1.
Bangladesh
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Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
2.
Ganges Delta
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The Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta in Bangladesh and in West Bengal is a river delta in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, consisting of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the worlds largest delta, and empties into the Bay of Bengal and it is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname The Green Delta. The delta stretches from the Hooghly River on the west to the Meghna River on the east and it is approximately 354 km across at the Bay of Bengal. Kolkata and Haldia in India and Mongla and Chittagong in Bangladesh are the seaports of the delta. A number of rivers flow through the Brahmaputra Delta, including the Padma and the Jamuna. The Ganges Delta has the shape of a triangle, and is considered to be an arcuate delta. It covers more than 105,000 km2, and although the delta lies mostly in Bangladesh and India, rivers from Bhutan, Tibet, India, approximately two-thirds of the delta is in Bangladesh. Most of the delta is composed of alluvial soils made up by small sediment particles that finally settle down as river currents slow down in the estuary, rivers carry these fine particles with them, even from their sources at glaciers as fluvio-glacial. Red and red-yellow laterite soils are found as one heads farther east, the soil has large amounts of minerals and nutrients, which is good for agriculture. It is composed of a labyrinth of channels, swamps, lakes, the Gorai-Madhumati River, one of the distributaries of the Ganges, divides the Ganges Delta into two parts, the geologically young, active, eastern delta, and the older, less active, western delta. Between 125 and 143 million people live on the delta, despite risks from floods caused by monsoons, heavy runoff from the snows of the Himalayas. A large part of the nation of Bangladesh lies in the Ganges Delta, Most of the Ganges Delta has a population density of more than 200 people per km2, making it one of the most densely populated regions in the world. Three terrestrial ecoregions cover the delta, the Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests ecoregion covers most of the delta region, although the forests have mostly been cleared for agriculture and only small enclaves remain. Thick stands of grass, known as canebrakes, grow in wetter areas. These forests, too, have been almost completely converted to intensive agriculture, where the delta meets the Bay of Bengal, Sundarbans mangroves form the worlds largest mangrove ecoregion, covering an area of 20,400 square kilometres in a chain of 54 islands. They derive their name from the predominant mangrove species, Heritiera fomes, animals in the delta include the Indian python, clouded leopard, Indian elephant and crocodiles, which live in the Sundarbans. Approximately 1,020 endangered Bengal tigers are believed to inhabit the Sundarbans, the Ganges–Brahmaputra basin has tropical deciduous forests that yield valuable timber, sal, teak, and peepal trees are found in these areas. The delta region has mangrove trees and it is estimated that 30,000 chital are in the Sundarbans part of the delta
3.
Surma River
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The Surma River is a major river in Bangladesh, part of the Surma-Meghna River System. It starts when the Barak River from northeast India divides at the Bangladesh border into the Surma and it ends in Kishoreganj District, above Bhairab Bāzār), where the two rivers rejoin to form the Meghna River. The waters from the river flow into the Bay of Bengal. The average depth of river is 282 feet and maximum depth is 550 feet, from its source in the Manipur Hills near Mao Songsang, the river is known as the Barak River. At the border with Bangladesh, the divides with the northern branch being called the Surma River. This is where the river enters the Sylhet Depression which forms the Surma Basin, the Surma is fed by tributaries from the Meghalaya Hills to the north, and is also known as the Baulai River after it is joined by the south-flowing Someshwari River. The Kushiyara receives tributaries from the Sylhet Hills and Tripura Hills to the south, the Kushiyara is also known as the Kalni River after it is joined by a major offshoot from the Surma. When the Surma and the Kushiyara finally rejoin in Kishoreganj District above Bhairab Bazar, the Surma passes through many haors. In Islam, Sirajul, Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia, National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
4.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
5.
Padma River
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The Padma is a major river in Bangladesh. It is the main distributary of the Ganges, flowing generally southeast for 120 kilometres to its confluence with the Meghna River near the Bay of Bengal, the city of Rajshahi is situated on the banks of the river. The Padma, Sanskrit for lotus flower, is mentioned in Hindu mythology as a byname for the Goddess Lakshmi. The name Padma is given to the part of the course of the Ganges below the point of the off-take of the Bhagirathi River, another Ganges River distributary also known as the Hooghly River. Padma had, most probably, flowed through a number of channels at different times, the places mentioned by Rennell proceeding from west to east are Rampur Boali, the headquarters of Rajshahi district, Puthia and Natore in the same district and Jaffarganj in the district of Dhaka. The place last named were shown in a map of the Mymensingh district dated 1861, as a subdistrict headquarters and it is now known as Payla Jaffarganj and is close to Elachipur opposite Goalunda. According to Rennells theory, therefore, the former course of the Ganges would correspond with that of the present channel of the Baral River. Authorities agree that the Ganges has changed its course and that at different times, the bed of the Padma is wide, and the river is split up into several channels flowing between constantly shifting sand banks and islands. During the rains the current is strong and even steamers may find difficulty in making headway against it. It is navigable at all seasons of the year by steamers and country boats of all sizes and it is spanned near Paksey by the great Hardinge Bridge over which runs one of the main lines of the Bangladesh Railway. Rajshahi, a city in western Bangladesh, is situated on the north bank of the Padma. The Ganges originates in the Gangotri Glacier of the Himalaya, and runs through India, the Ganges enters Bangladesh at Shibganj in the district of Chapai Nababganj. West of Shibganj, the Ganges branches into two distributaries, the Bhagirathi and the Padma rivers, the Bhagirathi River, which flows southwards, is also known as the Ganga and was named the Hoogly or Hooghly River by the British. Further downstream, in Goalando,2,200 kilometres from the source, the Padma is joined by the Jamuna and the resulting combination flows with the name Padma further east, to Chandpur. Here, the widest river in Bangladesh, the Meghna joins the Padma, continuing as the Meghna almost in a line to the south. The Padma forms the whole of the boundary of the Pabna District for a distance of about 120 kilometres. Rajshahi is the largest city among the cities which is situated on the bank of Padma river and it is the third largest city in Bangladesh. It is a city in the north Bengal
6.
Barisal
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Barisal is a major city that lies on the bank of Kirtankhola river in south-central Bangladesh. It is the largest city and the headquarter of both Barisal district and Barisal Division. It is one of the oldest municipalities and river ports of the country, Barisal municipality was established in the year 1876 during the British Raj and upgraded to City Corporation on 25 July 2002. The city consists of 30 wards and 50 mahallas with a population of 328,278 according to the 2011 national census, the area of the city is 58 km². Barisal was a semi-independent area in the Mughal period because of fighting between them and Hindu chiefs. In course of time, it fell under the Bengal Nawabs, the central city of this region is the city of Barisal. It is one of the biggest river ports in Bangladesh, Barisal is fast growing city of the country stands on the Kirtankhola River. Countrys first short landing and take off airport has completed in Barisal. The city is called the Venice of the East or the Venice of Bengal. According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, the population of Barisal stands at 328,278, by gender, the population was 51.63 male and 48.37 percent female. The literacy rate among the people of Barisal is 75. 3%. Which is significantly higher than the average of 56. 5%. Most of the people in Barisal are the Bengali people, as is the case in most of Bangladesh, the long-standing inhabitants of the city are known as Barisaliya and they have a distinctive dialect. Apart from them. The city population is composed of people from neighboring Upazilas, there are four major languages spoken in Barisal Standard Bengali, which is the administrative language and thus mainly used in academia and offices. Barisali dialect, which is spoken by almost all the native peoples of Greater Barisal region, is considered as a dialect of Bengali which does not have a written form. English, which is held in esteem and is used by the educated elite. The majority of Barisals people are Muslims, mainly Sunni Islam Hanafi, other religious groups include Hindus, and very few numbers of other religions, mainly Christians and Buddhists. Since end 2015, the Catholic minority has its own Roman Catholic Diocese of Barisal, Barisal city occupies an area of 58 km2
7.
Beas River
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The Beas River also known as the Biás or Bias, is a river in north India. The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India and its total length is 470 kilometres and its drainage basin is 20,303 square kilometres large. The river was known as Arjikuja of the Vedas, or Vipasa to the ancient Indians. It is said that Beas is a misnomer for Vyasa and is named after Veda Vyasa, the patron of the river, he is said to have created it from its source lake. The Beas River marks the eastern-most border of Alexander the Greats conquests in 326 BC and it was one of the rivers which created problems in Alexanders invasion of India. His troops mutinied here in 326 BCE, refusing to go any further, Alexander shut himself in his tent for three days, but when his men did not change their desires he gave in, raising twelve colossal altars to mark the limit and glory of his expedition. According to the Kavyamimansa of Rajasekhara, the kingdom-territories of the Gurjara-Pratihara monarch Mahipala I extended as far as the course of the river Beas in the north-west. In the 20th century, the river was developed under the Beas Project for irrigation, the second-phase Pong Dam was completed in 1974 followed by the first-phase 140 kilometres upstream, Pandoh Dam in 1977. The Pong Dam served initially to provide irrigation below Talwara but was soon developed as well for power generation. The Pandoh Dam diverts the river through a system of tunnels and channels to the 990 MW Dehar Power Station on the Sutlej River, the river rises 4,361 metres above sea-level on the southern face of Rohtang Pass in Kullu. It traverses the Mandi District and enters the Kangra District at Sandhol,590 metres above sea-level, during its lower course the Beas is crossed by numerous ferries, many of which consist of inflated skins. Near Reh in Kangra District it divides into three channels, which reunite after passing Mirthal,300 metres above sea-level, on meeting the Sivalik Hills in Hoshiarpur, the river sweeps sharply northward, forming the boundary with Kangra District. Then bending round the base of the Sivalik Hills, it takes the southerly direction, after touching the Jullundur district for a short distance, the river forms the boundary between Amritsar and Kapurthala. Finally the Beas joins the river Sutlej at the boundary of Kapurthala district of Punjab after a total course of 470 kilometres. The chief tributaries are Bain, Banganga, Luni and Uhal, the Sutlej continues into Pakistani Punjab and joins the Chenab River at Uch near Bahawalpur to form the Panjnad River, the latter in turn joins the Indus River at Mithankot. The water of the Beas river is allocated to India under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. On 8 June 2014,24 engineering students, and one operator, were drowned when the flood gates of the Larji dam were opened, allegedly without proper warnings. The water level rose suddenly to 5 to 6 feet, and the surge carried the students away
8.
Bhagirathi River
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The Bhāgīrathī is a turbulent Himalayan river in the Indian states of Uttarakhand, and one of the two headstreams of the Ganges, the major river of Northern India and the holy river of Hinduism. In Hindu mythology and culture, the Bhagirathi is considered the source stream of the Ganges, however, in hydrology, the other headstream, Alaknanda, is considered the source stream on account of its great length and discharge. Bhagiratha was the king of Kosala, a kingdom in ancient India and he was a descendent of the great King Sagara of the Suryavanshi, or Surya Dynasty. He was one of the forefathers of Lord Rama, of the Ramayana, the headwaters of the Bhagirathi are formed at Gaumukh, at the foot of the Gangotri glacier and Khatling glaciers in the Garhwal Himalaya. The Bhilangna itself rises at the foot of the Khatling Glacier approximately 50 km south of Gaumukh, the river flows from its source for 205 km before meeting the Alaknanda River at an elevation of 475 m in the town of Devprayag. Downstream of this confluence, considered holy by Hindus, the river is known as the Ganga Ji, the controversial Tehri dam lies at the confluence of the Bhāgirathi and the Bhilangna, at 30°22′32″N 78°28′48″E, near Tehri. Chaukhamba I is the highest point of the Bhagirathi basin, there are 18 dams along the Bhāgirathi River, either in operation, under construction or planned. These are, in order from the source, Wilson, W, a summer ramble in the Himalayas, with sporting adventures in the Vale of Cashmere. Through the Valley of Gods, Travels in the Central Himalayas
9.
Chambal River
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The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in central India, and thus forms part of the greater Gangetic drainage system. It is a river and finds mention in ancient scriptures. The perennial Chambal originates at janapav, south of Mhow town, near manpurIndore, the Chambal and its tributaries drain the Malwa region of northwestern Madhya Pradesh, while its tributary, the Banas, which rises in the Aravalli Range, drains southeastern Rajasthan. It ends a confluence of five rivers, including the Chambal, Kwari, Yamuna, Sind, Pahuj, at Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh state, at the border of Bhind and Etawah districts. The river flows first in a direction through Madhya Pradesh for about 346 kilometres. The Chambal flows for another 217 kilometres between M. P. and Rajasthan and a further 145 kilometres between M. P. and Uttar Pradesh. It enters U. P. and flows for about 32 kilometres before joining the Yamuna River in Jalaun District at an elevation of 122 metres, from its source down to its junction with the Yamuna, the Chambal has a fall of about 732 metres. Of this, around 305 metres is within the first 16 kilometres reach from its source and it falls for another 195 metres in the next 338 kilometres, where it enters the gorge past the Chaurasigarh Fort. During the next 97 kilometres of its run from the Chaurasigarh Fort to Kota city, for the rest of its 523 kilometres run, the river passes through the flat terrain of the Malwa Plateau and later the Gangetic Plain with an average gradient of 0.21 m/km. The Chambal is a catchment with a total drained area up to its confluence with the Yamuna of 143,219 square kilometres. The drainage area resembles a rectangle up to the junction of the Parvathi, the Chambal Basin lies between latitudes 22°27 N and 27°20 N and longitudes 73°20 E and 79°15 E. On its south, east and west, the basin is bounded by the Vindhyan mountain ranges, below the confluence of the Parvathi and Banas, the catchment becomes narrower and elongated. In this reach, it is bounded by the Aravalli mountain ranges on the North, the Vindhyan scarps, in the northwest, flank the left bank of the Chambal, and subsequently, is mainly drained by it. The River Chambal and its tributaries Kali Sindh and Parbati have formed an alluvial basin. It is a typical anterior-drainage pattern river, being older than the rivers Yamuna and Ganges. Hillocks and plateaus represent the major landforms of the Chambal valley, the Chambal basin is characterised by an undulating floodplain, gullies and ravines. The Hadauti plateau in Rajasthan occurs in the catchment of the Chambal River to the southeast of the Mewar Plains. It occurs with the Malwa plateau in the east, physiographically, it can be divided into Vindhyan scarp land and Deccan Lava plateau
10.
Damodar River
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Damodar River is a river flowing across the Indian states of West Bengal and Jharkhand. Rich in mineral resources, the valley is home to large-scale mining, earlier known as the Sorrow of Bengal because of its ravaging floods in the plains of West Bengal, the Damodar and its tributaries have been somewhat tamed with the construction of several dams. It is the most polluted river of India, means rope around the belly, derived from Sanskrit दाम rope and उदर belly. This is another name of the Hindu god Krishna, given to him because his foster-mother tied him to a large urn and it has a number of tributaries and subtributaries, such as Barakar, Konar, Bokaro, Haharo, Jamunia, Ghari, Guaia, Khadia and Bhera. The Barakar is the most important tributary of the Damodar and it originates near Padma in Hazaribagh district and flows through Jharkhand before meeting the Damodar near Dishergarh in West Bengal. The Damodar and the Barakar trifurcates the Chota Nagpur plateau, the rivers pass through hilly areas with great force, sweeping away whatever lies in their path. Two bridges on the Grand Trunk Road near Barhi in Hazaribagh district were torn down by the Barakar, the stone bridge in 1913. The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an annual rainfall of around 1,400 mm. The huge volume of water flows down the Damodar and its tributaries during the monsoons used to be a fury in the upper reaches of the valley. In the lower valley it used to overflow its banks and flood large areas, Damodar River was earlier known as the River of Sorrows as it used to flood many areas of Bardhaman, Hooghly, Howrah and Medinipur districts. Even now the floods sometimes affect the lower Damodar Valley, the floods were virtually an annual ritual. In some years the damage was probably more, many of the great floods of the Damodar are recorded in history —1770,1855,1866, 1873–74, 1875–76, 1884–85, 1891–92,1897,1900,1907,1913,1927,1930,1935 and 1943. In four of these floods most of Bardhaman town was flooded, however, these ran into dispute and in 1866 and 1873, The Bengal Embankment Act was passed, transferring the powers to build and maintain embankment to the government. So great was the devastation every year that the floods passed into folklore, as the following Bhadu song testifies, floods have swollen the Damodar The sailing boats cannot sail. We fall at your feet Reduce the floods a little, Bhadu will come a year later Let the boats sail on your surface. The Damodar valley is rich in coal and it is considered as the prime centre of coking coal in the country. Massive deposits are found in the central basin spreading over 2,883 square kilometres, the important coalfields in the basin are Jharia, Raniganj, West Bokaro, East Bokaro, Ramgarh, South Karanpura and North Karanpura. The Damodar Valley is one of the most industrialised parts of India, three integrated steel plants of Steel Authority of India Limited and other factories are in the valley
11.
Godavari River
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The Godavari is the second longest river in India after the river Ganges having its source at Tryambakeshwar, Maharashtra. Measuring up to 312,812 km2, it one of the largest river basins in the Indian subcontinent, with only the Ganges. However, in the past few decades, the river has been abused with relentless construction of barrages and dams. The river delta, supporting 729 persons/km2 – nearly twice the density average for the nation, has been categorized as having substantial risk to greater risk of flooding with rising sea levels. The Godavari originates 80 km from the Arabian Sea in the Western Ghats of central India near Nasik in Maharashtra. The Godavari River has an area of 312,812 km2. The river basin is considered to be divided into 3 sections, Upper, Middle and these put together account for 24. 2% of the total basin area. The rivers annual average water inflows are nearly 110 billion cubic metres, nearly 50% of the water availability is being harnessed. The water allocation from the river among the states are governed by the Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal. The river has highest flood flows in India and experienced recorded flood of 3.6 million cusecs in the year 1986, within Nashik District the river assumes a north-easterly course till it flows into the Gangapur Reservoir created by a dam of the same name. The reservoir along with the Kashypi Dam provides potable water to Nashik, about 25 km below Nasik is the confluence of the Godavari and one of its tributaries, the Darna river. The stream occupies, for nine months in the year, a space in a wide and gravelly bed. A few kilometres after its meeting with the Darna, the Godavari swerves to the north-east, till the Banganga, from the north-west, the course of the main stream then tends more decidedly south. At Nandur-Madhmeshwar, the Kadva, a large affluent, brings considerable increase to the waters of the Godavari. The river begins its southeasterly course characteristic of rivers of the Deccan Plateau, the river beyond exits the Niphad Taluka of Nashik and enter the Kopargaon taluka, Ahmednagar District. Within Ahmednagar the river completes its short course, flowing alongside the town of Kopargaon. By virtue of a sub-tributary of Pravara – Mandohol, which originates in Pune District – the basin impinges the Pune District, the river at Paithan has been impounded by the Jayakwadi Dam forming the NathSagar Reservoir. Kalsubai located in Godavari basin, is the highest peak in Maharashtra, Beed and Jalna Beed and Parbhani, Located along here is its merger with Sindphana, an important tributary which drains a considerably large area within Beed
12.
Gandaki River
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The Gandaki River is one of the major rivers of Nepal and a left bank tributary of the Ganges in India. In Nepal the river is notable for its gorge through the Himalayas. It has a catchment area of 46,300 square kilometers. The basin also contains three of the worlds 14 mountains over 8,000 metres, Dhaulagiri, Manaslu and Annapurna I, Dhaulagiri is the highest point of the Gandaki basin. It lies between the similar Kosi system to the east and the Karnali system to the west, the Kali Gandaki river source is at the border with Tibet at an elevation of 6,268 metres at the Nhubine Himal Glacier in the Mustang region of Nepal. The headwaters stream on some maps is named the Chhuama Khola and then, nearing Lo Manthang, in Kagbeni a major tributary named Johng Khola, Kak Khola or Krishnaa descends from Muktinath. If one measures the depth of a canyon by the difference between the height and the heights of the highest peaks on either side, this gorge is the worlds deepest. The portion of the river directly between Dhaulagiri and Annapurna I,7 kilometres downstream from Tukuche), is at an elevation of 2,520 metres, the river is older than the Himalayas. As tectonic activity forces the mountains higher, the river has cut through the uplift, south of the gorge, the river is joined by Rahughat Khola at Galeshwor, Myagdi Khola at Beni, Modi Khola near Kushma and Badigaad at Rudrabeni above Ridi Bazaar. The river then turns east to run along the edge of the Mahabharat Range. The largest hydroelectricity project in Nepal is located along this stretch of the river, the Gandaki then crosses the outermost foothills of the Himalayas—Sivalik Hills—into the Terai plains of Nepal. From Devighat, the river flows southwest of Gaindakot town, the river later curves back towards the southeast as it enters India where it is called the Gandak. Below Gaindakot the river is known as the Narayani or Sapt Gandaki and these are the Kali Gandaki, the Trishuli River, and the five main tributaries of the Trishuli known as the Daraudi, Seti, Madi, Marsyandi and Budhi. The entry point of the river at the Indo–Nepal border is also the confluence called Triveni with rivers Pachnad, pandai river flows into Bihar from Nepal in the eastern end of the Valmiki Sanctuary and meets Masan. The Gandak flows southeast 300 kilometres across the Gangetic plain of Bihar state through West Champaran, Gopalganj, Saran and it joins the Ganges near Patna just downstream of Hajipur at Sonepur. Its drainage area in India is 7,620 square kilometres, from its exit from the outermost Siwaliks foothills to the Ganges, the Gandak has built an immense megafan comprising Eastern Uttar Pradesh and North Western Bihar in the Middle Gangetic Plains. The megafan consists of sediments eroded from the rapidly uplifting Himalaya, the rivers course over this structure is constantly shifting. It is said that the river has shifted 80 kilometres to the east due to tectonic tilting in the last 5,000 years, the Gandaki river basin is reported to contain 1025 glaciers and 338 lakes
