1.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
4.
Darien, Georgia
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Darien/dɛəriːˈɛn/ is a city in McIntosh County, Georgia, United States. It lies on Georgias coast at the mouth of the Altamaha River, approximately 50 miles south of Savannah, the population of Darien was 1,975 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat of McIntosh County and it is the second oldest planned city in Georgia and was originally called New Inverness. Darien is located at 31°22′16″N 81°25′51″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.0 square miles, all land. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 1,975 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 51. 9% White,44. 1% Black,0. 1% Native American,0. 8% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 1% from some other race and 1. 1% from two or more races. 1. 9% were Hispanic or Latino of any race, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,719 people,697 households, and 464 families residing in the city. The population density was 869.6 people per square mile, there were 832 housing units at an average density of 420.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 54. 10% White,43. 98% African American,0. 12% Native American,0. 64% Asian,0. 17% Pacific Islander,0. 06% from other races, and 0. 93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 64% of the population,30. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the family size was 3.06. In the city, the population was out with 29. 2% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,25. 4% from 25 to 44,23. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females, there were 82.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.3 males, the median income for a household in the city was $24,135, and the median income for a family was $28,750. Males had an income of $26,198 versus $16,897 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,938, about 21. 3% of families and 24. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29. 8% of those under age 18 and 25. 2% of those ages 65 or over. The British built Fort King George in 1721, near what would become Darien, at the time it was the southernmost outpost of the British Empire in North America. The fort was abandoned in 1727 following attacks from the Spanish and its remains constitute the oldest fort on the Georgia coast
5.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
6.
Georgia's 1st congressional district
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Georgias 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of Georgia. The first election using the new boundaries were the 2012 congressional elections. The district comprises the coastal area of Sea Islands and much of the southeastern part of the state. In addition to Savannah, the district includes the cities of Brunswick, Jesup, house of Representatives from Georgias 1st congressional district. Georgias congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present PDF map of Georgias 1st district at nationalatlas. gov Georgias 1st district at GovTrack. us
7.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
8.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
9.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
12.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
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Brunswick, Georgia
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Brunswick /ˈbrʌnzwɪk/ is a city in and the county seat of Glynn County, Georgia, United States. As the major urban and economic center of the lower southeast, it is the second-largest urban area on the Georgia coast after Savannah. British colonists settled the peninsula in 1738 as a buffer to Spanish Florida and it came under provincial control in 1771 and was founded as Brunswick after the German duchy of Brunswick–Lüneburg, the ancestral home of the House of Hanover. It was incorporated as a city in 1856. S, Brunswick supports a progressive economy largely based on tourism and logistics, with a metropolitan GDP of $3.9 billion. The Port of Brunswick handles approximately 10 percent of all U. S. roll-on/roll-off trade—third in the U. S. behind the ports of Los Angeles and Newark. In the 2010 U. S. census, the population of the city proper was 15,383, the area,51,024. Brunswick is located on a harbor of the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 40 mi north of Florida and 80 mi south of South Carolina, Brunswick is bordered on the west by Oglethorpe Bay, the East River, and the Turtle River. It is bordered on the south by the Brunswick River and on the east by the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway in the Mackay River, the Mocama, a Timucua-speaking people, originally occupied the lands in what is now Brunswick. The Spanish established missions in Timucuan villages beginning in 1568, during this time, much of the Native American population was depleted through enslavement and disease. Three years after the Province of Georgia was founded in 1733, James Oglethorpe had the town of Frederica built on St. Simons Island, marys River and south of the Savannah River were designated as Georgia. The areas first European settler, Mark Carr, arrived in 1738, Carr, a Scotsman, was a captain in Oglethorpes Marine Boat Company. Upon landing, he established his 1, 000-acre tobacco plantation, the Province of Georgia purchased Carrs fields in 1771 and laid out the town of Brunswick in the grid plan akin to that of Savannah, with large, public squares at given intervals. The town was named for the duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Germany, the home of George III. Brunswick was a tract of land consisting of 383.5 acres. The first lot was granted on June 30,1772,179 lots were granted in the first three years, from 1783 to 1788 a number of these lots were regranted and there collected in Brunswick a few families who desired proper education for their children. By the act of the General Assembly on February 1,1788, eight town commissioners were appointed and Glynn Academy was chartered, Brunswick was recognized as an official port of entry in 1789 by an act of the United States Congress. In 1797 the General Assembly transferred the seat of Glynn County from Frederica to Brunswick, at the end of the eighteenth century, a large tract of land surrounding Brunswick on three sides had been laid off and designated as Commons. Commissioners were named in 1796 to support these efforts, the General Assembly authorized them to sell 500 acres of Commons, one-half of the proceeds to go to the construction of the courthouse and jail and one-half to the support of the academy
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Brunswick metropolitan area
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The Brunswick metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on the principal city of Brunswick, Georgia. As of 2012, the area had an population of 113,448. Brantley Glynn McIntosh Places with more than 15,000 inhabitants Brunswick Places with 7,500 to 15,000 inhabitants St. The racial makeup of the MSA was 73. 30% White,24. 13% African American,0. 26% Native American,0. 49% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 73% from other races, and 1. 06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 44% of the population, the median income for a household in the MSA was $33,076, and the median income for a family was $38,960. Males had an income of $31,138 versus $21,288 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $16,558, Georgia statistical areas List of municipalities in Georgia Golden Isles of Georgia Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area Definitions – retrieved October 21
15.
British Empire
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The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the population at the time. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread, during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, the independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, after the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain, the British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. In Britain, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies, during the 19th Century, Britains population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, which caused significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Benjamin Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions. By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britains economic lead, subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial and manpower resources of Britain, although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the worlds pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britains colonies in Southeast Asia were occupied by Imperial Japan, despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britains most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire, fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share a monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496, King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again
16.
Fort King George
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Fort King George is a fort located in the U. S. state of Georgia in McIntosh County, adjacent to Darien. The fort was built in 1721 along what is now known as the Darien River, the fort was constructed in what was then considered part of the colony of South Carolina, but was territory later settled as Georgia. It was part of a line intended to encourage settlement along the colonys southern frontier. Great Britain, France, and Spain were competing to control the American Southeast, Fort King George was a hardship for troops assigned there. A total of 140 officers and soldiers died, mostly from diseases such as dysentery and malaria. The soldiers made up The Independent Company of South Carolina, a company of elderly British Regulars, one hundred in all. Their suffering was caused by their own poor health. Problems such as periodic flooding, indolence, starvation, excessive alcoholism, desertion, enemy threats. The fort was a model for General James Oglethorpe when he set up his southern defense system for Georgia, in 1736, Oglethorpe brought Scottish colonists to settle the site of the abandoned Fort King George. They called their village New Inverness, later named Darien and that same year, Oglethorpe built Fort Frederica on Saint Simons Island. Operated by the state of Georgia as Fort King George Historic Site and it is open to the public for historical tours. Structures include a blockhouse, officers quarters, barracks, a guardhouse, baking and brewing house, blacksmith shop, moat, and palisades. The parks museum focuses on the 18th-century cultural history of the area, including the Guale, the 17th-century Spanish mission Santo Domingo de Talaje, the fort, an exhibit explains the 19th-century sawmilling at the site and the remains of two sawmills and ruins. Tabby cement ruins, based on a building material, also can be found on the property. Site staff offers living history programs year-round, for nearly 200 years before the establishment of Georgia in 1733, Europeans of various nations had struggled to claim footholds in this vast territory. At one time, it was one of the most coveted regions in all of North America and its bountiful river systems, the Altamaha, Ogeechee, and Savannah rivers, offered valuable conduits of transportation for empire building during the Age of Mercantilism. Europeans believed they could conquer its Native American peoples, the areas coastline had a labyrinth of barrier islands, mud shoals, sandbars, and impassable rivers that afforded a great natural barrier system for whoever controlled it. Over time, this territory would become a land for which Europes three mightiest countries of the time, Spain, France, and Great Britain, all competed
17.
Spanish Florida
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Spanish Florida refers to the Spanish territory of La Florida, which was the first major European land claim and attempted settlement in North America during the European Age of Discovery. La Florida formed part of the Captaincy General of Cuba, the Viceroyalty of New Spain, Spains claim to this vast area was based on several wide-ranging expeditions mounted during the 16th century. However, Spain never exercised control over La Florida much beyond several settlements and forts which were predominantly located in present-day Florida. Spanish Florida was established in 1513, when Juan Ponce de León claimed peninsular Florida for Spain during the first official European expedition to North America, the presidio of St. Spanish control of the Florida peninsula was made possible by the collapse of native cultures during the 17th century. Several Native American groups had been long-established residents of Florida, during the mid-1700s, small bands of Creek and other Native American refugees began moving south into Spanish Florida after having been forced off their lands by English settlements and raids. They were later joined by African-Americans fleeing slavery in nearby colonies and these newcomers - plus perhaps a few surviving descendants of indigenous Florida peoples - eventually coalesced into a new Seminole culture. The extent of Spanish Florida began to shrink in the 1600s, between disease, poor management, and ill-timed hurricanes, several Spanish attempts to establish new settlements in La Florida ended in failure. The War of Jenkins Ear included a British attack on St. Augustine, at the conclusion of the war, the northern boundary of Spanish Florida was set near the current northern border of modern-day Florida. Great Britain temporarily gained control of Florida beginning in 1763 as a result of the Anglo-Spanish War, France sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803. The U. S. claimed that the transaction included West Florida, as with earlier American incursions into Florida, Spain protested this invasion but could not defend its territory, and instead opened diplomatic negotiations seeking a peaceful transfer of land. By the terms of the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, Spanish Florida ceased to exist in 1821, anonymous Portuguese sailors were likely the first Europeans to map the southeastern portion of the future United States. They kept their discoveries secret, however, and did not attempt to establish settlements or explore very far inland, in 1512 Juan Ponce de León, governor of Puerto Rico, received royal permission to search for land north of Cuba. On March 3,1513, his expedition departed from Punta Aguada, Puerto Rico, in late March, he spotted a small island but did not land. On April 2, Ponce de León spotted the east coast of the Florida peninsula and went ashore the next day at an exact location that has been lost to time. Assuming that he had found an island, he claimed the land for Spain and named it La Florida, because it was the season of Pascua Florida. After briefly exploring the area around their landing site, the returned to their ships and sailed south to map the coast. The expedition followed Floridas coastline all the way around the Florida Keys, popular legend has it that Ponce de León was searching for the Fountain of Youth when he discovered Florida. Ponce de León probably was not the first Spaniard to reach Florida, evidence suggests that Spanish raiders from the Caribbean had conducted small secret expeditions to Florida to capture Indian slaves
18.
James Oglethorpe
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James Edward Oglethorpe was a British soldier, Member of Parliament, and philanthropist, as well as the founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britains worthy poor in the New World, James Oglethorpe was born in Surrey, the son of Sir Theophilus Oglethorpe of Westbrook Place, Godalming, and his wife Eleanor Lady Oglethorpe. He entered Corpus Christi College, Oxford in 1714, but in the year left to join the army of Prince Eugene of Savoy. After his return to England, he was elected Member of Parliament for Haslemere in 1722, in 1728 in Parliament, he advocated reform of the terrible conditions experienced by sailors in the British Royal Navy by publishing an anonymous pamphlet, The Sailors Advocate. In 1728, three years before conceiving the Georgia colony, Oglethorpe chaired a Parliamentary committee on prison reform, the committee documented horrendous abuses in three debtors prisons. As a result of the actions, many debtors were released from prison with no means of support. The petition was approved in 1732, and the first ship, led by Oglethorpe. Oglethorpe and the Trustees formulated a contractual, multi-tiered plan for the settlement of Georgia, the plan envisioned a system of agrarian equality, designed to support and perpetuate an economy based on family farming, and prevent social disintegration associated with unregulated urbanisation. Land ownership was limited to fifty acres, a grant that included a lot, a garden plot near town. Self-supporting colonists were able to obtain larger grants, but such grants were structured in fifty-acre increments tied to the number of indentured servants supported by the grantee, servants would receive a land grant of their own upon completing their term of service. No one was permitted to acquire land through purchase or inheritance. With Oglethorpe on that ship were cotton seeds provided by the Chelsea Medicinal Garden in London, the cotton seeds given to Oglethorpe were instrumental in establishing the cotton industry in the U. S. South. As discussed below, the plan for the colony was originally anti-slavery, but economic pressures eventually led to the lifting of the ban on slavery, as described below—and slavery was indispensable to the rise of large cotton-growing plantations throughout the Deep South. Oglethorpe and the first colonists arrived at South Carolina on the ship Anne in late 1732 and he negotiated with the Yamacraw tribe for land, and built a series of defensive forts, most notably Fort Frederica, of which substantial remains can still be visited. He then returned to England and arranged to have banned in Georgia after being emotionally moved by an intercepted letter from Ayuba Suleiman Diallo. Oglethorpe and his trustees were granted a royal charter for the Province of Georgia between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers on 9 June 1732. Georgia was a key contested area, lying in between the English Carolinas and Spanish Florida and it was Oglethorpes idea that British debtors should be released from prison and sent to Georgia. Although it is repeated that this would theoretically rid Britain of its so-called undesirable elements
19.
Scottish Highlands
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The Highlands are a historic region of Scotland. Culturally, the Highlands and the Lowlands diverged from the later Middle Ages into the modern period, the term is also used for the area north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, although the exact boundaries are not clearly defined, particularly to the east. The Great Glen divides the Grampian Mountains to the southeast from the Northwest Highlands, the Scottish Gaelic name of A Ghàidhealtachd literally means the place of the Gaels and traditionally, from a Gaelic-speaking point of view, includes both the Western Isles and the Highlands. The area is sparsely populated, with many mountain ranges dominating the region. At 9.1 per km2 in 2012, the density in the Highlands and Islands is less than one seventh of Scotlands as a whole, comparable with that of Bolivia, Chad. The Highland Council is the body for much of the Highlands. However, the Highlands also includes parts of the areas of Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll and Bute, Moray, North Ayrshire, Perth & Kinross, Stirling. The Scottish highlands is the area in the British Isles to have the Taiga biome as it features concentrated populations of Scots pine forest. Between the 15th century and the 20th century, the area differed from most of the Lowlands in terms of language. In Scottish Gaelic, the region is known as the Gàidhealtachd, because it was traditionally the Gaelic-speaking part of Scotland, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably but have different meanings in their respective languages. Scottish English is the predominant language of the area today, though Highland English has been influenced by Gaelic speech to a significant extent, historically, the Highland line distinguished the two Scottish cultures. Most of this legislation was repealed by the end of the 18th century as the Jacobite threat subsided, there was soon a rehabilitation of Highland culture. Tartan was adopted for Highland regiments in the British Army, which poor Highlanders joined in large numbers in the era of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. Tartan had largely abandoned by the ordinary people of the region, but in the 1820s, tartan and the kilt were adopted by members of the social elite, not just in Scotland. The international craze for tartan, and for idealising a romanticised Highlands, was set off by the Ossian cycle, individual clan tartans were largely designated in this period and they became a major symbol of Scottish identity. The period of the Napoleonic wars brought prosperity, optimism, the economy grew thanks to wages paid in industries such as kelping, fisheries, and weaving, as well as large-scale infrastructure spending such as the Caledonian Canal project. On the East Coast, farmlands were improved, and high prices for cattle brought money to the area, Service in the Army was also attractive to young men from the Highlands, who sent pay home and retired there with their army pensions. This prosperity ended after 1815, and long-term negative factors began to undermine the position of the poor tenant farmers, who typically rented a few acres
20.
Fort Barrington
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Fort Barrington was a mid-18th century frontier fort that was later garrisoned, renamed Fort Howe and modified during the American Revolution. It was also used during the American Civil War, the forts remains are a series of low ridges or embankments at the tip of a narrow peninsula on the north side of the Altamaha River about 12 miles northwest of Darien, Georgia. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 27,1972, the site is currently held as part of a hunting and fishing club. A major portion of the site has been destroyed by river action. No archaeological work other than ground reconnaissance has been done, the fort was used by the British starting in 1751 as one of their defenses against Spanish Florida and Indian raids. A detachment of the First Troop of British Rangers was stationed there during this period, the forts site was occupied by Confederate forces during the American Civil War. The sand hills of Barrington, as they were called after 1750, had been a major Native American trail for centuries, for over two centuries the site of Fort Barrington was a vital transportation and communication center of major military and political significance. The ferry was used until the twentieth century. The fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 27,1972. Today one enters the area where the fort once stood down the narrow, sandy Fort Barrington Road and sees a clubhouse, some structures, moss-draped trees. A historical marker for the site is located on Georgia State Route 57 at the Long County-McIntosh County line, some evidence of the old fort survives. Sand breastworks and two bastions can be out on the left of the sandy road leading to a hunting and fishing club that now occupies the area. Colonial Records state that in 1762 the site was occupied by a fort about 75 feet each way with a Caponiere in it. It had Bastions at the eastern and southern corners, the latter being at the river edge, the ramparts are in the form of a low ridge or embankment extending in a straight line for 150-160 yards between bastions. It is a structure with a large central blockhouse, a well, storeroom, magazine. National Register of Historic Places listings in McIntosh County, Georgia Fort King George Fort St. Andrews
21.
Altamaha River
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The Altamaha River /ˈɑːltəməhɑː/ is a major river in the U. S. state of Georgia. It flows generally eastward for 137 miles from its origin at the confluence of the Oconee River and Ocmulgee River towards the Atlantic Ocean, there are no dams directly on the Altamaha, though there are some on the Oconee and the Ocmulgee. Including its tributaries, the Altamaha Rivers drainage basin is about 14,000 square miles in size and it is reportedly the third largest contributor of fresh water to the Atlantic Ocean from North America. The beginning of the Colorado River of Texas is just within New Mexico, the long Mobile-Alabama-Coosa River system, mostly in Alabama, originates a short distance within Georgia. The Altamaha River traverses an area of low population density with few significant towns or cities along its course. There are some along its tributaries, such as the fall line cities of Milledgeville on the Oconee. Centuries ago, riverboats used the Altamaha to reach those towns and the plantations founded along the rivers, which were the main transportation routes. According to the USGS, variant and historical names of the Altamaha River include A-lot-amaha, Alatahama, Alatamaha, Allamah, Frederica River, Rio Al Tama, Rio de Talaje, and Talaxe River. The 1, 759-megawatt Plant Hatch nuclear power plant sits on the bank of the Altamaha River in Appling County. The Altamaha River originates at the confluence of the Oconee River and Ocmulgee River, at its source, the Altamaha River forms the border between Jeff Davis County to the south and Montgomery County to the north. On the north side, Toombs County gives way to Tattnall County, the Big Hammock Wildlife Management Area and Big Hammock Natural Area are located along the Altamaha at the Ohoopee confluence. Big Hammock Natural Area is a National Natural Landmark site, noted for its biodiversity and many rare plant species. Below Big Hammock, the tributary Beards Creek joins the Altamaha River from the north, the Altamaha passes through Griffin Ridge Wildlife Management Area before flowing by Doctortown, near Jesup. A wide and swampy floodplain surrounds the river in this area, several miles below Doctortown Wayne County gives way to McIntosh County on the north side of the river. From this point to the mouth there are numerous wildlife management areas. The Sansaville Wildlife Management Area lies on the side of the river, while the Altamaha Wildlife Management Area lies on the north. Wolf Island National Wildlife Refuge occupies Wolf Island on the Atlantic coast, in its last several miles, the Altamaha River marks the boundary between McIntosh County on the north and Glynn County on the south. The town of Darien lies just north of the Altamaha Rivers mouth, several miles to the south lies the larger city of Brunswick
22.
Liberty County, Georgia
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Liberty County is a county located in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 63,453, Liberty County is part of the Hinesville, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Savannah-Hinesville-Statesboro, Georgia Combined Statistical Area. Liberty county was established in 1777 and it is named for the popular American ideal of liberty. Sunbury was first designated the county seat in 1784, in 1797, the seat was transferred to Riceboro and in 1837 it was transferred again to Hinesville. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 603 square miles. The eastern and southern portion of Liberty County is located in the Ogeechee Coastal sub-basin of the Ogeechee River basin, the northern and western portion of the county is located in the Canoochee River sub-basin of the Ogeechee River basin. The population density was 119 people per square mile, there were 21,977 housing units at an average density of 42 per square mile. 8. 15% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,16. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the family size was 3.29. In the county, the population was out with 32. 00% under the age of 18,17. 90% from 18 to 24,33. 90% from 25 to 44,12. 20% from 45 to 64. The median age was 25 years, for every 100 females there were 111.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.10 males, the median income for a household in the county was $33,477, and the median income for a family was $35,031. Males had an income of $25,305 versus $20,765 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,855, about 13. 50% of families and 15. 00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 20% of those under age 18 and 19. 90% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 63,453 people,22,155 households, the population density was 129.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 26,731 housing units at a density of 54.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 47. 1% white,42. 2% black or African American,2. 0% Asian,0. 6% Pacific islander,0. 6% American Indian,2. 9% from other races, and 4. 7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 9. 7% of the population, in terms of ancestry,8. 8% were German,6. 9% were Irish, and 6. 0% were American
23.
Lachlan McIntosh
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Lachlan McIntosh was a Scottish American military and political leader during the American Revolution and the early United States. In a 1777 duel, he fatally shot Button Gwinnett, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Lachlan McIntosh was born near Raits, Badenoch, Scotland. McIntosh’s father, John McIntosh Mòr, moved the family to Georgia in 1736 with a group of 100 Scottish settlers founding the town of New Inverness, John McIntosh led the colonists as they carved out the new settlement from dense forest. The dangers of life were brought home to Lachlan in 1737 when his younger brother Lewis McIntosh was killed by an alligator while swimming in the river. Georgia was then governed by James Oglethorpe who had founded the colony in 1732 and it was a highly militarized colony and clashes with neighboring Spanish Florida and its fortress city of St. Augustine were common. In one of clashes in 1740, during the War of Jenkins Ear, Lachlan’s father was captured by the Spanish. The elder McIntosh was eventually released, but his health had deteriorated during his captivity and this earned him the gratitude of Oglethorpe. The “Mòr” of his title is Scots Gaelic for “big”, after his fathers death, McIntosh was sent to the Bethesda Orphanage in Savannah under the care of the noted evangelist George Whitefield. His elder brother, Colonel William McIntosh, served under Oglethorpe, Lachlan spent two years at the orphanage before traveling to Fort Frederica to serve as a military cadet. During this time, the Jacobite Rebellion broke out in Scotland, Lachlans brother William has sometimes been confused with another William McIntosh, of the Creek Nation, who was their cousin. The Creek William McIntosh was the son of Capt. William McIntosh, a Tory in the Revolutionary War, the senior William McIntosh was the son of Capt. John McIntosh, who had immigrated with his brother Roderick, confusion about the names stems from the fact that on their ship The Prince of Wales, at least five males were named John McIntosh in one form or another. In 1748, McIntosh moved to Charleston, South Carolina, and took a position as a clerk for Henry Laurens, a merchant and slaveholder. In 1756 McIntosh married Sarah Threadcraft and he soon returned with her to Georgia where he studied surveying. He acquired land in the Altamaha River delta and slaves to work it, by 1770, McIntosh had become a leader in the independence movement in Georgia. In January 1775 he helped organize delegates to the Provincial Congress from the Darien District of St. Andrew Parish, on January 7,1776, McIntosh was commissioned as a colonel in the Georgia Militia. He raised the 1st Georgia Regiment of the Georgia Line, organized the defense of Savannah and he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in the Continental Army, charged with defense of Georgias southern flank from British incursions from Florida, by then a British possession. On October 22,1776, McIntosh ordered his brother William to construct a fort on the Satilla River to protect Georgia from Florida, the fort was the first to be named Fort McIntosh
24.
Continental Army
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The Continental Army was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America. Established by a resolution of the Congress on June 14,1775, the Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and troops that remained under control of the individual states or were otherwise independent. General George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army throughout the war, most of the Continental Army was disbanded in 1783 after the Treaty of Paris ended the war. The 1st and 2nd Regiments went on to form the nucleus of the Legion of the United States in 1792 under General Anthony Wayne and this became the foundation of the United States Army in 1796. The Continental Army consisted of soldiers from all 13 colonies, and after 1776, when the American Revolutionary War began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19,1775, the colonial revolutionaries did not have an army. As tensions with Great Britain increased in the leading to the war. Training of militiamen increased after the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774, colonists such as Richard Henry Lee proposed forming a national militia force, but the First Continental Congress rejected the idea. On April 23,1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress authorized the raising of an army consisting of 26 company regiments. New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut soon raised similar, on July 18,1775, the Congress requested all colonies form militia companies from all able bodied effective men, between sixteen and fifty years of age. It was not uncommon for men younger than sixteen to enlist as most colonies had no requirement of consent for those under twenty-one. Four major-generals and eight brigadier-generals were appointed by the Second Continental Congress in the course of a few days, after Pomeroy did not accept, John Thomas was appointed in his place. As the Continental Congress increasingly adopted the responsibilities and posture of a legislature for a sovereign state, as a result, the army went through several distinct phases, characterized by official dissolution and reorganization of units. Soldiers in the Continental Army were citizens who had volunteered to serve in the army, early in the war the enlistment periods were short, as the Continental Congress feared the possibility of the Continental Army evolving into a permanent army. The army never numbered more than 17,000 men, turnover proved a constant problem, particularly in the winter of 1776–77, and longer enlistments were approved. Major General Philip Schuylers ten regiments in New York were sent to invade Canada, the Continental Army of 1776, reorganized after the initial enlistment period of the soldiers in the 1775 army had expired. Despite attempts to broaden the recruiting base beyond New England, the 1776 army remained skewed toward the Northeast both in terms of its composition and of its geographical focus. This army consisted of 36 regiments, most standardized to a battalion of 768 men strong and formed into eight companies. Enlistment terms extended to three years or to the length of the war to avoid the crises that depleted forces
25.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
26.
Total war
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In the mid-19th century, scholars identified total war as a separate class of warfare. One can trace back the phrase to the publication in 1935 of the World War I memoir of German General Erich Ludendorff, Der totale Krieg. Some authors extend the back as far as classic work of Carl von Clausewitz, On War, as absoluter Krieg, however. Total war also describes the French guerre à outrance during the Franco-Prussian War, United States Air Force General Curtis LeMay updated the concept for the nuclear age. In 1949, he first proposed that a war in the nuclear age would consist of delivering the entire nuclear arsenal in a single overwhelming blow. Utilizing every means available to ones enemy and any of their interests is an obvious strategy. Although cities had been sacked before, the nature and scale of these campaigns stand out. During the Middle Ages, destruction under the Mongol Empire in the 13th century effectively exemplified total war, both sides directed their actions not solely against warrior-combatants but against the people as a whole. Indeed, the taking of a scalp of a woman or child was considered honorable because it signified that the taker had dared to enter the very heart of the enemys territory. The French Revolutionary Wars introduced some of the first concepts of total war, the fledgling republic found itself threatened by a powerful coalition of European nations. The only solution, in the eyes of the Jacobin government, was to pour the entire nations resources into an unprecedented war effort—this was the advent of the en masse. The following decree of the National Convention on August 23,1793 demonstrates the immensity of the French war effort, the wars merged into the Napoleonic Wars of the First French Empire from ca. In the Russian campaign of 1812 the Russians resorted to destroying infrastructure and agriculture in their retreat in order to hamper the French, the Taiping Rebellion was one of the deadliest wars in history. About 20 million people died, many due to disease and famine and it followed the secession of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom from the Qing Empire. Almost every citizen of the Heavenly Kingdom was given military training, during the American Civil War, Union Army General Philip Sheridans stripping of the Shenandoah Valley, beginning on September 21,1864 and continuing for two weeks, was considered total war. Its purpose was to eliminate food and supplies vital to the Souths military operations, sheridan took the opportunity when he realized opposing forces had become too weak to resist his army. Union Army General William Tecumseh Shermans March to the Sea in November and December 1864 destroyed the resources required for the South to make war, General Ulysses S. Grant and President Abraham Lincoln initially opposed the plan until Sherman convinced them of its necessity. Scholars taking issue with the notion that Sherman was employing total war include Noah Andre Trudeau, Trudeau believes that Shermans goals and methods do not meet the definition of total war and to suggest as much is to misread Shermans intentions and to misunderstand the results of what happened
27.
James Montgomery (colonel)
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James Montgomery was a Jayhawker during the Bleeding Kansas Affair and a controversial Union colonel during the American Civil War. Montgomery was a staunch abolitionist and used extreme measures against pro-slavery populations, James Montgomery was born to James and Mary Baldwin Montgomery in Austinburg, Ashtabula County, Ohio, on December 22,1814. He migrated to Kentucky in 1837 with his parents and eventually taught school there and he married, but his first wife died shortly after the wedding, so he married again to Clarinda Evans. They moved to Pike County, Missouri, in 1852, and then to Jackson County, in 1854 Montgomery purchased land near present-day Mound City, Kansas, where he became a leader of local Free-state men and was a fervent abolitionist. In 1857 he organized and commanded a Self-Protective Company, using it to order pro-slavery settlers out of the region, conflict with other pro-slavery elements led territorial governor James W. Denver to dispatch U. S. Army soldiers in to restore order. Montgomery at times cooperated with the abolitionist John Brown and considered a raid to rescue Brown after his capture in Virginia, on July 24,1861, Montgomery was commissioned as colonel of the 3rd Kansas Infantry of U. S. Senator James H. Lanes Kansas brigade, with Montgomery as second-in-command of the brigade, discipline was lacking under Montgomery, and both the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kansas would be consolidated into the 10th Kansas Infantry in April 1862. Lanes Kansas brigade was notorious for its Jayhawker-style raids into Missouri at the start of the war, noted historian Albert Castel describes Montgomery as a sincere, if unscrupulous, antislavery zealot. Montgomery was authorized to raise a regiment of African-American infantry in January 1863 that would become the 2nd South Carolina, throughout 1863 and part of 1864, Montgomery practiced his brand of warfare in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. In June 1863, Montgomery commanded a brigade, including his own 2nd South Carolina, the most famous of his controversial operations was the Raid at Combahee Ferry in which 800 slaves were freed with the help of Harriett Tubman. Montgomery led a raid on the town of Darien, Georgia. Montgomery stated to Shaw, We are outlawed, and therefore not bound by the rules of regular warfare, Montgomery commanded a brigade in the Battle of Olustee, where Union forces were pushed from Florida. In September 1864 he resigned his commission and returned to Kansas and he ended his military career as colonel of the 6th Kansas State Militia, active in October of that year during Confederate General Sterling Prices raid. After the war, Montgomery returned to his Linn County, Kansas, farm, in the 1989 film Glory, Montgomery is portrayed by Cliff De Young
28.
NAACP
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Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey. Its mission in the 21st century is to ensure the political, educational, social and their national initiatives included political lobbying, publicity efforts, and litigation strategies developed by their legal team. The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as police misconduct, the status of foreign refugees. Its name, retained in accordance with tradition, uses the common term colored people. The NAACP bestows annual awards to people of color in two categories, Image Awards are for achievement in the arts and entertainment, and Spingarn Medals are for outstanding achievement of any kind and its headquarters is in Baltimore, Maryland. The NAACP is headquartered in Baltimore, with regional offices in New York, Michigan, Georgia, Maryland, Texas, Colorado. Each regional office is responsible for coordinating the efforts of state conferences in that region, local, youth, and college chapters organize activities for individual members. In the U. S. the NAACP is administered by a 64-member board, julian Bond, Civil Rights Movement activist and former Georgia State Senator, was chairman until replaced in February 2010 by health-care administrator Roslyn Brock. For decades in the first half of the 20th century, the organization was led by its executive secretary. James Weldon Johnson and Walter F. White, who served in that role successively from 1920 to 1958, were more widely known as NAACP leaders than were presidents during those years. Departments within the NAACP govern areas of action, local chapters are supported by the Branch and Field Services department and the Youth and College department. The Legal department focuses on cases of broad application to minorities, such as systematic discrimination in employment, government. The Washington, D. C. bureau is responsible for lobbying the U. S. government, the goal of the Health Division is to advance health care for minorities through public policy initiatives and education. As of 2007, the NAACP had approximately 425,000 paying and non-paying members, the NAACPs non-current records are housed at the Library of Congress, which has served as the organizations official repository since 1964. The records held there comprise approximately five million items spanning the NAACPs history from the time of its founding until 2003, in 1905, a group of thirty-two prominent African-American leaders met to discuss the challenges facing people of color and possible strategies and solutions. They were particularly concerned by the Southern states disenfranchisement of blacks starting with Mississippis passage of a new constitution in 1890, through 1908, southern legislatures dominated by white Democrats ratified new constitutions and laws creating barriers to voter registration and more complex election rules. In practice, this caused the exclusion of most blacks and many whites from the political system in southern states. Black voter registration and turnout dropped markedly in the South as a result of such legislation, men who had been voting for thirty years in the South were told they did not qualify to register
29.
United States district court
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The United States district courts are the general trial courts of the United States federal court system. Both civil and criminal cases are filed in the court, which is a court of law, equity. There is a United States bankruptcy court associated with each United States district court, each federal judicial district has at least one courthouse, and many districts have more than one. The formal name of a court is the United States District Court for the name of the district—for example. In contrast to the Supreme Court, which was established by Article III of the Constitution, there is no constitutional requirement that district courts exist at all. This view did not prevail, however, and the first Congress created the court system that is still in place today. There is at least one district for each state, the District of Columbia. District courts in three insular areas—the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands—exercise the same jurisdiction as Article III U. S. district courts, despite their name, these courts are technically not District Courts of the United States. Judges on these Article IV territorial courts do not enjoy the protections of Article Three of the Constitution, there are 89 districts in the 50 states, with a total of 94 districts including territories. The United States Court of International Trade addresses cases involving international trade, the United States Tax Court has jurisdiction over contested pre-assessment determinations of taxes. A judge of a United States district court is titled a United States District Judge. The number of judges in district court is set by Congress in the United States Code. The President appoints the judges for terms of good behavior. With the exception of the courts, federal district judges are Article III judges appointed for life. Otherwise, a judge, even if convicted of a criminal offense by a jury, is entitled to hold office until retirement or death. In the history of the United States, only twelve judges have been impeached by the House, a judge who has reached the age of 65 may retire or elect to go on senior status and keep working. A federal judge is addressed in writing as The Honorable John/Jane Doe or Hon. John/Jane Doe and in speech as Judge or Judge Doe or, when presiding in court, Your Honor. District judges usually concentrate on managing their courts overall caseload, supervising trials, since the 1960s, routine tasks like resolving discovery disputes can, in the district judges discretion, be referred to magistrate judges
30.
Grand jury
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Grand jury is a legal body empowered to conduct official proceedings and investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may compel the production of documents and compel sworn testimony of witnesses to appear before it, Grand jury is separate from the courts, which do not preside over its functioning. Grand juries perform both accusatory and investigatory functions, investigatory functions of grand juries include obtaining and reviewing documents and other evidence, and hearing sworn testimonies of witnesses who appear before it. Grand jurys accusatory function is to determine there is probable cause to believe that one or more persons committed a certain offence within the venue of district court. Grand jury in the United States is usually composed of 16 to 23 citizens, though in Virginia, in Ireland, they also functioned as local government authorities. In Japan, Law of July 12,1948 created the Kensatsu Shinsakai, Grand jury is so named because traditionally it has greater number of jurors than trial jury, called a petit jury. The function of a jury is to accuse persons who may be guilty of an offense. It is a means for lay citizens, representative of the community and it can also make presentments on crime and maladministration in its area. The traditional number of the jury is 23. No indictment or presentment can be made except by concurrence of at least twelve of the jurors, the grand jury may accuse upon their own knowledge, but it is generally done upon the testimony of witnesses under oath and other evidence heard before them. The proceedings of grand jury are, in the first instance, at the instigation of the government or other prosecutor, the accused has no knowledge nor right to interfere with their proceedings. If the grand jury returns an indictment as a bill, the indictment is said to be founded and party stand indicted. Grand jury only hears evidence on behalf of the prosecution for the finding of an indictment only in the nature of inquiry or accusation, however, they ought to be thoroughly persuaded of the truth of indictment, so far as their evidence goes. The first instance of a jury can be traced back to the Assize of Clarendon in 1166. Henrys chief impact on the development of the English monarchy was to increase the jurisdiction of the courts at the expense of the feudal courts. Itinerant justices on regular circuits were sent out each year to enforce the Kings Peace. To make this system of criminal justice more effective, Henry employed the method of inquest used by William the Conqueror in the Domesday Book. In each shire, a body of important men was sworn to report to the sheriff all crimes committed since the last session of the circuit court, thus originated the more recent grand jury that presents information for an indictment
31.
Melissa Fay Greene
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Melissa Fay Greene is an American nonfiction author. A1975 graduate of Oberlin College, Greene is the author of six books of nonfiction, a two-time National Book Award finalist, and her books have been translated into 15 languages. Born in Macon, Georgia, and raised in Dayton, Ohio, Melissa Fay Greene lives in Atlanta with her husband, Don Samuel, a defense attorney. He has appeared in Best Lawyers in America every year since 1991, on October 9,2014, Sol, a sophomore at Georgia Gwinnett College, wrote a letter about his treatment by the varsity soccer coach and then killed himself. The New Jersey-born Rabbi Jacob Rothschild, a friend and colleague of Rev. Martin Luther King, the state officials conceived it as a PR gimmick that would enlighten the world about the Georgia coast as a tourist destination equal to Floridas beaches. However, a group of miners was found alive, when the survivors were finally extricated. All tourist accommodations in Georgia were segregated, rather than a brilliant PR coup, Georgia officials inadvertently insulted Ruddick, a Canadian hero of the underground, causing a minor international incident. Last Man Out was named a Best Book of the Year by Chicago Tribune, Globe and Mail, the Cox newspaper chain, and it was winner of Elle Magazine’s Elle’s Lettres Readers Prize, a finalist for the J. There Is No Me Without You has been translated into 15 languages. But she is as upbeat as any parent you are going to meet, with a wicked sense of humor that I plan to try and channel the next time things get chaotic in my own. No Biking is a revelatory must-read. ”–Terry Hong, The Christian Science Monitor “There are funny parenting books, rarely a funny and wise parenting book. —Elizabeth Taylor, Chicago Tribune, 4/15/2011 No Biking was named a Best Audio Book of 2011 and was an Oprah Mothers Day Pick. com and Salon. com
32.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
33.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
34.
Ogeechee River
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The Ogeechee River is a 294-mile-long blackwater river in the U. S. state of Georgia. It heads at the confluence of its North and South Forks, about 2.5 miles south-southwest of Crawfordville and its largest tributary is the Canoochee River, which drains approximately 1,400 square miles and is the only other major river in the basin. The Ogeechee has a watershed of 5,540 square miles and it is one of the states few free-flowing streams. The Ogeechee runs from the Piedmont across the line and sandhill region. There it flows across the plain of Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean. The Ogeechee River basin contains parts of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain physiographic provinces and this boundary follows the contact between older crystalline metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont Province and the younger unconsolidated Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments of the Coastal Plain Province. Other rock types found in the basin include metasedimentary rock, schists and phyllites, felsic and mafic metavolcanic rocks, Coastal Plain sediments overlap the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the southern edge of the Piedmont Province at the Fall Line. The Ogeechee River watershed in Georgia crosses four major land resource areas, the dominant soils in this part of the watershed have 40 to 60 inches of sandy materials overlying a loamy subsoil. Soils in the Southern Coastal Plain part of the watershed are more variable than in parts, especially concerning their textures. In fact, though the origin of the name Ogeechee is uncertain, it may be derived from a Muskogee term meaning river of the Uchees, referring to the Yuchi people, who inhabited areas near it
35.
Glynn County, Georgia
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Glynn County is a county located in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 79,626, Glynn County is part of the Brunswick, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Battle of Bloody Marsh was fought in Glynn County. James Oglethorpe built Fort Frederica which was used a base in the American Revolutionary War, Glynn Academy is the second oldest school in Georgia. Glynn County includes the most prominent of the Sea Islands of Georgia, including Jekyll Island, St. Simons Island, the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center now uses a substantial part of the former NAS as its main campus. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 585 square miles. The majority of Glynn County is located in the Cumberland-St, Simons sub-basin of the St. Marys-Satilla River basin. Most of the northern and northwestern border area is located in the Altamaha River sub-basin of the basin by the same name. The population density was 160 per square mile, there were 32,636 housing units at an average density of 77 per square mile. 2. 99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 2.95. In the county, the population was out with 25. 30% under the age of 18,8. 20% from 18 to 24,27. 60% from 25 to 44,24. 50% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 91.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $38,765, and the median income for a family was $46,984. Males had an income of $34,363 versus $23,558 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,707, about 11. 60% of families and 15. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22. 10% of those under age 18 and 11. 90% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 79,626 people,31,774 households, the population density was 189.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 40,716 housing units at a density of 97.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 67. 6% white,26. 0% black or African American,1. 2% Asian,0. 3% American Indian,0. 1% Pacific islander,3. 0% from other races, and 1. 8% from two or more races
36.
Wayne County, Georgia
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Wayne County is a county located in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 30,099, Wayne County comprises the Jesup, Georgia Micropolitan Statistical Area. At the time of European contact, the area of what would become Wayne County was settled by the Guale people, the flags of France, Spain, England, and the Confederate States of America all flew over Wayne with little success. Seventy years after General James Oglethorpe settled the colony of Georgia and 27 years after that became one of the 13 original states. The county was named for Mad Anthony Wayne whose military career had him a well-known hero. When he surprised the British garrison at Stony Point on July 15,1779, as originally laid out, the new county – the 28th Georgia county – was a long narrow strip of land approximately 100 miles in length but with varying measures of width along the way. It was six miles as it stood just south of the Altamaha River, eight miles wide near the Satilla, all counties organized prior to 1802 were headright counties – no surveys were ever made of those counties. It was found that under the system more land was given away than actually existed. Although created in 1803, no valid lottery was done for the county until the Land Lottery Act of 1805. The 1805 Act divided the half million acres of Wayne County, formed the Tallassee Strip and it is the second date, December 7,1805, that the county chose to observe as the creation date. The area was not a one for lottery draws as the straws were drawn sight unseen. The county was slow in developing and those in the area were in no hurry to be concerned with matters governmental, court was to be held at the house of a Captain William Clements until a site was selected. In December 1823, the General Assembly appointed another board of commissioners to establish a county seat, the first post office in Wayne County was established at Tuckersville, sometimes seen as Tuckerville, on January 29,1814. Tuckersville acted as the county seat until Waynesville was so designated, john Tucker was the first postmaster and his service was followed by William A. Knight and Robert Stafford, Jr. before the service was discontinued in 1827. Tuckersville disappears from most maps by 1850 and its exact location remains a mystery although it is known it was 9 miles north of Waynesville on the Post Road near the ford of Buffalo Swamp. The intersection of Mount Pleasant Road and 10 Mile Road is a possible location and it was not until December 1829, that legislative action created a county seat. Waynesville was the site of Wayne Countys first school, which was called Mineral Springs Academy and it was named for the famous mineral springs which were a short distance east of the residential section of the town
37.
Long County, Georgia
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Long County is a county located in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,464, the constitutional amendment to create the county was proposed August 14,1920, and ratified November 2,1920. Long County is part of the Hinesville, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 404 square miles, of which 400 square miles is land and 3.5 square miles is water. The majority of Long County, roughly centered on Ludowici, is located in the Altamaha River sub-basin of the basin by the same name, the countys northeastern portion, east of Glennville and northwest of Walthourville, is located in the Canoochee River sub-basin of the Ogeechee River basin. Long Countys southeastern portion is located in the Ogeechee Coastal sub-basin of the larger Ogeechee basin. Liberty County McIntosh County Wayne County Tattnall County As of the census of 2000, there were 10,304 people,3,574 households, the population density was 26 people per square mile. There were 4,232 housing units at a density of 11 per square mile. 8. 44% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the family size was 3.28. In the county, the population was out with 33. 10% under the age of 18,14. 20% from 18 to 24,31. 00% from 25 to 44,15. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 26 years, for every 100 females there were 102.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $30,640, and the median income for a family was $32,473. Males had an income of $26,416 versus $18,732 for females. The per capita income for the county was $12,586, about 17. 60% of families and 19. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26. 00% of those under age 18 and 19. 80% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 14,464 people,5,023 households, the population density was 36.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 6,039 housing units at a density of 15.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 62. 4% white,25. 2% black or African American,0. 8% Asian,0. 6% American Indian,0. 4% Pacific islander,7. 2% from other races, and 3. 4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 12. 3% of the population, in terms of ancestry,12. 1% were German,10. 6% were Irish,8. 3% were American, and 7. 1% were English
38.
Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge
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Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1962. Harris Neck is a peninsula located 30 miles south of Savannah. The nearest town is South Newport, six miles to the west, originally named Dickinsons Neck, the peninsula was renamed when William Thomas Harris became the principal land owner in the mid-18th century. The land was deeded to a slave in 1865 by a plantation owner. Black families settled in the area and built houses as well as oyster, the original Harris Neck airfield was built sometime between 1929-32. Named Harris Neck Intermediate Field Site #8, it was an airfield for commercial planes on the Richmond-Jacksonville air route. The field consisted of an irregularly-shaped 93-acre sod parcel, with two sod runways 2,600 east/west &2,550 north/south in a criss-cross pattern, the field was said to be illuminated, but to offer no services. Harris Neck airfield closed to the public on 1 January 1942 when the Civil Air Patrol began anti-submarine flights and it was evidently abandoned later that same year, when a new military airfield was built a half-mile north. There is no trace of its existence today, in mid-1942, the Army Air Force decided to build a base at Harris Neck. The land was expropriated and families were given two weeks to remove themselves, at the time of transfer, black families were given $26.90 per acre and the white families were given $37.31 per acre. This included the 225-acre Livingston estate which included the Lorillard mansion, construction was started on 15 July 1942 by the United States Army Air Forces First Air Force. The original plan provided for two runways, the Armys decision to add a third runway required the acquisition of additional land. A detachment of men from the 855th Guard Squadron, stationed at Hunter Army Air Field occupied the Harris Neck facility on 7 December 1942 and it was activated on 28 January 1943 as an auxiliary of Dale Mabry Army Airfield in Tallahassee, Florida. Today, there is little left to show that the area was once an airfield. The area is overgrown, access is limited by keep out signs. The Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1962 by transfer of federal lands, the refuge consists of 2,762 acres of saltwater marsh, grassland, mixed deciduous woods, and cropland. HNNWR is located in McIntosh County, Georgia, in the summer, thousands of egrets and herons nest in the swamps, while in the winter, large concentrations of ducks gather in the marshland and freshwater pools. Harris Neck NWR is also an important nesting area for the wood stork
39.
Sapelo Island
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Sapelo Island /ˈsæpəloʊ/ is a state-protected barrier island located in McIntosh County, Georgia. The island is accessible by aircraft or boat, with the primary ferry coming from the Sapelo Island Visitors Center in McIntosh County, Georgia. Approximately 97 percent of the island is owned by the state of Georgia and is managed by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, the western perimeter of Sapelo is the Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve which is part of NOAAs National Estuarine Research Reserve system. The University of Georgia Marine Institute, which is focused on research, the Reynolds Mansion, a Georgia State Park, also lies on the south end of the island. Visitors to the island must be a part of a tour or guests of residents on the island. The island also has a private airport run by the state of Georgia. The community of Hog Hammock, also known as Hogg Hummock, includes homes, a store, bar, public library. There are two church congregations in Hog Hammock, St. Luke Baptist Church, founded in 1885. The latter congregation has a building known as First African Baptist Church at Raccoon Bluff. It is used for services and programs. The current population of full-time Gullah-Geechee residents in the community is estimated to be 47, the residents must bring all supplies from the mainland or purchase them in the small store on the island. The children of Hog Hammock take the ferry to the mainland and then take a bus to school, Hog Hammock is also home to the Sapelo Island Cultural and Revitalization Society, Inc. a non-profit organization whose mission is to preserve and revitalize the Hogg Hummock Community. SICARS was incorporated in 1994, has over 600 members, the organization hosts a Cultural Day festival every third Saturday in October. The entire 427 acres of the community was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 as Hog Hammock Historic District, in the 1990s, mainlanders began acquiring parcels of land from the Gullahs to construct vacation homes. In 2012, McIntosh County property tax appraisers notified Hog Hammock residents of huge property tax increases, one Hog Hammock property owners annual tax bill soared from $600 to $2,100. S. that a Catholic mass was celebrated. During the 17th century Sapelo Island was part of the Guale missionary province of Spanish Florida, after 1680, several missions were merged and relocated to the island under the mission Santa Catalina de Guale. Spalding brought 400 slaves to the island from West Africa and the West Indies to work the plantation, in 1820, a Winslow Lewis brick lighthouse was built on the island. Although it remained dark for over 90 years, it was restored, Spalding opposed the abolition of slavery and he died in 1851 returning from a convention to assert Georgias position on the matter
40.
Interstate 95 in Georgia
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Interstate 95, the main Interstate Highway on the east coast of the United States, serves the Atlantic coast of the U. S. state of Georgia. The route also passes through the cities of Richmond Hill, Darien, I-95 in Georgia has the unsigned designation of State Route 405. All of I-95 in Georgia has three lanes in each direction, except in the Brunswick area, where it has four lanes in each direction. From the Florida state line to west of Savannah, I-95 travels along the U. S. Route 17 corridor, passing near or through marshlands, and is close to the Atlantic coastline. The freeway enters Georgia via twin bridges over the St. Marys River, the Interstate continues generally north-northeast, bypassing the smaller communities of Woodbine and Waverly en route to Brunswick, where it intersects US17, US25, and US341. The freeway leaves Brunswick, bypassing the cities of Darien and Midway, the route first encounters US17 again, this time in Richmond Hill, before intersecting SR204, a busy freeway and southern bypass into Savannah. The route then intersects with I-16 and US80 in Pooler, after that, the final exit in Georgia is in Port Wentworth, where it intersects SR21, the major thoroughfare between Augusta and Savannah. I-95 leaves Georgia via twin bridges over the Savannah River, the State Welcome Centers on both ends of I-95 are integrated with other interchanges. The northbound Welcome Center is built into the northbound off-ramp with exit 1, the southbound Welcome Center can be found just after the off-ramp for first southbound truck weighing center, only for both facilities to share an on ramp back to southbound I-95. Other rest areas, weigh stations, and visitors centers operate independently with no access to any other facilities or destinations, ramps to and from the eastbound lanes of I-16 feature barrier gates to prevent traffic from entering I-16 in the wrong direction during contraflow lane reversal for hurricane evacuations. In 1965, I-95 was proposed from the Florida state line to SR251 near Darien and it was under construction from there to SR99 near Crescent. It was proposed there to the South Carolina state line. In 1966, it was under construction from its interchange with SR99 to just north of SR131 in South Newport. In 1967, it was under construction just north of South Newport and it was under construction from Richmond Hill to I-16 near Savannah. In 1968, it was under construction from the Florida state line to SR40 in Kingsland and it was also under construction from its southern interchange with SR99 to SR251 near Darien. It was open as I-95 from SR251 to its interchange with SR99 in Eulonia. It was under construction from Eulonia to US 17/SR25 north of South Newport, in 1970, the highway was under construction from the Florida state line to just southeast of Woodbine. It was also under construction from US 25/US 341/SR27 near Brunswick to SR251 near Darien and it also had an under construction from Eulonia to I-16
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U.S. Route 17 in Georgia
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U. S. Route 17 is a 124. 20-mile-long U. S. Highway in the U. S. state of Georgia. It travels south-to-north near the Atlantic Ocean, serving the Brunswick, except for part of the highway in Savannah, which is concurrent with Interstate 16 and SR404 Spur to the Talmadge Memorial Bridge to Hutchinson Island, US17 is concurrent with State Route 25. SR25 uses a western alignment of US17 into South Carolina. US17 travels concurrently with SR25 for almost its entire length in the state, US17 enters Camden County from Nassau County, Florida by crossing the St. Marys River on a through truss bridge. The two-lane highway closely parallels the First Coast Railroad, formerly part of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad through the part of the county. US17 crosses Catfish Creek before entering the city of Kingsland, leaving Kingsland, the highway intersects a spur from the rail line and crosses the main flow and the North Fork Crooked River. US17 parallels the First Coast Railroad to its terminus at the hamlet of Seals, the highway travels through Colesburg before entering the city of Woodbine, the county seat of Camden County. Within the city, US17 follows four-lane divided Bedell Avenue, which intersects SR25 Spur, the highway intersects and begins to travel concurrently with SR110 within the Woodbine Historic District. US17 and SR110 reduce to two lanes and leave town by crossing the Satilla River, US17 and SR110 cross Piney Island Creek and meet the eastern terminus of SR252 at the hamlet of White Oak just south of White Oak Creek. The U. S. Highway and state route cross Waverly Creek then diverge at Waverly, US17 curves east and enters Glynn County by crossing the Little Satilla River at Spring Bluff. The U. S. Highway curves north and within an area has a four-way intersection with US 82/SR520. US17 turns east onto four-lane divided South Georgia Parkway, here known as Jekyll Island Road. The concurrency with US82 ends at that highways terminus at a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-95. US17 heads along the edge of Brunswick as Glynn Avenue. The highway gains a third lane southbound at US 25/SR25 Conn. and a lane northbound at the F. J. Torras Causeway to St. Simons Island. US17 crosses Cypress Mill Creek and leaves the city limits just south of its intersection with SR25 Conn. which connects US17 with I-95. There is no access from southbound SR25 Conn. to northbound US17. Highways junction with the terminus of SR303
Interstate 95
I-95 Bus.
U.S. Route 17
State Route 25
State Route 57
State Route 99
State Route 131 (decommissioned)
State Route 251
State Route 405
McIntosh County, Georgia
