1.
Salford Quays
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Salford Quays is an area of Salford, Greater Manchester, England, near the end of the Manchester Ship Canal. Previously the site of Manchester Docks, it one of the first and largest urban regeneration projects in the United Kingdom following the closure of the dockyards in 1982. Built by the Manchester Ship Canal Company, Salford Docks was the larger of two sections made up Manchester Docks, the other being Pomona Docks to the east. They were opened in 1894 by Queen Victoria and spanned 120 acres of water and 1,000 acres of land and they closed in 1982, resulting in the loss of 3000 jobs. In 1983 Salford City Council acquired parts of the docks covering 220 acres from the Manchester Ship Canal Company with the aid of a land grant. The area was rebranded as Salford Quays and redevelopment by Urban Waterside began in 1985 under the Salford Quays Development Plan, within two years the quality was sufficient to introduce 12,000 coarse fish, which have thrived in the environment. Between 1986 and 1990 the infrastructure of the docks was modified to create a waterway network. Roads and bridges were built and a promenade along the waterfront constructed and landscaped, moorings and watersports facilities were provided and a railway swing bridge moved to cross Dock 9. A hotel, cinema, housing, offices were built on Piers 5 and 6 followed by developments on Pier 7. Public funding and private investment totalled around £280 million by the early 1990s and it had secured £64 million in funding by 22 February 1996. The Lowry stands at the end of Pier 8, largely surrounded by the waters of the Manchester Ship Canal. Designed by James Stirling and Michael Wilford, it opened on 28 April 2000 and houses the 1,730 seat Lyric theatre, there are cafes, bars and a restaurant at the south-western end of the building. The centre is associated with L. S. Lowry, the Imperial War Museum North, on Trafford Wharf Road in Trafford Park, overlooks the Manchester Ship Canal on the opposite bank to the Lowry and MediaCityUK. The area was bombed during the Manchester Blitz in December 1940. The museum, designed by architect Daniel Libeskind, opened in July 2002 and its structure was designed to be a metaphor for a world shattered by war with sloping walls and ceilings. Three areas, the Air, Earth and Water Shards house exhibition and gallery space, public areas, at the moment, the exhibition is dedicated to Medicine Through Time. The museum also currently has an artifact from the New York 9/11 Twin Tower disaster. MediaCityUK is a 200-acre mixed-use property development on Pier 9 of the Quays with a focus on creative industries and it was developed by the Peel Group
2.
City of Salford
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The City of Salford is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. The city has a population of 218,000, and is administered from the Salford Civic Centre in Swinton, the current city boundaries were set as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, and cover an amalgamation of five former local government districts. It is bounded on the south east by the River Irwell, which forms its boundary with the city of Manchester and by the Manchester Ship Canal to the south, the metropolitan boroughs of Wigan, Bolton and Bury lie to the west, northwest and north respectively. Some parts of the city, which lies directly west of Manchester, are highly industrialised and densely populated and this is because the western half of the city stretches across an ancient peat bog known as Chat Moss. Salford has a history of human activity stretching back to the Neolithic age, there are over 250 listed buildings in the city, including Salford Cathedral, and three Scheduled Ancient Monuments. With the Industrial Revolution, Salford and its neighbours grew along with its textile industry, the former County Borough of Salford was granted city status in 1926. The city and its industries experienced decline throughout much of the 20th century, since the 1990s, parts of Salford have undergone regeneration, especially Salford Quays, home of BBC North and Granada Television, and the area around the University of Salford. Salford Red Devils are a rugby league club in Super League. Although the metropolitan borough of the City of Salford was a 20th-century creation, Neolithic flint arrow-heads and tools, and evidence of Bronze Age activity has been discovered in Salford. In 1142, a cell and priory dedicated to St. Leonard was established in Kersal, Salford became a free borough in about 1230, when it was granted a charter as a free borough by the Earl Ranulph of Chester. The cell in Kersal was sold in 1540 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, a 16th-century manor house, called Kersal Cell, was built on the site of the priory. In the English Civil War between King Charles I and parliament, Salford was Royalist, during the Industrial Revolution, Salford grew as a result of the textile industry. Although Salford experienced an increase in population, it was overshadowed by the dominance of Manchester, on 15 September 1830, Eccles was site of the worlds first railway accident. Although Huskisson was taken to Eccles for treatment he died of his injuries, in 1894, the Manchester Ship Canal was opened, running from the River Mersey to Salford Quays, when it was complete it was the largest navigation canal in the world. Along the route of the canal, it was necessary to create an aqueduct carrying the Bridgewater Canal over the Ship Canal, the Barton Swing Aqueduct, designed by Sir Edward Leader Williams, is 100 metres long and weighs 1,450 metric tons. At the start of the 20th century, Salford began to due to competition from outside the UK. A survey in 1931 concluded that parts of Salford were amongst the worst slums in the country, Salford was granted city status in 1926. During World War II, Salford Docks were regularly bombed, in the decades following the Second World War there was a significant economic and population decline in Salford
3.
Greater Manchester
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Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2.8 million. Greater Manchester was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972, Greater Manchester spans 493 square miles, which roughly covers the territory of the Greater Manchester Built-up Area, the second most populous urban area in the UK. It is landlocked and borders Cheshire, Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, Lancashire, for the 12 years following 1974 the county had a two-tier system of local government, district councils shared power with the Greater Manchester County Council. The county council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts became unitary authority areas. However, the county has continued to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference, and as a ceremonial county, has a Lord Lieutenant. A further devolution of powers to Greater Manchester is set to place upon the election of the inaugural Mayor of Greater Manchester scheduled for 2017. Before the creation of the county, the name SELNEC was used for the area. Since deindustrialisation in the century, Greater Manchester has become known as an exporter of media and digital content, for its guitar and dance music. Although the modern county of Greater Manchester was not created until 1974, there is evidence of Iron Age habitation, particularly at Mellor, and Celtic activity in a settlement named Chochion, believed to have been an area of Wigan settled by the Brigantes. Stretford was also part of the believed to have been occupied by the Celtic Brigantes tribe. The remains of 1st-century forts at Castlefield in Manchester, and Castleshaw Roman fort in Saddleworth, are evidence of Roman occupation. Much of the region was omitted from the Domesday Book of 1086, Redhead states that this was only a partial survey was taken. During the Middle Ages, much of what became Greater Manchester lay within the hundred of Salfordshire – an ancient division of the county of Lancashire, Salfordshire encompassed several parishes and townships, some of which, like Rochdale, were important market towns and centres of Englands woollen trade. The development of what became Greater Manchester is attributed to a tradition of domestic flannel and fustian cloth production. Infrastructure such as rows of terraced housing, factories and roads were constructed to house labour, transport goods, however, it was Manchester that was the most populous settlement, a major city, the worlds largest marketplace for cotton goods, and the natural centre of its region. In the 1910s, local government reforms to administer this conurbation as an entity were proposed. In the 18th century, German traders had coined the name Manchesterthum to cover the region in, however, the English term Greater Manchester did not appear until the 20th century. One of its first known recorded uses was in a 1914 report put forward in response to what was considered to have been the creation of the County of London in 1889
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
The Peel Group
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The Peel Group is a private real estate, media, transport and infrastructure investment company located in the United Kingdom. Peels extensive real estate assets consist of 850,000 square metres of investment property, Peel is one of the largest property investment companies in the United Kingdom, and has its head office at the Trafford Centre, in Greater Manchester. The Trafford Centre, which opened in 1998, was Peels first major foray into real estate development. The centre was sold in 2011 to Capital Shopping Centres for £1.6 billion, making it the largest property acquisition in British history, other projects which Peel have developed include MediaCityUK and Scout Moor Wind Farm. The group is led by John Whittaker, who maintains a 75% majority stake in the group and its long term aim is to make the North West of England the leading economic region in the United Kingdom. The majority of its developments are concentrated in the region, the group is currently focused on the £50 billion Ocean Gateway development for North West England. Between 1971 and 1987, the founder, John Whittaker, acquired Peel Mills, John Brights. John Whittaker was born in Lancashire, and many of his ancestors were involved in the cotton industry, the company evolved into Peel Holdings to reflect its status as a property investment company, abandoning the name of Peel Mills. The group remained quiet for the decade, with little development, and from 1971 to 1987. The underused ship canal had fallen into disrepair, its too small for many of the seafaring vessels of the time. Most recently, in 2011, a proposal to build a block of flats in the historic district of Castlefield was rejected for the fifth time by Manchester City Council. The Ship Canal has consequently become a key hub for the Peel Group, the largest asset of the group was formerly the Trafford Centre. The plans had originally conceived in 1984, with the centre opening in 1998 after one of the most prolonged. In 1997, the Peel Group became involved in ownership for the first time. A 76% shareholding in Liverpool Airport was acquired, with Peel taking complete control in 2000, RAF Finningley was purchased in 1999, and redeveloped as Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield, opening in 2005. In 2002, Barton Aerodrome was purchased by the Manchester Ship Canal Development Company and was subsequently renamed City Airport Manchester, results were mixed, and the Peel Group began looking for an outside investor for Peel Airports. In June 2010 it was announced that Vantage Airport Group had bought a 65% shareholding in Peel Airports, the new management team at Peel Airports quickly began disposing of assets, selling them back to the Peel Group. First to go was City Airport Manchester in 2011, followed by Durham Tees Valley Airport in February 2012, sale of the loss-making DTVA resulted in a one-off impairment charge of £8. 8m, causing Peel Airports losses to rise from £3. 2m to £11. 4m
6.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
7.
ITV Studios
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ITV Studios is a television production company owned by the British television broadcaster ITV plc. It is primarily based in Greater Manchester and London in the United Kingdom and it was formerly ITV Productions, and originally Granada Productions. ITV Studios not only makes programmes primarily for its parent company ITV plc, the division is also responsible for ITVs production facilities The London Studios, 3SixtyMedia, and location hire company ProVision. ITV Studios Global Entertainment is responsible for sales of finished programmes, formats, programmes on non-ITV channels retained the Granada brand until 2009. Many of the programmes shown on ITV network show the end-board featuring the ITV Studios logo after the credits as of 2009, ITV Studios is a major commercial TV producer in the UK, creating over 3,500 hours of original programming each year across all genres except news. Its network programmes include Coronation Street, Emmerdale, Heartbeat, Marple and Agatha Christies Poirot, Brainiac, Science Abuse, parkinson, Ant & Decs Saturday Night Takeaway, Tonight, The Jeremy Kyle Show and This Morning. ITV Studios also produces programmes for other UK broadcasters outside of its own network and these include the BBC, Channel 4, Channel 5 and BSkyB. ITV Studios is based in London and Manchester, with the centre in Leeds now only home to Emmerdale, the production centres in Bristol and Norwich closed in 2006 and 2012 respectively. ITV Studios also owns So Television after acquiring Graham Nortons production company in 2012, on 22 April 2013, ITV announced they had acquired production company The Garden for £18 million, which is best known for producing Channel 4 series 24 Hours in A&E. In 2013, ITV launched a new company named Potato. 2016 sees ITV Studios secure a four-year British horse racing deal which will see the Cheltenham Festival, since 14 January 2013, the ITV logo has been added to the opening credits of the majority of ITV Studios-produced shows airing on ITVs channels, similar to the BBC. In 2004, a duopoly had formed, and Granada owned six franchises, Granada bought a 64% controlling stake and took over Carlton in 2004 with the amalgamation of ITV. Consequently, programmes produced by all divisions were referred to as A Granada Manchester Production, A Granada London Production, in 2006, Granada, in association with FremantleMedia North America, produced Gameshow Marathon, an American version of Ant & Decs Gameshow Marathon for CBS. The company was formerly Granada America but was re-branded in May 2009, ITV announced on 7 May 2014, the acquisition of Leftfield Entertainment Group, which produces shows such as Pawn Stars, Counting Cars and American Restoration. The company has its origins in production company Artist Services, a company formed in 1989 by a group of investors including Steve Vizard, producing many classic shows. Half of the company was sold to John Fairfax Holdings in 1995 for A$9 million, in 1998, the entire company was acquired by Granada for A$25 million. The company rebranded as ITV Studios Australia in January 2013, with the first program carrying the new branding being the season of ABC comedy program Shaun Micallefs Mad as Hell. ITV Studios Germany programmes include Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus, Star Duell and Deutschlands Beste Doppelgänger for RTL, and East-West German comedy Ei Verbibbsch for Sat.1
8.
ITV Granada
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ITV Granada is the Channel 3 regional service for North West England. The licence for the region has been held by ITV Broadcasting Limited since November 2008 and it is the largest independent television-franchise producing company in the UK, accounting for 25% of the total broadcasting output of the ITV network. It had been held by Granada Television, which was founded by Sidney Bernstein and this was the only surviving company of the original four Independent Television Authority franchisees from 1954, Granada Media Group merged with Carlton Communications to form ITV plc in 2004. It covers Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Merseyside, northwestern Derbyshire, part of Cumbria, on 15 July 2009, the Isle of Man was transferred to ITV Granada from ITV Border. Broadcasting by Granada Television began on 3 May 1956 under the North of England weekday franchise and it was marked by a distinctive northern identity, and used stylised letter G logo forming an arrow pointing north, often with the tagline Granada, from the north. Granada plc merged with Carlton Communications to form ITV plc in 2004 after a duopoly had developed over the previous decade, Granada Television Ltd still legally exists. Along with most other companies owned by ITV plc, it is listed on www. companieshouse. gov. uk as a Dormant company. Other companies listed are Granada Television International and Granada Television Overseas Ltd, the North West region is regarded as ITVs most successful franchise. The Financial Times and The Independent once described Granada Television, the franchise holder. Nine Granada programmes were listed in the BFI TV100 in 2000, some of its most notable programmes include Coronation Street, Seven Up. The Royle Family, The Jewel in the Crown, Brideshead Revisited, World in Action, University Challenge, notable employees have included Paul Greengrass, Michael Apted, Mike Newell, Jeremy Isaacs, Andy Harries, Russell T Davies and Leslie Woodhead. Granada Television, a subsidiary of Granada Ltd, originated in Granada Theatres Ltd and it was founded in Dover in 1930 by Sidney Bernstein and his brother Cecil. The company was incorporated as Granada Ltd in 1934 and listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1935 and it is named after the Spanish city of Granada. Channel 59 from Winter Hill and started broadcasting in colour in the Autumn of 1969, the Bernsteins became involved in commercial television, a competitor to the cinema chains. Bernstein bid for the North of England franchise, which he believed would not affect the companys largely southern-based cinema chain, in 1954, the Independent Television Authority awarded Granada the North of England contract for Monday to Friday, with ABC serving the same area on weekends. The North and London were the two biggest regions, Granada preferred the North because of its tradition of home-grown culture, and because it offered a chance to start a new creative industry away from the metropolitan atmosphere of London. Compare this with London and its suburbs—full of displaced persons, and, of course, if you look at a map of the concentration of population in the North and a rainfall map, you will see that the North is an ideal place for television. Bernstein selected a base from Leeds and Manchester, Granada executive Victor Peers believed Manchester was the preferred choice even before executives toured the region to find a suitable site
9.
Manchester Ship Canal
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The Manchester Ship Canal is a 36-mile-long inland waterway in the North West of England linking Manchester to the Irish Sea. Starting at the Mersey Estuary near Liverpool, it follows the original routes of the rivers Mersey. Several sets of locks lift vessels about 60 feet up to Manchester, major landmarks along its route include the Barton Swing Aqueduct, the only swing aqueduct in the world, and Trafford Park, the worlds first planned industrial estate and still the largest in Europe. The rivers Mersey and Irwell were first made navigable in the early 18th century, in addition, Manchesters business community viewed the charges imposed by Liverpools docks and the railway companies as excessive. A ship canal was proposed as a way of giving ocean-going vessels direct access to Manchester. They initiated a campaign to enlist support for the scheme. Faced with stiff opposition from Liverpool, the supporters were unable to gain the necessary Act of Parliament to allow the scheme to go ahead until 1885. Construction began in 1887, it six years and cost £15 million. Although able to accommodate a range of vessels from coastal ships to inter-continental cargo liners, by 2011 traffic had decreased from its peak in 1958 of 18 million long tons of freight each year to about 7 million long tons. The necessary legislation was proposed in 1720, and the Act of Parliament for the navigation passed into law in 1721, construction began in 1724, undertaken by the Mersey & Irwell Navigation Company. The completion in 1776 of the Runcorn extension of the Bridgewater Canal, followed in 1830 by the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, intensified competition for the carriage of goods. In 1844 ownership of the Mersey & Irwell Navigation was transferred to the Bridgewater Trustees and its proponents argued that reduced transport costs would make local industry more competitive, and that the scheme would help create new jobs. The idea was championed by Manchester manufacturer Daniel Adamson, who arranged a meeting at his home, The Towers in Didsbury and he invited the representatives of several Lancashire towns, local businessmen and politicians, and two civil engineers, Hamilton Fulton and Edward Leader Williams. Fultons design was for a canal, with no locks. With the city about 60 feet above sea level, the docks, Williams plan was to dredge a channel between a set of retaining walls, and build a series of locks and sluices to lift incoming vessels up to Manchester. Both engineers were invited to submit their proposals, and Williams plans were selected to form the basis of a bill to be submitted to Parliament later that year. To generate support for the scheme, the provisional committee initiated a campaign led by Joseph Lawrence. His task was to set up committees in every ward in Manchester and throughout Lancashire, to raise subscriptions, the first meeting was held on 4 October in Manchesters Oxford Ward, followed by another on 17 October in the St. James Ward
10.
Trafford
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Trafford is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. With an estimated population of about 233,300 in 2015, it covers 41 square miles and includes the towns of Altrincham, Partington, Sale, Stretford, all were previously in Cheshire, apart from Stretford and Urmston which were in Lancashire. The River Mersey flows through the borough, separating North Trafford from South Trafford, historically the Mersey also acted as the boundary between the historic counties of Lancashire and Cheshire. The Trafford area has a heritage, with evidence of Neolithic, Bronze Age. Amongst the relics of the past are two castles – one of them a Scheduled Ancient Monument – and over 200 listed buildings, the area underwent change in the late 19th century and the population rapidly expanded with the arrival of the railway. Trafford is the home of Manchester United F. C. and Lancashire County Cricket Club, Trafford has a strong economy with low levels of unemployment and contains both Trafford Park industrial estate and the Trafford Centre, a large out-of-town shopping centre. Apart from the City of Manchester, Trafford is the borough in Greater Manchester to be above the national average for weekly income. Socially, the area includes both working class areas like Old Trafford and Stretford and middle class such as Bowdon. Altrincham and Sale West is one of the five constituencies in Greater Manchester to be held by the Conservative Party. The choice of the name Trafford for the borough was a compromise between Altrincham, Stretford and Sale, and seemed to have wide support, a Liberal councillor for the Municipal Borough of Sale suggested Crossford. Whilst Watlingford was suggested by councillors in Hale, after the name of an ancient Roman road in the district. As a place name, Trafford is an Anglo-French version of Stratford, deriving from the Old English words stræt, the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford has existed since 1974, but the area it covers has a long history. Neolithic arrowheads have been discovered in Altrincham and Sale, and there is evidence of Bronze Age habitation in Timperley, fragments of Roman pottery have been found in Urmston, and Roman coins have been found in Sale. The Roman road between the fortresses at Chester and York crosses Trafford, passing through Stretford, Sale. The settlements in Trafford have been based largely around agriculture, although Altrincham was founded as a town in the mid 13th century. Although the Industrial Revolution affected Trafford, the area did not experience the same rate of growth as the rest of Greater Manchester, the area developed its own centres of industry in Broadheath and Trafford Park. They have since declined, although Trafford Park still employs 40–50,000 people, today, Trafford is mostly a commuter area. The borough was formed on 1 April 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 as one of the ten districts of Greater Manchester
11.
Mass media
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The mass media is a diversified collection of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. The technologies through which communication takes place include a variety of outlets. Broadcast media transmit information electronically, via such media as film, radio, recorded music, digital media comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication. Internet media comprise such services as email, social sites, websites. Print media transmit information via physical objects, such as books, comics, magazines, newspapers, event organizing and public speaking can also be considered forms of mass media. The organizations that control these technologies, such as studios, publishing companies. In the late 20th century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries, books, the Internet, magazines, movies, newspapers, radio, recordings, and television. The explosion of digital technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries made prominent the question. For example, it is whether to include cell phones, computer games. In the 2000s, a called the seven mass media became popular. For example, the Internet includes blogs, podcasts, web sites, the sixth and seventh media, Internet and mobile phones, are often referred to collectively as digital media, and the fourth and fifth, radio and TV, as broadcast media. Some argue that video games have developed into a mass form of media. While a telephone is a communication device, mass media communicates to a large group. In addition, the telephone has transformed into a phone which is equipped with Internet access. A question arises whether this makes cell phones a mass medium or simply a device used to access a mass medium. There is currently a system by which marketers and advertisers are able to tap into satellites and this transmission of mass advertising to millions of people is another form of mass communication. Video games may also be evolving into a mass medium, video games provide a common gaming experience to millions of users across the globe and convey the same messages and ideologies to all their users. Users sometimes share the experience with one another by playing online, excluding the Internet however, it is questionable whether players of video games are sharing a common experience when they play the game individually
12.
University of Salford
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The University of Salford is a public research university in Salford, England,1.5 miles west of Manchester city centre. It has 20,520 students and is in 60 acres of parkland on the banks of the River Irwell, at the start of the 20th century, mechanical engineering, chemical works, textiles and construction dominated the industrial scene in Salford. This heavily influenced the choice of subjects offered in the nine departments initially opened and these were Engineering, Electrical Engineering & Applied Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Building, Dyeing, Spinning & Weaving, Domestic, and Art. Some 1,240 students registered for the first session in these departments, there were originally 19 members of staff. In 1921 the Institute was renamed the Royal Technical College, Salford, in 1958 the institution split into two organisations, the remaining Royal Technical College and a breakaway institution, Peel Park Technical College. This changed its name first in 1961 to Salford Technical College, before becoming the Salford College of Technology in 1970, the Royal Technical College became a CAT in 1956, and became known as the Royal College of Advanced Technology. The Royal College of Advanced Technology became the University of Salford on 10 February 1967 when Her Majesty The Queen handed over the institutions Royal Charter, the first Vice-Chancellor was Clifford Whitworth, after whom the universitys main library is named. The first chancellor was HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Philip took a keen interest in the university whilst in office which has continued since and he visited the universitys award-winning acoustics laboratories in 2008. In 1996 the breakaway University College Salford merged with the University of Salford, as has been pointed out by Campaign Against the Arms Trade, military drones come under this definition of autonomous systems, which the University of Liverpool calls a new and emerging sector. On 5 September 2015 Salford was represented for the time on University Challenge. A former president of the Students Union described Salford in 2007 as a relaxed campus close to Manchester, Salford Crescent railway station is adjacent to the campus, and high frequency bus services operate to Manchester, Salford and Bolton and Liverpool. There are other university facilities within a mile of the campus, namely the Frederick Road. Most of the university buildings are along Salford Crescent, opposite the Peel Campus. The Salford Museum and Art Gallery, said to be the first unconditionally free public library in England, is located on the Peel Park Campus. In October 2011 the university opened a learning, teaching and research space at MediaCityUK, over 1,500 students will have opportunities to work near media professionals using the latest industry specified equipment, studios and laboratories. They will study on 39 undergraduate and postgraduate programmes, the university embarked on a £150 million programme of investment in 2004, to deliver new buildings and carry out major refurbishment projects. These included, £22m Mary Seacole Building, opened in 2006, £10m Lady Hale Building for the Salford Law School which opened in February 2008. The whole building acts as its own night storage heating and cooling system thanks to a Termodeck system, in summer 2013 construction work started on the £55 million New Adelphi building, due to open in September 2016, housing music, performance, art, design and architecture students
13.
Port of Manchester
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The Port of Manchester was a port in North West England, until its closure in 1982. It was created as a port on 1 January 1894. It extended along the whole 36-mile length of the canal, from Eastham in the west to Manchester in the east, absorbing the Port of Runcorn. The creation of the new port moved the Port of Liverpools boundary 11 miles to the west, the ship canal transformed Manchester from a landlocked city into a major sea port, at its height the third-busiest port in the United Kingdom. Once delivered to the goods could be transported to other parts of the country such as Leeds to the east. Initially, the port struggled to compete with the established ports. In 1908, although Manchester had about 75 percent of the spindles in the United Kingdom. Despite the competition, trade grew steadily, between 1895 and 1896,121,336 bales of cotton were imported from America, the main source of cotton, this increased to 377,264 bales in 1907–1908. The Port of Manchester was not the destination for American cotton in the early 20th century. In 1907–1908 about half of the used in Lancashire cotton mills passed through the port. In the early-20th century, the main produce travelling through the port was timber, grain, the grain trade expanded more than tenfold, increasing from 35,000 long tons in 1895 to 406,000 long tons in 1907. Based on value of import and export trade, between 1904 and 1964 the Port of Manchester was in the top five most important custom ports in the UK for 39 out of the 55 years for which figures exist. The peak year for tonnage was 1959, but the port declined in the 1960s because of the size of ocean-going vessels. Manchester Liners was established on 3 May 1898, to provide a fortnightly service between the Port of Manchester and North America, via the Manchester Ship Canal. The success of its trip to Halifax, Nova Scotia. The company continued to operate vessels registered in Manchester for more than 80 years, until 1985
14.
Manchester docks
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The Manchester docks were a series of nine docks in Salford, Stretford and Manchester at the east end of the Manchester Ship Canal in North West England. They formed part of the Port of Manchester from 1894 until their closure in 1982, the Manchester docks were divided into two sections, the larger Salford docks to the west of the Trafford Road swing bridge and Pomona docks to the east. Each section consisted of four docks in total, the largest being to the west, of the eight working docks only one, Dock 1 at Pomona, was within Manchester itself. During much of 1948, Manchester Docks were Britains third busiest port owing to damage suffered by the Port of Hull during the Hull Blitz, during the 1970s the docks began a rapid decline, largely due to containerisation. In 1982 the remaining closed and the area became derelict. Recognising the need to redevelop the area, Salford City Council purchased the docks in 1984 using a land grant. The Salford Quays Development Plan was adopted in May 1985, proposing complete reclamation and development of the area for commercial, residential and leisure use. The Salford docks are the block, made of four large docks running ENE from the canal, numbered 9,8,7 and 6. They have now been redeveloped into Salford Quays, Dock 9 is the largest of the docks and was the site of the Manchester Liners container service to Montreal. Today the upper reaches contain cleaned water and have cut off from their former connection to the ship canal. This cleaned water is accessed from Dock 8 via a new canal through Pier 8 and this dock was the last to be constructed, built on the former New Barnes site of Manchester Racecourse, and opened in the early years of the 20th century. Dock 8 remains largely intact, although its entrance to the canal has been made considerably narrower. It is now accessed through a lock beneath a pedestrian drawbridge and this is the only route into the redeveloped basins of docks 9 and 7. The lock and drawbridge are mechanised and controlled from the Salford Quays Operations Tower, Dock 7 has been cut off from the ship canal and divided into a series of small basins, linking Piers 6 and 7 by road and pedestrian footbridges. The basins provide a habitat for wildlife and the fish stock. Access is again from Dock 8, at its eastern end. Dock 6 is retained in largely its original configuration, the smaller basins into which the docks have been divided are all named after North American lakes, reflecting the areas strong trading links the docks had with North America. Upstream of Dock 6 there is a depression in the canal wall on a similar alignment to the other docks
15.
Decentralization
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Decentralization is the process of redistributing or dispersing functions, powers, people or things away from a central location or authority. While centralization, especially in the sphere, is widely studied and practiced. The meaning of decentralization may vary in part because of the different ways it is applied, the word centralization came into use in France in 1794 as the post-French Revolution French Directory leadership created a new government structure. The word decentralization came into usage in the 1820s, centralization entered written English in the first third of the 1800s, mentions of decentralization also first appear during those years. In the mid-1800s Alexis de Tocqueville wrote that the French Revolution began with a push towards decentralization. in the end, pierre-Joseph Proudhon, influential anarchist theorist wrote, All my economic ideas as developed over twenty-five years can be summed up in the words, agricultural-industrial federation. All my political ideas boil down to a formula, political federation or decentralization. In early twentieth century America a response to the centralization of economic wealth and it blamed large-scale industrial production for destroying middle class shop keepers and small manufacturers and promoted increased property ownership and a return to small scale living. The decentralist movement attracted Southern Agrarians like Robert Penn Warren, as well as journalist Herbert Agar, hatfield, Mildred J. Loomis and Bill Kauffman. In the next few years a number of best-selling books promoted decentralization. ”Alvin Toffler published Future Shock, naisbitt’s book outlines 10 “megatrends”, the fifth of which is from centralization to decentralization. In 1996 David Osborne and Ted Gaebler had a best selling book Reinventing Government proposing decentralist public administration theories which became labeled the New Public Management, stephen Cummings wrote that decentralization became a revolutionary megatrend in the 1980s. In 1983 Diana Conyers asked if decentralization was the latest fashion in development administration, Cornell Universitys project on Restructuring Local Government states that decentralization refers to the global trend of devolving responsibilities to regional or local governments. In 1983, Decentralization was identified as one of the Ten Key Values of the Green Movement in the United States, according to a 1999 United Nations Development Programme report, A large number of developing and transitional countries have embarked on some form of decentralization programmes. The movement toward local accountability and greater control over ones destiny is, however, not solely the result of the negative attitude towards central government. Rather, these developments, as we have noted, are principally being driven by a strong desire for greater participation of citizens and private sector organizations in governance. ”Those studying the goals and processes of implementing decentralization often use a systems theory approach. ”However. Norman Johnson of Los Alamos National Laboratory wrote in a 1999 paper, an important property of agent systems is the degree of connectivity or connectedness between the agents, a measure global flow of information or influence. If each agent is connected to all agents, then the system is highly connected. Instead each party, also called a peer, makes local autonomous decisions towards its goals which may possibly conflict with those of other peers. Peers directly interact with other and share information or provide service to other peers
16.
Coronation Street
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Coronation Street is a British soap opera created by Granada Television and shown on ITV since 9 December 1960. In the shows history, the street was built in the early 1900s. The show typically airs five times a week, Monday and Friday 7. 30–8 pm &8. 30–9 pm and Wednesday 7. 30–8 pm, however this varies due to sport or around Christmas. From late 2017 the show will air six times a week, the programme was conceived in 1960 by scriptwriter Tony Warren at Granada Television in Manchester. Warrens initial kitchen sink drama proposal was rejected by the stations founder Sidney Bernstein, within six months of the shows first broadcast, it had become the most-watched programme on British television, and is now a significant part of British culture. The show has one of the most lucrative programmes on British commercial television, underpinning the success of Granada Television. Coronation Street is made by Granada Television at MediaCity Manchester and shown in all ITV regions, on 17 September 2010, it became the worlds longest-running TV soap opera in production. On 23 September 2015, Coronation Street was broadcast live to mark ITVs 60th anniversary, Coronation Street is noted for its depiction of a down-to-earth working class community combined with light-hearted humour, and strong characters. The first episode was aired on 9 December 1960 at 7 pm, Granada Television had commissioned only 13 episodes, and some inside the company doubted the show would last beyond its planned production run. Despite the criticism, viewers were drawn into the serial. The programme also made use of Northern English language and dialect, affectionate local terms like eh, nowt, and by eck. became widely heard on British television for the first time. Early episodes told the story of student Kenneth Barlow, who had won a place at university, the character was one of the few to have experienced life outside of Coronation Street. In some ways this predicts the growth of globalisation, and the decline of similar communities, in an episode from 1961, Barlow declares, You cant go on just thinking about your own street these days. Were living with people on the side of the world. Theres more to worry about than Elsie Tanner and her boyfriends, Roache is the only remaining member of the original cast, which makes him the longest-serving actor in Coronation Street, and in British and global soap history. At the centre of early stories, there was Ena Sharples, caretaker of the Glad Tidings Mission Hall, and her friends, timid Minnie Caldwell. Headstrong Ena often clashed with Elsie Tanner, whom she believed espoused a dauntlessly loose set of morals, Elsie resented Enas interference and gossip, which most of the time had little basis in reality. In April 1961, Jed Stone made his first appearance and returned the year in 1962
17.
Imperial War Museum North
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Imperial War Museum North is a museum in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester, England. One of five branches of the Imperial War Museum, it explores the impact of modern conflicts on people and it is the first branch of the Imperial War Museum to be located in the north of England. The area is now home to the Lowry cultural centre and the MediaCityUK development, the museum building was designed by architect Daniel Libeskind and opened in July 2002, receiving 470,000 visitors in its first year of opening. It was recognised with awards or prize nominations for its architecture and is an example of Deconstructivist architecture. The museum features a permanent exhibition of chronological and thematic displays, the museum also hosts a programme of temporary exhibitions in a separate gallery. Since opening, the museum has operated a volunteer programme. As part of a museum, Imperial War Museum North is financed by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. During the 1990s, the Imperial War Museum sought to open a branch in the north of England, seventy-one sites were offered for consideration by 36 local councils. One such council was that of Hartlepool, in County Durham, in 1992 the Teesside Development Corporation offered the museum, on behalf of Hartlepool council, a total of £14.4 million towards construction and running costs. However, the National Audit Office later reported that the Corporations offer breached government rules, in January 1999 the then Culture Secretary Chris Smith launched a project to construct the new museum in Trafford, Greater Manchester. By 1945 the area employed 75,000 people, the area was consequently heavily bombed, particularly during the Manchester Blitz, when 684 people were killed in raids over two nights in December 1940. By the time of Chris Smiths announcement, the museum had already received outline planning permission, an architectural competition for the new museum was held in 1997, with the winning design being that of Berlin-based architect Daniel Libeskind. Born in Łódź, Poland, in 1946, Libeskinds family had suffered during the Second World War, at the museums opening, Libeskind said that he sought to create a building. Which emotionally moved the soul of the visitor toward an unexpected realization. Libeskind envisaged a constellation composed of three interlocking shards with each shard being a remnant of a globe shattered by conflict. These shards in turn represented air, earth and water, the 55 m high air shard, provides the museums entranceway and a viewing balcony above the Manchester Ship Canal with views of the Manchester skyline. The construction of the tower leaves viewers exposed to the elements and one reviewer considered that it reflected the aerial perspective of modern warfare, the earth shard houses the museums exhibition spaces, while the water shard accommodates a cafe with views of the canal. Originally budgeted at £40 million, the museum was completed for £28.5 million after anticipated National Lottery funding was not forthcoming
18.
Manchester Metrolink
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Metrolink is a tram/light rail system in Greater Manchester, England. The system is owned by Transport for Greater Manchester and operated and maintained under contract by RATP Group, in 2015–16,34.3 million passenger journeys were made on the system. The network consists of seven lines which radiate from Manchester city centre to termini at Altrincham, Ashton-under-Lyne, Bury, East Didsbury, Eccles, Manchester Airport, Metrolink has 93 stops along 57 miles of standard-gauge track making it the largest light rail system in the United Kingdom. It consists of a mixture of track shared with other traffic, reserved track sections, segregated from other traffic. It is operated by a fleet of Bombardier Flexity Swift M5000s, a light rail system for Greater Manchester emerged from the failure of the 1970s Picc-Vic tunnel scheme to obtain central government funding. A light-rail scheme was proposed in 1982 as the least expensive rail-based transport solution for Manchester city centre, construction work on the Trafford Park Line extension from Pomona to the Trafford Centre commenced in early 2017 with an estimated operational date of 2020/21. Furthermore, TfGM have endorsed more speculative expansion proposals for new lines to Stockport, a loop around Wythenshawe, Manchesters first tram age began in 1877 with the first horse-drawn trams of Manchester Suburban Tramways Company. Electric traction was introduced in 1901, and the municipal Manchester Corporation Tramways expanded across the city, by 1930, Manchesters tram network had grown to 163 miles route miles, making it the third largest tram system in the United Kingdom. After World War II, electric trolleybuses and motor buses began to be favoured by local authorities as a cheaper transport alternative, trolleybuses were withdrawn from service in 1966. The central commercial district had no links, and over the years. In the 1960s, transport design studies were undertaken to address the problems of increasing traffic congestion, a number of urban public transport schemes were evaluated for Manchester, including several types of monorail systems and metro-style systems. While the monorail schemes were all abandoned, a scheme to create a tunnel link gained momentum. SELNEC Passenger Transport Executive — the body formed in 1969 to improve public transport for Manchester and this was a proposal to link Piccadilly and Victoria stations via a tunnel under the city centre and enable train services to run across the Manchester conurbation. Inter-station links were provided by the Centreline shuttle bus service for many years, Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive, the successor to SELNEC, continued to examine possible rail link solutions. A Rail Study Group, composed of officials from British Rail, GMC, to promote the scheme, GMPTE held a public proof of concept demonstration in March 1987 using a Docklands Light Railway P86 train on a freight-only line adjacent to Debdale Park. The Project Light Rail proposals were presented to the UK Government for taxpayer funding, following route revisions in 1984 and 1987, additional taxpayer funding came from the European Regional Development Fund and bank lending. Parliamentary authority to proceed with Phase 1 construction was obtained with two Acts of Parliament – the Greater Manchester Act 1988 and Greater Manchester Act 1988. Tracks were laid down along a 1. 9-mile route from Victoria station, via Market Street to the G-Mex and this route is now known as the First City Crossing, and it was built with network expansion in mind
19.
MediaCityUK tram stop
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MediaCityUK tram stop is a stop on Greater Manchesters Metrolink light rail system. It is located in MediaCityUK, in Salford, North West England, and serves MediaCityUK, The Lowry and it opened on 20 September 2010, as the terminus of a specially-constructed 360-metre-long spur from the Eccles Line. MediaCityUK is a development within Salford Quays, on the site of the former Manchester Docks, when an active port, the quays were served by numerous railway goods lines. The Metrolinks extension into Salford Quays is part of a programme of renewal for the area around the Manchester Ship Canal. Plans for a rail system into Salford Quays have existed since around 1987, initially as far as Broadway. The MediaCity extension replaced that proposal, services to the station were suspended following an incident at the Harbour City crossover on the second day of operation. A driver reversed after only partially passing over spring-loaded points causing the tram to straddle two tracks and hit a central support column, the station is served by a dedicated Piccadilly - MediaCityUK service. A new generation of rail vehicles was ordered for Metrolink from the rail manufacturer Bombardier. Four LRVs are required to operate the MediaCity line, the Flexity Swift LRVs, designated M5000, are similar to the K5000 series used in Cologne and Bonn in Germany, and similar to the low-floor models used by London’s Tramlink. The first delivery of LRVs from Bombardier arrived at Metrolinks Queens Road depot in July 2009 and was subjected to three months testing and driver training before entering service in the autumn, MediaCityUK Stop Information MediaCityUK area map
20.
Urban renewal
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Urban renewal, which is generally called urban regeneration, revitalization in the United States, is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use. Renewal has had both successes and failures and its modern incarnation began in the late 19th century in developed nations and experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s – under the rubric of reconstruction. The process has had a impact on many urban landscapes. This process is carried out in rural areas, referred to as village renewal. In some cases, renewal may result in urban sprawl and less congestion when areas of cities receive freeways and expressways, Urban renewal has been seen by proponents as an economic engine and a reform mechanism, and by critics as a mechanism for control. It may enhance existing communities, and in some cases result in the demolition of neighborhoods, many cities link the revitalization of the central business district and gentrification of residential neighborhoods to earlier urban renewal programs. The agenda that emerged was a doctrine that assumed better housing conditions would reform its residents morally and economically. The first area to be targeted was the notorious slum called the Devils Acre near Westminster and this new movement was largely funded by George Peabody and the Peabody Trust and had a lasting impact on the urban character of Westminster. Slum clearance began with the Rochester Buildings, on the corner of Old Pye Street and Perkins Rent and they are one of the earliest large-scale philanthropic housing developments in London. The Rochester Buildings were sold to the Peabody Trust in 1877, angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts funded an experimental social housing estate, among the first of its kind, on the corner of Columbia Road and Old Pye Street. In 1869 the Peabody Trust built one of its first housing estates at Brewers Green, between Victoria Street and St. Jamess Park. What remained of the Devils Acre on the side of Victoria Street was cleared. In 1882, the Peabody Trust built the Abbey Orchard Estate on former marshland at the corner of Old Pye Street, like many of the social housing estates, the Abbey Orchard Estate was built following the square plan concept. Blocks of flats were built around a courtyard, creating a space within the estate functioning as recreation area. The courtyards were meant to create a community atmosphere and the blocks of flats were designed to allow sunlight into the courtyards, the blocks of flats were built using high-quality brickwork and included architectural features such as lettering, glazing, fixtures and fittings. The estates built in the area at the time were considered model dwellings and included shared laundry and sanitary facilities, innovative at the time, the design was subsequently repeated in numerous other housing estates in London. State intervention was first achieved with the passage of the Public Health Act of 1875 through Parliament, the Act focused on combating filthy urban living conditions that were the cause of disease outbreaks. It required all new construction to include running water and an internal drainage system
21.
Old Trafford, Greater Manchester
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Old Trafford is an area of Stretford, in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, two miles southwest of Manchester city centre. The crossroads sites of two old toll gates roughly delineate the borders of the area, Brookss Bar to the east and Trafford Bar to the west. Old Trafford is the site of two sporting venues, Old Trafford football stadium, home of Manchester United F. C. and Old Trafford Cricket Ground. These are at end of Warwick Road, two parts of which have been renamed Brian Statham Way and Sir Matt Busby Way. The interconnecting strip of road between retains the name Warwick Road, and the section on the other side of the Metrolink line is called Warwick Road South. Old Trafford was a point over the River Irwell in ancient times. The name Old Trafford possibly derives from the time there were two Trafford Halls, Old Trafford Hall and New Trafford Hall. The name of the area around Old Trafford Hall may subsequently have become shortened to Old Trafford, the old hall was demolished in 1939. The popularity of the botanical gardens – which was a kind of northern Crystal Palace – led wealthy people to large houses in the area. In 1857, and again in 1887, the gardens staged exhibitions of art treasures, the former as part of the Art Treasures Exhibition, the Hallé Orchestra was formed to participate in the first of these exhibitions. The site of the gardens was purchased by White City Limited in 1907. From the 1950s to the 1970s, White City Stadium was used as a racing track. This site is now White City Retail Park, the front entrance is all that has been preserved of the old botanical gardens. Nearby, on the site of what is now the Greater Manchester Police Headquarters, was Henshaws Institute for the Blind, next door on the same site was the Royal Institute for the Deaf, where the film Mandy was made. Trafford Park provided employment for thousands of local residents, employment was also provided on a smaller scale, notably by the railways, Duerrs Jams, Vimto, Arkady Soya Mill and Ludwig Oppenheimer Mosaics. The Royal Army Medical Corps and the Territorial Army have well-established bases in the area, slum clearances during the 1960s and early 1970s saw some of the old Victorian housing stock demolished. However, after the failure of the deck-access concrete crescents of Hulme. As a result, there are still many Victorian terraced streets in the area, by 1985, employment at Trafford Park had fallen to 24,500, as unemployment in the northwest soared above 30 per cent in some inner-city areas
22.
The Lowry
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The Lowry is a theatre and gallery complex situated on Pier 8 at Salford Quays, in Salford, Greater Manchester, England. It is named after the early 20th century painter L. S. Lowry, the complex was officially opened on 12 October 2000 by Queen Elizabeth II. The initial proposals were for two theatres and an art gallery on a prominent site on Pier 8, between 1990 and 1991 a competition was launched and architects James Stirling Michael Wilford Associates was selected. After the death of James Stirling in June 1992 Michael Wilford continued the project, the city council bid for Millennium and other British and European funds and private sector finance to progress the project. Funding was secured in 1996 and The Lowry Trust became responsible for the project which comprised The Lowry Centre, the plaza, a footbridge, the National Lottery provided over £21 million of funding towards its construction. The project was completed in 1999 at a cost of £106 million, the Lowry name was adopted in honour of the local artist, L. S. Lowry. The complex is close to the Imperial War Museum North and the Old Trafford football stadium and it is served by the MediaCityUK stop on the Metrolink tram network. In 2010 and 2011 it was Greater Manchesters most visited tourist attraction, a sting operation by the Salford Star in 2006 attempted to demonstrate intolerance towards unaccompanied teenagers in hoodies entering the complex. The complex was designed by Michael Wilford with structural engineer Buro Happold, groundbreaking took place on 19 June 1997. The Lowry is built on a site at the end of Pier 8 and has a triangular plan. A promenade encircling the building provides views of the Manchester Ship Canal, MediaCityUK, the foyer faces the public plaza, where there is a large aerofoil canopy at the entrance clad with perforated steel and illuminated from inside at night. Much of the building is clad in steel and glass. The Lowry was described as not quite Salfords Guggenheim and it is ultimately too small and too well behaved. Although there are obvious shared aims, a reference to the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, the Lowry footbridge spanning the ship canal was designed and project managed by Parkman, with design support from Carlos Fernandez Casado. It is a bridge with a clear span of 100 metres. The bridge span is an arch and the towers are constructed in tubular steelwork to provide an open aspect to view the lifting counterweight. In November 2015, the Lowry opened a new bar and restaurant, called Pier 8, after a 12 week closure on the original bar and restaurant. The new space cost £3m to develop and is part of an ongoing £5m investment programme to improve facilities, the new features include a zinc topped curving bar with room to seat 150 people for casual dining
23.
Metropolitan Borough of Trafford
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Trafford is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. With an estimated population of about 233,300 in 2015, it covers 41 square miles and includes the towns of Altrincham, Partington, Sale, Stretford, all were previously in Cheshire, apart from Stretford and Urmston which were in Lancashire. The River Mersey flows through the borough, separating North Trafford from South Trafford, historically the Mersey also acted as the boundary between the historic counties of Lancashire and Cheshire. The Trafford area has a heritage, with evidence of Neolithic, Bronze Age. Amongst the relics of the past are two castles – one of them a Scheduled Ancient Monument – and over 200 listed buildings, the area underwent change in the late 19th century and the population rapidly expanded with the arrival of the railway. Trafford is the home of Manchester United F. C. and Lancashire County Cricket Club, Trafford has a strong economy with low levels of unemployment and contains both Trafford Park industrial estate and the Trafford Centre, a large out-of-town shopping centre. Apart from the City of Manchester, Trafford is the borough in Greater Manchester to be above the national average for weekly income. Socially, the area includes both working class areas like Old Trafford and Stretford and middle class such as Bowdon. Altrincham and Sale West is one of the five constituencies in Greater Manchester to be held by the Conservative Party. The choice of the name Trafford for the borough was a compromise between Altrincham, Stretford and Sale, and seemed to have wide support, a Liberal councillor for the Municipal Borough of Sale suggested Crossford. Whilst Watlingford was suggested by councillors in Hale, after the name of an ancient Roman road in the district. As a place name, Trafford is an Anglo-French version of Stratford, deriving from the Old English words stræt, the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford has existed since 1974, but the area it covers has a long history. Neolithic arrowheads have been discovered in Altrincham and Sale, and there is evidence of Bronze Age habitation in Timperley, fragments of Roman pottery have been found in Urmston, and Roman coins have been found in Sale. The Roman road between the fortresses at Chester and York crosses Trafford, passing through Stretford, Sale. The settlements in Trafford have been based largely around agriculture, although Altrincham was founded as a town in the mid 13th century. Although the Industrial Revolution affected Trafford, the area did not experience the same rate of growth as the rest of Greater Manchester, the area developed its own centres of industry in Broadheath and Trafford Park. They have since declined, although Trafford Park still employs 40–50,000 people, today, Trafford is mostly a commuter area. The borough was formed on 1 April 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 as one of the ten districts of Greater Manchester
24.
Royal charter
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A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities or universities, Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment, as they have perpetual effect. Typically, a Royal Charter is produced as a high-quality work of calligraphy on vellum, the British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence, the earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066, making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland, followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity, Charters have been used in Europe since medieval times to create cities. The date that such a charter is granted is considered to be when a city is founded, at one time, a royal charter was the sole means by which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means are generally used nowadays instead. In the period before 1958,32 higher education institutes had been created by royal charter and these were typically engineering or technical institutions rather than universities. Royal decrees can therefore no longer grant higher education status or university status. A Royal Charter is granted by Order in Council, either creating an incorporated body and this is an exercise of the Royal Prerogative, and, in Canada, there are hundreds of organisations under Royal Charters. Such organisations include charities, businesses, colleges, universities, today, it is mostly charities and professional institutions who receive Royal Charters. Application for a charter is a petition to the Queen-in-Council, however, meeting these benchmarks does not guarantee the issuance of a Royal Charter. Companies, corporations, and societies in Canada founded under or augmented by a Royal Charter include, Royal Charter was issued in August 1826 to purchase and develop lands. Purchased the Crown Reserve of 1,384,413 acres, cities under Royal Charter are not subject to municipal Acts of Parliament applied generally to other municipalities, and instead are governed by legislation applicable to each city individually. The Royal Charter codifies the laws applied to the particular city, the Universitys Pontifical Charter was granted by Pope Leo XIII in 1889. Several Canadian private schools were founded or reconstituted under Royal Charter, the Royal Gibraltar Post Office was granted Royal Charter in 2005. The Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club obtained Royal Charter in 1959 and it is one of the three banknote-issuing banks in Hong Kong. The Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch Chartered originally in 1847, disbanded 1859, the Institution of Engineers was incorporated by royal charter in 1935. A number of Irish institutions retain the Royal prefix, even though Republic of Ireland severed all remaining connections between the state and the British monarch in 1949, the University of South Africa received a Royal Charter in 1877
25.
Granada Studios
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Granada Studios were television studios on Quay Street in Manchester with the facility to broadcast live and film drama programmes. They were the headquarters of Granada Television and later ITV Granada between 1956 and 2013, at the time of their closure, the studios were the oldest operating purpose-built television studios in the United Kingdom. Firsts at the studios include The Beatles first television performance in 1962, until 2010 the main building, Granada House, had a red neon Granada TV sign on the roof, which was a landmark for rail passengers travelling from the west into Manchester city centre. A decorative broadcasting tower was erected at the behest of Sidney Bernstein to give the studios an embellished, at its top, this tower had an enclosed, steerable, microwave dish which, pre-satellite, provided line of sight outside broadcast links to the companys Eagle Tower vehicles. There were three studios, each covering over 4,500 square feet. The studios were owned by ITV Studios and BBC Resources through a joint venture company, after a dip in production during the early 2000s, the studios underwent a revival from 2009 until their closure. Countdown moved to Manchester from the Leeds Studios in 2009, programmes such as John Bishops Britain, The Chase, Divided, Take Me Out and High Stakes were recorded here and the studios hosted the first ever General Election debate in April 2010. The studios closed in June 2013, and ITV Granada and ITV Studios moved to MediaCityUK in Salford Quays, Granada House is not a listed building but will nonetheless be retained as part of new proposals by Allied London. This will generally consist of exhibition space and a new bespoke hotel, in 2013 the site was sold for £26 million. The difficulty was that equipment for film was incompatible and new areas were required for playout, Granada bypassed these problems by creating new studios. Sidney Bernstein chose its base for operations from Leeds, Liverpool. Granada executive, Victor Peers, believed Manchester was the choice even before Granada executives, Peers, Denis Forman, Reg Hammans and Sidney Bernstein. One site was identified by Hammans in Leeds and three were found in Manchester which convinced Bernstein to explore further, two sites were deemed expensive, and another in Salford Quays was rejected by Bernstein as inadequate. A site on Quay Street in Manchester city centre owned by Manchester City Council was bought for £82,000, the land supposedly hosted a cemetery containing paupers graves, where 22,000 people were buried. Part of the Manchester and Salford Junction Canal, which linked the River Irwell to the Rochdale Canal from 1839 to 1922, the studios were designed by Ralph Tubbs, but Sidney Bernstein was instrumental in influencing designs and giving regular plan briefings. Forman wrote that Tubbs looked sometimes enthusiastic, sometimes disconsolate during Bernsteins lecture briefings, the logo which adorned the building was in a period font and remained in position from 1961 until 2010. Bernstein, keen to save money, had the studios built in a modular and this led to a jumbled appearance as the company expanded and renovated the site which encompassed a bonded warehouse built in the Victorian era. The original studios were in a building on Quay Street
26.
Mark Thompson (media executive)
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Mark John Thompson is the current Chief Executive Officer of The New York Times Company. From 2004 to 2012, Thompson was Director-General of the BBC, Thompson was born in London, England, and brought up in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, by his mother, Sydney Corduff, his sister, Katherine, and father, Duncan John Thompson. Thompson was educated by Jesuits at the independent school, Stonyhurst College, and then went up to Merton College, Oxford, Thompson edited the university magazine, Isis. Thompson was appointed Director-General on 21 May 2004 and he succeeded Greg Dyke, who resigned on 29 January 2004 in the aftermath of the Hutton Inquiry. The decision to appoint Thompson Director-General was made unanimously by the BBC Board of Governors and his appointment was widely praised, Culture Secretary Tessa Jowell, Shadow Culture Secretary Julie Kirkbride and Greg Dyke were amongst those who supported his selection. He took up the role of Director-General on 22 June 2004, on his first day he announced several management changes, including the replacement of the BBCs sixteen-person executive committee with a slimmed-down executive board of nine top managers. In 2007 it emerged that the BBC had been involved in a number of editorial guideline breaches, Mark Thompson, as BBC editor-in-chief investigated these breaches, and presented his interim report to the BBC Trust on 18 July 2007. The Trust felt that the BBC’s values of accuracy and honesty had been compromised, later that day he told BBC staff, via an internal televised message, that deception of the public was never acceptable. He said that he, himself, had never deceived the public – it would never have occurred to him to do so, and he also spoke on BBC News 24 and was interviewed by Gavin Esler for Newsnight. He stated that now on, if it happens we will show people the door. Staff were emailed on 19 July 2007 and later in the year all staff, including the Director-General, in October 2008, Thompson had to cut short a family holiday to return to Britain to deal with The Russell Brand Show prank telephone calls row. Thompson took the decision to suspend the BBC’s highest paid presenter, Jonathan Ross. He also said it was the controversial stars last warning, nevertheless, Thompson reiterated the BBCs commitment to Rosss style of edgy comedy, claiming that BBC audiences accept that, in comedy, performers attempt to push the line of taste. Thompson had previously defended the conduct and salary in 2006. In September 2010 Thompson acknowledged some of the BBCs previous political bias he had witnessed early in his career. He stated, In the BBC I joined 30 years ago there was, in much of current affairs, in terms of personal politics, which were quite vocal. He added, the organisation did struggle then with impartiality, though also suggested there was now much less overt tribalism. In 2010, Thompson was identified as the highest paid employee of any public organisation in the UK
27.
New Broadcasting House (Manchester)
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New Broadcasting House was the BBCs North West England headquarters on Oxford Road in Manchester city centre. The studios housed BBC Manchester, BBC North, BBC North West, the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra, New Broadcasting House was vacated during autumn 2011 when the departments were relocated to MediaCityUK outside of the city centre in Salford Quays. New Broadcasting House was built on a site bounded by Oxford Road, Charles Street, to the rear of the building was the River Medlock. A compulsory purchase order for the site was approved by the Minister of Housing and Local Government on 21 July 1967, planning permission was granted in December 1968. Designs by an architect were abandoned in February 1970 in favour of plans by R. A. Sparks from the BBCs Architectural and Civil Engineering Department, New planning permission was granted in March 1971, and construction began in December 1971 and was completed in 1975. Construction was in three stages - the network production centre for radio and outside broadcasts, a rehearsal studio for the Northern Symphony Orchestra. Radio Manchester was built on the ground floor in the west of the office block with a 754 square metre area. Studio A, a 453 square metre television studio, was built in the building behind the office block. The central technical area was next to the TV and radio studios, a 180-seat restaurant was built on the second floor. The view from the top of building was of the Mancunian Way, the building was supported on 214 piles, bored to maximum depth of around 13 metres. The building frame was made of reinforced concrete infilled with flat slabs and 2,100 square metres of windows. Its architecture has been ridiculed as drab and unfit for the 21st century, before New Broadcasting House opened, the BBCs Manchester base was at Broadcasting House in Piccadilly, and from 1958 it occupied four floors of Peter House in St Peters Square. The former studio of Mancunian Films in Rusholme was bought in 1954, staff moved into the building on the weekend of 12–13 July 1975, and it was fully operational by September 1975 and officially inaugurated as the headquarters of BBC North on 18 June 1976. A second television studio was opened in May 1981 for regional TV news, about 800 staff worked at the site. New Broadcasting House was home to BBC Manchester, BBC Radio Manchester, BBC North West, the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra, on opening, the radio station was named BBC Radio Manchester, it changed its name to BBC GMR before reverting to its original name in April 2006. In 2010, the building was offered for sale as the BBCs move to MediaCityUK rendered it surplus to requirements and it was sold for £10 million in April 2011
28.
Manchester Arena
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The Manchester Arena is an indoor arena in Hunts Bank, Manchester, England. Situated immediately north of the city centre, most of the arena is situated above Manchester Victoria station in air rights space, the arena was a key part of Manchesters bids to host the Olympic Games in 1996 and 2000 and was eventually used for the 2002 Commonwealth Games. The structure was designed by DLA Ellerbe Beckett, Ove Arup & Partners, the arena is sited in air rights space over the station and was constructed without disrupting use of the station. The original plans included a tower which was not built. It originally hosted a seven screen cinema, a multi-purpose arena. The former multiplex cinema is now used as a call centre, a large truss measuring 105 metres spans the roof. Reinforced concrete is used to increase sound insulation, the upper parts of the building are clad in purple-grey with green glass. The arena was opened on 15 July 1995, the arena was one of the first indoor venues in Europe to be built following layout of 360 degree seating, and is the only arena in the UK to have this feature. The arena was constructed as part of the unsuccessful bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics. Construction cost £52 million of which £35. 5m was provided by government grants, although built as an American style sports arena it has been more successful hosting large music events. The arena opened in July 1995, sponsored by NYNEX CableComms as the NYNEX Arena, in December 2011, the Manchester Evening News ended its thirteen-year sponsorship, and the arena was renamed the Manchester Arena in January 2012. On the opening night,15,000 spectators watched Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean perform, attendance records were set in 1997 when 17,425 people watched Manchester Storm play Sheffield Steelers, a record for an ice hockey match in Europe. When 14,151 people watched Manchester Giants play London Leopards, the arena was the Worlds Busiest Arena from 2001 until 2007 based on ticket sales for concerts, attracting five and a half million customers. It was voted Europes Favourite Arena at the TPi Awards in 2008 by the companies that bring the shows to the venue. In 2008, the arena was worlds third busiest arena behind Londons The O2 arena, in 2009, it was the worlds second busiest arena behind Londons The O2 and ahead of Antwerps Sportpaleis and Madison Square Garden. Although second to Londons The O2, Manchesters arena had its busiest year with over 1,500,000 people attending concerts, the arena hosts over 250 events annually including comedy, live music and tours, sporting events, and occasionally musicals. As one of the largest venues in the UK, the arena has hosted concerts since opening in 1995 and is the arenas primary source of visitors. On March 26,2000, English boy band Five performed at this venue as part of their Invincible Tour, the show was also filmed for a concert special, called Five Live, that was released on DVD and VHS later that same year
29.
Television licence
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The licence is sometimes also required to own a radio or receive radio broadcasts. However, in cases the balance between public funding and advertisements is the opposite - the Polish TVP broadcaster receives more funds from advertisements than from its TV tax. The early days of broadcasting presented broadcasters with the problem of how to raise funding for their services, the licence was originally known as a wireless licence. Some countries also have different fees for users with colour or monochrome TV, many give discounts, or charge no fee, for elderly and/or disabled consumers. National public broadcasters in countries also carry supplemental advertising. In 1993, this treaty entered into force when it achieved 7 ratifications including 5 member states and it has since been acceded to by 34 countries, as of 2010. The Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago notes that two-thirds of the countries in Europe and half of the countries in Asia, TV licensing is rare in the Americas, largely being confined to French overseas departments and British Overseas Territories. In some countries, radio channels and broadcasters web sites are funded by a radio receiver licence, giving access to radio. The actual cost and implementation of the television licence varies greatly from country to country, the rest of this section looks at the licence fee in a number of countries around the world. The Albanian licence fee is 800 lekë per year, however, the licence fee makes up only a small part of public broadcaster RTShs funding. RTSh is mainly funded directly from the government through taxes, the remaining 42% comes from commercials, in accordance with the Austria RGG all broadcasting reception equipment in use or operational at a given location must be registered. The location of the equipment is taken to be places of residence or any other premises with a purpose of use. GIS employs some 191 people and approximately 125 freelancers in field service,3.4 million Austrian households are registered at GIS, percentage of licence dodgers in Austria amounts to 2. 5%. The main principle of GIS communication strategy is to instead of control. Annual fees from April 2012 are, The licence fee in Belgiums Walloon Region is €100.00 for a TV and €0.00 for a radio in a vehicle. Only one licence is needed for each household with a functional TV receiver regardless of the number, household radios do not require a licence. The money raised by the fee is used to fund Belgiums French, people with certain disabilities are exempt from paying the television licence fee. Hotels and similar lodging establishments must pay a fee of €50.00 for each additional functional TV receiver and are required to pay between January 1 and March 1 inclusive
30.
BBC Trust
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The BBC Trust was the governing body of the British Broadcasting Corporation between 2007 and 2017. It was operationally independent of BBC management and external bodies, on 12 May 2016, it was announced in the House of Commons that the regulatory functions of the BBC Trust are to be transferred to Ofcom. The Trust was established by the Royal Charter for the BBC which came into effect on 1 January 2007, the Trust, and a formalised Executive Board, replaced the former Board of Governors. In summary, the roles of the Trust are in setting the overall strategic direction of the BBC, including its priorities. The Trust will perform these roles in the public interest, particularly the interest of licence fee payers, — BBC Royal Charter Finally, the BBC Trust closed on 2 April 2017 just after 10 years. The Royal Charter established that the Trust should have twelve trustees, including a Chairman, a Vice-Chairman, appointments to the BBC Trust are made by Queen in Council, on the recommendation of UK government ministers. Richard Ayre – former Deputy Chief Executive of BBC News, mark Damazer CBE - Master of St Peters College, Oxford and former controller of BBC Radio 4 and BBC Radio 7. Mark Florman - the Trustee for England, co-founder and former CEO of the merchant banking group Maizels, bill Matthews – the Trustee for Scotland. Aideen McGinley OBE – the Trustee for Northern Ireland, a former NI civil servant, nicholas Prettejohn - a senior City executive. Elan Closs Stephens CBE – the Trustee for Wales, a chairman of Welsh-language broadcaster S4C. Suzanna Taverne – a former managing director of the British Museum, Lord Williams of Baglan – a former diplomat, appointed as International Trustee. Trustees served for terms of up to five years, after which they may be re-appointed. Since 2006 the following people were members of the BBC Trust, Michael Grade CBE, now Lord Grade of Yarmouth – former Chairman, dermot Gleeson – finished two terms, as a BBC Governor and a BBC Trustee. Richard Tait CBE – finished two terms, as a BBC Governor and a BBC Trustee, chitra Bharucha MBE – former Vice Chairman, and acting Chairman, retired after one term. Alison Hastings – former National Trustee for England, finished two terms, a regional newspaper editor. Janet Lewis-Jones – former National Trustee for Wales, retired after one term, David Liddiment – finished two terms, a former Director of Programmes at ITV. Jeremy Peat OBE – former National Trustee for Scotland, finished two terms, as a BBC Governor and a BBC Trustee, Sir Michael Lyons – former Chairman, retired after one term. Patricia Hodgson DBE – who resigned to take up a position on the board of media regulator Ofcom, rotha Johnston CBE – finished two terms as BBC Trustee for Northern Ireland
31.
Lend Lease Project Management & Construction
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Lend Lease Project Management & Construction is the international project management and construction division of Lend Lease Group. The origins of Lend Lease Project Management & Construction date back to the establishment of C. W. Bovis & Co by Charles William Bovis in London in 1885 and it changed hands in 1908 when it was acquired by Samuel Joseph and his cousin, Sidney Gluckstein. The client receives any savings during construction instead of the contractor. ”During World War II, Bovis built the factory at Swynnerton. At the end of hostilities, Bovis resumed work for the sector and in the early 1950s. Following the acquisition of Frank Sandersons business in 1967, Bovis Homes expanded rapidly, Frank Sanderson was to change radically the future of Bovis. He was appointed Managing Director of Bovis Holdings in January 1970, after a number of housing acquisitions, Sanderson attempted to obtain control of P&O by means of a reverse takeover. An initial agreement was followed by a boardroom and shareholder revolt at P&O, there was boardroom dissension, too, at Bovis and Sanderson was forced out in September 1973. One of Sanderson’s acquisitions, in 1971, had been Twentieth Century Banking, the crisis came to a head in December 1973 when National Westminster Bank refused to provide the necessary funds. A rescue of Bovis was inevitable and, ironically, the proved to be P&O. From 1985 the company was led by Sir Frank Lampl, who changed it from a British concern into an international contractor, Bovis Homes was demerged in 1997, and floated on the London Stock Exchange. The company was bought by Lend Lease Corporation in 1999, at time it became Bovis Lend Lease. The firemen consulted the check list, thought they had a good system, only when they reached the dangerous area that was on fire, did they realize the system did not have any water pressure, and they died trying to retreat amid the confusion. As of June 2011, two out of the three individuals charged in the manslaughter and criminally negligent homicide case have been acquitted. On 17 February 2011 Lend Lease announced wider ranging changes to its group of brands, for a ten-year time span ending in 2009, the company along with others devised a scheme to defraud federal, state and local government contracting agencies as well as private clients. The fine is the largest in the citys history, on 29 October 2012 the long boom of a Lend Lease construction crane atop the 1,004 foot high One57 snapped during Hurricane Sandy forcing the evacuation of several buildings in Midtown Manhattan. The company has managed construction projects worldwide, including retail developments, Lend Leases Project Management & Construction Business has a significant presence in Australia, Asia, Europe and the United States. Key sector expertise includes commercial, retail, residential, government, as a major contractor in the UK, Lend Lease Project Management & Construction is a contractor member of Build UK. the International Convention Centre Sydney due to be completed in 2016. Building Relationships, The History of Bovis 1885-2000, Peter Cooper, Cassell & Co ISBN 978-0-297-82533-3
32.
A Question of Sport
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A Question of Sport is a long-running BBC sports quiz show. It involves two teams of sports stars answering questions on their own and other sports, each team has a resident captain, each of whom is joined by two stars of the sports world. Having run since 1970, the show is now Britains longest running quiz show with 1,000 episodes. On 8 January 2010 episode No.885 was an episode of A Question of Sports 40th birthday. On 4 March 2013, the 1,000 episode aired, each captain was joined by two former captains. Winning captain Phil Tufnell was joined by Bill Beaumont and Ally McCoist, while Matt Dawson was joined by Willie Carson and this was Series 42, episode 17. – sports footage is halted at optimum moment and teams are asked what occurred thereafter, observation Round – sports action is shown and contestants are asked questions about details of what they have just seen, e. g. What colour hat was a person wearing. Or How many balls can you see in the following clip, Home or Away – contestants can answer a question on their own sport for one point, or a question on any sport for two points. Team captains always receive away questions, captains Challenge – the captains have a contest in different feats. Coleman was also unavailable for two shows in 1996, so one of the captains, Bill Beaumont, sat in as host. In Colemans final series as host, ex-tennis star Sue Barker stood-in for a couple of shows including one at Christmas, Sports stars often say they know they have made it when they are invited to appear on A Question Of Sport. The sports personality with most guest appearances is Steve Davis, who has appeared 18 times, there was also embarrassment for the shows hostess, Sue Barker, many years before she took on the role of the shows presenter. In 1987, Princess Anne appeared as a guest on Emlyn Hughes team, the show achieved A Question of Sports highest ever ratings of approximately 19 million viewers. It was the first time a member of the family had appeared on a television quiz show. Annes daughter Zara Phillips also appeared on the show twice in 2006, however, Hughess embarrassment would not be as bad as Ally McCoist or Shane Warne in 2007. During the part of the show called Mystery Guest, it was McCoists turn and he failed to realise it was his own boss at Rangers, Walter Smith, also, in the 700th edition of the show, a compilation of Mystery Guests was shown as a special round. Here McCoist also failed to recognise himself as a showjumper from a clip some years previous
33.
Hazel Blears
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She served in the Cabinet as Minister without Portfolio and Labour Chair between 2006 and 2007, and Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government from 2007 to 2009, when she resigned. Hazel Blears was born in Salford, Lancashire on 14 May 1956, as a young child, Hazel and her brother Stephen both played street urchins in the film A Taste of Honey which was filmed in Salford in 1961, when Blears was aged five. Blears was educated at Worsley Wardley Grammar School in Wardley, Worsley and then Eccles College on Chatsworth Road in Ellesmere Park and she went to Trent Polytechnic in Nottingham, graduating with a BA degree in Law, and later, the Chester College of Law in 1977. Hazel Blears started her career in Salford as a solicitor with Salford City Council in 1978. After two years, she went into practice for a year, before joining Rossendale Borough Council as a solicitor in 1981. In 1983 she became a solicitor for Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council, in the following year, she was elected as a councillor to Salford City Council and she served on the council until 1992. She was Chair of the Salford Community Health Council for several years and she stood in Tatton in 1987 against Neil Hamilton and in 1992 in Bury South where she lost by 788 votes. At the 1997 general election she was elected as the Labour MP for Salford, after the election she became the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State at the Department of Health Alan Milburn until 1998. She spent ten months in 1999 as PPS to then Chief Secretary to the Treasury Andrew Smith. In the run-up to the 2001 General Election, Blears was a member and later deputy head of the Labour Party campaign team, at the 2010 general election, parliamentary constituencies for Salford and Eccles were restructured, with Blearss constituency being abolished. She defeated Ian Stewart in the selection contest to be the Labour Parliamentary Candidate for the new constituency of Salford and Eccles. During her parliamentary career, she has acquired the nickname Chipmunk, fraser Kemp, writing in The Spectator, has subsequently dubbed her the Iron Chipmunk, a play on the phrase Iron Lady, often used to describe Margaret Thatcher. After the 2001 General Election, Blears entered Tony Blairs government as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department of Health, in this job she launched the Governments 5-a-day campaign to get people to eat more fruit and vegetables. Blears was promoted in 2003 to Minister of State at the Home Office, with responsibilities for policing, crime reduction and she was elected to the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party in 2003. After the 2005 General Election, on 7 June 2005 she became a Member of the Privy Council, in a cabinet reshuffle following Council Elections on 4 May 2006 Tony Blair appointed her Party Chair replacing Ian McCartney. On 28 June 2007 the new Prime Minister, Gordon Brown appointed Blears as Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, in April 2008 it was rumoured that Brown was planning a summer reshuffle in which Blears would be demoted. However, when the reshuffle occurred in the autumn, it was confirmed she was to retain her position, in May 2008 Blears mistakenly commented on BBCs Question Time that there were 3 million people unemployed in the United Kingdom when Labour came to power in 1997. On 24 February 2007 she announced her candidacy for the election for Deputy Leader of the Labour Party and she came last out of six candidates
34.
Channel 4
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Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4
35.
BBC One
–
BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot
36.
BBC Two
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BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a range of subject matter, but tending towards more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream. Like the BBCs other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence and it is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide. Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched, a high-definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD. British television at the time of BBC2s launch consisted of two channels, the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITVs launch in 1955, the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC, prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service, the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots Hullabaloo, a mother kangaroo, however, at around 18,45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBCs behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22,00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning, there was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003. By 11,00 on 21 April, power had restored to the studios and programming began. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was successfully shown that evening. In reference to the cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy. To establish the new identity and draw viewers to it. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga, a adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More. Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system and this created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. On 1 July 1967, during the Wimbledon Championships, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin broadcasts in colour. The thirteen part series Civilisation was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology, BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985
37.
Landscape architect
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A landscape architect is a person who is educated in the field of landscape architecture. The title landscape architect was first used by Frederick Law Olmsted and this definition of the profession of landscape architect is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations, International Labour Office, Geneva. Some notable Australian landscape architects include William Guilfoyle, Ina Higgins, Edna Walling, after at least two years of recognised professional practice, graduates may submit for further assessment to obtain full professional recognition by the AILA. The Landscape Institute is the recognised body relating to the field of Landscape architecture throughout the UK, to become a recognised landscape architect in the UK takes approximately 7 years. To begin the process, one has to study a course by the Landscape Institute to obtain a bachelors degree in Landscape Architecture or a similar field. Following this one must progress onto a Postgraduate Diploma in the field of Landscape Architecture covering the subject in far greater detail such as urban planning, construction. Following this, the trainee must complete the Pathway to Chartership and those in this field work both to create an aesthetically pleasing setting and also to protect and preserve the environment in an area. The actual activities however are common to most human cultures around the globe for several millennia, in the U. S. a need to formalize the practice and name were resolved in 1899 with the formation of the American Society of Landscape Architects. Developing policies and plans and implementing and monitoring proposals for conservation and recreation such as national parks. Contributing to the planning, aesthetic and functional design, location, management and maintenance of such as roads, dams, wind farms and other energy. Undertaking landscape assessments including environmental and visual impact assessments to prepare policies or inform new developments, monitoring the realisation and inspecting the construction of proposals to ensure compliance with plans, specifications of work, cost estimates and time schedules. Project management of large scale landscape planning and design projects including management of other such as engineers, architects. Acting as a witness in Development and Environment Courts Kerb 15. Launched by Charles Waldheim, April 2007, content includes articles and interviews from Charles Waldheim, Mohsen Mostafavi, Alejandro Zaera-Polo, Kathryn Gustafson, Bart Brands and Richard Weller. Landscape design software List of landscape architects Job Description at the U. S. Department of Labor
38.
Brownfield land
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Land that is more severely contaminated and has high concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution, such as a Superfund site, does not fall under the brownfield classification. After clean up, such an area can become a community park or business development, the term brownfields first came into use on June 28,1992, at a U. S. congressional field hearing hosted by the Northeast Midwest Congressional Coalition. Also in 1992, the first detailed analysis of the issue was convened by the Cuyahoga County Planning Commission. The United States Environmental Protection Agency selected Cuyahoga County as its first brownfield pilot project in September 1993, the term applies more generally to previously used land or to sections of industrial or commercial facilities that are to be upgraded. Brownfield land is an area of previously used or built upon, as opposed to greenfield land. Land that is severely contaminated and has high concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution, such as a Superfund site. Mothballed brownfields are properties that the owners are not willing to transfer or put to productive reuse, Brownfield status is a legal designation which places restrictions, conditions or incentives on redevelopment and use on the site. In the United Kingdom, the term brownfield has a meaning roughly equivalent to the American usage described above, i. e. vacant or derelict land or property. In terms of British Town and Country Planning, however, the meaning of brownfield is more complex, small brownfields also may be found in older residential neighborhoods, as for example dry cleaning establishments or gas stations produced high levels of subsurface contaminants. Typical contaminants found on contaminated brownfield land include hydrocarbon spillages, solvents, pesticides, heavy metals such as lead, tributyl tins, old maps may assist in identifying areas to be tested. The primary issue facing all nations involved in attracting and sustaining new uses to brownfield sites is that industries are globally oriented and this directly affects brownfield reuse, such as limiting the effective economic life of the use on the revitalized sites. United States estimates suggest there are over 500,000 brownfield sites contaminated at levels below the Superfund caliber in the country, the Clinton-Gore administration and US EPA launched a series of brownfield policies and programs in 1993 to tackle this problem. Canada has an estimated 200,000 contaminated sites across the nation, the provincial governments have primary responsibility for brownfields. The provinces´ legal mechanisms for managing risk are limited, as there are no tools such as No Further Action letters to property owners finality and certainty in the cleanup. Yet, Canada has cleaned up sites and attracted investment to contaminated lands such as the Moncton rail yards, a strip of the Texaco lands in Mississauga is slated to be part of the Waterfront Trail. However, Imperial Oil has no plans to sell the 75-acre property which has been vacant since the 1980s.9 billion. The report listed significant sites called the Big Five with a liability of $1.8 billion, Faro mine, Colomac Mine, Giant Mine, Cape Dyer-DEW line, the Port Hope, Ontario site has a liability of $1 billion. By 2010 it was projected that it would cost well over a billion dollars for the remediation project
39.
Piazza
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A town square is an open public space commonly found in the heart of a traditional town used for community gatherings. Other names for town square are civic center, city square, urban square, market square, public square, piazza, plaza, most town squares are hardscapes suitable for open markets, music concerts, political rallies, and other events that require firm ground. Being centrally located, town squares are surrounded by small shops such as bakeries, meat markets, cheese stores. At their center is often a fountain, well, monument, many of those with fountains are actually called fountain square. In urban planning, a city square or urban square is an open area in a city. Red Square in Moscow was originally used as a marketplace and later became the stage for Soviet military parades. Similarly, Beijings Tiananmen Square was the scene of both communist parades and anti-government protests, john-F. -Kennedy-Platz was the site of the West Berlin town hall and John F. Kennedys famous Ich bin ein Berliner speech. New York Citys Times Square as well as Bryant Park, Washington, D. C. s National Mall, trafalgar Square in London does the same for the United Kingdom. Saint Peters Square in Vatican City, the enclave within Rome. Yonge-Dundas Square in Toronto is a renowned and famous square in Canada, nathan Phillips Square is a popular square in front of Torontos landmark City Hall. Hviezdoslavovo námestie is one of the squares in Bratislava and a centre of a social life. Dam Square in Amsterdam for the Netherlands, Main Market Square in Kraków, Market Place in Warsaw and Wrocław Main Square for Poland. The City Hall Square, Copenhagen for Denmark, praça do Comércio, in Lisbon, Portugal, was formerly known as the Terreiro do Paço. It was destroyed after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake but was rebuilt, the symmetrical buildings around the square hold government bureaus and ministries. Wenceslas Square is one of the city squares in the New Town of Prague. In Mainland China, Peoples Square is a designation for the central town square of modern Chinese cities. These squares are the site of government buildings, museums and other public buildings, the probably best-known and largest such square in China is Tienanmen Square. The German word for square is Platz, which also means Place and these have been focal points of public life in towns and cities from the Middle Ages to today
40.
WilkinsonEyre
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WilkinsonEyre is one of the UKs leading architectural practices, based in London, England. After gaining experience in a number of top UK practices, Chris Wilkinson set up Chris Wilkinson Architects in 1983 and he formed a partnership with Jim Eyre in 1987, with the practice registered as Wilkinson Eyre Architects in 1999. Following an internal restructuring, the company was re-registered under the name in April 2006. Chris Wilkinson is the founder of WilkinsonEyre and he has been an external examiner for the Mackintosh School of Art, Westminster University and the Bartlett School of Architecture and has been a Commissioner of English Heritage. He is Patron of the Civic Trust Awards and currently chairs the Client Committee at the Royal Academy and he is also the author of Supersheds and co-author of Bridging Art & Science, Exploring Boundaries, Tectonics and Works. Jim Eyre is a director of the London-based architecture practice WilkinsonEyre where he has led the design on many of the practice’s cultural, commercial. Jim was awarded an OBE in the 2003 Honours list for services to architecture and was made Honorary Doctor of Laws at Liverpool University in 2009 and he has taught at Harvard’s Graduate School of Design and the Illinois Institute of Technology. His publications include The Architecture of Bridge Design and the practice’s Exploring Boundaries and he has lectured at home and internationally, including at Yale, Berkeley, the Bauhaus, the Soane Museum, the RIBA and at the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford. In 2015 Jim was awarded The Bodley Medal for his contribution to the transformation of the New Bodleian into a library for special collections. In 2013, they were appointed as architects for the redevelopment of the Battersea Power Station in London, south Quay Footbridge, London Docklands Suzhou-Nantong Crossing Swansea Sail Bridge Tensegrity Bridge, National Building Museum, Washington, D. C
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BBC Breakfast
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BBC Breakfast is a national British morning television news programme simulcast on BBC One and BBC News. It is presented live from MediaCityUK and contains a mixture of breaking news, news, sport, weather, business, the programme is broadcast seven days a week, every week of the year, including weekends and public holidays. He had been the deputy editor for five years, alison Ford, previously the UK Editor for BBC Newsgathering, was the editor of the programme until her death in July 2013. Her appointment followed the departure of David Kermode to 5 News, Breakfast Time was the first BBC breakfast programme, with Ron Neil as producer. It was conceived in response to the plans of the television company TV-am to introduce a breakfast television show. Breakfast Times first broadcast was on 17 January 1983 and was presented by Frank Bough, Selina Scott, Nick Ross and Russell Grant. So, a government minister might be subjected to intense questioning while sitting on the red sofa. Breakfast Time lasted 150 minutes, initially being transmitted between 6.30 am and 9 am—moving to a 6.50 am to 9.20 am slot on 18 February 1985. A bomb detonated at 2,54 a. m.30 am and 8.55 am, presenters included Kirsty Wark, John Stapleton, Jeremy Paxman and Sally Magnusson. A considerable portion of the first half-hour was devoted to business news, in January 1993, the business news coverage extended to an hour-long programme in its own right, beginning at 6,00 am. Breakfast News started at 7,00 am, next came the merging of the separate programmes of BBC One and BBC News 24 into one single simulcast starting from 2 October 2000. Since April 2006, the BBC News channel has screened rolling news coverage from 8.30 am while Breakfast continues on BBC One until 9.15 am. In April 2008, BBC News 24 was renamed BBC News, as part of a £550,000 rebranding of the BBCs news output, complete with a new studio and presentation. On 2 May 2006, Breakfast moved into studio N6 at Television Centre with other BBC One news programmes that required a set design that included walls of Barco video screens. The screens eventually displayed visuals needed for story content, different backgrounds, graphics, more importantly, the set had a generic visual style that could be used for other programmes, such as the national news bulletins, without much additional physical change. The programme celebrated its 20th anniversary on 17 January 2003, on 28 January 2008, Breakfast returned to the TC7 studios, where Breakfast Time had been based following its move from the BBC Lime Grove Studios. On 2 March 2009, Breakfast relaunched with a new set, the backdrop resembles that of the BBC News channel as do the new Breakfast titles. In July 2010, the BBC announced that Breakfast was moving to their new studios in Salford Quays, the BBC announced that with the April 2012 move to Salford, co-presenter Sian Williams and sports presenter Chris Hollins preferred not be included in the move to the North of England
42.
Match of the Day
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Match of the Day, often abbreviated as MOTD or MotD, is BBC TVs principal football programme. Typically, it is shown on BBC One on Saturday evenings during the English football season, showing highlights of the matches in English footballs top division. It is one of the BBCs longest-running shows, having been on air since 22 August 1964, Match of the Day has been recognised by Guinness World Records as the longest-running football TV programme in the world. Since 1999, MOTD has been presented by former England captain Gary Lineker, Lineker is usually joined by two pundits to analyse and review the days action. The programme is broadcast from MediaCityUK in Salford Quays, on the banks of the Manchester Ship Canal in Greater Manchester, the programmes audience was estimated at only 20,000, less than half of the attendance at the ground. Match of the Day was not universally welcomed in the football world, eventually a compromise was reached where the BBC agreed not to reveal which match was to be shown until after the days play had concluded. The first colour edition of Match of the Day on BBC1 was shown on 15 November 1969, however the very first colour edition was shown on 2 November 1968 on BBC2 when a game between Chelsea and Manchester City was featured. Slow motion replays were first introduced in 1969, however, at the end of the decade the BBC lost a significant share of matches, with a new four-year deal in 1979 splitting the rights between the BBC and ITV. Match of the Day was moved to Sunday afternoons for the 1980–81, in 1983, the programme reverted to being shown on Saturday night, although that year four broadcasts were lost due to industrial action. The season 1983–84 also saw the first Match of the Day Live broadcasts of First Division matches, League football highlights were not available to the BBC for a few years but MOTD returned in 1992, for the start of the Premier League era. C. In 1997, the BBC lost all rights to the FA Cup meaning the programmes live coverage was restricted to the UEFA Cup and Cup Winners Cup matches. However the BBC were still able to show Saturday evening highlights of FA Cup games, however things got much worse for the network when in 2001, the Premier League awarded highlights rights to ITV in a three-year contract. In August 2003 it was announced that from the 2004/05 season, Premier League highlights were returning to the BBC, in addition, Match of the Day 2 was launched, which showed highlights of all the Sunday fixtures, and was presented by Adrian Chiles. In 2009 the BBC announced they had retained their Premier League rights, from the 2011–12 season a new web-only Match of the Day 3 programme was launched on Monday mornings as a light-hearted addition to Match of the Day 2. Although broadcast as a programme and with its own unique title. In November 2011, Match of the Day moved from London to a new studio in Salford as part of the BBCs relocation north. At the start of 2012–13 season Match of the Day 2 moved to BBC One, in 1973, Jimmy Hill took over as presenter after moving from ITV. Des Lynam later became the host, current presenter Gary Lineker joined as an analyst in 1995 before becoming the main presenter after Lynams departure in 1999
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BBC Radio 5 Live
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BBC Radio 5 Live is the BBCs national radio service that specialises in live BBC News, phone-ins, interviews and sports commentaries. It is the radio station covering sport in the United Kingdom. Radio 5 Live was launched in March 1994 as a repositioning of the original Radio 5 and it is transmitted via analogue radio in AM on medium wave 693 and 909 kHz and digitally via digital radio, television and via an Internet stream. Due to rights restrictions, coverage of events is not available on-line or is restricted to UK addresses. The station broadcasts from MediaCityUK in Salford and is a department of the BBC North division, the success of Radio 4 News FM during the first Gulf War led the BBC to propose the launch a rolling-news service. The new BBC Radio 5 Live began its 24-hour service at 05,00 on Monday 28 March 1994, the first voice on air, Jane Garvey, later went on to co-present the breakfast and drive-time shows with Peter Allen. The Times described the launch as slipp smoothly and confidently into a routine of informative banter, the news of the first day was dominated by the fatal stabbing at Hall Garth School in Cleveland, the first of many major incidents which the network covered live as they unfolded. The tone of the channel, engaging and more relaxed than contemporary BBC output, was the key to the channels success, the first audiences were some four million, with a record audience of six and a quarter million. In 2000, the station was rebranded with a new logo which would remain with the station for seven years. The station also began to further its boundaries with the publication of the Radio Five Live Sporting Yearbook. In August 2007, BBC Radio 5 Live was given a new logo in line with the rest of the BBC Radio network, in 2008 the BBC announced that the station would move to MediaCityUK in Salford. Uniquely to the BBC Radio network, it is the station that is neither purely digital nor broadcast in analogue FM. The station also broadcasts programmes live through the BBC Online website and the BBC iPlayer sub-site, the service is also available on the Radioplayer internet site partially run by the BBC. Before the launch of digital broadcasting, BBC Radio 5 Live had broadcast on analogue satellite with near-FM quality. However, as part of the plan to sell off Television Centre. The move itself began in September 2011 and took two months, the new studios occupy a single floor in Quay House, with two studios large enough for several guests and a separate studio for large groups. BBC Radio 5 Lives remit includes broadcasting rolling news and transmitting news as it breaks, the BBCs policy for major breaking news events revolves around a priority list. With UK news, the correspondent first records a generic minute summary, the subsequent priority is to report on Radio 5 Live, then the BBC News Channel, and then any other programmes that are on air
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