1.
Bengali language
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Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia. With over 210 million speakers, Bengali is the seventh most spoken language in the world. Dominant in the last group was Persian, which was also the source of some grammatical forms, more recent studies suggest that the use of native and foreign words has been increasing, mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style. Today, Bengali is the language spoken in Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India. Both the national anthems of Bangladesh and India were composed in Bengali, in 1952, the Bengali Language Movement successfully pushed for the languages official status in the Dominion of Pakistan. In 1999, UNESCO recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the movement in East Pakistan. Language is an important element of Bengali identity and binds together a diverse region. Sanskrit was spoken in Bengal since the first millennium BCE, during the Gupta Empire, Bengal was a hub of Sanskrit literature. The Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were spoken in Bengal in the first millennium when the region was a part of the Magadha Realm and these dialects were called Magadhi Prakrit. They eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi, Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what are called Apabhraṃśa languages at the end of the first millennium. Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali evolved circa 1000–1200 AD from Sanskrit, for example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. Proto-Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty, during the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterized by the elision of word-final অ ô, the spread of compound verbs and Arabic and Persian influences. Bengali was a court language of the Sultanate of Bengal. Muslim rulers promoted the development of Bengali as part of efforts to Islamize. Bengali became the most spoken language in the Sultanate. This period saw borrowing of Perso-Arabic terms into Bengali vocabulary, major texts of Middle Bengali include Chandidas Shreekrishna Kirtana. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the dialect spoken in the Nadia region, a west-central Bengali dialect. Bengali presents a case of diglossia, with the literary
2.
Bangladesh
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Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
3.
Ganges Delta
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The Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta in Bangladesh and in West Bengal is a river delta in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, consisting of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the worlds largest delta, and empties into the Bay of Bengal and it is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname The Green Delta. The delta stretches from the Hooghly River on the west to the Meghna River on the east and it is approximately 354 km across at the Bay of Bengal. Kolkata and Haldia in India and Mongla and Chittagong in Bangladesh are the seaports of the delta. A number of rivers flow through the Brahmaputra Delta, including the Padma and the Jamuna. The Ganges Delta has the shape of a triangle, and is considered to be an arcuate delta. It covers more than 105,000 km2, and although the delta lies mostly in Bangladesh and India, rivers from Bhutan, Tibet, India, approximately two-thirds of the delta is in Bangladesh. Most of the delta is composed of alluvial soils made up by small sediment particles that finally settle down as river currents slow down in the estuary, rivers carry these fine particles with them, even from their sources at glaciers as fluvio-glacial. Red and red-yellow laterite soils are found as one heads farther east, the soil has large amounts of minerals and nutrients, which is good for agriculture. It is composed of a labyrinth of channels, swamps, lakes, the Gorai-Madhumati River, one of the distributaries of the Ganges, divides the Ganges Delta into two parts, the geologically young, active, eastern delta, and the older, less active, western delta. Between 125 and 143 million people live on the delta, despite risks from floods caused by monsoons, heavy runoff from the snows of the Himalayas. A large part of the nation of Bangladesh lies in the Ganges Delta, Most of the Ganges Delta has a population density of more than 200 people per km2, making it one of the most densely populated regions in the world. Three terrestrial ecoregions cover the delta, the Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests ecoregion covers most of the delta region, although the forests have mostly been cleared for agriculture and only small enclaves remain. Thick stands of grass, known as canebrakes, grow in wetter areas. These forests, too, have been almost completely converted to intensive agriculture, where the delta meets the Bay of Bengal, Sundarbans mangroves form the worlds largest mangrove ecoregion, covering an area of 20,400 square kilometres in a chain of 54 islands. They derive their name from the predominant mangrove species, Heritiera fomes, animals in the delta include the Indian python, clouded leopard, Indian elephant and crocodiles, which live in the Sundarbans. Approximately 1,020 endangered Bengal tigers are believed to inhabit the Sundarbans, the Ganges–Brahmaputra basin has tropical deciduous forests that yield valuable timber, sal, teak, and peepal trees are found in these areas. The delta region has mangrove trees and it is estimated that 30,000 chital are in the Sundarbans part of the delta
4.
Surma-Meghna River System
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The Surma-Meghna River System is a river complex in the Indian Subcontinent, one of the three that form the Ganges Delta, the largest on earth. From its source in the Naga Hills of India, Liyai Village of Poumai Naga tribe, the river is known as the Barak River. Near its source, the river receives a lot of little streams, including the Gumti, Howrah, Kagni, Senai Buri, Hari Mangal, Kakrai, Kurulia, Balujhuri, Shonaichhari. It flows west through Manipur State, then southwest leaving Manipur and it then flows west past the town of Silchar where it is joined by the Madhura River. After Silchar, it flows for about 30 kilometres, and near Badarpur it divides into the Surma River and the Kushiyara River and enters Bangladesh. The principal tributaries of the Barak in India are the Jiri, the Dhaleshwari, the Singla, the Longai, the Madhura, the Sonai, the Rukni and the Katakhal. After entering into modern Karimganj District in south Assam, Barak divides in two, with the branch being called the Surma River and the southern branch the Kushiyara River. At this point the river enters the Sylhet Depression which forms the Surma Basin, the Surma is fed by tributaries from the Meghalaya Hills to the north, and is also known as the Baulai River after it is joined by the south-flowing Someswari River. The Kushiyara receives tributaries from the Sylhet Hills and Tripura Hills to the south, the Kushiyara is also known as the Kai River after it is joined by a major offshoot from the Surma. When the Surma and the Kushiyara finally rejoin in Kishoreganj District above Bhairab Bazar, the Meghna is formed inside Bangladesh above Bhairab Bazar by the combination of the Surma and Kushiyara rivers. Down to Chandupura, Meghna is hydrographically referred to as the Upper Meghna, after the Padma joins, it is referred to as the Lower Meghna. In Daudkandi, Comilla, Meghna is joined by the great river Gumti and this river reinforces Meghna a lot and increases the waterflow considerably. The pair of bridges over Meghna and Gop and motiy are two of the countrys longest bridges, the name for the largest distributary of the Ganges in Bangladesh is the Padma River. When the Padma joins with the Jamuna River, the largest distributary of the Brahmaputra, and they join with the Meghna in Chandpur District, the result is the Lower Meghna. After Chandpur, with the flow of the Padma and Jamuna. In the course from Chandpur to the Bay of Bengal, the Meghna splits into a number of little rivers, but the main flow is through the Meghna Estuary. Near Bhola, just before flowing into the Bay of Bengal, the western stream is called Ilsha and the eastern one is called Bamni
5.
Kishoreganj District
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Kishoreganj is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. The district was established in 1984, earlier it was a subdivision under the Mymensingh district. The subdivision was established in 1860, the district consists of four municipalities,13 upazilas,105 union parishads,39 wards,145 mahallas,946 mouzas and 1775 villages. Deputy Commissioner – G S M Jafarullah Additional Deputy Commissioner – Tarfdar Md, aktar Jamil Additional Deputy Commissioner – Kazi Abed Hossain Additional Deputy Commissioner – Golam Mohammad Bhuiyan Additional Deputy Commissioner – Md. Mahbub Hasan Shahin The district of Kishoreganj contains 3,980 mosques,530 temples, kishorganj is a place of the creed of respectively Sanatana and Loukik Islam. Both Meghna and Brahmaputra river have contributed to its existence, many traditional rituals are observed every year in Kishoreganj. Among them Kurikhai Mela is one of the most celebrated fair and it is held every year on the last Monday of the month of Magh. The shrine is situated in Katiadi thana, the notable Shamsuddin Aulia, one of the fellow of Hajrat Shahjalal, died in this particular place. Jangalbari Fort is situated in Jangalbari village of Karimganj Upazila and it was once a strong outpost of the Bengal Ruler Isa Khan. Isa Khan erected several structures inside the fort area and this fort was severely damaged by the great earthquake in 1897. Isa Khans descendants still live in this village, currently the fourteenth descendant of Isa Khan, Dewan Amin Dau Khan, lives in the fort. Egarosindur is a village in Kishoreganj, the village is situated on the east side of the river Brahmaputra. The name of village is found in the Akbornama by the historian Abul Fazal. There is a debate among historians about the history of Egarosindur, Some engraved silver coins, iron-axes, lances and bows and arrows were discovered there presumed to be from the 10th century BC. Historians also believe that Egarosindur was inhabited since 1000 BC, i. e. the time of the Murza, there lived many tribals named Koch and Hajong. Egarosindur was a centre of trade and commerce, in 380 AD Egarosindur was under the reign of Dobak state. After that this region was reigned by the King of Kamarupa, another historical analyses prove that in the 8th century Egarosindur was an important river port where Muslim traders exported and imported their product with Rome and Paris. In the 10th century Egarosindur was under the control of Azhaba, Azbaha triumph over this land by defeated King Botong
6.
Surma River
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The Surma River is a major river in Bangladesh, part of the Surma-Meghna River System. It starts when the Barak River from northeast India divides at the Bangladesh border into the Surma and it ends in Kishoreganj District, above Bhairab Bāzār), where the two rivers rejoin to form the Meghna River. The waters from the river flow into the Bay of Bengal. The average depth of river is 282 feet and maximum depth is 550 feet, from its source in the Manipur Hills near Mao Songsang, the river is known as the Barak River. At the border with Bangladesh, the divides with the northern branch being called the Surma River. This is where the river enters the Sylhet Depression which forms the Surma Basin, the Surma is fed by tributaries from the Meghalaya Hills to the north, and is also known as the Baulai River after it is joined by the south-flowing Someshwari River. The Kushiyara receives tributaries from the Sylhet Hills and Tripura Hills to the south, the Kushiyara is also known as the Kalni River after it is joined by a major offshoot from the Surma. When the Surma and the Kushiyara finally rejoin in Kishoreganj District above Bhairab Bazar, the Surma passes through many haors. In Islam, Sirajul, Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
7.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
8.
Barak River
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The Barak River is one of the major rivers of South Assam and is a part of the Surma-Meghna River System. It rises in the country of Manipur State, where it is the biggest. After Manipur it flows through Mizoram State and into Assam, ending just after it enters Bangladesh where the Surma, from its source in the Manipur Hills of India, Liyai Village of Poumai Naga tribe, the river is known as the Barak River. Near its source, the river receives a lot of little streams, including the Gumti, Howrah, Kagni, Senai Buri, Hari Mangal, Kakrai, Kurulia, Balujhuri, Shonaichhari. It flows west through Manipur State, then southwest leaving Manipur and it then flows west past the town of Silchar where it is joined by the Madhura River. After Silchar, it flows for about 30 kilometres, and just west of Badarpur it enters Bangladesh and at its mouth divides into the Surma River, List of rivers of India List of rivers of Bangladesh
9.
Padma River
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The Padma is a major river in Bangladesh. It is the main distributary of the Ganges, flowing generally southeast for 120 kilometres to its confluence with the Meghna River near the Bay of Bengal, the city of Rajshahi is situated on the banks of the river. The Padma, Sanskrit for lotus flower, is mentioned in Hindu mythology as a byname for the Goddess Lakshmi. The name Padma is given to the part of the course of the Ganges below the point of the off-take of the Bhagirathi River, another Ganges River distributary also known as the Hooghly River. Padma had, most probably, flowed through a number of channels at different times, the places mentioned by Rennell proceeding from west to east are Rampur Boali, the headquarters of Rajshahi district, Puthia and Natore in the same district and Jaffarganj in the district of Dhaka. The place last named were shown in a map of the Mymensingh district dated 1861, as a subdistrict headquarters and it is now known as Payla Jaffarganj and is close to Elachipur opposite Goalunda. According to Rennells theory, therefore, the former course of the Ganges would correspond with that of the present channel of the Baral River. Authorities agree that the Ganges has changed its course and that at different times, the bed of the Padma is wide, and the river is split up into several channels flowing between constantly shifting sand banks and islands. During the rains the current is strong and even steamers may find difficulty in making headway against it. It is navigable at all seasons of the year by steamers and country boats of all sizes and it is spanned near Paksey by the great Hardinge Bridge over which runs one of the main lines of the Bangladesh Railway. Rajshahi, a city in western Bangladesh, is situated on the north bank of the Padma. The Ganges originates in the Gangotri Glacier of the Himalaya, and runs through India, the Ganges enters Bangladesh at Shibganj in the district of Chapai Nababganj. West of Shibganj, the Ganges branches into two distributaries, the Bhagirathi and the Padma rivers, the Bhagirathi River, which flows southwards, is also known as the Ganga and was named the Hoogly or Hooghly River by the British. Further downstream, in Goalando,2,200 kilometres from the source, the Padma is joined by the Jamuna and the resulting combination flows with the name Padma further east, to Chandpur. Here, the widest river in Bangladesh, the Meghna joins the Padma, continuing as the Meghna almost in a line to the south. The Padma forms the whole of the boundary of the Pabna District for a distance of about 120 kilometres. Rajshahi is the largest city among the cities which is situated on the bank of Padma river and it is the third largest city in Bangladesh. It is a city in the north Bengal
10.
Chandpur District
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Chandpur is a district of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division and it was part of greater Comilla District until 1984. Chandpur is the first district in Bangladesh to implement the District Branding initiative, Chandpur is now known as ইলিশের বাড়ি চাঁদপুর -City of Hilsha. Its logo is designed by internationally recognized famous artist from Chandpur, the population of the district as of the 2011 census was 2,416,018
11.
Dhaleshwari River
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The Dhaleshwari River is a distributary,160 kilometres long, of the Jamuna River in central Bangladesh. It starts off the Jamuna near the tip of Tangail District. After that it divides into two branches, the north branch retains the name Dhaleshwari and merges with the other branch, finally the merged flow meets the Shitalakshya River near Narayanganj District. This combined flow goes southwards to merge into the Meghna River, average depth of river is 122 feet and maximum depth is 265 feet. The Dhaleshwari is a branch of the Jamuna but probably used to be part of the course of the Padma. The course of the Padma has changed considerably during the period 1600 to 2000 AD and it is difficult to trace accurately the various channels through which it has flowed. The probability is that it flowed past Rampur Boalia, through Chalan Beel, in the 18th century, the lower course of the river flowed further south. About the middle of the 19th century the volume of the channel flowed through this southern channel which came to be known as Kirtinasa. Gradually the Padma adopted its present course
12.
Bay of Bengal
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The Bay of Bengal, the largest bay in the world, forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Roughly triangular, it is bordered mostly by India and Sri Lanka to the west, Bangladesh to the north, and Myanmar, the Bay of Bengal occupies an area of 2,172,000 square kilometres. Among the important ports are Chennai, Chittagong, Colombo, Kolkata, Mongla, Paradip, Tuticorin, Visakhapatnam, on the south, Adams Bridge and from the southern extreme of Dondra Head to the north point of Poeloe Bras. The bay gets its name from the historical Bengal region, in ancient Hindu scriptures, this water body is referred to as Mahodadhi while it appears as Sinus Gangeticus or Gangeticus Sinus, meaning Gulf of the Ganges, in ancient maps. The other Sanskrit names for Bay of Bengal are Vangopasagara, also called as Vangasagara. Even today in Bengali, it is known as Bongoposagor, many major rivers of the Indian subcontinent flow west to east before draining into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganga is the northernmost of these and its main channel enters and flows through Bangladesh, where it is known as the Padma River, before joining the Meghna River. However, the Brahmaputra River flows from east to west in Assam before turning south and this joins the Padma whereupon the Padma joins the Meghna River that finally drains into Bay of Bengal. The Sundarbans mangrove forest at the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers lies partly in West Bengal, the Brahmaputra at 2,948 km is the 28th longest River in the world. The Hooghly River, another channel of the Ganga that flows through Calcutta drains into Bay of Bengal in India itself, the Ganga–Brahmaputra rivers deposits nearly 1000 million tons of sediment per year. The Bay of Bengal used to be deeper than the Mariana Trench, the fan has buried organic carbon at a rate of nearly 1.1 trillion mol/yr since the early Miocene period. The two rivers currently contribute nearly 8% of the organic carbon deposited in the worlds oceans. Due to high TOC accumulation in the sea bed of the Bay of Bengal. Bangladesh can reclaim land substantially and economically from the sea area by constructing sea dikes, bunds, causeways and by trapping the sediment from its rivers. Further south of Bengal, the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri Rivers are the rivers that flow from west to east in the Indian subcontinent. Many small rivers drain directly into the Bay of Bengal. The Irrawaddy River in Myanmar flows into the Andaman Sea of the Bay of Bengal, some of the biggest ports in the world — Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Kolkata in India as well as Chittagong and Mongla in Bangladesh — are on the bay. Other Indian ports on the bay include Kakinada, Pondicherry, Dhamra, the islands in the bay are numerous, including the Andaman Islands, Nicobar and Mergui groups of India
13.
Bhola District
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Bhola District is an administrative district in south-central Bangladesh, which includes Bhola Island, the largest island of Bangladesh. It is located in the Barisal Division and has an area of 3737.21 km², about 400 mmcf natural gas has been found at Kachia in Bhola which is being used to run a power station. College Bhola Girls High School Govt, fazilatunnesa Womens College Dhaligour Nagar High School Karim Gonj High School Charfassion Govt. Secondary School Bhurhanuddin Abdul Jabbar College Burhanuddin Mahila College Bhola Govt
14.
Barisal
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Barisal is a major city that lies on the bank of Kirtankhola river in south-central Bangladesh. It is the largest city and the headquarter of both Barisal district and Barisal Division. It is one of the oldest municipalities and river ports of the country, Barisal municipality was established in the year 1876 during the British Raj and upgraded to City Corporation on 25 July 2002. The city consists of 30 wards and 50 mahallas with a population of 328,278 according to the 2011 national census, the area of the city is 58 km². Barisal was a semi-independent area in the Mughal period because of fighting between them and Hindu chiefs. In course of time, it fell under the Bengal Nawabs, the central city of this region is the city of Barisal. It is one of the biggest river ports in Bangladesh, Barisal is fast growing city of the country stands on the Kirtankhola River. Countrys first short landing and take off airport has completed in Barisal. The city is called the Venice of the East or the Venice of Bengal. According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, the population of Barisal stands at 328,278, by gender, the population was 51.63 male and 48.37 percent female. The literacy rate among the people of Barisal is 75. 3%. Which is significantly higher than the average of 56. 5%. Most of the people in Barisal are the Bengali people, as is the case in most of Bangladesh, the long-standing inhabitants of the city are known as Barisaliya and they have a distinctive dialect. Apart from them. The city population is composed of people from neighboring Upazilas, there are four major languages spoken in Barisal Standard Bengali, which is the administrative language and thus mainly used in academia and offices. Barisali dialect, which is spoken by almost all the native peoples of Greater Barisal region, is considered as a dialect of Bengali which does not have a written form. English, which is held in esteem and is used by the educated elite. The majority of Barisals people are Muslims, mainly Sunni Islam Hanafi, other religious groups include Hindus, and very few numbers of other religions, mainly Christians and Buddhists. Since end 2015, the Catholic minority has its own Roman Catholic Diocese of Barisal, Barisal city occupies an area of 58 km2
15.
Brahmanbaria District
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Brahmanbaria is a district in east-central Bangladesh. Brahmanbaria District, which was included in Comilla district was established in 1984, the district has 4 municipalities,39 wards,97 mahallas,9 upazilas,98 union parishads,1081 mouzas and 1329 villages. According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Brahmanbaria District had 538,937 households, Brahmanbaria is part of Comilla Board of Education. Brahmanbaria District has 6 colleges, one Engineering Institutes and one Medical colleges, the capital city of Brahmanbaria District is booming by new population of the southern Bangladesh. This city has the largest railway junction in the country which is Akhaura, but within the district many cities can be found. The capital and largest city is Brahmanbaria, Akhaura and Ashuganj ranks also in top three. Prime minister of Bangladesh gave permission to use Ashuganj Port, in addition, Akhaura Station will be connected to Agartala
16.
Titas River
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Titas River is a trans-boundary river of eastern Bangladesh. It originates in the state of Tripura in India where it is known as Haora River in Bengali, flowing near Agartala, it enters Bangladesh through Akhaura Upazila in the Brahmanbaria District of Bangladesh, then merges with the Meghna River to the south near Ashuganj Upazila. The length of the river is about 98 km, there is another river of the same name which starts as a distributary of the Meghna and flows back into it. Many legends about Titas and Meghna traverse from generation to generation in worlds largest deltaic country Bangladesh, one such legend says that Titas is the daughter of Meghna, who has been carrying her progeny to the Bay of Bengal since time immemorial. The two streams never commingle, and they keep a conspicuous demarcation line between them, while many hydrographers attribute this phenomenon to the difference in water properties of the two rivers, the people cherish to think of them as mother-daughter. Titas Gas, the biggest natural gas reserve of Bangladesh located in Brahmanbaria and it is depiction of the tragic lives of a fishing community dependent on this river. In 2010, a bridge over this river was proposed
17.
Comilla District
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Comilla is a district of Bangladesh located about 100 kilometres south east of Dhaka. Comilla is bordered by Brahmanbaria and Narayanganj districts to the north, Noakhali and Feni districts to the south, Tripura of India to the east, the district was renamed Comilla in 1960. Established as the Tippera or Tipperah district of Bengal by the British in 1790, it included the Sub-divisions of Brahmanbaria, Comilla district is located in the south eastern part of Bangladesh. The naming of Comilla is debatable by historians, but among the current opinions fairly acceptable opinion found in the travel Writing of Chainik traveller Wang Choang when he travelled the Samtat state. In his description we found a name Kiamolonkia that turned into Comilla, a large portion of historians accept the opinion. The Comilla region was once under the ancient Samatat state and next included in Tripura State Comilla has an area of 3085.17 square kilometres. It is bounded by Burchiganj and Tripura on the north, Laksham and Chauddagram on the south, major rivers passing through Comilla include the Gumti and the Little Feni. The administrative headquarters of Comilla are located in the city of Comilla which has an area of 11.47 square kilometres. It consists of 18 mouzas and 3 wards, Comilla thana was officially converted into an upazila in 1983 which contains one municipality 18 wards,19 union parishads,452 mouzas and 458 villages. Administrator of Zila Parishad, M. Omar Faruque Deputy Commissioner, important landmarks include Kotbari, a cantonment, or military installation and Kandirpar, considered the heart of the Comilla district. Ancient Buddhist monastery ruins are the major attraction of Mainamati, near Kotbari, there is an ancient Hindu Temple named Comilla Jagannath Temple located on East Bibirbazar Road. There is a Second World War cemetery located about 3.1 kilometres away from Comilla Cantonment, British Army soldiers killed during the fight with the Japanese Army at the Burma frontier were buried here. Pashchimgaon Nawab Bari, the place of only lady Jaminder Nawab Faizunnesa, a poet, educationist, kazi Nazrul Islam, the national poet of Bangladesh, passed a significant time of his life in this town. Both his wives, Promila Devi and Nargis, hailed from this district, Comilla Victoria College and Comilla Zilla School are two ancient and famous college and school in the country. Comilla Zilla School was established in the year of 1837, Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development is situated in Kotbari. Situated by the bank of the river Ghumti, Comilla is also famous for some such as Dharmasagar, Ranir Dighi, Nanuar Dighi. The following personalities were born or stayed in this district for a significant span of their life time, Nawab Faizunnesa Choudhurani. Kazi Zafar Ahmed, EX, Prime Minister Shilvadra, a great Buddhist monk & pundit, born in Koilain, Chandina Upazila of Comilla
18.
Dhaleswari River
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The Dhaleshwari River is a distributary,160 kilometres long, of the Jamuna River in central Bangladesh. It starts off the Jamuna near the tip of Tangail District. After that it divides into two branches, the north branch retains the name Dhaleshwari and merges with the other branch, finally the merged flow meets the Shitalakshya River near Narayanganj District. This combined flow goes southwards to merge into the Meghna River, average depth of river is 122 feet and maximum depth is 265 feet. The Dhaleshwari is a branch of the Jamuna but probably used to be part of the course of the Padma. The course of the Padma has changed considerably during the period 1600 to 2000 AD and it is difficult to trace accurately the various channels through which it has flowed. The probability is that it flowed past Rampur Boalia, through Chalan Beel, in the 18th century, the lower course of the river flowed further south. About the middle of the 19th century the volume of the channel flowed through this southern channel which came to be known as Kirtinasa. Gradually the Padma adopted its present course
19.
Jamuna River (Bangladesh)
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The Jamuna River is one of the three main rivers of Bangladesh. It is the main channel of the Brahmaputra River as it flows from India to Bangladesh. The Jamuna flows south and joins the Padma River, near Goalundo Ghat and it then flows into the Bay of Bengal as the Meghna River. The Brahmaputra-Jamuna is an example of a braided river and is highly susceptible to channel migration and avulsion. It is characterised by a network of interlacing channels with numerous sandbars enclosed between them, the sandbars, known in Bengali as chars, do not occupy a permanent position. The river deposits them in one year, very often to be destroyed later, the breaking of a char or the emergence of a new one is also a cause of much violence and litigation. It is the National river of Bangladesh, in Bangladesh, the Brahmaputra is joined by the Teesta River, one of its largest tributaries. The Teesta earlier ran due south from Jalpaiguri in three channels, namely, the Karatoya to the east, the Punarbhaba in the west, the three channels possibly gave the name to the river as Trisrota possessed of three streams which has been shortened and corrupted to Teesta. Of these three, the Punarbhaba joined the Mahananda, the Atrai passing through a vast marshy area known as Chalan Beel joined the Karatoya and the united stream joined the Padma near Jafarganj. In the destructive floods of 1787, the Teesta river forsook its old channel, james Rennell made a survey between 1764 and 1777 and his maps are one of the earliest authentic maps of Bengal in existence. In these maps Teesta is shown as flowing through North Bengal in several branches — Punarbhaba, Atrai, Karatoya, below the Teesta, the Brahmaputra splits into two distributary branches. The western branch, which contains the majority of the flow, continues due south as the Jamuna to merge with the lower Ganges. The eastern branch, formerly the larger but now smaller, is called the lower or old Brahmaputra. It curves southeast to join the Meghna River near Dhaka, the Padma and Meghna converge near Chandpur and flow out into the Bay of Bengal. This final part of the river is called Meghna, in the past the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the Jamalpur and Mymensingh districts. The Jamuna is a wide river. During the rains it is about 5–8 miles from bank to bank, even during the dry season when the waters subside, the breadth is hardly less than 2–3 miles. The Jamuna was a barrier in establishing a road link between capital Dhaka and northern part of Bangladesh, better known as Rajshahi Division, until 1996
20.
Indian subcontinent
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Geologically, the Indian subcontinent is related to the land mass that rifted from Gondwana and merged with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago. Geographically, it is the region in south-central Asia delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west. Politically, the Indian subcontinent usually includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, sometimes, the term South Asia is used interchangeably with Indian subcontinent. There is no consensus about which countries should be included in each and it is first attested in 1845 to refer to the North and South Americas, before they were regarded as separate continents. Its use to refer to the Indian subcontinent is seen from the twentieth century. It was especially convenient for referring to the region comprising both the British India and the states under British Paramountcy. The term Indian subcontinent also has a geological significance and it was, like the various continents, a part of the supercontinent of Gondwana. A series of tectonic splits caused formation of basins, each drifting in various directions. The geological region called the Greater India once included the Madagascar, Seychelles, Antartica, as a geological term, Indian subcontinent has meant that region formed from the collision of the Indian basin with Eurasia nearly 55 million years ago, towards the end of Paleocene. The Indian subcontinent has been a particularly common in the British Empire. The region, state Mittal and Thursby, has also labelled as India, Greater India. The BBC and some sources refer to the region as the Asian Subcontinent. Some academics refer to it as South Asian Subcontinent, the terms Indian subcontinent and South Asia are sometimes used interchangeably. There is no accepted definition on which countries are a part of South Asia or Indian subcontinent. In dictionary entries, the term subcontinent signifies a large, distinguishable subdivision of a continent, the region experienced high volcanic activity and plate subdivisions, creating Madagascar, Seychelles, Antartica, Austrolasia and the Indian subcontinent basin. The Indian subcontinent drifted northeastwards, colliding with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago and this geological region largely includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The zone where the Eurasian and Indian subcontinent plates meet remains one of the active areas. The English term mainly continues to refer to the Indian subcontinent, physiographically, it is a peninsular region in south-central Asia delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east
21.
Beas River
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The Beas River also known as the Biás or Bias, is a river in north India. The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India and its total length is 470 kilometres and its drainage basin is 20,303 square kilometres large. The river was known as Arjikuja of the Vedas, or Vipasa to the ancient Indians. It is said that Beas is a misnomer for Vyasa and is named after Veda Vyasa, the patron of the river, he is said to have created it from its source lake. The Beas River marks the eastern-most border of Alexander the Greats conquests in 326 BC and it was one of the rivers which created problems in Alexanders invasion of India. His troops mutinied here in 326 BCE, refusing to go any further, Alexander shut himself in his tent for three days, but when his men did not change their desires he gave in, raising twelve colossal altars to mark the limit and glory of his expedition. According to the Kavyamimansa of Rajasekhara, the kingdom-territories of the Gurjara-Pratihara monarch Mahipala I extended as far as the course of the river Beas in the north-west. In the 20th century, the river was developed under the Beas Project for irrigation, the second-phase Pong Dam was completed in 1974 followed by the first-phase 140 kilometres upstream, Pandoh Dam in 1977. The Pong Dam served initially to provide irrigation below Talwara but was soon developed as well for power generation. The Pandoh Dam diverts the river through a system of tunnels and channels to the 990 MW Dehar Power Station on the Sutlej River, the river rises 4,361 metres above sea-level on the southern face of Rohtang Pass in Kullu. It traverses the Mandi District and enters the Kangra District at Sandhol,590 metres above sea-level, during its lower course the Beas is crossed by numerous ferries, many of which consist of inflated skins. Near Reh in Kangra District it divides into three channels, which reunite after passing Mirthal,300 metres above sea-level, on meeting the Sivalik Hills in Hoshiarpur, the river sweeps sharply northward, forming the boundary with Kangra District. Then bending round the base of the Sivalik Hills, it takes the southerly direction, after touching the Jullundur district for a short distance, the river forms the boundary between Amritsar and Kapurthala. Finally the Beas joins the river Sutlej at the boundary of Kapurthala district of Punjab after a total course of 470 kilometres. The chief tributaries are Bain, Banganga, Luni and Uhal, the Sutlej continues into Pakistani Punjab and joins the Chenab River at Uch near Bahawalpur to form the Panjnad River, the latter in turn joins the Indus River at Mithankot. The water of the Beas river is allocated to India under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. On 8 June 2014,24 engineering students, and one operator, were drowned when the flood gates of the Larji dam were opened, allegedly without proper warnings. The water level rose suddenly to 5 to 6 feet, and the surge carried the students away
22.
Betwa River
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The Betwa or Betravati is a river in Northern India, and a tributary of the Yamuna. Also known as the Vetravati, the Betwa rises in the Vindhya Range just north of Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh and flows north-east through Madhya Pradesh, nearly half of its course, which is not navigable, runs over the Malwa Plateau. The confluence of the Betwa and the Yamuna Rivers is Hamirpur town in Uttar Pradesh, the Indian navy named one of its frigates INS Betwa in honour of the river Betwa. This river is mentioned in the epic Mahabharata along with the Charmanwati river, Vetravati was also known as Shuktimati. In accordance with an agreement between the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in 1973, Betwa River Board was constituted under the Betwa River Board Act,1976. The Betwa River is being linked with the Ken River as a part of the linking project in Madhya Pradesh. Another noteworthy project on the Betwa River is the construction of the Matatila Dam, the region is important for migratory waterbirds. An ambitious pro-ject to link Ken and Betwarivers has become a stage foraunique man-animal con-flict, proponents of the pro-ject, led by the Union WaterMinistry, say that the pro-posed Daudhan dam and the2. Rajghat Dam Matatila Dam Parichha Dam Dhurwara Dam Yamuna Ganga INS Betwa frigate Betwa River Ken-Betwa river link project to cost Rs 4,500 cr Business Line Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Betwa
23.
Bhagirathi River
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The Bhāgīrathī is a turbulent Himalayan river in the Indian states of Uttarakhand, and one of the two headstreams of the Ganges, the major river of Northern India and the holy river of Hinduism. In Hindu mythology and culture, the Bhagirathi is considered the source stream of the Ganges, however, in hydrology, the other headstream, Alaknanda, is considered the source stream on account of its great length and discharge. Bhagiratha was the king of Kosala, a kingdom in ancient India and he was a descendent of the great King Sagara of the Suryavanshi, or Surya Dynasty. He was one of the forefathers of Lord Rama, of the Ramayana, the headwaters of the Bhagirathi are formed at Gaumukh, at the foot of the Gangotri glacier and Khatling glaciers in the Garhwal Himalaya. The Bhilangna itself rises at the foot of the Khatling Glacier approximately 50 km south of Gaumukh, the river flows from its source for 205 km before meeting the Alaknanda River at an elevation of 475 m in the town of Devprayag. Downstream of this confluence, considered holy by Hindus, the river is known as the Ganga Ji, the controversial Tehri dam lies at the confluence of the Bhāgirathi and the Bhilangna, at 30°22′32″N 78°28′48″E, near Tehri. Chaukhamba I is the highest point of the Bhagirathi basin, there are 18 dams along the Bhāgirathi River, either in operation, under construction or planned. These are, in order from the source, Wilson, W, a summer ramble in the Himalayas, with sporting adventures in the Vale of Cashmere. Through the Valley of Gods, Travels in the Central Himalayas
24.
Brahmaputra River
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The Brahmaputra (/ˌbrɑːməˈpuːtrə/ is one of the major rivers of Asia, a trans-boundary river which flows through China, India and Bangladesh. As such, it is known by names in the region. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahaputra, and the Jamuna River in Bangladesh, the Manas River that runs through Bhutan joins it at Jogighopa, in India. It is the tenth largest river in the world by discharge, and it flows southwest through the Assam Valley as Brahmaputra and south through Bangladesh as the Jamuna. About 1,800 mi long, the Brahmaputra is an important river for irrigation and transportation, the average depth of the river is 124 ft and maximum depth is 380 ft. The river is prone to flooding in spring when the Himalayan snows melt. The average discharge of the river is about 19,300 m3/s and it is a classic example of a braided river and is highly susceptible to channel migration and avulsion. It is also one of the few rivers in the world exhibit a tidal bore. It is navigable for most of its length, the basin, especially south of Tibet, is characterized by high levels of rainfall. Kangchenjunga is the peak above 8,000 m, hence is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin. The Brahmaputras upper course was long unknown, and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884–86 and this river is often called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra river. The lower reaches are sacred to Hindus, while most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names, this river has a rare male name, as it means son of Brahma in Sanskrit. Assam govt is set to celebrate the beauty of the mighty river as Namami Brahmaputra- this international event will be organised across 21 districts of Assam from 31 March to April 42017. The Brahmaputra River, called Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibetan language, originates on the Chemayungdung Glacier located on the side of the Himalayas in Burang County of Tibet.73 million km2. From its source, the runs for nearly 1,100 km in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the Kailas Range to the north. Throughout its upper course, the river is known as the Tsangpo, it is also known by its Chinese name. In Tibet, the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries, the most important left-bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo, which joins the river west of Xigazê, and the Lhasa, which flows past the Tibetan capital of Lhasa and joins the Tsangpo at Qüxü. The Nyang Qu River joins the river from the north at Zela, on the right bank, a second river called the Nyang Qu meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê
25.
Chambal River
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The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in central India, and thus forms part of the greater Gangetic drainage system. It is a river and finds mention in ancient scriptures. The perennial Chambal originates at janapav, south of Mhow town, near manpurIndore, the Chambal and its tributaries drain the Malwa region of northwestern Madhya Pradesh, while its tributary, the Banas, which rises in the Aravalli Range, drains southeastern Rajasthan. It ends a confluence of five rivers, including the Chambal, Kwari, Yamuna, Sind, Pahuj, at Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh state, at the border of Bhind and Etawah districts. The river flows first in a direction through Madhya Pradesh for about 346 kilometres. The Chambal flows for another 217 kilometres between M. P. and Rajasthan and a further 145 kilometres between M. P. and Uttar Pradesh. It enters U. P. and flows for about 32 kilometres before joining the Yamuna River in Jalaun District at an elevation of 122 metres, from its source down to its junction with the Yamuna, the Chambal has a fall of about 732 metres. Of this, around 305 metres is within the first 16 kilometres reach from its source and it falls for another 195 metres in the next 338 kilometres, where it enters the gorge past the Chaurasigarh Fort. During the next 97 kilometres of its run from the Chaurasigarh Fort to Kota city, for the rest of its 523 kilometres run, the river passes through the flat terrain of the Malwa Plateau and later the Gangetic Plain with an average gradient of 0.21 m/km. The Chambal is a catchment with a total drained area up to its confluence with the Yamuna of 143,219 square kilometres. The drainage area resembles a rectangle up to the junction of the Parvathi, the Chambal Basin lies between latitudes 22°27 N and 27°20 N and longitudes 73°20 E and 79°15 E. On its south, east and west, the basin is bounded by the Vindhyan mountain ranges, below the confluence of the Parvathi and Banas, the catchment becomes narrower and elongated. In this reach, it is bounded by the Aravalli mountain ranges on the North, the Vindhyan scarps, in the northwest, flank the left bank of the Chambal, and subsequently, is mainly drained by it. The River Chambal and its tributaries Kali Sindh and Parbati have formed an alluvial basin. It is a typical anterior-drainage pattern river, being older than the rivers Yamuna and Ganges. Hillocks and plateaus represent the major landforms of the Chambal valley, the Chambal basin is characterised by an undulating floodplain, gullies and ravines. The Hadauti plateau in Rajasthan occurs in the catchment of the Chambal River to the southeast of the Mewar Plains. It occurs with the Malwa plateau in the east, physiographically, it can be divided into Vindhyan scarp land and Deccan Lava plateau
26.
Damodar River
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Damodar River is a river flowing across the Indian states of West Bengal and Jharkhand. Rich in mineral resources, the valley is home to large-scale mining, earlier known as the Sorrow of Bengal because of its ravaging floods in the plains of West Bengal, the Damodar and its tributaries have been somewhat tamed with the construction of several dams. It is the most polluted river of India, means rope around the belly, derived from Sanskrit दाम rope and उदर belly. This is another name of the Hindu god Krishna, given to him because his foster-mother tied him to a large urn and it has a number of tributaries and subtributaries, such as Barakar, Konar, Bokaro, Haharo, Jamunia, Ghari, Guaia, Khadia and Bhera. The Barakar is the most important tributary of the Damodar and it originates near Padma in Hazaribagh district and flows through Jharkhand before meeting the Damodar near Dishergarh in West Bengal. The Damodar and the Barakar trifurcates the Chota Nagpur plateau, the rivers pass through hilly areas with great force, sweeping away whatever lies in their path. Two bridges on the Grand Trunk Road near Barhi in Hazaribagh district were torn down by the Barakar, the stone bridge in 1913. The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an annual rainfall of around 1,400 mm. The huge volume of water flows down the Damodar and its tributaries during the monsoons used to be a fury in the upper reaches of the valley. In the lower valley it used to overflow its banks and flood large areas, Damodar River was earlier known as the River of Sorrows as it used to flood many areas of Bardhaman, Hooghly, Howrah and Medinipur districts. Even now the floods sometimes affect the lower Damodar Valley, the floods were virtually an annual ritual. In some years the damage was probably more, many of the great floods of the Damodar are recorded in history —1770,1855,1866, 1873–74, 1875–76, 1884–85, 1891–92,1897,1900,1907,1913,1927,1930,1935 and 1943. In four of these floods most of Bardhaman town was flooded, however, these ran into dispute and in 1866 and 1873, The Bengal Embankment Act was passed, transferring the powers to build and maintain embankment to the government. So great was the devastation every year that the floods passed into folklore, as the following Bhadu song testifies, floods have swollen the Damodar The sailing boats cannot sail. We fall at your feet Reduce the floods a little, Bhadu will come a year later Let the boats sail on your surface. The Damodar valley is rich in coal and it is considered as the prime centre of coking coal in the country. Massive deposits are found in the central basin spreading over 2,883 square kilometres, the important coalfields in the basin are Jharia, Raniganj, West Bokaro, East Bokaro, Ramgarh, South Karanpura and North Karanpura. The Damodar Valley is one of the most industrialised parts of India, three integrated steel plants of Steel Authority of India Limited and other factories are in the valley
27.
Godavari River
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The Godavari is the second longest river in India after the river Ganges having its source at Tryambakeshwar, Maharashtra. Measuring up to 312,812 km2, it one of the largest river basins in the Indian subcontinent, with only the Ganges. However, in the past few decades, the river has been abused with relentless construction of barrages and dams. The river delta, supporting 729 persons/km2 – nearly twice the density average for the nation, has been categorized as having substantial risk to greater risk of flooding with rising sea levels. The Godavari originates 80 km from the Arabian Sea in the Western Ghats of central India near Nasik in Maharashtra. The Godavari River has an area of 312,812 km2. The river basin is considered to be divided into 3 sections, Upper, Middle and these put together account for 24. 2% of the total basin area. The rivers annual average water inflows are nearly 110 billion cubic metres, nearly 50% of the water availability is being harnessed. The water allocation from the river among the states are governed by the Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal. The river has highest flood flows in India and experienced recorded flood of 3.6 million cusecs in the year 1986, within Nashik District the river assumes a north-easterly course till it flows into the Gangapur Reservoir created by a dam of the same name. The reservoir along with the Kashypi Dam provides potable water to Nashik, about 25 km below Nasik is the confluence of the Godavari and one of its tributaries, the Darna river. The stream occupies, for nine months in the year, a space in a wide and gravelly bed. A few kilometres after its meeting with the Darna, the Godavari swerves to the north-east, till the Banganga, from the north-west, the course of the main stream then tends more decidedly south. At Nandur-Madhmeshwar, the Kadva, a large affluent, brings considerable increase to the waters of the Godavari. The river begins its southeasterly course characteristic of rivers of the Deccan Plateau, the river beyond exits the Niphad Taluka of Nashik and enter the Kopargaon taluka, Ahmednagar District. Within Ahmednagar the river completes its short course, flowing alongside the town of Kopargaon. By virtue of a sub-tributary of Pravara – Mandohol, which originates in Pune District – the basin impinges the Pune District, the river at Paithan has been impounded by the Jayakwadi Dam forming the NathSagar Reservoir. Kalsubai located in Godavari basin, is the highest peak in Maharashtra, Beed and Jalna Beed and Parbhani, Located along here is its merger with Sindphana, an important tributary which drains a considerably large area within Beed
28.
Gandaki River
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The Gandaki River is one of the major rivers of Nepal and a left bank tributary of the Ganges in India. In Nepal the river is notable for its gorge through the Himalayas. It has a catchment area of 46,300 square kilometers. The basin also contains three of the worlds 14 mountains over 8,000 metres, Dhaulagiri, Manaslu and Annapurna I, Dhaulagiri is the highest point of the Gandaki basin. It lies between the similar Kosi system to the east and the Karnali system to the west, the Kali Gandaki river source is at the border with Tibet at an elevation of 6,268 metres at the Nhubine Himal Glacier in the Mustang region of Nepal. The headwaters stream on some maps is named the Chhuama Khola and then, nearing Lo Manthang, in Kagbeni a major tributary named Johng Khola, Kak Khola or Krishnaa descends from Muktinath. If one measures the depth of a canyon by the difference between the height and the heights of the highest peaks on either side, this gorge is the worlds deepest. The portion of the river directly between Dhaulagiri and Annapurna I,7 kilometres downstream from Tukuche), is at an elevation of 2,520 metres, the river is older than the Himalayas. As tectonic activity forces the mountains higher, the river has cut through the uplift, south of the gorge, the river is joined by Rahughat Khola at Galeshwor, Myagdi Khola at Beni, Modi Khola near Kushma and Badigaad at Rudrabeni above Ridi Bazaar. The river then turns east to run along the edge of the Mahabharat Range. The largest hydroelectricity project in Nepal is located along this stretch of the river, the Gandaki then crosses the outermost foothills of the Himalayas—Sivalik Hills—into the Terai plains of Nepal. From Devighat, the river flows southwest of Gaindakot town, the river later curves back towards the southeast as it enters India where it is called the Gandak. Below Gaindakot the river is known as the Narayani or Sapt Gandaki and these are the Kali Gandaki, the Trishuli River, and the five main tributaries of the Trishuli known as the Daraudi, Seti, Madi, Marsyandi and Budhi. The entry point of the river at the Indo–Nepal border is also the confluence called Triveni with rivers Pachnad, pandai river flows into Bihar from Nepal in the eastern end of the Valmiki Sanctuary and meets Masan. The Gandak flows southeast 300 kilometres across the Gangetic plain of Bihar state through West Champaran, Gopalganj, Saran and it joins the Ganges near Patna just downstream of Hajipur at Sonepur. Its drainage area in India is 7,620 square kilometres, from its exit from the outermost Siwaliks foothills to the Ganges, the Gandak has built an immense megafan comprising Eastern Uttar Pradesh and North Western Bihar in the Middle Gangetic Plains. The megafan consists of sediments eroded from the rapidly uplifting Himalaya, the rivers course over this structure is constantly shifting. It is said that the river has shifted 80 kilometres to the east due to tectonic tilting in the last 5,000 years, the Gandaki river basin is reported to contain 1025 glaciers and 338 lakes
29.
Ganges
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The Ganges, also Ganga is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through the nations of India and Bangladesh. It is the third largest river in the world by discharge, the Ganges is the most sacred river to Hindus. It is also a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and it is worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism. It has also important historically, with many former provincial or imperial capitals located on its banks. The Ganges was ranked as the fifth most polluted river of the world in 2007, pollution threatens not only humans, but also more than 140 fish species,90 amphibian species and the endangered Ganges river dolphin. The levels of fecal coliform from human waste in the waters of the river near Varanasi are more than 100 times the Indian governments official limit. The main stem of the Ganges begins at the confluence of the Bhagirathi, the Bhagirathi is considered to be the source in Hindu culture and mythology, although the Alaknanda is longer, and, therefore, hydrologically the source stream. The headwaters of the Alakananda are formed by snowmelt from such peaks as Nanda Devi, Trisul, although many small streams comprise the headwaters of the Ganges, the six longest and their five confluences are considered sacred. The six headstreams are the Alaknanda, Dhauliganga, Nandakini, Pindar, Mandakini, the five confluences, known as the Panch Prayag, are all along the Alaknanda. After flowing 250 km through its narrow Himalayan valley, the Ganges emerges from the mountains at Rishikesh, the Ganges follows an 800 km arching course passing through the cities of Kannauj, Farukhabad, and Kanpur. Along the way it is joined by the Ramganga, which contributes an annual flow of about 500 m3/s. The Ganges joins the Yamuna at the Triveni Sangam at Allahabad, at their confluence the Yamuna is larger than the Ganges, contributing about 2,950 m3/s, or about 58. 5% of the combined flow. Now flowing east, the river meets the Tamsa River, which flows north from the Kaimur Range, after the Tamsa the Gomti River joins, flowing south from the Himalayas. The Gomti contributes an annual flow of about 234 m3/s. Then the Ghaghara River, also flowing south from the Himalayas of Nepal, the Ghaghara, with its average annual flow of about 2,990 m3/s, is the largest tributary of the Ganges. After the Ghaghara confluence the Ganges is joined from the south by the Son River, the Gandaki River, then the Kosi River, join from the north flowing from Nepal, contributing about 1,654 m3/s and 2,166 m3/s, respectively. The Kosi is the third largest tributary of the Ganges, after the Ghaghara and Yamuna. Along the way between Allahabad and Malda, West Bengal, the Ganges passes the towns of Chunar, Mirzapur, Varanasi, Ghazipur, Patna, Bhagalpur, Ballia, Buxar, Simaria, Sultanganj, and Saidpur
30.
Ghaghara
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Karnali, also called Ghaghara is a perennial trans-boundary river originating on the Tibetan Plateau near Lake Mansarovar. It cuts through the Himalayas in Nepal and joins the Sharda River at Brahmaghat in India, together they form the Ghaghra River, a major left bank tributary of the Ganges. With a length of 507 kilometres it is the longest river in Nepal, the total length of Ghaghara River up to its confluence with the Ganges at Doriganj in Bihar is 1,080 kilometres. It is the largest tributary of the Ganges by volume and the second longest tributary of the Ganges by length after Yamuna, lower Ghaghara is also known as Sarayu river and finds mention in Ramayana. Ayodhya is situated on its right bank and it rises in the southern slopes of the Himalayas in Tibet, in the glaciers of Mapchachungo, at an elevation of about 3,962 metres above sea level. The river flows south through one of the most remote and least explored areas of Nepal as the Karnali River, the 202-kilometre Seti River drains the western part of the catchment and joins the Karnali River in Doti District north of Dundras hill. Another tributary, the 264-kilometre long Bheri, rises in the part of Dhaulagiri Himalaya and drains the eastern part of the catchment. Other tributaries originating in Nepal are the West Rapti, the Kali and it flows southeast through Uttar Pradesh and Bihar states to join the Ganges downstream of the town of Chhapra, after a course of 1,080 kilometres. Sarayu river is stated to be synonymous with the modern Ghaghara river or as a tributary of it, Karnali River exposes the oldest part of the Sivalik Hills of Nepal. The remnant magnetization of siltstones and sandstones in this group suggests an age of between 16 million and 5.2 million years. The Karnali River Basin lies between the ranges of Dhaulagiri in Nepal and Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand. Dhaulagiri II, elevation 7,751 metres, is the highest point of the entire basin, in the north, it lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas. The basin formed by the river has a catchment area of 127,950 square kilometres. The population of the Basin districts in Nepal increased from 1.9 million in 1971 to 4.7 million people in 2001, the average population density of the Basin area increased from 53 persons/km2 in 1981 to 87 persons/km2 in 2001. There is a growth in the economically active population in the basin districts. The average literacy rate has increased from a mere 7. 5% in 1971 to 45% in 2001, the social status of the permanent households increased from 24% in 1991 to 31% in 2001. The basin has a road length of 2,640 kilometres. Chhoti Gandak is a meandering river originating near Dhesopool, Maharajganj district of Uttar Pradesh
31.
Indus River
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The Indus River, also called Sindhū or Abāsīn, is a major south-flowing river in South Asia. The total length of the river is 3,180 km which makes it one of the longest rivers in Asia and it is the longest river and national river of Pakistan. The river has a drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2. Its estimated annual flow stands at around 207 km3, making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow, the Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left tributary is the Chenab which itself has four major tributaries, namely, the Jhelum, the Ravi, the Beas. Its principal right tributaries are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal. Beginning in a spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas. The Indus forms the delta of present-day Pakistan mentioned in the Vedic Rigveda as Sapta Sindhu, the river has been a source of wonder since the Classical Period, with King Darius of Persia sending his Greek subject Scylax of Caryanda to explore the river as early as 510 BC. In Pali, Síndhu means river, stream and refers to the Indus River in particular, the word Indus is the romanised form of the ancient Greek word Indós, borrowed from the old Persian word Hinduš which is in turn borrowed from the Sanskrit word Sindhu. Megastheness book Indica derives its name from the rivers Greek name, Indós, the ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indói, literally meaning the people of the Indus. The country of India and the Pakistani province of Sindh owe their names to the river, Rigveda also describes several mythical rivers, including one named Sindhu. The Rigvedic Sindhu is thought to be the present-day Indus river and is attested 176 times in its text –95 times in the plural, more often used in the generic meaning. In the Rigveda, notably in the hymns, the meaning of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in particular. The Rigvedic hymns apply a feminine gender to all the rivers mentioned therein, Sindhu is seen as a strong warrior amongst other rivers which are seen as goddesses and compared to cows and mares yielding milk and butter. The Indus River provides key resources for Pakistans economy – especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nations agricultural production. The word Punjab means land of five rivers and the five rivers are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, the Indus also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan. The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet, the river begins at the confluence of the Sengge Zangbo and Gar Tsangpo rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri, the Indus then flows northwest through Ladakh and Baltistan into Gilgit, just south of the Karakoram range. The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit rivers carry glacial waters into the main river and it gradually bends to the south, coming out of the hills between Peshawar and Rawalpindi
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Jhelum River
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Jehlam River or Jhelum River is a river that flows in the Indian and Pakistani controlled portions of Kashmir, and Punjab in Pakistan. It is the westernmost of the five rivers of Punjab, and it is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a total length of about 725 kilometres. Anjum Sultan Shahbaz recorded some stories of the name Jhelum in his book Tareekh-e-Jhelum as, one suggestion is that in ancient days Jhelumabad was known as Jalham. The word Jhelum is reportedly derived from the words Jal and Ham, the name thus refers to the waters of a river which have their origins in the snow-capped Himalayas. With the passage of time it became Jhelum from Ja-e-Alam, the Sanskrit name of this river is Vitasta. The river got this name from the incident regarding the origin of the river as explained in Nilamata Purana. Goddess Parvati was requested by sage Kasyapa to come to Kashmir for purification of the land from evil practices and impurities of Pisachas living there, Goddess Parvati then assumed the form of a river in the Nether World. Then Lord Shiva made a stroke with his spear near the abode of Nila, by that stroke of the spear, Goddess Parvati came out of the Nether World. Shiva himself named her as Vitasta and he had excavated with the spear a ditch measuring one Vitasti, through which the river - gone to the Nether World - had come out, so she was given the name Vitasta by him. The river Jhelum is called Vitastā in the Rigveda and Hydaspes by the ancient Greeks, the Vitasta is mentioned as one of the major rivers by the holy scriptures — the Rigveda. It has been speculated that the Vitastā must have one of the seven rivers mentioned so many times in the Rigveda. The name survives in the Kashmiri name for this river as Vyeth, according to the major religious work Srimad Bhagavatam, the Vitastā is one of the many transcendental rivers flowing through land of Bharata, or ancient India. He was the brother of Iris, the goddess of the rainbow, and half-brother to the Harpies, the snatching winds. Since the river is in a country foreign to the ancient Greeks, it is not clear whether they named the river after the god, or whether the god Hydaspes was named after the river. Alexander the Great and his army crossed the Jhelum in BC326 at the Battle of the Hydaspes River where he defeated the Indian king and it is thought that ancient Bukephala was near the site of modern Jhelum City. They say that the name Phalia was the distortion of the word Bucephala, the waters of the Jhelum are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. India is working on a project on a tributary of Jhelum river to establish first-use rights on the river water over Pakistan as per the Indus waters Treaty. The river Jhelum rises from Verinag Spring situated at the foot of the Pir Panjal in the part of the valley of Kashmir
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Kali River (Karnataka)
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The Kali River or Kalinadi is a river flowing through Karwar, Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka state in India. The river rises near Diggi, a village in Uttar Kannada district. The river is the lifeline to some 4 lakh people in the Uttara Kannada district, there are many dams built across this river for the generation of electricity. One of the important dams build across Kali river is the Supa Dam at Ganeshgudi, the river runs 184 kilometers before joining Arabian Sea. The National Highway NH-17 continues on the Kali Bridge built over Kali River, the Kali exits at Supa Dam near Kurandi then flows east towards Dandeli. Passing south of Dandeli, the Kali River flows southeast into the Bommanalli Reservoir, exiting at the dam, after the village of Bommanalli the Kali turns south and at 15°05′21″N 074°43′57″E is joined by the Tattihalla River from the left. At that point the Kali turns west and flows through a gorge which ends at Sathodi Falls below Sykes Point, the Kali is then joined by the Kaneri River from the right at 15°03′52″N 074°36′17″E, and flows south-southwest into Kodasalli Reservoir. Leaving that reservoir, the Kali River flows west and is joined by the Vuki Halla from the right, whence it flows southwest into the Kadra Reservoir, and is joined by the Thana Halla just below the dam at Kadra. From Kadra, the Kali flows west thrrough marshland to join the Arabian Sea near the town of Karwar, the river flows entirely through the district of Uttara Kannada. Untreated effluents released directly into the river by industrial units and illegal mining in the Supa Dam area resulted in serious disturbances to the rivers ecology. The government strategy for controlling the pollution from illegal mining has produced a cleaner river. The releases from a papermill have drawn crocodiles to the Anshi Dandeli Tiger Reserve, chemical and petroleum companies near its estuary have been leaking toxic wastes, including mercury, into the Kali River for decades. Real TVs reality show, Sarkaar Ki Duniya was shot at Ambe Joog, List of dams and reservoirs in India List of rivers of India Karwar Sadashivgad A documentary on the river by Amoghavarsha JS Kali Nadi Kali river
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Kaveri
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The Kaveri is a large Indian river. Rising in southwestern Karnataka, it flows southeast some 800 kilometres to enter the Bay of Bengal, in Mandya district it forms the island of Shivanasamudra, on either side of which are the scenic Shivanasamudra Falls that descend about 100 metres. The river is the source for an irrigation system and for hydroelectric power. The river has supported irrigated agriculture for centuries and served as the lifeblood of the ancient kingdoms, after the river leaves the Kodagu hills and flows onto the Deccan plateau, it forms two islands in mandya districts Srirangapatna and Shivanasamudra. First comes the Srirangapatna which forms the sangam and then comes Shivanasamudra, at Shivanasamudra the river drops 98 metres, forming the famous Shivanasamudra Falls known separately as Gagana Chukki and Bhara Chukki. Asias first hydroelectric plant was on the falls and supplied power to the city of Bangalore. In its course through Karnataka, the channel is interrupted by 12 anekattu for the purpose of irrigation, three kilometers away from Srirangapatna, the Kaveri is the basis for the Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary. Near Srirangapatna is also an aqueduct, the Bangara Doddi Nala and it is said to be the only aqueduct where the water from a river, dammed upstream, is carried by the aqueduct over the very same river few miles downstream. The river enters Tamil Nadu through Dharmapuri district leading to the plains where it meanders. It drops into the Hogenakkal Falls just before it arrives in the town of Hogenakkal in Tamil Nadu, the three minor tributaries, Palar, Chennar and Thoppar enter into the Kaveri on her course, above Stanley Reservoir in Mettur, where the dam has been constructed. It then flows further through the length of Erode district where the river Bhavani, running through the breadth of the district, merges with it. The confluence of the rivers Kaveri, Bhavani and Akash Ganga is at the place of Bhavani, Tamil Nadu Kooduthurai or Tiriveni Sangamam. While passing through Erode, two tributaries merge. Thirumani Mutharu joins it in a village called Kududurai in Namakkal District, noyyal and Amaravathi join it in Karur district before it reaches Tiruchirapalli district. Here the river becomes wide, with a bed. The northern branch of the river is called the Kollidam while the southern branch retains the name Kaveri and these two rivers join again and form the Srirangam island that is a part of the city of Tiruchirapalli. The fourth oldest functional damGrand Anicut or Kallanai was present at this place, from Thanjavur, the river splits and goes to few places in the Delta kaveri. It was built as far back as 1,800 years ago or even more, on both sides of the river are found walls spreading to a distance of 330 metres
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Koshi River
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The Koshi or Kosi River drains the northern slopes of the Himalayas in the Tibet Autonomous Region and the southern slopes in Nepal. From a major confluence of tributaries north of the Chatra Gorge onwards and these include the Tamur Koshi originating from the Kanchenjunga area in the east, Arun River and Sun Koshi from Tibet. The Sun Koshis tributaries from east to west are Dudh Koshi, Bhote Koshi, Tamba Koshi, the Saptakoshi crosses into northern Bihar where it branches into distributaries before joining the Ganges near Kursela in Katihar district. The Koshi is 720 km long and drains an area of about 74,500 km2 in Tibet, Nepal, in the past, several authors proposed that the river has shifted its course for more than 133 km from east to west during the last 200 years. But a review of 28 historical maps dating 1760 to 1960 revealed a slight shift for a long duration. The river basin is surrounded by ridges which separate it from the Yarlung Tsangpo River in the north, the Gandaki in the west, the river is joined by major tributaries in the Mahabharat Range approximately 48 km north of the Indo-Nepal border. Below the Siwaliks, the river has built up a megafan some 15,000 km2 in extent, breaking more than twelve distinct channels. Kamalā, Bāgmati and Budhi Gandak are major tributaries of Koshi in India and its unstable nature has been attributed to the heavy silt it carries during the monsoon season and flooding in India has extreme effects. Fishing is an important enterprise on the river but fishing resources are being depleted, the Dudh-Kosi sub-basin alone consists of 36 glaciers and 296 glacier lakes. The Kosi River basin borders the Tsangpo River basin in the north, the Mahananda River basin in the east, the Ganges Basin in the south, the three major tributaries meet at Triveni, from where they are called Sapta Kosi meaning Seven Rivers. After flowing through the Chatra Gorge the Sapta Kosi is controlled by the Koshi Barrage before it drains into the Gangetic plain, peaks located in the basin include Mount Everest, Kangchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu and Shishapangma. The Bagmati river sub-basin forms the south-western portion of the overall Koshi basin, the Dudh Kosi joins the Sun Kosi near the Nepalese village of Harkapur. At Barāhkṣetra in Nepal it emerges from the mountains and becomes the Koshi, after flowing another 58 km it crosses into Bihar, India, near Bhimnagar and after another 260 km joins the Ganges near Kursela. It shows evidence of lateral channel shifting exceeding 120 km during the past 250 years, the river, which flowed near Purnea in the 18th century, now flows west of Saharsa. A satellite image shows old channels with a confluence before 1731 with the Mahananda River north of Lava, the Kosi River is known as the Sorrow of Bihar as the annual floods affect about 21,000 km2 of fertile agricultural lands thereby disturbing the rural economy. The Koshi has a water flow of 2,166 cubic metres per second. During floods, it increases to as much as 18 times the average, the greatest recorded flood was 24,200 m3/s on 24 August 1954. The Kosi Barrage has been designed for a flood of 27,014 m3/s
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Krishna River
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The Krishna River is the fourth-biggest river in terms of water inflows and river basin area in India, after the Ganga, Godavari and Brahmaputra. The river is almost 1,300 kilometres long, the river is also called Krishnaveni. It is a source of irrigation for Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana. Krishna river originates in the western ghats near Mahabaleshwar at an elevation of about 1,300 metres and it is one of the longest rivers in India. The Krishna river is around 1,400 km in length and it flows through the state of Karnataka before entering Telangana State. The delta of river is one of the most fertile regions in India and was the home to ancient Satavahana. Vijayawada is the largest city on the River Krishna and it causes heavy soil erosion during the monsoon floods. It flows fast and furious, often reaching depths of over 75 feet, ironically, there is a saying in Marathi Shant vaahate Krishnamaai which means quiet flows Krishna. This term is used to describe that a person should be as quiet as Krishna, there are four rivers that join the Krishna at a confluence known as Preeti Sangam, or Lovers Meeting Point in the Satara District. These are Venna River, Urmodi River, Tarli River and Koyna River, three tributaries meet Krishna river near Sangli. These places are considered very holy and it is said that Lord Dattatreya spent some of his days at Audumber on the banks of river Krishna. Sangameswaram of Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh is a pilgrim center for Hindus where Tungabhadra. The Sangameswaram temple is now drowned in the Srisailam reservoir, Krishna Basin extends over an area of 258,948 km2 which is nearly 8% of the total geographical area of the country. This large basin lies in the states of Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, the Krishna river rises in the Western Ghats, at an elevation of about 1,337 m just north of Mahabaleshwar, about 64 km from the Arabian Sea. It flows for about 1,400 km and outfalls into the Bay of Bengal, the principal tributaries joining Krishna are the Ghataprabha River, Malaprabha River, Bhima River, Tungabhadra River and Musi River. Most of this basin comprises rolling and undulating country, except for the western border, the important soil types found in the basin are black soils, red soils, laterite and lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils, red and black soils and saline and alkaline soils. An average annual surface water potential of 78.1 km3 has been assessed in this basin, out of this,58.0 km3 is utilizable water. Culturable area in the basin is about 203,000 km2, the irrigation canals of Prakasam Barrage form part of National Waterway 4
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Luni River
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The Luni is an endorheic river of western Rajasthan state, India. It is first known as Sagarmati, then after passing Govindgarh, it meets its tributary Sarsuti, which originates from Pushkar Lake, in 1892, Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur constructed Jaswant Sagar in Pichiyak village between Bilara and Bhavi of Jodhpur district. It is one of the largest artificial lakes in India, the Luni is also known as the Lavanavati, which means salt river in Sanskrit, due high salinity of its water. Its major tributaries are the Sukri, Mithri, Bandi, Khari, Jawai, Guhiya and Sagi from the left, the Luni River begins near Ajmer in the Pushkar valley of the western Aravalli Range at an elevation of about 550m. At this point, the river is known as the Sagarmati. The river then flows in the southwest direction through the hills, the river flows south-west and enters the Thar Desert before dissipating into the Rann of Kutch, traversing a total of 495 km. In spite of the salinity, it is a major river in the region. The Luni is not saline until it reaches Balotra, where high salt content in the impacts the river. The Luni may have been the southern portion of the historic Ghaggar-Hakra river channel
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Mahanadi
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The Mahanadi is a major river in East Central India. It drains an area of around 141,600 square kilometres and has a course of 858 kilometres. The river flows through the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha. The word Mahanadi literally comes from two odia words maha and nadi meaning The Great River. Like many other seasonal Indian rivers, the Mahanadi too is a combination of mountain streams. However its farthest headwaters lie 6 kilometres from Pharsiya village 442 metres above sea level south of Nagri town in Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh, the hills here are an extension of the Eastern Ghats and are a source of many other streams which then go on to join the Mahanadi. For the first 80 kilometres of its course, the Mahanadi flows in a direction and drains the Raipur district. It is a narrow river at this stage and the total width of its valley does not exceed 500–600 metres. After being joined by the Seonath, the flows in an easterly direction through the remaining part of its journey. It is joined by the Jonk and Hasdeo rivers here before entering into Odisha after covering about half of its total length, near the city of Sambalpur, it is dammed by the largest earthen dam in the world, the Hirakud Dam. A composite structure of earth, concrete and masonry, the dam measures 24 kilometres including the Dykes and it spans two hills, the Lamdungri on the left and the Chandili Dunguri on the right. It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia, with a reservoir holding 743 square kilometres at full capacity, after the formation of Chhattisgarh State, the major portion of Mahanadi basin now lies in Chhattisgarh. Presently, only 154 square kilometres area of Hasdeo River in Anuppur District lies in Madhya Pradesh. Before the construction of the dam in 1953, the Mahanadi was about a mile wide at Sambalpur and carried massive amounts of silt, especially during the monsoon. Today, it is a rather tame river after the construction of the dam and is joined by the Ib, Ong, Tel and other minor streams. It then skirts the boundaries of the Baudh district and forces a tortuous way between ridges and ledges in a series of rapids until it reaches Dholpur, Odisha. The rapids end here and the river rolls towards the Eastern Ghats, the Satakosia Gorge ends at Badamul of Nayagarh. Dense forests cover the hills flanking the river here, the river enters the Odisha plains at Naraj, about 11 kilometres from Cuttack, where it pours down between two hills that are a mile apart. A barrage has been constructed here to regulate the flow into Cuttack
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Mahaweli River
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The Mahaweli River, is a 335 km long river, ranking as the longest river in Sri Lanka. Its drainage basin is the largest in the country, and covers almost one-fifth of the area of the island. The bay includes the first of a number submarine canyons, making Trincomalee one of the finest deep-sea harbors in the world, the river and its tributaries are dammed at several locations to allow irrigation in the dry zone, with almost 1,000 km2 of land irrigated. Production of hydroelectricity from six dams of the Mahaweli system supplies more than 40% of Sri Lankas electricity needs, one of the many sources of the river is the Kotmale Oya. There is a misconception in Sri Lanka that the Mahaweli starts in the Sri Pada mountain, the Mahaweli gets its source waters from Hortain Plains in Kirigalpoththa and the Thotupola mountain range. Kotmale Oya Hatton Oya Hulu Ganga Loggal Oya Uma Oya Badulu Oya Amban ganga List of rivers in Sri Lanka Mahaweli River The Lifeline of Sri Lanka
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Narmada River
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The Narmada, also called the Rewa, is a river in central India and the fifth longest river in the Indian subcontinent. It is the third longest river that flows entirely within India, after the Godavari, and it is also known as Life Line of Madhya Pradesh for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya Pradesh in many ways. It is one of three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west, along with the Tapti River. It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley, the other rivers which flow through rift valley include Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys, the Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess by Narmadeeya Brahmins. The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by the fact that the pilgrims perform a pilgrimage of a parikrama or circumambulation of the river. The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be an act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many sadhus and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains in Madhya Pradesh and back along the opposite bank of the river. Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur, Barwani, Hoshangabad, Harda, Narmada Nagar, Omkareshwar, Dewas, Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh, and Rajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat. In Indian history, Kannada emperor from Chalukya dynasty Pulakeshin II is said to have defeated emperor Harshavardhana of Kannauj on the banks of Narmada, teak and Indias best hardwood forests are found in the Narmada River basin and they are much older than the ones in the Himalayas. The lower Narmada River Valley and the uplands, covering an area of169,900 km2 consists of dry deciduous forests. The natural vegetation of the region is a three–tiered forest, the ecoregion is home to 76 species of mammals and to 276 bird species, none of which are endemic. According to the World Wildlife Fund, about 30% of the ecoregion is covered in relatively intact vegetation, the ecoregion includes some large blocks of habitat in the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. About 5% of the lies within protected areas, including Bandhavgarh, Panna. Some of the important national parks and wild life sanctuaries in the valley are the following, kanha National Park located in the upper reaches of Narmada, about 18 km from Mandla, boasts of several wild animals including the Tiger. Two tributaries of Narmada, namely, Hallon and Banjar, flow through this park and it is one of the best National Parks of Asia, which has been described vividly by Rudyard Kipling in his famous creation The Jungle Book. Satpura National Park, set up in 1981, is located in Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh, Satpura National Park, being part of a unique ecosystem, is very rich in biodiversity. There are a variety of birds, hornbills and peafowl are the common birds
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Ravi River
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The Ravi is a transboundary river crossing Northwestern India and Eastern Pakistan. It is one of six rivers of the Indus System in Punjab region, the waters of Ravi are allocated to India under Indus Water Treaty. Under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, the waters of the Ravi, subsequently, the Indus Basin Project has been developed in Pakistan and many inter-basin water transfers, irrigation, hydropower and multipurpose projects have been built in India. According to ancient history traced to Vedas, the Ravi River was known as Iravati The Ravi was known as Parushani or Iravati to Indians in Vedic times and as Hydraotes to the Ancient Greeks. Part of the battle of the ten kings was fought on a River, the Ravi River, a transboundary river of India and Pakistan, is an integral part of the Indus River Basin and forms the headwaters of the Indus basin. The waters of the Ravi River drain into the Arabian Sea through the Indus River in Pakistan, the river rises in the Bara Bhangal, District Kangra in Himachal Pradesh, India. The river drains a catchment area of 14,442 square kilometres in India after flowing for a length of 720 kilometres. Flowing westward, it is hemmed by the Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar ranges, source reach The Ravi River originates in the Himalayas in the Multhan tehsil of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, India. It follows a course and is a perennial river. It is the smallest of the five Punjab rivers that rises from glacier fields at an elevation of 14,000 feet and it flows through Barabhangal, Bara Bansu and Chamba districts. It flows in rapids in its initial reaches with boulders seen scattered in the bed of the river. The Ravi River in this reach flows in a gorge with a bed slope of 183 feet per mile and is mostly fed by snow melt. Two of its tributaries, the Buddhu and Mai or Dhona join 64 kilometres downstream from its source. The Budhil River rises in Lahul range of hills and is sourced from the Manimahesh Kailash Peak and the Manimahesh Lake, at an elevation of 4,080 metres, the entire length of Budhil is 72 kilometres where it has a bed slope of 314 feet per mile. It flows through the ancient capital of Bharmwar, now known as Bharmour in Himachal Pradesh, during 1858–1860, the Raja of Bharmour had considered the Budhil valley as an excellent source of Deodar trees for supply to the British Raj. However, a part of the forest surrounding the temple was considered sacred and declared a reserved area. The second tributary, the Mai, rises at Kali Debi pass and this valley was also exploited for its forest wealth during the English period. Another major tributary joins the Ravi River, just below Bharmour
