1.
Bengali language
–
Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla, is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia. With over 210 million speakers, Bengali is the seventh most spoken language in the world. Dominant in the last group was Persian, which was also the source of some grammatical forms, more recent studies suggest that the use of native and foreign words has been increasing, mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style. Today, Bengali is the language spoken in Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India. Both the national anthems of Bangladesh and India were composed in Bengali, in 1952, the Bengali Language Movement successfully pushed for the languages official status in the Dominion of Pakistan. In 1999, UNESCO recognized 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the movement in East Pakistan. Language is an important element of Bengali identity and binds together a diverse region. Sanskrit was spoken in Bengal since the first millennium BCE, during the Gupta Empire, Bengal was a hub of Sanskrit literature. The Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were spoken in Bengal in the first millennium when the region was a part of the Magadha Realm and these dialects were called Magadhi Prakrit. They eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi, Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what are called Apabhraṃśa languages at the end of the first millennium. Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali evolved circa 1000–1200 AD from Sanskrit, for example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. Proto-Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty, during the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterized by the elision of word-final অ ô, the spread of compound verbs and Arabic and Persian influences. Bengali was a court language of the Sultanate of Bengal. Muslim rulers promoted the development of Bengali as part of efforts to Islamize. Bengali became the most spoken language in the Sultanate. This period saw borrowing of Perso-Arabic terms into Bengali vocabulary, major texts of Middle Bengali include Chandidas Shreekrishna Kirtana. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the dialect spoken in the Nadia region, a west-central Bengali dialect. Bengali presents a case of diglossia, with the literary
2.
Bangladesh
–
Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
3.
Ganges Delta
–
The Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta in Bangladesh and in West Bengal is a river delta in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, consisting of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the worlds largest delta, and empties into the Bay of Bengal and it is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname The Green Delta. The delta stretches from the Hooghly River on the west to the Meghna River on the east and it is approximately 354 km across at the Bay of Bengal. Kolkata and Haldia in India and Mongla and Chittagong in Bangladesh are the seaports of the delta. A number of rivers flow through the Brahmaputra Delta, including the Padma and the Jamuna. The Ganges Delta has the shape of a triangle, and is considered to be an arcuate delta. It covers more than 105,000 km2, and although the delta lies mostly in Bangladesh and India, rivers from Bhutan, Tibet, India, approximately two-thirds of the delta is in Bangladesh. Most of the delta is composed of alluvial soils made up by small sediment particles that finally settle down as river currents slow down in the estuary, rivers carry these fine particles with them, even from their sources at glaciers as fluvio-glacial. Red and red-yellow laterite soils are found as one heads farther east, the soil has large amounts of minerals and nutrients, which is good for agriculture. It is composed of a labyrinth of channels, swamps, lakes, the Gorai-Madhumati River, one of the distributaries of the Ganges, divides the Ganges Delta into two parts, the geologically young, active, eastern delta, and the older, less active, western delta. Between 125 and 143 million people live on the delta, despite risks from floods caused by monsoons, heavy runoff from the snows of the Himalayas. A large part of the nation of Bangladesh lies in the Ganges Delta, Most of the Ganges Delta has a population density of more than 200 people per km2, making it one of the most densely populated regions in the world. Three terrestrial ecoregions cover the delta, the Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests ecoregion covers most of the delta region, although the forests have mostly been cleared for agriculture and only small enclaves remain. Thick stands of grass, known as canebrakes, grow in wetter areas. These forests, too, have been almost completely converted to intensive agriculture, where the delta meets the Bay of Bengal, Sundarbans mangroves form the worlds largest mangrove ecoregion, covering an area of 20,400 square kilometres in a chain of 54 islands. They derive their name from the predominant mangrove species, Heritiera fomes, animals in the delta include the Indian python, clouded leopard, Indian elephant and crocodiles, which live in the Sundarbans. Approximately 1,020 endangered Bengal tigers are believed to inhabit the Sundarbans, the Ganges–Brahmaputra basin has tropical deciduous forests that yield valuable timber, sal, teak, and peepal trees are found in these areas. The delta region has mangrove trees and it is estimated that 30,000 chital are in the Sundarbans part of the delta
4.
Surma-Meghna River System
–
The Surma-Meghna River System is a river complex in the Indian Subcontinent, one of the three that form the Ganges Delta, the largest on earth. From its source in the Naga Hills of India, Liyai Village of Poumai Naga tribe, the river is known as the Barak River. Near its source, the river receives a lot of little streams, including the Gumti, Howrah, Kagni, Senai Buri, Hari Mangal, Kakrai, Kurulia, Balujhuri, Shonaichhari. It flows west through Manipur State, then southwest leaving Manipur and it then flows west past the town of Silchar where it is joined by the Madhura River. After Silchar, it flows for about 30 kilometres, and near Badarpur it divides into the Surma River and the Kushiyara River and enters Bangladesh. The principal tributaries of the Barak in India are the Jiri, the Dhaleshwari, the Singla, the Longai, the Madhura, the Sonai, the Rukni and the Katakhal. After entering into modern Karimganj District in south Assam, Barak divides in two, with the branch being called the Surma River and the southern branch the Kushiyara River. At this point the river enters the Sylhet Depression which forms the Surma Basin, the Surma is fed by tributaries from the Meghalaya Hills to the north, and is also known as the Baulai River after it is joined by the south-flowing Someswari River. The Kushiyara receives tributaries from the Sylhet Hills and Tripura Hills to the south, the Kushiyara is also known as the Kai River after it is joined by a major offshoot from the Surma. When the Surma and the Kushiyara finally rejoin in Kishoreganj District above Bhairab Bazar, the Meghna is formed inside Bangladesh above Bhairab Bazar by the combination of the Surma and Kushiyara rivers. Down to Chandupura, Meghna is hydrographically referred to as the Upper Meghna, after the Padma joins, it is referred to as the Lower Meghna. In Daudkandi, Comilla, Meghna is joined by the great river Gumti and this river reinforces Meghna a lot and increases the waterflow considerably. The pair of bridges over Meghna and Gop and motiy are two of the countrys longest bridges, the name for the largest distributary of the Ganges in Bangladesh is the Padma River. When the Padma joins with the Jamuna River, the largest distributary of the Brahmaputra, and they join with the Meghna in Chandpur District, the result is the Lower Meghna. After Chandpur, with the flow of the Padma and Jamuna. In the course from Chandpur to the Bay of Bengal, the Meghna splits into a number of little rivers, but the main flow is through the Meghna Estuary. Near Bhola, just before flowing into the Bay of Bengal, the western stream is called Ilsha and the eastern one is called Bamni
5.
Kishoreganj District
–
Kishoreganj is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. The district was established in 1984, earlier it was a subdivision under the Mymensingh district. The subdivision was established in 1860, the district consists of four municipalities,13 upazilas,105 union parishads,39 wards,145 mahallas,946 mouzas and 1775 villages. Deputy Commissioner – G S M Jafarullah Additional Deputy Commissioner – Tarfdar Md, aktar Jamil Additional Deputy Commissioner – Kazi Abed Hossain Additional Deputy Commissioner – Golam Mohammad Bhuiyan Additional Deputy Commissioner – Md. Mahbub Hasan Shahin The district of Kishoreganj contains 3,980 mosques,530 temples, kishorganj is a place of the creed of respectively Sanatana and Loukik Islam. Both Meghna and Brahmaputra river have contributed to its existence, many traditional rituals are observed every year in Kishoreganj. Among them Kurikhai Mela is one of the most celebrated fair and it is held every year on the last Monday of the month of Magh. The shrine is situated in Katiadi thana, the notable Shamsuddin Aulia, one of the fellow of Hajrat Shahjalal, died in this particular place. Jangalbari Fort is situated in Jangalbari village of Karimganj Upazila and it was once a strong outpost of the Bengal Ruler Isa Khan. Isa Khan erected several structures inside the fort area and this fort was severely damaged by the great earthquake in 1897. Isa Khans descendants still live in this village, currently the fourteenth descendant of Isa Khan, Dewan Amin Dau Khan, lives in the fort. Egarosindur is a village in Kishoreganj, the village is situated on the east side of the river Brahmaputra. The name of village is found in the Akbornama by the historian Abul Fazal. There is a debate among historians about the history of Egarosindur, Some engraved silver coins, iron-axes, lances and bows and arrows were discovered there presumed to be from the 10th century BC. Historians also believe that Egarosindur was inhabited since 1000 BC, i. e. the time of the Murza, there lived many tribals named Koch and Hajong. Egarosindur was a centre of trade and commerce, in 380 AD Egarosindur was under the reign of Dobak state. After that this region was reigned by the King of Kamarupa, another historical analyses prove that in the 8th century Egarosindur was an important river port where Muslim traders exported and imported their product with Rome and Paris. In the 10th century Egarosindur was under the control of Azhaba, Azbaha triumph over this land by defeated King Botong
6.
Surma River
–
The Surma River is a major river in Bangladesh, part of the Surma-Meghna River System. It starts when the Barak River from northeast India divides at the Bangladesh border into the Surma and it ends in Kishoreganj District, above Bhairab Bāzār), where the two rivers rejoin to form the Meghna River. The waters from the river flow into the Bay of Bengal. The average depth of river is 282 feet and maximum depth is 550 feet, from its source in the Manipur Hills near Mao Songsang, the river is known as the Barak River. At the border with Bangladesh, the divides with the northern branch being called the Surma River. This is where the river enters the Sylhet Depression which forms the Surma Basin, the Surma is fed by tributaries from the Meghalaya Hills to the north, and is also known as the Baulai River after it is joined by the south-flowing Someshwari River. The Kushiyara receives tributaries from the Sylhet Hills and Tripura Hills to the south, the Kushiyara is also known as the Kalni River after it is joined by a major offshoot from the Surma. When the Surma and the Kushiyara finally rejoin in Kishoreganj District above Bhairab Bazar, the Surma passes through many haors. In Islam, Sirajul, Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
7.
India
–
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
