1.
Metallurgy
–
The production of metals involves the processing of ores to extract the metal they contain, and the mixture of metals, sometimes with other elements, to produce alloys. Metallurgy is distinguished from the craft of metalworking, although metalworking relies on metallurgy, as medicine relies on medical science, Metallurgy is subdivided into ferrous metallurgy and non-ferrous metallurgy or colored metallurgy. Ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on iron while non-ferrous metallurgy involves processes, the production of ferrous metals accounts for 95 percent of world metal production. The roots of metallurgy derive from Ancient Greek, μεταλλουργός, metallourgós, worker in metal, from μέταλλον, métallon, metal + ἔργον, érgon, in the late 19th century it was extended to the more general scientific study of metals, alloys, and related processes. In English, the pronunciation is the more common one in the UK. The /ˈmetələrdʒi/ pronunciation is the common one in the USA. The earliest recorded metal employed by humans appears to be gold, small amounts of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves used during the late Paleolithic period, c.40,000 BC. Silver, copper, tin and meteoric iron can also be found in native form, egyptian weapons made from meteoric iron in about 3000 BC were highly prized as daggers from heaven. Certain metals, notably tin, lead and copper, can be recovered from their ores by simply heating the rocks in a fire or blast furnace, a process known as smelting. The first evidence of this extractive metallurgy dates from the 5th and 6th millennia BC and was found in the sites of Majdanpek, Yarmovac and Plocnik. To date, the earliest evidence of copper smelting is found at the Belovode site, other signs of early metals are found from the third millennium BC in places like Palmela, Los Millares, and Stonehenge. However, the ultimate beginnings cannot be ascertained and new discoveries are both continuous and ongoing. These first metals were single ones or as found, about 3500 BC, it was discovered that by combining copper and tin, a superior metal could be made, an alloy called bronze, representing a major technological shift known as the Bronze Age. The extraction of iron from its ore into a metal is much more difficult than for copper or tin. The process appears to have been invented by the Hittites in about 1200 BC, the secret of extracting and working iron was a key factor in the success of the Philistines. Historical developments in ferrous metallurgy can be found in a variety of past cultures. A 16th century book by Georg Agricola called De re metallica describes the highly developed and complex processes of mining metal ores, metal extraction, Agricola has been described as the father of metallurgy. Extractive metallurgy is the practice of removing valuable metals from an ore, in order to convert a metal oxide or sulphide to a purer metal, the ore must be reduced physically, chemically, or electrolytically
Metallurgy
–
Georgius Agricola, author of De re metallica, an important early work on metal extraction
Metallurgy
–
Gold headband from Thebes 750–700 BC
Metallurgy
–
Aluminium plant in
Žiar nad Hronom (Central
Slovakia)
Metallurgy
–
Casting bronze
2.
Folk metal
–
Folk metal is a fusion genre of heavy metal music and traditional folk music that developed in Europe during the 1990s. It is characterised by the use of folk instruments and, to a lesser extent. It also sometimes features soft instrumentation influenced by folk rock, the earliest folk metal bands were Skyclad from England and Cruachan from Ireland. It was not until 1994 and 1995 that other early contributors in the genre began to emerge from different regions of Europe, among these early groups, the German band Subway to Sally spearheaded a different regional variation that over time became known as medieval metal. Despite their contributions, folk metal remained little known with few representatives during the 1990s and it was not until the early 2000s when the genre exploded into prominence, particularly in Finland with the efforts of such groups as Finntroll, Ensiferum, Korpiklaani, Turisas, and Moonsorrow. The music of folk metal is characterised by its diversity with bands known to perform different styles of heavy metal music and folk music. A large variety of instruments are used in the genre with many bands consequently featuring six or more members in their regular line-ups. A few bands are known to rely on keyboards to simulate the sound of folk instruments. Lyrics in the genre deal with fantasy, mythology, paganism, history. The English band Skyclad was formed in 1990 after vocalist Martin Walkyier left his previous band, the song The Widdershins Jig from the debut album has been acclaimed as particularly significant and a certain first in the realms of Metal. Even with the departure of Martin Walkyier in 2001, Skyclad remains a folk metal group today after nearly two decades since their formation. In contrast, the Portuguese band Moonspell had a tenure in the genre. Their first release was the 1994 Under the Moonspell EP with music that featured folk, Cruachan were formed in 1992 in Dublin, Ireland. From the outset their intention was to mix the native Irish folk music of their country with the more extreme side of metal music. Their debut album Tuatha Na Gael was released in 1995 and was a folk metal album from start to finish. In the Italian book “FOLK METAL, Dalle Origini Al Ragnarok” and he acknowledges that Skyclad did have some folk parts in some songs before Cruachan however he goes on to say Cruachan used folk music as much as they used heavy metal music. Cruachan also used arrangements of folk songs and melodies, Skyclad wrote folk sounding parts. Another early contributor to folk metal is the Finnish group Amorphis and they formed in 1990 with their debut album, The Karelian Isthmus, following two years later
Folk metal
–
The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth by
Skyclad is the earliest folk metal album.
Folk metal
–
Subway to Sally, seen here performing live at the 2005 Sundstock Openair, has been credited as setting off
medieval metal.
Folk metal
–
A.A. Nemtheanga fronts the Irish Celtic black metal act
Primordial.
Folk metal
–
Orphaned Land, seen here performing live at the 2007
Summer Breeze Open Air, is a leading performer of oriental metal.
3.
Medieval folk rock
–
Medieval folk rock, medieval rock or medieval folk is a musical subgenre that emerged in the early 1970s in England and Germany which combined elements of early music with rock music. It grew out of the folk and progressive folk movements of the later 1960s. Nevertheless, the genre had an impact within progressive rock where early music and medievalism in general, was a major influence. More recently medieval folk rock has revived in popularity along with forms of medieval inspired music such as Dark Wave orientated neo-Medieval music. Medieval folk rock is characterised by three elements used in various combinations. First, the playing of extant early music involving rock instrumentation, second, the creation of original music that incorporates compositional features of early music, such as musical modes. A final element that does not affect the nature of the music, musicologists have noted an attempt to fuse popular music with elements of early classical music from the mid-1960s in Britain and America, which they refer to as baroque rock or baroque pop. An interest in fusing the sounds of medieval and renaissance music with more popular forms was first evident in the British progressive folk movement of the late 1960s and these continued in the highly influential The Hangmans Beautiful Daughter. From 1967 Renbourn was a member of the folk group Pentangle, coming from the more traditional end of the folk spectrum were Shirley and Dolly Collins. Also from 1969 Third Ear Band made use of medieval instruments alongside classical, Fairport Convention occasionally incorporated elements of early music into their repertoire. However, their fusion of English folk music with rock instrumentation was mostly focused on modern and nineteenth-century ballads. In contrast, the band formed by former Fairport member Ashley Hutchings as Steeleye Span in 1969 and they also utilized more diverse instruments, including mandolins, recorders and oboes, besides electric guitars, bass and later, drums. In contrast to Pentangle, Amazing Blondel, formed in 1969, nevertheless, because of their approach and use of original compositions, they are often described as medieval rock. Very similar in tone were bands like Forest, who from 1969 recorded their own compositions with modern acoustic, at the same time in Germany there were similar developments. Several bands followed suit, including Parzival from 1971, the growth of interest in early music in the academic and classical worlds were significant for the expansion of medieval folk rock. Gryphon, arguably the archetypal British band in the genre, was formed in 1971 by Richard Harvey and Brian Gulland, gryphon were originally an acoustic ensemble performing folk and medieval tunes. The same year saw other experiments that combined music with rock instruments. The first half of the 1970s was a peak in popularity for medieval folk rock
Medieval folk rock
–
John Renbourn in 2005
Medieval folk rock
–
Gentle Giant in 1977.
Medieval folk rock
–
Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull at London's Hammersmith Odeon, March 1978
Medieval folk rock
–
Blackmore's Night performing in Heidelberg 2002
4.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
–
The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
–
Flag
Germany
–
Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
–
Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
5.
Electric guitar
–
The vibrations of the strings are sensed by a pickup, of which the most common type is the magnetic pickup, which uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction. The signal generated by a guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is plugged into a guitar amplifier before being sent to a loudspeaker. The output of a guitar is an electric signal. Invented in 1931, the electric guitar was adopted by jazz guitarists. Early proponents of the guitar on record included Les Paul, Lonnie Johnson, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, T-Bone Walker. During the 1950s and 1960s, the guitar became the most important instrument in pop music. It has evolved into an instrument that is capable of a multitude of sounds and styles in genres ranging from pop and rock to country music, blues and jazz. It served as a component in the development of electric blues, rock and roll, rock music, heavy metal music. Electric guitar design and construction vary greatly in the shape of the body and the configuration of the neck, bridge, Guitars may have a fixed bridge or a spring-loaded hinged bridge that lets players bend the pitch of notes or chords up or down or perform vibrato effects. The sound of a guitar can be modified by new playing techniques such as string bending, tapping, hammering on, using audio feedback, in a small group, such as a power trio, one guitarist switches between both roles. In larger rock and metal bands, there is often a rhythm guitarist, many experiments at electrically amplifying the vibrations of a string instrument were made dating back to the early part of the 20th century. Patents from the 1910s show telephone transmitters were adapted and placed inside violins, hobbyists in the 1920s used carbon button microphones attached to the bridge, however, these detected vibration from the bridge on top of the instrument, resulting in a weak signal. With numerous people experimenting with electrical instruments in the 1920s and early 1930s, Electric guitars were originally designed by acoustic guitar makers and instrument manufacturers. Some of the earliest electric guitars adapted hollow-bodied acoustic instruments and used tungsten pickups, the first electrically amplified guitar was designed in 1931 by George Beauchamp, the general manager of the National Guitar Corporation, with Paul Barth, who was vice president. The maple body prototype for the one-piece cast aluminum frying pan was built by Harry Watson, commercial production began in late summer of 1932 by the Ro-Pat-In Corporation, in Los Angeles, a partnership of Beauchamp, Adolph Rickenbacker, and Paul Barth. In 1934, the company was renamed the Rickenbacker Electro Stringed Instrument Company, in that year Beauchamp applied for a United States patent for an Electrical Stringed Musical Instrument and the patent was issued in 1937. The Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts provided players a full 25 scale, with 17 frets free of the fretboard and it is estimated that fewer than 50 Electro-Spanish Ken Roberts were constructed between 1933 and 1937, fewer than 10 are known to survive today. The need for the guitar became apparent during the big band era as orchestras increased in size, particularly when acoustic guitars had to compete with large
Electric guitar
–
A
Kramer XKG-20 electric guitar circa 1980, modified
Electric guitar
–
The "Frying Pan", 1932
Electric guitar
–
Gibson Les Paul Custom 1954
Electric guitar
–
Detail of a Squier-made Fender Stratocaster. Note the vibrato arm, the 3 single-coil pickups, the volume and tone knobs.
6.
Bass guitar
–
The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
Bass guitar
–
A
Music Man StingRay bass
Bass guitar
–
(a standard tuned 4-string bass guitar)
Bass guitar
–
Musical instrument inventor Paul Tutmarc outside his music store in Seattle, Washington
Bass guitar
–
Design patent issued to Leo Fender for the second-generation
Precision Bass
7.
Synthesizer
–
A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals, natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. or generate new electronic timbres. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CV/gate using a controller device. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals, synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s. In the 1970s, synths were used in disco, especially in the late 1970s, in the 1980s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, mass market Yamaha DX7 synth made synthesizers widely available. 1980s pop and dance music often made use of synthesizers. In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in genres of pop, rock. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer, the beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromechanical circuit and this musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a diaphragm in a magnetic field. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy, though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium, which used dynamos, and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, however, Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons, and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age and he invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films, ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, in 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States, during the three years that Hammond manufactured this model,1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers
Synthesizer
–
Early
Minimoog by R.A. Moog Inc. (ca. 1970)
Synthesizer
–
Wolfgang von Kempelen's Speaking Machine in 1769–1791 (replica in 2007–2009)
Synthesizer
–
Rudolph Koenig 's sound synthesizer in 1865: consists of
tuning forks,
electromagnets, and
Helmholtz resonators.
Synthesizer
–
The
Teleharmonium console (1897) and
Hammond organ (1934).
8.
Percussion
–
A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater, struck, scraped or rubbed by hand, or struck against another similar instrument. The percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments, the percussion section of an orchestra most commonly contains instruments such as timpani, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle and tambourine. However, the section can also contain non-percussive instruments, such as whistles and sirens, percussive techniques can also be applied to the human body, as in body percussion. On the other hand, keyboard instruments, such as the celesta, are not normally part of the percussion section, Percussion instruments may play not only rhythm, but also melody and harmony. Percussion is commonly referred to as the backbone or the heartbeat of an ensemble, often working in close collaboration with bass instruments. In jazz and other popular ensembles, the pianist, bassist, drummer. Most classical pieces written for full orchestra since the time of Haydn and Mozart are orchestrated to place emphasis on the strings, woodwinds, however, often at least one pair of timpani is included, though they rarely play continuously. Rather, they serve to provide additional accents when needed, in the 18th and 19th centuries, other percussion instruments have been used, again generally sparingly. The use of percussion instruments became more frequent in the 20th century classical music, in almost every style of music, percussion plays a pivotal role. In classic jazz, one almost immediately thinks of the rhythm of the hi-hats or the ride cymbal when the word swing is spoken. Because of the diversity of instruments, it is not uncommon to find large musical ensembles composed entirely of percussion. Rhythm, melody, and harmony are all represented in these ensembles, music for pitched percussion instruments can be notated on a staff with the same treble and bass clefs used by many non-percussive instruments. Music for percussive instruments without a pitch can be notated with a specialist rhythm or percussion-clef. The word percussion has evolved from Latin terms, percussio, as a noun in contemporary English it is described in Wiktionary as the collision of two bodies to produce a sound. Hornbostel–Sachs has no high-level section for percussion, Most percussion instruments are classified as idiophones and membranophones.1 Concussion idiophones or clappers, played in pairs and beaten against each other, such as zills and clapsticks. 111.2 Percussion idiophones, includes many percussion instruments played with the hand or by a mallet, such as the hang, gongs and the xylophone. 21 Struck drums, includes most types of drum, such as the timpani, snare drum, (Included in most drum sets or 412. Stringed instruments played with such as the hammered dulcimer
Percussion
–
Yoruba drummers: One holds
omele ako and
batá, the other two hold
dunduns.
Percussion
–
Orchestral percussion section with
timpani,
unpitched auxiliary percussion and pitched
tubular bells
Percussion
–
Djembé and
balafon played by
Susu people of
Guinea
Percussion
–
Concussion idiophones (
claves), and struck drums (
conga drum)
9.
Woodwind instruments
–
Woodwind instruments are a family of musical instruments within the more general category of wind instruments. There are two types of woodwind instruments, flutes and reed instruments. What differentiates these instruments from other instruments is the way in which they produce their sound. Examples are a saxophone, a bassoon and a piccolo, flutes produce sound by directing a focused stream of air below the edge of a hole in a cylindrical tube. The flute family can be divided into two sub-families, open flutes and closed flutes, to produce a sound with an open flute, the player is required to blow a stream of air across a sharp edge that then splits the airstream. This split airstream then acts upon the air contained within the flutes hollow causing it to vibrate. Examples of open flutes are the flute, panpipes and shakuhachi. Ancient flutes of this variety were often made from sections of plants such as grasses, reeds. Later, flutes were made of such as tin, copper. Modern concert flutes are made of high-grade metal alloys, usually containing nickel, silver, copper. To produce a sound with a flute, the player is required to blow air into a duct. This duct acts as a channel bringing the air to a sharp edge, as with the open flutes, the air is then split, this causes the column of air within the closed flute to vibrate and produce sound. Examples of this type of include the recorder, ocarina. Reed instruments produce sound by focusing air into a mouthpiece which then causes a reed, or reeds, similar to flutes, Reed pipes are also further divided into two types, single reed and double reed. Single-reed woodwinds produce sound by placing a reed onto the opening of a mouthpiece, when air is forced between the reed and the mouthpiece, the reed causes the air column in the instrument to vibrate and produce its unique sound. Single reed instruments include the clarinet, saxophone, and others such as the chalumeau, double-reed instruments use two precisely cut, small pieces of cane bound together at the base. This form of production has been estimated to have originated in the middle to late Neolithic period. The finished, bound reed is inserted into the instrument and vibrates as air is forced between the two pieces and this family of reed pipes is subdivided further into another two sub-families, exposed double reed, and capped double reed instruments
Woodwind instruments
–
Alto and
tenor saxophone reeds
Woodwind instruments
–
A piper playing the
bagpipes
10.
String instruments
–
String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when the performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner. Musicians play some string instruments by plucking the strings with their fingers or a plectrum—and others by hitting the strings with a wooden hammer or by rubbing the strings with a bow. In some keyboard instruments, such as the harpsichord or piano, with bowed instruments, the player rubs the strings with a horsehair bow, causing them to vibrate. With a hurdy-gurdy, the musician operates a wheel that rubs the strings. Bowed instruments include the string instruments of the Classical music orchestra. All of the string instruments can also be plucked with the fingers. Some types of string instrument are mainly plucked, such as the harp, in the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, string instruments are called chordophones. Other examples include the sitar, rebab, banjo, mandolin, ukulele, in most string instruments, the vibrations are transmitted to the body of the instrument, which often incorporates some sort of hollow or enclosed area. The body of the instrument also vibrates, along with the air inside it, the vibration of the body of the instrument and the enclosed hollow or chamber make the vibration of the string more audible to the performer and audience. The body of most string instruments is hollow, some, however—such as electric guitar and other instruments that rely on electronic amplification—may have a solid wood body. Archaeological digs have identified some of the earliest stringed instruments in Ancient Mesopotamian sites, like the lyres of Ur, the development of lyre instruments required the technology to create a tuning mechanism to tighten and loosen the string tension. During the medieval era, instrument development varied from country to country, Middle Eastern rebecs represented breakthroughs in terms of shape and strings, with a half a pear shape using three strings. Early versions of the violin and fiddle, by comparison, emerged in Europe through instruments such as the gittern, a four stringed precursor to the guitar and these instruments typically used catgut and other materials, including silk, for their strings. String instrument design refined during the Renaissance and into the Baroque period of musical history, violins and guitars became more consistent in design, and were roughly similar to what we use in the 2000s. At the same time, the 19th century guitar became more associated with six string models. In big bands of the 1920s, the guitar played backing chords. The development of guitar amplifiers, which contained a power amplifier, the development of the electric guitar provided guitarists with an instrument that was built to connect to guitar amplifiers. Electric guitars have magnetic pickups, volume control knobs and an output jack, in the 1960s, larger, more powerful guitar amplifiers were developed, called stacks
String instruments
–
Various stringed instruments of Chinese make on display in a shop.
String instruments
–
Viol, fidel and rebec (from left to right) on display at Amakusa Korejiyokan in Amakusa, Kumamoto, Japan
String instruments
–
Various string instruments on display at the
Museo de Arte Popular in Mexico City.
String instruments
–
The strings of a
piano
11.
Singing
–
Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
Singing
–
American jazz singer and songwriter
Billie Holiday in New York City in 1947
Singing
Singing
–
"Vocalist" redirects here. See also:
Lead vocalist and
Backing vocalist.
Singing
–
Ercole de' Roberti: Concert, c. 1490
12.
Bagpipes
–
Bagpipes are a wind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The term bagpipe is equally correct in the singular or plural, though pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as the pipes, a set of bagpipes minimally consists of an air supply, a bag, a chanter, and usually at least one drone. Many bagpipes have more than one drone in various combinations, held in place in stocks—sockets that fasten the various pipes to the bag, the most common method of supplying air to the bag is through blowing into a blowpipe, or blowstick. In some pipes the player must cover the tip of the blowpipe with their tongue while inhaling, an innovation, dating from the 16th or 17th century, is the use of a bellows to supply air. In these pipes, sometimes called cauld wind pipes, air is not heated or moistened by the players breathing, the bag is an airtight reservoir that holds air and regulates its flow via arm pressure, allowing the player to maintain continuous even sound. The player keeps the bag inflated by blowing air into it through a blowpipe or pumping air into it with a bellows, materials used for bags vary widely, but the most common are the skins of local animals such as goats, dogs, sheep, and cows. More recently, bags made of materials including Gore-Tex have become much more common. A drawback of the bag is the potential for fungal spores to colonise the bag because of a reduction in necessary cleaning. An advantage of a bag is that they have a zip which allows the user to fit a more effective moisture trap to the inside of the bag. Bags cut from larger materials are usually saddle-stitched with an extra strip folded over the seam, holes are then cut to accommodate the stocks. The chanter is the pipe, played with two hands. Almost all bagpipes have at least one chanter, some pipes have two chanters, particularly those in North Africa, the Balkans in Southern Europe, and Southwest Asia. A chanter can be bored internally so that the walls are parallel for its full length. The chanter is usually open-ended, so there is no way for the player to stop the pipe from sounding. Thus most bagpipes share a constant, legato sound where there are no rests in the music, primarily because of this inability to stop playing, technical movements are used to break up notes and to create the illusion of articulation and accents. Because of their importance, these embellishments are often highly technical systems specific to each bagpipe, a few bagpipes have closed ends or stop the end on the players leg, so that when the player closes the chanter becomes silent. A practice chanter is a chanter without bag or drones, allowing a player to practice the instrument quietly, the term chanter is derived from the Latin cantare, or to sing, much like the modern French word chanteur. The note from the chanter is produced by a reed installed at its top, the reed may be a single or double reed
Bagpipes
–
Angel playing bagpipes in the
Thistle Chapel, Edinburgh
Bagpipes
–
A detail from the
Cantigas de Santa Maria showing bagpipes with one chanter and a parallel drone (Spain, 13th century).
Bagpipes
–
A detail from a painting by
Hieronymus Bosch showing two bagpipers (15th century).
Bagpipes
–
A Great Highland Bagpipe practice chanter
13.
Lute
–
The European lute and the modern Near-Eastern oud descend from a common ancestor via diverging evolutionary paths. The lute is used in a variety of instrumental music from the Medieval to the late Baroque eras and was the most important instrument for secular music in the Renaissance. It is also an instrument, especially in vocal works. The player of a lute is called a lutenist, lutanist or lutist, the words lute and oud possibly derive from Arabic al-ʿud. Recent research by Eckhard Neubauer suggests ʿud may in turn be an Arabized version of the Persian name rud and it has equally been suggested the wood in the name may have distinguished the instrument by its wooden soundboard from skin-faced predecessors. Gianfranco Lotti suggests the wood appellation originally carried derogatory connotations because of proscriptions of all music in early Islam. Lutes are made almost entirely of wood, the soundboard is a teardrop-shaped thin flat plate of resonant wood. In all lutes the soundboard has a single decorated sound hole under the strings called the rose. The sound hole is not open, but rather covered with a grille in the form of a vine or a decorative knot. Robert Lundberg, in his book Historical Lute Construction, suggests ancient builders placed bars according to ratios of the scale length. He further suggests the inward bend of the soundboard is an adaptation by ancient builders to afford the lutenists right hand more space between the strings and soundboard. Soundboard thickness varies, but generally hovers between 1.5 and 2 mm, some luthiers tune the belly as they build, removing mass and adapting bracing to produce desirable sonic results. The lute belly is almost never finished, but in cases the luthier may size the top with a very thin coat of shellac or glair to help keep it clean. After joining the top to the sides, a half-binding is usually installed around the edge of the soundboard, the half-binding is approximately half the thickness of the soundboard and is usually made of a contrasting color wood. The rebate for the half-binding must be precise to avoid compromising structural integrity. The back or the shell is assembled from strips of hardwood called ribs. There are braces inside on the soundboard to give it strength, the neck is made of light wood, with a veneer of hardwood to provide durability for the fretboard beneath the strings. Unlike most modern stringed instruments, the fretboard is mounted flush with the top
Lute
–
Various lutes
Lute
–
A lute being made in a workshop.
Lute
–
Ancient Egyptian tomb painting depicting lute players,
18th Dynasty (c.
1350 BC).
Lute
–
Hellenistic banquet scene from 1st Century AD,
Hadda,
Gandhara. Lute player far right.
14.
Harp
–
The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has a number of individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard, which are plucked with the fingers. Harps have been known since antiquity in Asia, Africa and Europe, Harps vary globally in many ways. In terms of size, many smaller harps can be played on the lap, whereas larger harps are quite heavy, different harps may use strings of catgut or nylon, or of metal, or some combination. While all harps have a neck, resonator, and strings, frame harps have a pillar at their end to support the strings, while open harps, such as arch or bow harps. Modern harps also vary in techniques used to extend the range and chromaticity of the strings, the earliest harps and lyres were found in Sumer,3500 BC, and several harps were found in burial pits and royal tombs in Ur. The oldest depictions of harps without a forepillar can be adjacent to the Near East, in the wall paintings of ancient Egyptian tombs in the Nile Valley. These murals show an instrument that resembles the hunters bow. The chang flourished in Persia in many forms from its introduction, about 3000 BC, around 1900 BC arched harps in the Iraq–Iran region were replaced by angular harps with vertical or horizontal sound boxes. By the start of the Common Era, robust, vertical, angular harps, in the last century of the Sasanian period, angular harps were redesigned to make them as light as possible, while they became more elegant, they lost their structural rigidity. At the height of the Persian tradition of illustrated book production, such light harps were still frequently depicted, the works of the Tamil Sangam literature describe the harp and its variants, as early as 200 BC. Variants were described ranging from 14 to 17 strings, and the instrument used by wandering minstrels for accompaniment, another early South Asian harp was the ancient veena, unlike the modern instrument of the same name, the ancient veena was a harp vice the modern lute-type instrument. Some Samudragupta gold coins show of the mid-4th century AD show the king Samudragupta himself playing the instrument, the ancient veena survives today in Burma, in the form of the saung harp still played there. The harp was popular in ancient China and neighboring regions, though harps are largely extinct in East Asia in the modern day, the Chinese konghou harp is documented as early as the Spring and Autumn period, and became extinct during the Ming Dynasty. A similar harp, the gonghu was played in ancient Korea, Harps are essentially triangular in shape, and are made primarily of wood. Harp strings are made of gut or metal, the top end of each string is secured on the crossbar or neck of the instrument, where each will have a tuning peg or similar device to adjust the pitch of that string. It is the distance between the tuning peg and the soundboard, as well as the tension and weight of the string, the body is hollow and when a taut string is plucked, the body resonates, projecting sound. The longest side of the harp is called the column or pillar, though some earlier harps, such as a bow harp, on most harps, the sole purpose of the pillar is to hold up the neck against the great strain of the strings. On harps which have pedals, the pillar is a column and encloses the rods which adjust the pitch of strings
Harp
–
(modern pedal harp)
Harp
–
A medieval harp (left) and a single-action pedal harp (right)
Harp
–
Ur lyre
Harp
–
1A
Sassanid era mosaic excavated at
Bishapur
15.
Hurdy-gurdy
–
The hurdy-gurdy is a stringed instrument that produces sound by a crank-turned, rosined wheel rubbing against the strings. The wheel functions much like a bow, and single notes played on the instrument sound similar to those of a violin. Melodies are played on a keyboard that presses tangents—small wedges, typically made of wood—against one or more of the strings to change their pitch, like most other acoustic stringed instruments, it has a sound board to make the vibration of the strings audible. Most hurdy-gurdies have multiple strings, which give a constant pitch accompaniment to the melody. Many folk music festivals in Europe feature music groups with hurdy-gurdy players, the most famous has been held since 1976 at Saint-Chartier in the Indre département in Central France. In 2009, it relocated nearby to the Château dArs at La Châtre, the hurdy-gurdy is generally thought to have originated from fiddles in either Europe or the Middle East some time before the eleventh century A. D. The first recorded reference to fiddles in Europe was in the 9th century by the Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih describing the lira as an instrument within the Byzantine Empire. One of the earliest forms of the hurdy-gurdy was the organistrum, an instrument with a guitar-shaped body. The organistrum had a melody string and two drone strings, which ran over a common bridge, and a relatively small wheel. Due to its size, the organistrum was played by two people, one of whom turned the crank while the other pulled the keys upward, pulling keys upward is cumbersome, so only slow tunes could be played on the organistrum. The pitches on the organistrum were set according to Pythagorean temperament, another 10th century treatise thought to have mentioned an instrument like a hurdy-gurdy is an Arabic musical compendium written by Al Zirikli. Later on, the organistrum was made smaller to let a player both turn the crank and work the keys. The solo organistrum was known from Spain and France, but was replaced by the symphonia. At about the time, a new form of key pressed from beneath was developed. These keys were more practical for faster music and easier to handle. Medieval depictions of the show both types of keys. During the Renaissance, the hurdy-gurdy was a popular instrument and the characteristic form had a short neck. It was around this time that buzzing bridges first appeared in illustrations, the buzzing bridge is an asymmetrical bridge that rests under a drone string on the sound board
Hurdy-gurdy
–
Hurdy-gurdy
Hurdy-gurdy
–
Elders playing an organistrum
Santiago de Compostela,
Galicia
Hurdy-gurdy
–
Hurdy-gurdy player in
Saint-Jean-des-Ollières,
Puy-de-Dôme (France)
Hurdy-gurdy
–
Detail of
The Garden of Earthly Delights by
Hieronymus Bosch, showing the first known depiction of a buzzing bridge on a hurdy-gurdy.
16.
Shawm
–
The shawm is a conical bore, double-reed woodwind instrument made in Europe from the 12th century to the present day. It achieved its peak of popularity during the medieval and Renaissance periods and it is likely to have come to Western Europe from the Eastern Mediterranean around the time of the Crusades. Double reed instruments similar to the shawm were long present in Southern Europe and the East, for instance the Ancient Greek, and later Byzantine, aulos, the Persian sorna, and the Armenian duduk. The body of the shawm is usually turned from a piece of wood. Beginning in the 16th century, shawms were made in sizes, from sopranino to great bass. All later shawms have at least one key allowing an extension of the compass. The pirouette, a small wooden attachment with a cavity in the center resembling a thimble, surrounds the lower part of the reed—this provides support for the lips and embouchure. Since only a portion of the reed protrudes past the pirouette, the player has only limited contact with the reed. In English the name only first appears in the 14th century, the early plural forms were often mistaken for a singular, and new plurals were formed from them. The later reduction in the 15th and 16th centuries to a syllable in forms such as schalme, shaume, shawme. In Portugal there is an instrument called charamela, and the name of the Italian shawm is ciaramella, Instruments resembling the medieval shawm can still be heard in many countries today, played by street musicians or military bands. The latter use would have been familiar to crusaders, who often had to face massed bands of Saracen shawms and nakers and it must have had a profound effect, as the shawm was quickly adopted by Europeans, for dancing as well as for military purposes. The standard outdoor dance band in the century consisted of a slide trumpet playing popular melodies. In many Asian countries, shawm technique includes circular breathing allowing continuous playing without pauses for air, by the early 16th century, the shawm had undergone considerable development. The harsh tonality of the shawm had been modulated somewhat by a narrowing of the bore. This also extended the range, enabling the performer to play the notes in the second octave. Larger sizes of shawm were built, down to the bass in Bb, two octaves and a major third below the soprano in D. However, the larger sizes were unwieldy. The shawm became standard equipment for bands, or waits
Shawm
–
Shawm
Shawm
17.
Medieval music
–
Medieval music consists of songs and instrumental pieces from about 400 A. D. to 1400. Medieval music was an era of Western music, including music used for the church. Medieval music includes vocal music, such as Gregorian chant and choral music, solely instrumental music. Gregorian chant was sung by monks during Catholic Mass, the Mass is a reenactment of Christs Last Supper, intended to provide a spiritual connection between man and God. Part of this connection was established through music and this era begins with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century and ends sometime in the early fifteenth century. Establishing the end of the era and the beginning of the Renaissance music era is difficult. The date range in this article is the one adopted by musicologists. S. Bach and Classical music period composers from the 1700s such as W. A. Mozart, the most obvious of these is the development of a comprehensive music notational system which enabled composers to write out their song melodies and instrumental pieces on parchment or paper. Prior to the development of musical notation, songs and pieces had to be learned by ear and this greatly limited how many people could be taught new music and how wide music could spread to other regions or countries. The development of music made it easier to disseminate songs and musical pieces to a larger number of people. Many instruments used to perform medieval music still exist in the 21st century, the flute was made of wood in the medieval era] rather than silver or other metal, and could be made as a side-blown or end-blown instrument. While modern orchestral flutes are made of metal and have complex key mechanisms and airtight pads. The recorder was made of wood during the Medieval era, and despite the fact that in the 2000s, it may be made of synthetic materials, it has more or less retained its past form. The gemshorn is similar to the recorder as it has holes on its front. One of the predecessors, the pan flute, was popular in medieval times. This instruments pipes were made of wood, and were graduated in length to produce different pitches, Medieval music used many plucked string instruments like the lute, a fretted instrument with a pear-shaped hollow body which is the predecessor to the modern guitar. Other plucked stringed instruments included the mandore, gittern, citole, the bowed lyra of the Byzantine Empire was the first recorded European bowed string instrument. Like the modern violin, a performer produced sound by moving a bow with tensioned hair over tensioned strings, the hurdy-gurdy was a mechanical violin using a rosined wooden wheel attached to a crank to bow its strings
Medieval music
–
Christian and Muslim playing
lutes in a miniature from
Cantigas de Santa Maria of
Alfonso X
Medieval music
–
A musician plays the
vielle in a fourteenth-century
Medieval manuscript
Medieval music
–
The chanson Belle, bonne, sage by
Baude Cordier, an Ars subtilior piece included in the
Chantilly Codex
18.
Folk music
–
Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
Folk music
–
Béla Bartók recording Slovak peasant singers in 1908
Folk music
–
Indians always distinguished between classical and folk music, though in the past even classical Indian music used to rely on the unwritten transmission of repertoire.
Folk music
–
Armenian traditional musicians
Folk music
–
Assyrians playing
zurna and
Davul, the typically used instruments for their folk music.
19.
Subway to Sally
–
Subway to Sally is a Folk metal band that was founded in Potsdam, Germany, in the early 1990s. Their music has clear folk and medieval influences, later also with gothic and they have released 12 studio albums, two live albums and two live DVDs. Their fame is mainly in the German-speaking countries, having played only a handful of concerts outside of that, the very first concert given by Subway to Sally was held in September 1990. The band then consisted of Ingo Hampf, Bodenski, Simon, Coni and their first appearance onstage in the constellation with which they later recorded their first album, was given in the Potsdamer Stube in January 1992. The group had decided on needing a fiddle to complete the sound, something which brought Frau Schmitt to the band, who in turn introduced Eric Fish on the bagpipes. In the early years, Subway to Sally played Irish / Scottish inspired folk rock, as reflected by the track list of their first album, being the only album where the majority of songs are in English. The group then decided they wanted to keep their lyrics in German, a label that they still are being confronted with, though the music can hardly be described as such and though the band repeatedly try to deny it. Three major changes can be noted with the release of MCMXCV, first, the appearing of the self-written German lyrics penned by Bodenski, second, Eric Fish moved up from being the piper to being the frontman and main singer. Between 1994 and 1997 the band released four albums and toured Germany to exhaustion. Drummer T. W. left the band in 1997, after completing the recordings of Foppt den Dämon, being replaced by David Pätsch for the tour and the following albums. Bannkreis was the first chart entry of the band, but they were consistently ignored by the radio. With Hochzeit the band broke their habits and spent more time on producing the album, leading to a more polished and this paid off with another chart placement, the album made it to No.19 in the official charts. The sound of Hochzeit is very much picked up by the studio album, Herzblut. Where Hochzeit is darker and ends on the note of Müde Ach, ich bin von dieser Welt so müd, Herzblut starts off with the energetic die Schlacht, in 2003 the album Engelskrieger was released. In preparation of the release, the made the lyrics available on their home page. The sound of the record, breaking clearly with their previous works, Subway to Sally had grown up, met up with the real world and made a deeply disturbing record, dealing with modern issues on modern terms. The lyrics were no longer veiled and styled old-fashionedly, but instead painfully direct, as was the music, delivered with more brute, several band members have indeed emphasised the impact of the attacks of the Twin Towers and the following political events as inspirational source for the album. Other songs deal with incest, euthanasia, leaders who mislead their people, Engelskrieger entered the German charts at No
Subway to Sally
–
Subway to Sally on their Kreuzfeuer tour in
Bielefeld, 2009
20.
In Extremo
–
In Extremo is a German medieval metal band originating from Berlin. The bands musical style combines metal with traditional songs, blending the sound of the standard rock/metal instruments with historical instruments. Versions of well-known traditional/medieval ballads make up the part of their repertoire. In Extremo began as two projects, a nameless, purely medieval band, and a rock band and they became known at that time through frequent appearances at medieval market meetings, at which they performed their acoustic pieces and sold CDs of their renditions of traditional songs. During the recording for the 1995 season, Michael Rhein found the project name In Extremo, most of the band members perform under stage names. The initial members of the band were Das letzte Einhorn, Flex der Biegsame, Dr. Pymonte, Conny Fuchs. The rock band originally consisted of Thomas der Münzer, Der Morgenstern, Der Münzer subsequently left the band and, as of 2007, the bands guitarist is Van Lange. As noted below, almost all of the members play multiple instruments. In August 1996, they work on the first In Extremo album. Because the album had no name, it became known as In Extremo Gold because of the golden covers. In February 1997, like the single Der Galgen, it sold out in Medieval markets. In Extremo played separately as a medieval and a band, until on March 29,1997. Since that time, they have given this date as their date of establishment, the two projects were officially merged on January 11,1998. April 1998 saw the first high occupancy In Extremo concert in the Rabenstein castle in Brandenburg, over the years, their music became more heavy metal based, while at the same time becoming increasingly commercially successful. The classical instruments, however – bagpipes, shawms, and lutes – still play a large role, the band is likewise noted for their conspicuous stage costumes and known for using pyrotechnics in their concerts, including Der Morgenstern playing cymbals which have been set on fire. On 26 February 2010 In Extremo announced that Der Morgenstern left the band because of musical differences via their homepage, on June 11, Florian Specki T. D. Speckardt was announced as his replacement on drums. Besides the electric guitar, bass, and drum set, In Extremo defines itself by unconventional instruments mainly of medieval origin. They include hurdy-gurdy, bagpipes, Uilleann Pipes, shawm, nyckelharpa, harp, cittern, tromba marina, hammered dulcimer, Klangbaum, and various types of drums and percussion
In Extremo
–
In Extremo on the stage
In Extremo
–
Das letzte Einhorn (singer)
21.
Schandmaul
–
Schandmaul is a German medieval folk rock band from the Munich area. Schandmaul was nominated two times for the Echo Music Prize and has so far had five albums in the top ten German album charts, the name Schandmaul translates roughly to evil tongue and refers to their mascot of a grinning skeletal jester. Schandmaul was founded in the summer of 1998 when six musicians from Munich and they were dissatisfied with performing nothing but cover-versions and so decided to write a few songs of their own for the event. The very first song written by the newly formed band, Teufelsweib, already exhibited the sound that, the first concert took place in the bar Die Hexe in Gröbenzell. The self-deprecating name Schandmaul was chosen to be used by the band at the event, the success of the concert spawned their desire to produce a CD, which was to be the self-produced album Wahre Helden. Their abundance of creative energy inspired more songs and a second album and that same year, the band signed with concert promoter Extratours, who has been responsible for the bands live shows ever since. Recordings took notice of the band, leading to the re-release of Von Spitzbuben und anderen Halunken, simultaneously, through numerous shows including big festivals like Mera Luna, the Zillo Festival and Wave-Gotik-Treffen, the first big tour came about. The third CD, Narrenkönig was recorded in a studio and was released in October 2002. In September 2002, the band parted ways with bassist Hubsi Widman, hexenkessel reached No.52 in the charts. In early 2004, Wie Pech & Schwefel appeared in the stores and this first studio album with Matthias Richter reached No.13 in the charts. A tour with over 80 concerts and shows throughout German-speaking Europe followed, at the end of 2004, the band organized the first ever Funkenflug festival in Munich. This huge show was recorded and released as both a CD and DVD under the name Kunststück, the CD reached No.12 in the album charts and the DVD made it to No.3 in the video charts having sold 25,000 copies as of 2011. A single called Bin Unterwegs was also produced based on the recording from Circus Krone. More shows followed, partially with the strings but including the set. In March 2006 another album appeared, titled Mit Leib und Seele and this became the first Schandmaul album to reach the top ten of Germanys Media Control charts. Schandmauls sixth album Anderswelt appeared in April 2008 and it reached a position of No.8 in Media Controls album charts in its first week and remained in their Top 100 for fifteen weeks. This success has since topped by their 2011 album, Traumtänzer. In November 2008, Schandmaul celebrated their 10th anniversary with a widely promoted anniversary concert in Munich that was filmed and recorded for the live CD, in early 2009, Schandmaul were nominated for the German music award ECHO
Schandmaul
–
Left to right: Lindner, Kränzlein, Duckstein, Richter, Brunner, Muggenthaler-Schmack.
Schandmaul
–
Schandmaul performing in 2009
22.
Corvus Corax (band)
–
Corvus Corax is a German band known for playing Neo-Medieval music using an abundance of authentic instruments. Their name is the Latin name for the common raven, the band was formed in 1989 by Castus Rabensang, Wim and Meister Selbfried in East Germany. Today the band consists of seven members, Castus Rabensang, Panpeter, Norri, Hatz, Steve, Vit and his place in the line-up was taken by Jordon Finus in 2006. The band releases its music through Pica Records in Europe and Noir Records in the USA, the Cantus Buranus projects have thus far been released in Europe by Roadrunner Europe. Because medieval music theory was dominated by ecclesiastics, it is difficult to determine from the existing manuscripts just how the secular medieval music sounded. In many cases these treatises are unreliable, as they impart more nineteenth century interpretations of music than factual information on what the music was like. An inkling as to the harmonies used is found in a song by Walter von der Vogelweide, in which he calls for the song to be played the old way, meaning harmonising with thirds. At the time, the third was considered an awkward, ugly interval by the sacred musician — like the tritone, or diabolus in musica —, in 1996 the band released the album Tanzwut which combined the elements of metal music with their brand sound of bagpipes. In 2005 Corvus Corax started the ambitious project Cantus Buranus, an opera set to the original Carmina Burana manuscript lyrics. The music for the opera was composed by the band and had no connection with the famous work by Carl Orff. It was performed with orchestra, choir and medieval ensemble. The project included a CD recording, a DVD, as well as live performances, a live CD and DVD recording of Cantus Buranus was released in March 2006. 2005 also marked the bands concerts in the USA. The band performed four sets on each of four different days in mid-October, there was also a secret show held for employees of the Faire. Footage shot by the members and crew was assembled into a featurette that was included as a bonus track on the US edition of the bands live DVD. Out on August 1,2008 via the band owned label Pica Music and it is a new orchestral recording of songs from the Medieval manuscript Carmina Burana. The Berlin-based act created a composition for orchestra, choir and a Medieval ensemble and recorded the CD, the pilot episode was changed dramatically before it aired on TV, and the performance was not used
Corvus Corax (band)
–
Corvus Corax
Corvus Corax (band)
–
Performance in Warszawa in September 2011
Corvus Corax (band)
–
Act during Cross Culture Festival in Warszawa, September 2011
Corvus Corax (band)
–
Corvus Corax performing live at
Wacken Open Air in 2010
23.
Cittern
–
The cittern or cithren is a stringed instrument dating from the Renaissance. Modern scholars debate its exact history, but it is accepted that it is descended from the Medieval citole. It looks much like the modern-day flat-back mandolin and the modern Irish bouzouki and its flat-back design was simpler and cheaper to construct than the lute. It was also easier to play, smaller, less delicate, played by all classes, the cittern was a premier instrument of casual music-making much as is the guitar today. The cittern is one of the few metal-strung instruments known from the Renaissance period and it generally has four courses of strings, one or more course being usually tuned in octaves, though instruments with more or fewer courses were made. The tuning and narrow range allow the player a number of chord shapes useful for both simple song accompaniment and dances, however much more complex music was written for it. Its bright and cheerful timbre make it a valuable counterpoint to gut-strung instruments, the Spanish bandurria, still used today, is a similar instrument. DUMAIN, The head of a bodkin, BIRON, A Deaths face in a ring. The leading 18th century Swedish songwriter Carl Michael Bellman played mostly on the cittern, in Germany the cittern survives under the names Waldzither and Lutherzither. The last name comes from the belief that Martin Luther played this instrument, also, the names Thüringer Waldzither in Thüringer Wald, Harzzither in the Harz mountains, Halszither in German-speaking Switzerland are used. There is a tendency in modern German to interchange the words for cittern, the term waldzither came into use around 1900, to distinguish citterns from zithers. The cittern family survives as the Corsican cetara and the Portuguese guitar, the guitarra portuguesa is typically used to play the popular traditional music known as fado. Chitarra Italiana Cithara Italica English guitar Stringed instrument tunings Gregory Doc Rossi Martina Rosenberger Musics Delight on the Cithren, John Playford. Renovata Cythara, The Renaissance Cittern Pages Stefan Sobell website G.1550 at the National Music Museum Decorated Cittern by Joachim Tielke, Hamburg, ca.1685 at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Cittern
–
"Woman with cittern", canvas painted 1677 by
Pieter van Slingelandt (ca. 1630-1691).
Cittern
–
Hamburger Waldzither, c. 1920
Cittern
–
A modern cittern made by Lawrence Nyberg of British Columbia, Canada 2003
24.
Biniou
–
Binioù means bagpipe in the Breton language. There are two bagpipes called binioù in Brittany, the traditional binioù kozh or biniou-bihan and the binioù bras, the oldest native bagpipe in Brittany is the veuze, from which the binioù kozh is thought to be derived. The binioù bras is essentially the same as the Scottish Great Highland Bagpipe, the binioù kozh has a one octave scale, and is very high-pitched, it is tuned to play one octave higher than the bombard which it accompanies. More traditional forms have a drone, while modern instruments sometimes have two. In the old days the leather used for the bag was usually from a dogs skin, traditionally it is played in duet with the bombard, a double reed instrument which sounds an octave below the binioù chanter, for Breton folk dancing. The binioù bras is typically used as part of a bagad band, produced and directed by Gei Zantzinger, in collaboration with Dastum
Biniou
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A biniou kozh
Biniou
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Two soners; a talabarder (to the left) and a biniaouer (to the right).
25.
Buccina
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Bučina is the name of several locations in the Czech Republic. A buccina or bucina, anglicized buccin or bucine, is an instrument that was used in the ancient Roman army. An aeneator who blew a buccina was called a buccinator or bucinator and it was originally designed as a tube measuring some 3.4 to 3.7 meters in length, of narrow cylindrical bore, and played by means of a cup-shaped mouthpiece. The buccina was used for the announcement of night watches, to soldiers by means of the special signal known as classicum. The instrument is the ancestor of both the trumpet and the trombone, the German word for trombone, Posaune, is derived from Buccina. The buccin was revived during the French Revolution, along with the tuba curva, both instruments were first used in the music that François Joseph Gossec composed for the translation of the remains of Voltaire to the Pantheon on 11 July 1791. He also calls for three in the movement of his Feste Romane, but again notes that they may be replaced by trumpets. Buccina in Smiths Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
Buccina
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Buccina
26.
Davul
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The davul or tupan is a large double-headed drum that is played with mallets. It has many names depending on the country and region and these drums have both a deep bass sound and a thin treble sound due to their construction and playing style, where different heads and sticks are used to produce different sounds on the same drum. In Armenia the dhol does not have as large of a circumference and is played with the hands, although a wooden. It is frequently heard in Armenian folk music, not only is it in folk music but also in modern music as well, even having solos in many prominent songs. Other Greek names for this drum include Davouli, Argano, Toskani, Tsokani, Toubi, Toubaki, Kiossi, Tavouli, Pavouli, Toubano, in the southern Balkans, the rhythm of the tapan is complex and utilizes many accents in numerous traditional time signatures. In Macedonia, tapans are most often used to other instruments such as the zurla and gaida, while in Bulgaria they usually accompany gaida. They are also played solo in some Albanian, Bulgarian and Macedonian folk dances, for centuries the tapan is irreplaceable at Bulgarian village festivities such as weddings and celebrations of patron saints of homes and villages. In Romania and Moldova the toba is sometimes used to accompany dances, in the regions of Moldavia, Maramures and Bihor there are also some varieties with a small cymbal mounted on top. They are generally struck with a mallet on one skin. In Turkey and Armenia, the davul is most commonly played with the zurna, although it can be played other instruments. It has also traditionally used for communication and for Turkish mehter. The drum shell is made of wood, perhaps walnut or chestnut. To make the shell, the wood is boiled in water to make it bendable, the heads are usually goat skin, and they are shaped into circles by wooden frames. However, one head may be goat skin to provide a higher tone, while the head can be sheepskin, calfskin. Some say that wolf skin and even dog skin are preferred, rope threaded back and forth across the shell of the drum, from head to head in a zigzag pattern, holds the heads on the drum and provides tension for tuning the drum. Sometimes metal rings or leather straps join neighboring strands of the rope in order to allow for further tuning, two rings are sometimes attached to the main rope where a belt-like rope is threaded through to hold the drum. In the former Yugoslavian republics and Bulgaria, the tapan is made in two dimensions, Bulgarian, golem, at about 50 –55 cm diameter, and Bulgarian, mal or tapanche, in Turkey, davuls typically range in size from 60 cm to 90 cm in diameter. Cow hide is used for the bass drum head side, while goat skin is used for the thin
Davul
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Davul
Davul
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Davul in shadow puppet theater. Here,
Karagöz is shown with his davul.
Davul
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String
instruments
Davul
27.
Cornett
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The cornett, cornetto, or zink is an early wind instrument that dates from the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods, popular from 1500 to 1650. It was used in what are now called alta capellas or wind ensembles and it is not to be confused with the trumpet-like cornet. The sound of the cornett is produced by lip vibrations against a cup mouthpiece, a cornett consists of a conical wooden pipe covered in leather, is about 24 inches long, and has finger holes and a small horn or ivory mouthpiece. The ordinary treble cornett is made by splitting a length of wood, the halves are then glued together, and the outside planed to an octagonal cross section, the whole being bound in thin black leather. Six front finger holes and a hole on the back are bored in the instrument. The socket for the mouthpiece at the end is reinforced with a brass collar. The separate cup mouthpiece is made of horn, ivory, or bone, with a thin rim. Because it lacks a little-finger hole at the bottom, its lowest note is the A below middle C, at least three existing specimens of bass cornett reside in the collection of the Musée de la Musique, Paris. Historically, two cornetts were frequently used in consort with three sackbuts, often to double a church choir and this was particularly popular in Venetian churches such as the Basilica San Marco, where extensive instrumental accompaniment was encouraged, particularly in use with antiphonal choirs. Giovanni Bassano was an early player of the cornett. Heinrich Schütz also used the instrument extensively, especially in his earlier work, the serpent largely supplanted the bass cornett in the 17th century. Other versions include the mute cornett, which is a straight instrument with integrated mouthpiece. The cornett was used as a virtuoso solo instrument. The use of the instrument had declined by 1700, although the instrument was common in Europe until the late 18th century. Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Philipp Telemann and their German contemporaries used both the cornett and cornettino in cantatas to play in unison with the voices of the choir. Occasionally, these composers allocated a part to the cornetto. Alessandro Scarlatti used the cornetto or pairs of cornetts in a number of his operas, johann Joseph Fux used a pair of mute cornetts in a Requiem. It was scored for by Gluck, in his opera Orfeo ed Euridice and features in the TV theme music Testament by Nigel Hess, at every stage of its development the cornett was an instrument of professional musicians
Cornett
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Three different c: mute cornett, curved cornett and tenor cornett
Cornett
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16th and 17th century Cornetts
28.
Neume
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A neume is the basic element of Western and Eastern systems of musical notation prior to the invention of five-line staff notation. The earliest neumes were inflective marks which indicated the general shape, later developments included the use of heightened neumes which showed the relative pitches between neumes, and the creation of a four-line musical staff that identified particular pitches. Neumes do not generally indicate rhythm, but additional symbols were sometimes juxtaposed with neumes to indicate changes in articulation, duration, neumatic notation was later used in medieval music to indicate certain patterns of rhythm called rhythmic modes, and eventually evolved into modern musical notation. Neumatic notation remains standard in modern editions of plainchant, although chant was probably sung since the earliest days of the church, for centuries they were only transmitted orally. The earliest known systems involving neumes are of Aramaic origin and were used to notate inflections in the recitation of the Christian holy scriptures. As such they resemble functionally a similar system used for the notation of recitation of the Quran and this early system was called ekphonetic notation, from the Greek ἐκφώνησις ekphonesis meaning quasi-melodic recitation of text. Around the 9th century neumes began to become shorthand mnemonic aids for the melodic recitation of chant. A prevalent view is that neumatic notation was first developed in the Eastern Roman Empire and this seems plausible given the well-documented peak of musical composition and cultural activity in major cities of the empire at that time. Slavic neume notations are on the even more difficult to decipher. The earliest Western notation for chant appears in the 9th century and these early staffless neumes, called cheironomic or in campo aperto, appeared as freeform wavy lines above the text. Various scholars see these as deriving from cheironomic hand-gestures, from the notation of Byzantine chant. A single neume could represent a pitch, or a series of pitches all sung on the same syllable. Presumably these were intended only as mnemonics for melodies learned by ear, the earliest extant manuscripts of such neumes include, the abbey of St. A few manuscripts from the same period use digraphic notation in which names are included below the neumes. Shortly after this, one to four staff lines — an innovation traditionally ascribed to Guido dArezzo — clarified the relationship between pitches. One line was marked as representing a pitch, usually C or F. These neumes resembled the same thin, scripty style of the chironomic notation, by the 11th century, chironomic neumes had evolved into square notation, in Germany, a variant called Gothic neumes continued to be used until the 16th century. This variant is known as Hufnagel notation, as the used neumes resemble the nails one uses to attach horseshoes
Neume
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" Iubilate deo universa terra " shows
psalm verses in unheightened cheironomic neumes.
Neume
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" Gaudeamus omnes," from the Graduale Aboense, was scripted using square notation.
29.
Thrash metal
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Thrash metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music characterized by its fast tempo and overall aggression. The songs usually use fast percussive beats and low-register guitar riffs, the lyrics often deal with social issues and reproach for The Establishment, using direct and denunciatory language, an approach borrowed from hardcore punk. The genre evolved in the early 1980s from combining the fast drum beats and attitude of hardcore with the double bass drumming, heavy and complex guitar style of the new wave of British heavy metal. It emerged partially as a reaction to the conventional and widely acceptable glam metal. Thrash metal was an inspiration for subsequent extreme genres such as death metal, Four American bands—Anthrax, Megadeth, Metallica, and Slayer—are credited with pioneering and popularizing the genre. The Clash of the Titans tour, which featured Megadeth, Slayer, thrash metal has seen a resurgence in recent times, with many of the older bands returning to their roots with their new releases. A new generation of metal bands emerged in the early 2000s. Thrash metal generally features fast tempos, low-register, complex riffs, high-register guitar solos. The genre evolved in the early 1980s from combining the drum beats of hardcore punk with the style of the new wave of British heavy metal. It emerged partially as a reaction to the conventional and widely acceptable glam metal. The rhythm guitar parts are played with distortion and often palm muted to create a tighter. Vocally, thrash metal can employ anything from singing to shouted vocals. The guitar riffs often use chromatic scales and emphasize the tritone and diminished intervals, for example, the intro riff of Metallicas Master of Puppets is a chromatic descent, followed by a chromatic ascent based on the tritone. Speed, pacing and time-changes also define thrash metal, thrash tends to have an accelerating feel which may be due in large part to its aggressive drumming style. For example, drummers often use two drums, or a double-bass pedal, in order to create a relentless, driving beat. Cymbal stops/chokes are often used to transition from one riff to another or to precede an acceleration in tempo, to keep up with the other instruments, many bassists use a plectrum. However, some prominent thrash metal bassists have used their fingers, such as Frank Bello, Greg Christian, Steve DiGiorgio, Robert Trujillo, several bassists use a distorted bass tone, an approach popularized by Burton and Motörheads Lemmy. Lyrical themes in thrash metal include warfare, corruption, injustice, murder, suicide, isolation, alienation, addiction, in addition, politics, particularly pessimism and dissatisfaction towards politics, are common themes among thrash metal bands
Thrash metal
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Kirk Hammett and
James Hetfield of
Metallica (pictured in 2008). Metallica's early work is regarded as essential to the development of the genre in the 1980s.
Thrash metal
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Venom 's early work is considered a major influence on thrash metal.
Thrash metal
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Slayer (pictured in 2007) released
Reign in Blood in 1986, considered a landmark achievement in the genre's history.
Thrash metal
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Sepultura, a key band of the Brazilian thrash metal scene
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