 20mm M39 cannon, with one cannon often removed in service to make room for a TACAN beacon-receiver.

The F-101 set a number of speed records, including: a JF-101A (the ninth F-101A modified as a testbed for the more powerful J-57-P-53 engines of the F-101B) setting a world speed record of 1,207.6 mph (1,943.4 km/h) on 12 December 1957 during "Operation Firewall",^[21] beating the previous record of 1,132 mph (1,811 km/h) set by the Fairey Delta 2 in March the previous year. The record was then subsequently taken in May 1958 by a Lockheed F-104 Starfighter. On 27 November 1957, during "Operation Sun Run," an RF-101C set the Los Angeles-New York City-Los Angeles record in 6 hours 46 minutes, the New York to Los Angeles record in 3 hours, 36 minutes, and the Los Angeles to New York record in 3 hours 7 minutes.^[22]

A total of 77 F-101As were built. They were gradually withdrawn from service starting in 1966.^[23] Twenty-nine survivors were converted to RF-101G specifications with a modified nose, housing reconnaissance cameras in place of cannons and radar. These served with the Air National Guard through 1972.^[24]

RF-101A[edit]

A 33rd Tactical Group RF-101A (s/n 54-1512) after landing at Udorn, Thailand (later transferred to Tan Son Nhut) c1965

In October 1953, the USAF requested that two F-101As be built as prototype YRF-101A tactical reconnaissance aircraft. These were followed by 35 RF-101A production aircraft.^[25] The RF-101A shared the airframe of the F-101A, including its 6.33 g (62 m/s²) limit, but replaced the radar and cannons with up to six cameras in the reshaped nose.^[26] Like all other models of the F-101, it had provision for both flying boom and probe-and-drogue in-flight refueling capability, as well as for a buddy tank that allowed it to refuel other aircraft.^[19] It entered service in May 1957,^[27] replacing the RB-57 Canberra.

USAF RF-101As from the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Shaw AFB, SC flew reconnaissance sorties over Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962.^[4]

In October 1959, eight RF-101As were transferred to Taiwan, which used them for overflights of the Chinese mainland. These ROCAF RF-101A with modified C-model vertical fins with air intake. The intake is used to cool the drag chute compartment and eliminates the 5-minute limit on using the afterburners on the A model.^[28] Two were reportedly shot down.

F-101C / RF-101H[edit]

The F-101A fighter-bomber had been accepted into Tactical Air Command (TAC) service despite a number of problems. Among others, its airframe had proven to be capable of withstanding only 6.33 g (62 m/s²) maneuvers, rather than the intended 7.33 g (72 m/s²).^[29] An improved model, the F-101C, was introduced in 1957. It had a 500 lb (227 kg) heavier structure to allow 7.33-g maneuvers as well as a revised fuel system to increase the maximum flight time in afterburner.^[30] Like the F-101A it was also fitted with an underfuselage pylon for carrying atomic weapons, as well as two hardpoints for 450-gallon drop tanks.^[19] A total of 47 were produced.^[30]

F-101C Voodoo of 81 TFW based at RAF Bentwaters in 1962

Originally serving with the 27th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bergstrom AFB, Texas, the aircraft were transferred in 1958 from TAC to the 81st Tactical Fighter Wing, part of United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) which operated three squadrons from the twin RAF air stations Bentwaters & Woodbridge. The 78th Tactical Fighter Squadron was stationed at Woodbridge, while the 91st and 92nd were stationed at Bentwaters. The 81st TFW served as a strategic nuclear deterrent force, the Voodoo's long range putting almost all of the Warsaw Pact countries, and targets up to 500 miles deep into the Soviet Union within reach.

Both the A and C model aircraft were assigned to the 81st TFW, and were used interchangeably within the three squadrons. Operational F-101A/C were upgraded in service with Low Angle Drogued Delivery (LADD) and Low Altitude Bombing System (LABS) equipment for its primary mission of delivering nuclear weapons at extremely low altitudes. Pilots were trained for high speed, low level missions into Soviet or Eastern Bloc territory, with primary targets being airfields. These missions were expected to be one-way, with the pilots having to eject behind Soviet lines.^[30]

The F-101C never saw combat and was replaced in 1966 with the F-4C Phantom II.^[13] Thirty-two aircraft were later converted for unarmed reconnaissance use under the RF-101H designation. They served with Air National Guard units until 1972.^[13]

RF-101C[edit]

U.S. Air Force technicians prepare a McDonnell RF-101 Voodoo for a photo reconnaissance mission

U.S. Air Force McDonnell RF-101C over Vietnam, 1967.

Using the reinforced airframe of the F-101C, the RF-101C first flew on 12 July 1957,^[13] entering service in 1958. Like the RF-101A, the RF-101C had up to six cameras in place of radar and cannons in the reshaped nose and retained the bombing ability of the fighter-bomber versions. 166 RF-101Cs were built, including 96 originally scheduled to be F-101C fighter-bombers.^[26]

The 1964 Project "Toy Tiger" fitted some RF-101C with a new camera package and a centerline pod for photo-flash cartridges. Some were further upgraded under the Mod 1181 program with automatic control for the cameras.

The RF-101C saw service during the Cuban Missile Crisis and soon followed the North American F-100 Super Sabres in October 1961, into combat when RF-101s from the 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing deployed to Vietnam. The RF-101C was deployed operationally during the Vietnam War, sustaining losses with the first F-101 being lost in November 1964 to ground fire. From 1965 through November 1970, its role was gradually taken over by the RF-4C Phantom II. In some 35,000 sorties, 39 aircraft were lost, 33 in combat,^[31][32] including five to SAMs, one to an airfield attack, and one in air combat to a MiG-21 in September 1967. The RF-101C's speed made it largely immune to MiG interception. 27 of the combat losses occurred on reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam. In April 1967, ALQ-71 ECM pods were fitted to provide some protection against SAMs. Although the Voodoo was again able to operate at medium altitudes, the added drag and weight decreased the speed enough to make RF-101 vulnerable to the maneuverable (and cannon-equipped) MiGs and thus requiring fighter escort.

On 27 November 1957 during Operation Sun Run, an RF-101C piloted by then-Captain Robert Sweet set the Los Angeles-New York City-Los Angeles record in 6 hours 46 minutes, and the New York to Los Angeles record in 3 hours, 36 minutes. Another RF-101C, piloted by then-Lieutenant Gustav Klatt, set a Los Angeles to New York record of 3 hours 7 minutes.^[22]

After withdrawal from Vietnam, the RF-101C continued to serve with USAF units through 1979.

In service, the RF-101C was nicknamed the "Long Bird;" it was the only version of the Voodoo to see combat.^[33]

F-101B / CF-101B / EF-101B[edit]

A two-seat McDonnell F-101B Voodoo of the Oregon Air National Guard

CF-101 Voodoo 101060 from 409 "Nighthawk" Squadron, CFB Comox on the ramp at CFB Moose Jaw in spring 1982.

In the late 1940s, the Air Force had started a research project into future interceptor aircraft that eventually settled on an advanced specification known as the 1954 interceptor. Contracts for this specification eventually resulted in the selection of the F-102 Delta Dagger, but by 1952 it was becoming clear that none of the parts of the specification other than the airframe would be ready by 1954; the engines, weapons and fire control systems were all going to take too long to get into service. An effort was then started to quickly produce an interim supersonic design to replace the various subsonic interceptors then in service, and the F-101 airframe was selected as a starting point.^[34]

Although McDonnell proposed the designation F-109 for the new aircraft (which was to be a substantial departure from the basic Voodoo),^[35] the USAF assigned the designation F-101B. It was first deployed into service on 5 January 1959, with the 60th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron.^[36] The production ended in March 1961.^[2] The Voodoo featured a modified cockpit to carry a crew of two, with a larger and more rounded forward fuselage to hold the Hughes MG-13 fire control radar of the F-102. It had a data link to the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system, allowing ground controllers to steer the aircraft towards its targets by making adjustments through the plane's autopilot. The F-101B had more powerful Pratt & Whitney J57-P-55 engines, making it the only Voodoo not using the −13 engines. The new engines featured a substantially longer afterburner than J57-P-13s. To avoid a major redesign, the extended afterburners were simply allowed to extend out of the fuselage by almost 8 ft (2.4 m). The more powerful engines and aerodynamic refinements allowed an increased speed of Mach 1.85.^[19]

The F-101B was stripped of the four M39 cannons and carried four AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missiles instead, arranged two apiece on a rotating pallet in the fuselage weapons bay.^[19] The initial load was two GAR-1 (AIM-4A) semi-active radar homing and two GAR-2 (AIM-4B) infrared-guided weapons with one of each carried on each side of the rotating pallet.^[37] After the first two missiles were fired, the door turned over to expose the second pair. Standard practice was to fire the weapons in SARH/IR pairs to increase the likelihood of a hit. Late-production models had provision for two 1.7-kiloton MB-1/AIR-2 Genie nuclear rockets on one side of the pallet with IR-guided GAR-2A (AIM-4C) on the other side. "Project Kitty Car" upgraded most earlier F-101Bs to this standard beginning in 1961.^[20]

The AIM-4 Falcon side of the F-101B missile door

From 1963–66, F-101Bs were upgraded under the Interceptor Improvement Program (IIP; also known as "Project Bold Journey"), with a fire control system enhancement against hostile ECM and an infrared sighting and tracking (IRST) system in the nose in place of the in-flight refueling probe.^[38]

The F-101B was made in greater numbers than the F-101A and C, with a total of 479 being delivered by the end of production in 1961.^[39] Most of these were delivered to the Air Defense Command (ADC) beginning in January 1959.^[36] The only foreign customer for the F-101B was Canada.^[40] For more details on the history of the Voodoo in Canada, see McDonnell CF-101 Voodoo.

The F-101B was withdrawn from ADC service from 1969 to 1972, with many surviving USAF aircraft transferred to the Air National Guard (replacing F-102s), serving until 1982. The last Voodoo in US service (F-101B-105-MC, AF Ser. No. 58-300) was finally retired by the 2nd Fighter Weapons Squadron at Tyndall AFB, Florida on 21 September 1982.^[41]

TF-101B / F-101F / CF-101F[edit]

Some of the F-101Bs were completed as dual-control operational trainer aircraft initially dubbed TF-101B, but later redesignated F-101F. Seventy-nine new-build F-101Fs were manufactured, and 152 more existing aircraft were later modified with dual controls. Ten of these were supplied to Canada under the designation CF-101F. These were later replaced with 10 updated aircraft in 1971.

The prototype RF-101B (s/n 57-0301).

RF-101B[edit]

In the early 1970s, a batch of 22 former Royal Canadian CF-101Bs were returned to the US Air Force and converted to RF-101B reconnaissance aircraft with their radar and weapons bay replaced with a set of three KS-87B cameras and two AXQ-2 TV cameras. An in-flight refueling boom receptacle was also fitted. These aircraft served with the 192d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron of the Nevada Air National Guard through 1975. They were expensive to operate and maintain and had a short service life.

Variants[edit]

RF-101C-55-MC (56-0220), assigned to 18th TRS, 460th TRW. This aircraft was shot down by a SAM over North Vietnam on 7 March 1966, killing the pilot.

Section source: Angelucci and Bowers 1987, pp. 309–10.

F-101A

initial production fighter bomber, 77 produced.

NF-101A

one F-101A used by General Electric for testing of the General Electric J79 engine.

YRF-101A

two F-101As built as prototype reconnaissance models.

RF-101A

first reconnaissance version, 35 built.

F-101B

two-seat interceptor, the most numerous version with 479 built (including CF-101B)

CF-101B

112 F-101Bs transferred to Royal Canadian Air Force.

RF-101B

22 former RCAF CF-101Bs modified for reconnaissance use.

TF-101B

dual-control trainer version of F-101B, redesignated F-101F, 79 built.

EF-101B

single F-101B converted for use as a radar target and leased to Canada.

NF-101B

F-101B prototype based on the F-101A airframe; the second prototype was built with a different nose.

F-101C

improved fighter-bomber, 47 built.

RF-101C

reconnaissance version of F-101C airframe, 166 built.

F-101D

proposed version with General Electric J79 engines, not built.

F-101E

another J79 proposal, not built.

F-101F

dual-control trainer version of F-101B; 79 re-designated TF-101Bs plus 152 converted F-101B.

CF-101F

Canadian designation for 20 TF-101B/F-101F dual-control aircraft.

TF-101F

24 dual-control versions of F-101B, re-designated F-101F (these are included in the -F total).

RF-101G

29 F-101As converted for ANG reconnaissance.

RF-101H

32 F-101Cs converted for reconnaissance use.

Operators[edit]

McDonnell F-101B of the 18th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, Grand Forks AFB, ND

 Canada

• Royal Canadian Air Force
• Canadian Forces

 Republic of China

• Republic of China Air Force

 United States

• United States Air Force
• Colorado State University^[42]

Aircraft on display[edit]

F-101F AF Serial Number 58-0311, located at Devils Lake Regional Airport, North Dakota

Following the type's retirement, a large number of F-101s are preserved in museums or on display as gate guards.

Specifications (F-101B)[edit]

Line drawings for the F-101B.

Data from The Great Book of Fighters^[43]

General characteristics

• Crew: 2
• Length: 67 ft 5 in (20.55 m)
• Wingspan: 39 ft 8 in (12.09 m)
• Height: 18 ft 0 in (5.49 m)
• Wing area: 368 ft² (34.20 m²)
• Airfoil: NACA 65A007 mod root, 65A006 mod tip
• Empty weight: 28,495 lb (12,925 kg)
• Loaded weight: 45,665 lb (20,715 kg)
• Max. takeoff weight: 52,400 lb (23,770 kg)
• Internal fuel capacity: 2,053 gal (7,771 l) or 2,953 gal (11,178 l) with two external tanks
• Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney J57-P-55 afterburning turbojets
  • Dry thrust: 11,990 lbf (53.3 kN) each
  • Thrust with afterburner: 16,900 lbf (75.2 kN) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: Mach 1.72 (1,134 mph, 1,825 km/h) at 35,000 ft (10,500 m)
• Range: 1,520 mi (1,320 nm, 2,450 km)
• Service ceiling: 58,400 ft (17,800 m)
• Rate of climb: 36,500 ft/min^[44] (185 m/s)
• Wing loading: 124 lb/ft² (607 kg/m²)
• Thrust/weight: 0.74

Armament

• Missiles:
• 4 (originally 6)× AIM-4 Falcon, or
• 2× AIR-2 Genie nuclear rockets, plus 2× AIM-4 Falcon

note: Falcon missile variants – AIM-4A, AIM-4B, AIM-4C only. The range was about 5 mi (8 km). Avionics

• Hughes MG-13 fire control system

Aircraft type badges[edit]

All models of the aircraft were known by the nickname "One-oh-Wonder" and this was reflected on the aircraft type patches worn by crews.^[45]

See also[edit]

• Century Series
• Fisher FP-101 – aircraft with a similar designation

Related development

• McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo
• McDonnell CF-101 Voodoo

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Convair F-102 Delta Dagger
• Convair F-106 Delta Dart
• Lavochkin La-250
• McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
• Tupolev Tu-28

Related lists

• List of fighter aircraft
• List of military aircraft of the United States

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to F-101 Voodoo.

• McDonnell F-101 Voodoo articles and publications
• Baugher's F-101 Voodoo Aircraft
• USAF National Museum site: XF-88 page
  • F-101A/C fact sheet
  • F-101B & F-101B fact sheet
  • RF-101A/C fact sheet
• McDonnell F-101 "Voodoo" history & information
• F-101 Voodoo Survivors List of static displays, location, serial numbers, and links.
• (1971) T.O. 1F-101(R)G-1 Flight Manual USAF Series RF-101G and RF-101H Aircraft (Part 1)^{[permanent dead link]},(Part 2)^{[permanent dead link]}