1.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
–
The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist destination, with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003, as of 2017, the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars, spaced at 6-foot intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background, in the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters. Below the inscription, in the half of the star field. Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year, special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E. M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamor, Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, receives credit in an independent account. A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and a firm was retained to develop specific proposals. By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. By another account, the stars were inspired, by Sugarmans drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars. In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree inside a star on a brown background. The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant, and included such prominent names as Cecil B, deMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz. A requirement stipulated by the audio recording committee specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement, as a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business. The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959, construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting, in October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal. The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin, Jr. sought damages for the exclusion of his father, chaplins suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project. Woodwards name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558, the other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence
Hollywood Walk of Fame
–
6801 Hollywood Boulevard near
Dolby Theatre
Hollywood Walk of Fame
–
A typical Walk of Fame star in the phonograph record category. The charcoal terrazzo contrasts with the pink terrazzo star and brass surround, emblem and lettering.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
–
The Walk of Fame at the 6800 block of Hollywood Boulevard, looking eastward. The Dolby Theatre is in the foreground at left. In the upper left quadrant is the famous intersection of
Hollywood and Highland.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
–
Joanne Woodward 's star, contrary to popular belief, was not the first.
2.
Brooklyn
–
Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
Brooklyn
–
Clockwise from top left:
Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones,
Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch,
Brooklyn Borough Hall,
Coney Island
Brooklyn
–
Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886.
Brooklyn
–
Brooklyn Museum - Hooker's Map of the Village of Brooklyn
Brooklyn
–
A typical dining table in the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, from
The Brooklyn Museum.
3.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
4.
Stand-up
–
Stand-up comedy is a comic style in which a comedian performs in front of a live audience, usually speaking directly to them. The performer is known as a comic, stand-up comic, stand-up comedian. In stand-up comedy, the comedian usually recites a grouping of humorous stories, jokes and one-liners typically called a monologue, routine, some stand-up comedians use props, music, or magic tricks to enhance their acts. Stand-up comedy is often performed in clubs, bars and pubs, nightclubs. Outside of live performance, stand-up is often distributed commercially via television, DVD, CD, in stand-up comedy, the feedback of the audience is instant and crucial for the comedians act. Audiences expect a stand-up comic to provide a stream of laughs. Will Ferrell has called stand-up comedy hard, lonely and vicious, a stand-up comedy show may involve only one comedian, or feature a headline or a showcase format. This is followed by one or two middle or featured acts, who perform 15- to 20-minute sets, followed by a headliner who performs for longer, a showcase format may still feature an MC. Bringer shows are another opportunity for amateur performers, the performer must bring a specified number of paying guests in order to get stage time. The guests usually have to pay a charge and there is often a minimum number of drinks that must be ordered. These shows usually have a showcase format and this type of show gives comedians better exposure than open mics because there is usually better audience turnout and industry professionals sometimes go to watch. Different comedy clubs have different requirements for their bringer shows, gotham Comedy Club in New York City, for example, usually has ten-person bringers, while Broadway Comedy Club in New York City usually has six-person bringers. As the name implies, stand-up comedians usually perform their material while standing, stand-up comedy has its origin in classic Parrhesia in 400 BC used for cynics and epicureans in order to tell the reality without censorship. Stand-up comedy in the United Kingdom began in the halls of the 18th and 19th centuries. The heavy censorship regime of the Lord Chamberlains Office required all comedians to submit their acts for censorship, the act would be returned with unacceptable sections underlined in blue pencil. The comedian was then obliged not to deviate from the act in its edited form, the rise of the post-war comedians coincided with the rise of television and radio, and the traditional music hall circuit suffered greatly as a result. By the 1970s, music hall entertainment was virtually dead, alternative circuits had evolved, such as working mens clubs. The alternative comedy scene began to evolve
Stand-up
–
Bronze statue of Britain's
Max Miller
Stand-up
–
Bob Hope, America's most famous stand-up comedian, during
World War II
Stand-up
–
Lenny Bruce
Stand-up
–
George Carlin in 1969
5.
Film
–
A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
Film
–
A vintage Fox movietone motion picture camera
Film
–
The
Berlin Wintergarten theatre was the site of the first
cinema ever, with a short film presented by the
Skladanowsky brothers on 1 November 1895. The image depicts a July 1940
variety show.
Film
–
A shot from
Georges Méliès Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
Film
–
This
16 mm spring-wound
Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in
film schools.
6.
Television
–
Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
Television
–
Flat-screen televisions for sale at a consumer electronics store
Television
–
The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's "televisor", circa 1926 (The subject is Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson)
Television
–
Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929)
Television
–
Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939
7.
Theatre
–
The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence, the specific place of the performance is also named by the word theatre as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον, itself from θεάομαι. Modern theatre, broadly defined, includes performances of plays and musical theatre, there are connections between theatre and the art forms of ballet, opera and various other forms. The city-state of Athens is where western theatre originated, participation in the city-states many festivals—and mandatory attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience member in particular—was an important part of citizenship. The Greeks also developed the concepts of dramatic criticism and theatre architecture, Actors were either amateur or at best semi-professional. The theatre of ancient Greece consisted of three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play, the origins of theatre in ancient Greece, according to Aristotle, the first theoretician of theatre, are to be found in the festivals that honoured Dionysus. The performances were given in semi-circular auditoria cut into hillsides, capable of seating 10, the stage consisted of a dancing floor, dressing room and scene-building area. Since the words were the most important part, good acoustics, the actors wore masks appropriate to the characters they represented, and each might play several parts. Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the culture of the city-state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE, no tragedies from the 6th century BCE and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century BCE have survived. We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE it was institution alised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrating Dionysus. As contestants in the City Dionysias competition playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays, the performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE, official records begin from 501 BCE, when the satyr play was introduced. More than 130 years later, the philosopher Aristotle analysed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory—his Poetics, Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy. Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the surviving plays of Aristophanes. New Comedy is known primarily from the papyrus fragments of Menander. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of people that involves some kind of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster. In addition to the categories of comedy and tragedy at the City Dionysia, finding its origins in rural, agricultural rituals dedicated to Dionysus, the satyr play eventually found its way to Athens in its most well-known form. Satyrs themselves were tied to the god Dionysus as his loyal companions, often engaging in drunken revelry
Theatre
–
Sarah Bernhardt as
Hamlet, in 1899
Theatre
–
A master (right) and his slave (left) in a
Greek phlyax play, circa 350/340 BCE
Theatre
–
Mosaic depicting masked actors in a play: two women consult a "witch"
Theatre
–
Performer playing
Sugriva in the
Koodiyattam form of
Sanskrit theatre.
8.
Brooklyn College
–
Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, located in the Midwood neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. Brooklyn Colleges origin began in 1910 with the establishment of a division of the City College for Teachers. The school then began offering evening classes for male college students in 1917. With the merger of these branches, Brooklyn College became the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City, the colleges 26-acre campus is known for its beauty, and is often regarded as the poor mans Harvard because of its low tuition and reputation for respectable academics. In 1932, the architect Randolph Evans drafted a plan for the campus on a large plot of land his employer owned in the Midwood section of Brooklyn. He sketched out a Georgian-style campus facing a central quadrangle, Evans presented the sketches to the president of the college at the time, Dr. William A. Boylan. Boylan was pleased with the plans, and the lot of land was purchased for $1.6 million, construction of the new campus began in 1935, with a groundbreaking ceremony attended by then Mayor Fiorello La Guardia and Brooklyn Borough President Raymond Ingersoll. In 1936, then-President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt went to Brooklyn College to lay the cornerstone of the Brooklyn College Gymnasium, President Boylan, Borough President Ingersoll, and President Roosevelt all had buildings on Brooklyn Colleges campus named after them. The campus located in Midwood became the only Brooklyn College campus after the schools Downtown Brooklyn campus was shut down during the 1975 budget emergency, Brooklyn Colleges campus East Quad today looks much as it did when it was originally constructed. The campus also serves as home to the Brooklyn Center for the Performing Arts complex and its four theaters, the demolition of Gershwin Hall, replaced by The Leonard & Claire Tow Center for the Performing Arts, is the most recent construction on an evolving campus. Other changes to the design include the demolition of Plaza Building, due to its inefficient use of space, poor ventilation. To replace Plaza Building the college constructed West Quad Center, designed by the notable Uruguayan architect Rafael Viñoly, the new building contains classroom space, offices, gymnasiums and a swimming pool. It houses the offices of Registration, Admissions, Financial Aid, the grounds contain a quadrangle with grassy areas and trees. New façades are being constructed on Roosevelt and James halls where they connected with Plaza Building. The 2009–10 CUNYAC championship mens team now plays its home games in the West Quad Center. This follows a major renovation that saw the library moved to a temporary home while construction took place. The Brooklyn College library is now located in its location in a completely renovated and expanded LaGuardia Hall. Noted as one of the most beautiful in the United States, in 2006, the Core Curriculum was revamped, and the 13 required courses were replaced with 15 courses in 3 disciplines, from which students were required to take 11
Brooklyn College
–
East Quad: Boylan Hall, LaGuardia Hall Library and Ingersoll Hall
Brooklyn College
–
Brooklyn College
Brooklyn College
–
BC in Winter
Brooklyn College
–
Michael Cunningham
9.
Farce
–
In theatre, a farce is a comedy that aims at entertaining the audience through situations that are highly exaggerated, extravagant, and thus improbable. Farce is also characterized by humor, the use of deliberate absurdity or nonsense. Farces have been written for the stage and film, furthermore, a farce is also often set in one particular location, where all events occur. M. C. P. C. David Croft & Jeremy Lloyd, Allo Allo, ken Friedman, Claptrap Andrew Norriss and Richard Fegen, Chance in a Million Miles Tredinnick, Laugh. Alan Ayckbourn, A Small Family Business Miles Tredinnick, It’s Now Or Never, tom Kempinski, Sex Please, Were Italian. Ray Cooney, Funny Money Robin Hawdon, Perfect Wedding Steven Moffat, Coupling Miles Tredinnick, La Farce de maître Pierre Pathelin The Liar Molière, Tartuffe Molière, The Miser Labiche, La Cagnotte and other plays. These plays are performed as comic relief during the long, serious Noh plays, following stage shows of Umer Shareef are extremely popular. Archer Chowder The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack Scooby-Doo, IMDB list of film and television farces Farce films at Allmovie
Farce
–
Petrov-Vodkin's painting of a theatre audience enjoying a farce.
10.
Black comedy
–
Black comedy or dark comedy is a comic style that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo. Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Black comedy corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. The term black humor was coined by the Surrealist theorist André Breton in 1935 while interpreting the writings of Jonathan Swift. Bretons preference was to some of Swifts writings as a subgenre of comedy and satire in which laughter arises from cynicism and skepticism. Scholars have associated black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes, Breton coined the term for his book Anthology of Black Humor, in which he credited Jonathan Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, and included excerpts from 45 other writers. This victims suffering is trivialized, which leads to sympathizing with the victimizer, as found in the social commentary. Black humor is also related to that of the grotesque genre. Breton identified Swift as the originator of black humor and gallows humor, particularly in his pieces Directions to Servants, A Modest Proposal, A Meditation Upon a Broom-Stick, the terms black comedy or dark comedy have been later derived as alternatives to Bretons term. Bruce Jay Friedman, in his anthology entitled Black Humor, imported the concept of comedy to the United States. He labeled many different authors and works with the idea, arguing that they shared the literary genre. The Friedman label came to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s, early American writers who employed black humor were Nathanael West and Vladimir Nabokov. In 1965 a mass-market paperback titled Black Humor, was released and this was one of the first American anthologies devoted to the conception of black humor as a literary genre, the publication also sparked nationwide interest in black humor. Among the writers labeled as black humorists by journalists and literary critics are Roald Dahl, Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Warren Zevon, John Barth, Joseph Heller, popular themes of the genre include violence, discrimination, disease, sexuality, religion and barbarism. Comedians, like Lenny Bruce, that since the late 1950s have been labeled for using sick comedy by mainstream journalists, have also labeled with black comedy. By contrast, blue comedy focuses more on crude topics such as nudity, sex, in obscene humor, much of the humorous element comes from shock and revulsion, while black comedy might include an element of irony, or even fatalism. For example, the black comedy self-mutilation appears in the English novel Tristram Shandy. Tristram, five years old at the time, starts to urinate out of a window for lack of a chamber pot. The sash falls and circumcises him, his family reacts with both chaotic action and philosophic digression, cringe comedy Comedy horror Macabre Off-color humor
Black comedy
–
'
Hopscotch to oblivion', Barcelona,
Spain
Black comedy
–
An amusing play on words
Black comedy
–
Major "King" Kong riding a nuclear bomb to oblivion, from the film
Dr. Strangelove
11.
Surreal humour
–
Surreal humour is a form of humour predicated on deliberate violations of causal reasoning, producing events and behaviours that are obviously illogical. Constructions of surreal humour tend to involve bizarre juxtapositions, non-sequiturs, the humour arises from a subversion of audiences expectations, so that amusement is founded on unpredictability, separate from a logical analysis of the situation. The humour derived gets its appeal from the fact that the situation described is so ridiculous or unlikely, the genre has roots in Surrealism in the arts. People speak of surreal humour when illogic and absurdity are used for humourous effect, many of Edward Lears children stories and poems contain nonsense and are basically surreal in approach. Besides that, it was bordered by evanescent isthmuses with a great Gulf-stream running about all over it, so that it was perfectly beautiful, and contained only a single tree,503 feet high. In the early 20th century, several movements, including the dadaists, surrealists. The goals of these movements were in some serious, and they were committed to undermining the solemnity. As a result, much of their art was intentionally amusing, a famous example is Marcel Duchamps Fountain, an inverted urinal signed R. Mutt. This became one of the most famous and influential pieces of art in history and it is also a joke, relying on the inversion of the items function as expressed by its title as well as its incongruous presence in an art exhibition. The word surreal first began to be used to describe a type of aesthetic of the early 1920s, surreal humour is also found frequently in avant-garde theatre such as Waiting for Godot and Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead. In the United States, S. J. Perelman has been identified as the first surrealist humour writer, artists like Yoko Ono, Andy Warhol, Donald Barthelme, Italo Calvino, John Hodgman, and many others have relied on this technique in their work. Surrealist humour has played an important role in culture, especially since The Goon Show, Ernie Kovacs. Spike Milligan has been an influence with his absurdist pieces. One of his earliest works in radio, The Goon Show, has inspired many other absurdist comedians and was popular at the time. Spike Milligan went on to create a TV show in 1969, in turn, the Pythons influenced many with their groundbreaking series Monty Pythons Flying Circus. In the 1980s, when the alternative comedy era had begun, absurdist comedians were working the circuit, with the success of The Comic Strip Presents. Featuring as one of the first aired pieces for Channel 4 and this was a very absurdist sitcom based on four university students. Both Monty Python and The Young Ones featured a structure and many absurdities
Surreal humour
–
Edward Lear, Aged 73 and a Half and His Cat Foss, Aged 16, is a lithograph by Edward Lear from 1885
Surreal humour
–
Marcel Duchamp 's
Fountain (1917), an inverted urinal signed "R. Mutt".
12.
Jewish culture
–
Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people from the formation of the Jewish nation in biblical times through life in the diaspora and the modern state of Israel. Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and belief, so that it has been called not only a religion, not all individuals or all cultural phenomena can be classified as either secular or religious, a distinction native to Enlightenment thinking. Secular Judaism, is a phenomenon related to Jewish secularization - a historical process of divesting all of these elements of culture from their religious beliefs. Secular Judaism, derived from the philosophy of Moses Mendelssohn, arose out of the Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment, in recent years, the academic field of study has encompassed Jewish Studies, History, Literature, Sociology, and Linguistics. Historian David Biale has traced the roots of Jewish secularism back to the pre-modern era, additionally, many schools include the academic study of Judaism and Jewish culture in their curricula. This phenomenon has led to different variations of Jewish culture unique to their own communities. There has not been a political unity of Jewish society since the united monarchy, Medieval Jewish communities in Eastern Europe continued to display distinct cultural traits over the centuries. Constantin Măciucă writes of a differentiated but not isolated Jewish spirit permeating the culture of Yiddish-speaking Jews and this was only intensified as the rise of Romanticism amplified the sense of national identity across Europe generally. The Haskalah combined with the Jewish Emancipation movement under way in Central, at the same time, pogroms in Eastern Europe provoked a surge of migration, in large part to the United States, where some 2 million Jewish immigrants resettled between 1880 and 1920. By 1931, shortly before The Holocaust, 92% of the Worlds Jewish population was Ashkenazi in origin, secularism originated in Europe as series of movements that militated for a new, heretofore unheard-of concept called secular Judaism. During the 1940s, the Holocaust uprooted and destroyed most of the Jewish communities living in much of Europe and this, in combination with the creation of the State of Israel and the consequent Jewish exodus from Arab lands, resulted in a further geographic shift. Gary Tobin, head of the Institute for Jewish and Community Research, said of traditional Jewish culture, every religious attribute is filled with culture, every cultural act filled with religiosity. Synagogues themselves are great centers of Jewish culture, after all, what is life really about. Food, relationships, enrichment … So is Jewish life, so many of our traditions inherently contain aspects of culture. Look at the Passover Seder — its essentially great theater, Jewish education and religiosity bereft of culture is not as interesting. Jewish philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Jews, or in relation to the religion of Judaism, the Jewish philosophy is extended over several main eras in Jewish history, including the ancient and biblical era, medieval era and modern era. The ancient Jewish philosophy is expressed in the bible, other writings related to philosophy can be found in the Deuterocanonical books such as Sirach and Book of Wisdom. During the Hellenistic era, Hellenistic Judaism aspired to combine Jewish religious tradition with elements of Greek culture, the philosopher Philo used philosophical allegory to attempt to fuse and harmonize Greek philosophy with Jewish philosophy
Jewish culture
–
Various stages of a Jewish male's life.
Jewish culture
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Sephardi Jewish couple from Sarajevo in traditional clothing. Photo taken in 1900.
Jewish culture
–
The Guide for the Perplexed,
Maimonides (circa 1190)
Jewish culture
–
The opening page of Spinoza's magnum opus,
Ethics
13.
World news
–
World news or international news or even foreign coverage is the news media jargon for news from abroad, about a country or a global subject. Although in most of the English-speaking world this field is not usually regarded as a specialization for journalists. Since these papers were aimed at bankers and merchants, they brought news from other markets. In any case, it is worthy to remark that nation-states were still incipient in 17th-century Europe, the first news agencies were then founded, like AFP, Reuters, Wolff and the AP. War journalism is one of the best known subfields of world news, there are essentially two types of reporters who do foreign reporting, the foreign correspondent and the special envoy. The correspondent is a reporter based in a city covering a region. He or she regularly files stories to the news editor, he/she gathers materials for these stories from local officials, members of the community, and the local media, as well as from events he/she directly witnesses. The number of correspondents has dropped significantly over the past 20 years or more. Often, a company is either uninterested or unable to afford to support a single correspondent. In some places, they cannot obtain visas due to political constraints, in recent years, the drop in foreign correspondents has been due to cutbacks within media companies. Since they have no salary, stringers usually produce material for different companies at once. A news agency is an organization of journalists established to supply news reports to news organizations, newspapers, magazines, such an agency may also be referred to as a wire service, newswire or news service. The bulk of major news agency services contains foreign news and they provide these articles in bulk electronically through wire services. Corporations, individuals, analysts and intelligence agencies may also subscribe, world News Global news flow Afghanistanism Clausen, L. Copenhagen Business School Press DK Desmond, R. W, arno Press Friedland, L. A. Covering the world, international television news services, essay. Ginneken, J. Understanding global news, a critical introduction, the world news prism, global media in an era of terrorism. Iowa State Press Malek, A. Kavoori, A. P, the global dynamics of news, studies in international news coverage and news agenda. Sreberny, A. ed. International news in the 21st century, john Libbey Pub. for University of Luton Press Richstad, J. Anderson, M. H
World news
–
Journalism
14.
Human behavior
–
Human Behaviour is a song by Icelandic recording artist Björk from her album Debut. The song was released in June 1993, the song was produced by Björks longtime collaborator Nellee Hooper. Human Behaviour is an art pop song with lyrics reflecting upon human nature, the song and music video were inspired by British broadcaster and naturalist David Attenborough. Critics praised Human Behaviour and deemed it a highlight of the album, the song was an underground smash, which peaked at number two on the dance charts and reached number 36 in the UK Singles Chart. The music video was directed by Michel Gondry and is the first time the two collaborated, the video, as the song, is a story about the relation between humans and animals, from the animal point of view. Human Behaviour was written by Nellee Hooper and Björk, and was produced by Hooper, the song was first written in 1988 when Björk was still the leading singer of The Sugarcubes, but she decided not to release it with the band. The song was inspired by David Attenborough documentaries and by the relation between humans and animals, Björk explained to Rolling Stone, talking about the inspiration for the song, Human Behaviour is an animals point of view on humans. And the animals are definitely supposed to win in the end, the song was also inspired by the riff from Ray Brown Orchestras Go Down Dying. This is the first song on the Isobel song cycle, a cycle in Björks discography which goes from Human Behaviour to Wanderlust. The B-side contained in the edition of the single is the reggae-influenced Atlantic. Its lyrics talks about Björks family, My son has eight grandmothers and eight grandfathers and its about the love, Human Behaviour bears influences from electronica, alternative rock and alternative dance. The melody-line of Human Behaviour was originally called Murder for Two, however, the band didnt know what music to play to the melody-line, so Björk used it for her debut album. The percussion intro is a mix between African and Asian rhythms and contains a sample from Go Down Dying by Brazilian artist Antonio Carlos Jobim, the song opens with sounds of drums and snapping, during the second verse a bass is heard. Björk sings the bridge accompanied by strings, the song continues with a keyboard solo and finishes as Björk sings Theres definitely, definitely, definitely no logic/Human. In the album version, as the song out, the second track Crying begins. The music video was directed by Michel Gondry, and this was the first time he, Björk talked about the video in an interview with Rolling Stone, Human Behaviour is an animals point of view on humans. And the animals are definitely supposed to win in the end, so why, one might ask, is the conquering bear presented as a man-made toy. I guess I just didnt think it would be fair to force an animal to act in a video, I mean, that would be an extension of what Im against
Human behavior
–
"Human Behaviour"
15.
Anne Bancroft
–
Anna Maria Louisa Italiano, known professionally as Anne Bancroft, was an American actress associated with the method acting school, having studied under Lee Strasberg. Respected for her acting prowess and versatility, Bancroft was acknowledged for her work in film, theatre and she won one Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards, two Golden Globes, two Tony Awards and two Emmy Awards, and several other awards and nominations. She won both an Oscar for her work in the film, and a Tony for the role in the play. On Broadway in 1965, she played a medieval nun obsessed with a priest in John Whitings play The Devils and she was perhaps best known as the seductress, Mrs. Robinson, in The Graduate, a role that she later stated had come to overshadow her other work. Bancroft received several other Oscar nominations and continued in lead roles until the late 1980s, in 1987, she starred with Anthony Hopkins in 84 Charing Cross Road. In the 1990s she returned to supporting roles in films, and she received Emmy and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, for The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone, as well as an Emmy nomination for 2001s Haven. Bancroft was born Anna Maria Louisa Italiano in the Bronx, New York, Bancrofts parents were both children of Italian immigrants. In an interview, she stated her family was originally from Muro Lucano and she was raised in the Belmont neighborhood of the Bronx, later moving to 1580 Zerega Ave. and graduated from Christopher Columbus High School in 1948. She later attended HB Studio, the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, the Actors Studio, after appearing in a number of live television dramas under the name Anne Marno, she was told to change her surname for her film debut in Dont Bother to Knock. In 1958, Bancroft made her Broadway debut as lovelorn, Bronx-accented Gittel Mosca opposite Henry Fonda in William Gibsons two-character play Two for the Seesaw, for Gittel, she won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play. She took the role to Hollywood, and won the Academy Award for Best Actress. She had returned to Broadway to star in Mother Courage and Her Children, so Joan Crawford accepted Bancrofts Oscar on her behalf, Bancroft is one of the few actors to have won an Academy Award and a Tony Award for the same role. Bancroft co-starred as a medieval nun obsessed with a priest in the 1965 Broadway production of John Whitings play The Devils, produced by Alexander H. Cohen and directed by Michael Cacoyannis, it ran for 63 performances. Bancroft received a second Academy Award nomination in 1965 for her performance in The Pumpkin Eater and her best-known role during this period was Mrs. Robinson in The Graduate, for which she received a third Academy Award nomination. In the film, she played a married woman who seduces a family friend. In the movie, Hoffmans character later dates and falls in love with her daughter, Bancroft was ambivalent about her appearance in The Graduate, she stated in several interviews that the role overshadowed all of her other work. Despite her character becoming an archetype of the older woman role, a CBS television special, Annie, the Women in the Life of a Man, won Bancroft an Emmy Award for her singing and acting. Bancroft is one of few entertainers to win an Oscar, an Emmy
Anne Bancroft
–
Bancroft in 1964
Anne Bancroft
–
Bancroft with
Patty Duke in the stage production of
The Miracle Worker, 1960
Anne Bancroft
–
Bancroft with
Mel Brooks at the
1991 Cannes Film Festival.
16.
Max Brooks
–
Maximillian Michael Brooks is an American horror author and screenwriter, as well as a television and voice-over actor. He is the son of comedy filmmaker Mel Brooks and actress Anne Bancroft, much of Brookss writing focuses on zombie stories. Max Brooks was born in New York City, the son of actress Anne Bancroft and director, producer, writer and his father is Jewish and his mother was of Italian descent. Brooks is dyslexic and attended Crossroads School in Santa Monica, California and he studied at Pitzer College in Claremont, California, where he earned a bachelors degree in history. He spent a semester at the University of the Virgin Islands and he graduated from American University in Washington, D. C. in 1994. From 2001 to 2003, Brooks was a member of the team at Saturday Night Live. His first book, The Zombie Survival Guide, published by Three Rivers Press, describes in depth the origin, the book was followed up by The Zombie Survival Guide, Recorded Attacks, a graphic novel depicting several of the events detailed in the first books latter section. In 2006, Brooks followed with World War Z, An Oral History of the Zombie War, paramount Pictures acquired the movie rights, and Brad Pitts production company, Plan B Entertainment, produced the film. In 2013, Cemetery Dance published a new limited Edition of the World War Z novel, jeremy Caniglia created all new artwork for this special release to coincide with the film release. Brooks wrote the introduction for the collected edition of Dynamite Entertainments zombie miniseries Raise the Dead. The New Dead, an anthology of previously unpublished zombie stories edited by Christopher Golden, contains an additional World War Z story titled Closure, in 2010, Brooks wrote the IDW comic book mini-series G. I. In 2011, he wrote the foreword for Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Zombies, in 2012, he published Closure, Limited, featuring the story of that name from The New Dead, along with three other short stories set in the World War Z universe. Sony Pictures has purchased the rights to create a version of the novel, with Caleeb Pinkett. In 2016, Brooks was invited to Minecon 2016 and announced that he was working on a new novel on Minecraft, Brooks has a number of other creative credits. As an actor, he has seen in Roseanne, To Be or Not to Be, Pacific Blue. He also has a career voicing animation, his voice has featured in the animated shows Batman Beyond, Buzz Lightyear of Star Command, Justice League and All Dogs Go to Heaven. During the start of the 3rd season of Lost Tapes, he was cast as himself in the zombie episode and he also appeared on the Discovery Channels Sons of Guns in a zombie gun build off. Brooks has been married to playwright Michelle Kholos since 2003 and they have one son, Henry Michael Brooks, and live in Venice, California
Max Brooks
–
Max Brooks at
Wizard World 2008.
Max Brooks
–
Max Brooks with father
Mel Brooks in April 2010
17.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
18.
United States Army
–
The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, the United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775. As a uniformed service, the Army is part of the Department of the Army. As a branch of the forces, the mission of the U. S. The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States, the United States Army serves as the land-based branch of the U. S. Section 3062 of Title 10, U. S, the army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, French aid, resources, a number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who taught Prussian Army tactics and organizational skills. The army fought numerous pitched battles and in the South in 1780–81 sometimes used the Fabian strategy and hit-and-run tactics, hitting where the British were weakest, to wear down their forces. Washington led victories against the British at Trenton and Princeton, but lost a series of battles in the New York and New Jersey campaign in 1776, with a decisive victory at Yorktown, and the help of the French, the Continental Army prevailed against the British. After the war, though, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates, State militias became the new nations sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Points arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Native Americans, it was realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The War of 1812, the second and last war between the United States and Great Britain, had mixed results. After taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the U. S. Army seized parts of western Upper Canada, burned York and defeated Tecumseh, which caused his Western Confederacy to collapse. Following U. S. victories in the Canadian province of Upper Canada, British troops, were able to capture and burn Washington, which was defended by militia, in 1814. Two weeks after a treaty was signed, Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and Siege of Fort St. Philip, U. S. troops and sailors captured HMS Cyane, Levant, and Penguin in the final engagements of the war. Per the treaty, both sides, the United States and Great Britain, returned to the status quo. Both navies kept the warships they had seized during the conflict, the armys major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars to defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma
United States Army
–
Storming of Redoubt #10 in the
Siege of Yorktown during the
American Revolutionary War prompted the British government to begin negotiations, resulting in the
Treaty of Paris and British recognition of the United States of America.
United States Army
–
Emblem of the United States Department of the Army
United States Army
–
General
Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking
Highlanders during the
defense of New Orleans, the final major battle of the War of 1812
United States Army
–
The
Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War
19.
Corporal
–
Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations. Within NATO, each member nations corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-4, however, there are often differences in how each nation employs Corporals. Some militaries dont have Corporals, but may instead have a Junior Sergeant, in some militaries, the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers. The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldiers pay, as the Table of Organization & Equipment rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant. In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system, the word is derived from the medieval Italian phrase capo corporale. It may also be derived from an appointment as an officers bodyguard, all three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic use two or three ranks of corporal, or cabo. Corporals in the Argentine military are considered suboficiales subalternos, superior only to all ranks of Volunteers, in the Argentine Army, there are two ranks of corporal, junior and senior, Cabo and cabo primero. While the Argentine Navy has three ranks, from junior to senior, Cabo segundo, Cabo primero and cabo principal. The Air Force has the number of corporal ranks as the navy. The rank is used by the Argentine National Gendarmerie and the Argentine Federal Police. Corporal is the second lowest of the officer ranks in the Australian Army. A corporal is usually appointed as a commander, and is in charge of 7-14 soldiers of private rank. They are assisted by a second-in-command, usually a lance-corporal or senior private, a Corporal within Artillery is known as a bombardier. Corporal is also a rank of the Royal Australian Air Force, with the exception Belgian Naval Component, the branches of the Belgian Armed Forces use three ranks of corporal, corporal, master corporal and 1st master corporal. Corporal is equivalent to NATO Rank Code OR-3, whereas master corporal, the rank immediately below corporal is 1st private and the rank directly above 1st master corporal is sergeant. The equivalent of these ranks in the Naval Component are quartermaster, chief quartermaster, Corporal is the first NCO rank of the Army, Navy, Air Force and states military polices. Soldiers who successfully complete the course may be promoted to the rank of corporal should they excel in the course. A corporal in the Brazilian Army will lead the smallest fractions of units as machine gun squads, mortar, Corporal is an Army and Air Force non-commissioned member rank of the Canadian Forces
Corporal
–
An Australian Army cadet corporal's uniform.
Corporal
–
Shoulder strap SS-Unterscharführer (SS-Junker)
20.
78th Infantry Division (United States)
–
A portion of Interstate 78 in Pennsylvania is also named after the 78th division. The 78th Infantry Division of the United States Army was activated on 23 August 1917 at Camp Dix and it consisted of four infantry regiments – the 309th, 310th, 311th and 312th and three artillery Regiments – the 307th, 308th and 309th. The division was allocated to New York and northern Pennsylvania in the National Army plan. Whilst the HQ of the 78th Division was activated in August, with the first draftees arriving in September and it was transported to France in May and June 1918. In France, during the summer and fall of 1918, it was the point of the wedge of the offensive which knocked out Germany. The 78th was in three major campaigns during World War I – Meuse-Argonne, St. Mihiel, and Lorraine, demobilization at the end of the war took place in June 1919. HQ, 78th Division was returned to the Organized Reserve List, roll of Honor, two Medal of Honor recipients Casualties, Total-7,144. Commanders, Maj. Gen. C. W. Kennedy, Brig. Gen. J. S. Mallory, Brig. Gen. James T. Dean, Maj. Gen. Hugh L. Scott, Brig. Gen. James T. Dean, Maj. Gen. J. H. McRae. In World War II, the 78th Division was reactivated at Camp Butner, North Carolina on 15 August 1942. It was designated as a replacement pool division on 1 October 1942, and remained in this assignment until 1 March 1943, when the 78th Division was restored to field duty, and to its training regimen. 78th Division moved to the Carolina Maneuver Area on 15 November 1943 to test its training, the personnel then went on Christmas leave, and deployed to the Tennessee Maneuver Area on 25 January 1944, where they participated in the 5th Second Army Tennessee Maneuvers. They then moved to Camp Pickett, Virginia, where they filled their TO&E, then deployed to the area at Camp Kilmer. After two years as a division, the 78th embarked for the European Theatre from the New York POE on 14 October 1944. They arrived on 26 October 1944, and after further training crossed to France on 22 November 1944, after landing in France, the division moved to Tongeren, Belgium on 27 November 1944, and to Rotgen, Germany on 7 December 1944, to prepare for combat. The 311th Infantry Regiment was attached to the 8th Armored Division in the Hurtgen Forest,10 December, the 309th and 310th Infantry Regiments relieved elements of the 1st Division in the line in the vicinity of Entenpfuhl, 1–12 December. The 78th held the area it had taken from the Siegfried Line against the violent German attacks throughout the winter. The Division attacked,30 January 1945, and took Kesternich,2 February, the town of Schmidt on the 8th, in the advance, the Roer River was crossed,28 February, and the division joined the offensive of the First and Ninth Armies toward the Rhine. That river was crossed over the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen,8 March, by the 310th Regiment and that unit, attached to the 9th Armored and acting as a motorized unit had driven across Germany capturing Euskirchen, Rheinbach, and Bad Neuenahr
78th Infantry Division (United States)
–
Private James W. Brown of the United States Army's 78th Infantry Division. He was part of the 308 Supply Company Field Artillery during World War I. The photo was taken somewhere in France during his tour in the war
78th Infantry Division (United States)
–
78th Infantry Division shoulder sleeve insignia
78th Infantry Division (United States)
–
Evert VanderRoest, before being sent to Europe as a part of the United States Army's 78th Infantry Division during World War II.
78th Infantry Division (United States)
–
On parade in Berlin, 8 May 1946
21.
Battle of the Bulge
–
The Battle of the Bulge was the last major German offensive campaign of World War II. It was launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France, the surprise attack caught the Allied forces completely off guard. American forces bore the brunt of the attack and incurred their highest casualties of any operation during the war, the battle also severely depleted Germanys armoured forces on the Western Front, and they were largely unable to replace them. German personnel and later, Luftwaffe aircraft, also sustained heavy losses, the Germans officially referred to the offensive as Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein, while the Allies designated it the Ardennes Counteroffensive. The phrase Battle of the Bulge was coined by contemporary press to describe the bulge in German front lines on wartime news maps, once that was accomplished, the German dictator Adolf Hitler believed he could fully concentrate on the Soviets on the Eastern Front. The offensive was planned by the German forces with utmost secrecy, with minimal radio traffic and movements of troops, intercepted German communications indicating a substantial German offensive preparation were not acted upon by the Allies. The Germans achieved total surprise on the morning of 16 December 1944, due to a combination of Allied overconfidence, preoccupation with Allied offensive plans, and poor aerial reconnaissance. The Germans attacked a weakly defended section of the Allied line, columns of armor and infantry that were supposed to advance along parallel routes found themselves on the same roads. This, and terrain that favored the defenders, threw the German advance behind schedule, improved weather conditions permitted air attacks on German forces and supply lines, which sealed the failure of the offensive. In the wake of the defeat, many experienced German units were left severely depleted of men and equipment, the Germans initial attack involved 406,000 men,1,214 tanks, tank destroyers, and assault guns, and 4,224 artillery pieces. These were reinforced a couple of later, bringing the offensives total strength to around 450,000 troops. Between 67,200 and 125,000 of their men were killed, missing, for the Americans, out of 610,000 troops involved in the battle,89,000 were casualties. While some sources report that up to 19,000 were killed, British historian Antony Beevor reports the number killed as 8,407. It was the largest and bloodiest battle fought by the United States in World War II, after the breakout from Normandy at the end of July 1944 and the Allied landings in southern France on 15 August 1944, the Allies advanced toward Germany more quickly than anticipated. The Allies were faced with several military logistics issues, - troops were fatigued by weeks of continuous combat supply lines were stretched extremely thin supplies were dangerously depleted. General Dwight D. Eisenhower and his staff chose to hold the Ardennes region which was occupied by the U. S, the Allies chose to defend the Ardennes with as few troops as possible due to the favorable terrain and limited Allied operational objectives in the area. They also had intelligence that the Wehrmacht was using the area across the German border as an area for its troops. The speed of the Allied advance coupled with a lack of deep-water ports presented the Allies with enormous supply problems
Battle of the Bulge
–
American soldiers of the 117th Infantry Regiment, Tennessee National Guard, part of the
30th Infantry Division, move past a destroyed American
M5 "Stuart" tank on their march to recapture the town of
St. Vith during the Battle of the Bulge in January 1945.
Battle of the Bulge
–
Paratroopers of the
U.S. 82nd Airborne Division dropping on Grave, during
Operation Market Garden, September 1944.
Battle of the Bulge
–
Situation on the Western Front as of 15 December 1944
Battle of the Bulge
–
Sepp Dietrich led the Sixth Panzer Army in the northernmost attack route.
22.
Parody
–
A parody is a work created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on an original work—its subject, author, style, or some other target—by means of satiric or ironic imitation. As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it, parody … is imitation, another critic, Simon Dentith, defines parody as any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice. Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music, animation, gaming, the writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies, that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche and burlesque. According to Aristotle, Hegemon of Thasos was the inventor of a kind of parody, in ancient Greek literature, a parodia was a narrative poem imitating the style and prosody of epics but treating light, satirical or mock-heroic subjects. Indeed, the components of the Greek word are παρά para beside, counter, against, Thus, the original Greek word παρῳδία parodia has sometimes been taken to mean counter-song, an imitation that is set against the original. The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, defines parody as imitation turned as to produce a ridiculous effect, because par- also has the non-antagonistic meaning of beside, there is nothing in parodia to necessitate the inclusion of a concept of ridicule. Old Comedy contained parody, even the gods could be made fun of, the Frogs portrays the hero-turned-god Heracles as a Glutton and the God of Drama Dionysus as cowardly and unintelligent. The traditional trip to the Underworld story is parodied as Dionysus dresses as Heracles to go to the Underworld, roman writers explained parody as an imitation of one poet by another for humorous effect. In French Neoclassical literature, parody was also a type of poem where one work imitates the style of another to produce a humorous effect, the Ancient Greeks created satyr plays which parodied tragic plays, often with performers dressed like satyrs. In classical music, as a term, parody refers to a reworking of one kind of composition into another. The term is sometimes applied to procedures common in the Baroque period. The musicological definition of the parody has now generally been supplanted by a more general meaning of the word. In its more contemporary usage, musical parody usually has humorous, even satirical intent, in which familiar musical ideas or lyrics are lifted into a different, often incongruous, context. Musical parodies may imitate or refer to the style of a composer or artist. For example, The Ritz Roll and Rock, a song and dance performed by Fred Astaire in the movie Silk Stockings, parodies the Rock. Conversely, while the work of Weird Al Yankovic is based on particular popular songs. The first usage of the parody in English cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is in Ben Jonson, in Every Man in His Humour in 1598, A Parodie. The next citation comes from John Dryden in 1693, who also appended an explanation, suggesting that the word was in common use, in the 20th century, parody has been heightened as the central and most representative artistic device, the catalysing agent of artistic creation and innovation
Parody
–
Comedian
Charlie Chaplin impersonating
Hitler for comic effect in the satirical film
The Great Dictator (1940)
Parody
–
Screenshot of a scene in
Jurassic Park (1993) featuring a
Tyrannosaurus rex (left), parodied by Rex the Dinosaur in
Toy Story 2 (1999).
Parody
–
Satirical political cartoon that appeared in
Puck magazine, October 9, 1915. Caption "I did not raise my girl to be a voter" parodies the anti-
World War I song "
I Didn't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier ". A chorus of disreputable men support a lone anti-suffrage woman.
Parody
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Reggie Brown, a voice actor and
Barack Obama impersonator
23.
Your Show of Shows
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Your Show of Shows is a live 90-minute variety show that was broadcast weekly in the United States on NBC from February 25,1950, through June 5,1954, featuring Sid Caesar and Imogene Coca. Other featured performers were Carl Reiner, Howard Morris, Bill Hayes, Judy Johnson, The Hamilton Trio, josé Ferrer made several guest appearances on the series. In 2002, Your Show of Shows was ranked #30 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, in 2013, it was ranked #37 on TV Guides 60 Best Series of All Time. The 90-minute live series was produced by Sylvester Pat Weaver and directed by Max Liebman, Caesar, Coca, and Liebman had worked on Admiral Broadway Revue from January to June 1949. The Chicago portion was dropped at the end of the 1950-51 season, as author Ted Sennett described, stars Caesar, Coca, Carl Reiner, and Howard Morris. appeared in a series of superbly written sketches that poked fun at human foibles and pretensions. Alone onstage, Imogene Coca would make us laugh at a passion-ridden torch singer, or a daffy ballerina, or a sweet, wistful tramp. Together, Caesar and Coca would take us through the hilarious marital tribulations of Doris and Charlie Hickenlooper, Coca recalled, There was a special chemistry to Your Show of Shows, I think, because Max wasnt afraid to throw out material at the last minute. And I think when you do live television — well, we stopped for nothing and we had no cue cards, no TelePrompTers, and no ad-libbing on the air, because Max would have died if anybody had ad-libbed. It would have been utter disgrace, and you would have been drummed out of the corps. Nobody ever forgot a line, and that was the part of it. A common misconception is that Larry Gelbart wrote for Your Show of Shows, in fact, he wrote for its program, Caesars Hour. Likewise, Woody Allen did not write for Your Show of Shows, Carl Reiner has stated that the time he spent on Your Show of Shows was the inspiration for The Dick Van Dyke Show. Your Show of Shows also inspired the 1982 movie My Favorite Year, produced by Mel Brooks, by the 1953-1954 season, even though the ratings had slipped a little, Your Show of Shows remained extremely popular with viewers. However, in the spring of 1954, it was decided to break up the team of Caesar and Coca and, beginning in the fall of 1954. As a result, Your Show Of Shows ended its run on June 5,1954. In 1976, this was followed by a syndicated series. The Paley Center for Media in Manhattan and Beverly Hills, California holds an almost complete set of the series, and a set of master tapes of the 1976 syndicated series. In 2000, a cache of original scripts from the show were found in a closet of producer Max Liebman, the find made the front page of The New York Times
Your Show of Shows
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Imogene Coca and Sid Caesar in a 1952 skit.
24.
Carl Reiner
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Carl Reiner is an American actor, director, producer, and writer of comedy whose career spans nearly seven decades. During the early years of comedy, from 1950 to 1957, he co-wrote and acted on Caesars Hour and Your Show of Shows. In the 1960s Reiner was best known as the creator, producer, writer, Reiner played a comedy duo in 2000 Year Old Man with Mel Brooks, and acted in films such as The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming and the Oceans Trilogy. Reiner has won twelve Emmy Awards and one Grammy Award during his career and he is the father of actor and director Rob Reiner and author Annie Reiner. Reiner was born in the Bronx, New York City, New York on March 20,1922, the son of Irving, who was a watchmaker and his parents were Jewish immigrants, his mother from Romania and his father from Austria. His older brother Charlie served in the 9th Divisions 37th Infantry at 11 major World War II battles and had his ashes buried at Arlington National Cemetery. At age 16, Charlie read in the New York Daily News about a dramatic workshop being put on by the Works Progress Administration. His uncle Harry Mathias was the first entertainer in his family and he had been working as a machinist repairing sewing machines. He credits Charlie with changing his career plans, Reiner was drafted into the Army Air Forces in 1943 and served during World War II, eventually achieving the rank of corporal. During language training, he had his first experience as a director, in 1944, after completing language training, he was sent to Hawaii to work as a teleprinter operator. The night before he was to out for an unknown assignment. Following an audition for actor and Major Maurice Evans, he was transferred to the Special Services, Reiner performed around the Pacific theater, entertaining troops in Hawaii, Guam, Saipan, Tinian, and Iwo Jima for the next two years. Reiner performed in several Broadway musicals and had the role in Call Me Mister. In 1950, he was cast by producer Max Leibman in Sid Caesars Your Show of Shows, appearing on air in skits while also working alongside writers, such as Mel Brooks and Neil Simon. Reiner also worked on Caesars Hour with Brooks, Simon, Larry Gelbart, Mel Tolkin, Mike Stewart, Aaron Ruben, Sheldon Keller, starting in 1960, Reiner teamed with Brooks as a comedy duo on The Steve Allen Show. Their performances on television and stage included Reiner playing the man in 2000 Year Old Man. Eventually, the routine expanded into a series of 5 comedy albums, the act gave Brooks an identity as a comic performer for the first time, said Reiner. Brookss biographer, William Holtzman, called their 12-minute act a jazz improvisation
Carl Reiner
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Carl Reiner on the set of
Good Heavens in 1976
Carl Reiner
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Reiner with
Goldie Hawn on the set of
Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In on January 16, 1970
Carl Reiner
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Reiner at a ceremony for
Mel Brooks on April 23, 2010
Carl Reiner
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Reiner's star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6421 Hollywood Blvd
25.
2000 Year Old Man
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The 2000 Year Old Man is a persona in a comedy skit, originally created by Mel Brooks and Carl Reiner in 1961. Mel Brooks played the oldest man in the world, interviewed by Carl Reiner in a series of routines that appeared on television. In a Yiddish accent, Brooks would improvise answers to such as the earliest known language, manufacturing the Star of David (I employed six men, see. They would run together in the middle of the factory, and in the speed, they would fuse. I would make two a day, because of the many ACCidents, manufacturing the cross, and Joan of Arc, the inspiration for the skit was a tape-recorded exchange between Brooks and Reiner at a party that took place at Brooks beachfront house in Lonelyville, on Fire Island. The tape recorder was brought into the mix shortly after the opening salvos, in 1961, when the duo began doing the skit on television, Brooks had just undergone surgery for gout. Brooks and Reiner have released five comedy albums, the 2000 Year Old Man character appeared on one track for each of the first three albums, and the entirety of the final two. A half-hour animated television special, The 2000 Year Old Man, premiered January 11,1975 and this special has since been released on VHS videocassette and DVD. The musical introduction was Bachs Sinfonia to Cantata #29 performed on a Moog synthesizer by Mort Garson, all five comedy albums were compiled and newly remastered on a 3-CD/1-DVD Box Set by Shout. Many of the jokes were brought to the screen in Brooks film History of the World. Mel Brooks appeared as the 2000 Year Old Man to help celebrate the 2000th episode of the original Jeopardy, hosted by Art Fleming, in which the three highest-scoring undefeated champions at that point returned to play an abbreviated game for charities. During his pre-game appearance he recounted how the show was done 2,000 years earlier – It wasnt this hippy-happy-dappy game youve got here, the moment you walked out of your cave – Jeopardy. On the March 17,2014 airing of the current Jeopardy, hosted by Alex Trebek, Brooks and Reiner read an entire category of clues as their characters. Mel Brooks adapted the character to create the 2500 Year Old Brewmaster for Ballantine Beer in the 1960s, interviewed by Dick Cavett in a series of ads, the Brewmaster said he was inside the original Trojan horse and couldve used a six-pack of fresh air. In the episode of The Simpsons entitled Homer vs. Patty and Selma, Mel Brooks appears as himself, after Homer incorrectly identifies the act as The 2000-Pound man thing, he and Brooks engage in a brief sketch, with Homer playing the part of Carl Reiner. When Homer is pulled over by the police, Chief Wiggum offers to give Brooks a ride, Brooks agrees, but asks if he can play Reiners part. In the episode of Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip entitled The Option Period, comedy writer Rick Tahoe uses The 2000 Year Old Man as an example of an ideal comedy sketch
2000 Year Old Man
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Rhino Records' 2000 Year Old Man boxed set of albums one through four
26.
Buck Henry
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Henry Zuckerman, credited as Buck Henry, is an American actor, writer, film director, and television director. He has been nominated for an Academy Award twice, in 1968 for Best Adapted Screenplay for The Graduate, Henry attended The Choate School and Dartmouth College, where he met Bob Rafelson, and also worked on the Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern humor magazine. Henrys dry humor attracted attention in the entertainment community and he became a cast member on TV programs such as The New Steve Allen Show and That Was The Week That Was. He was a co-creator and writer for Get Smart, with Mel Brooks and he also played Dr. Victor Rudman, a fractile scientist who dated Murphy, on the My Dinner With Einstein episode of Murphy Brown. He appeared on the television show Will and Grace in 2005, in 2007, he made two guest appearances on The Daily Show as a contributor, billed as the shows Senior Senior Correspondent. He has also appeared as Liz Lemons father, Dick Lemon, in the 30 Rock episodes Ludachristmas, in 2011, he appeared in a multi-episode arc of Hot in Cleveland as Elkas groom. Henry hosted NBCs Saturday Night Live 10 times between 1976 and 1980 and it became a tradition in those years for him to host the final show of each season. Henry also hosted the live remote attempted by SNL, broadcast live from Mardi Gras in New Orleans. Henrys frequent host record would be broken when Steve Martin hosted the 14th season finale in 1989, during the October 30,1976 episode, Buck Henry was injured in the forehead by John Belushis katana in the samurai sketch. Henrys head began to bleed and he was forced to wear a bandage on his forehead for the rest of the show. As a gag, the members of the SNL cast each wore a bandage on their foreheads as well, uncle Roy, a single, pedophilic babysitter who disguises his attempts at molesting the children hes watching as games. He co-directed Heaven Can Wait, the 1978 remake of Here Comes Mr. Jordan and his many writing credits include Candy, The Owl and the Pussycat, Whats Up, Doc. Catch-22, The Day of the Dolphin, Protocol, and To Die For and he shared an Oscar nomination for his screenplay, The Graduate, a film in which he made a cameo appearance. In 1997, Henry was the recipient of the Austin Film Festivals Distinguished Screenwriter Award and his Broadway credits include the 2002 revival of Mornings at Seven. Off-Broadway in July 2009, he starred opposite Holland Taylor in Mother, the Troublemaker The Graduate Candy Catch-22 The Owl and the Pussycat Is There Sex After Death
Buck Henry
–
Henry in 1978
27.
Get Smart
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Get Smart is an American comedy television series that satirizes the secret agent genre. It was created by Mel Brooks with Buck Henry and had its premiere on September 18,1965. The show stars Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt as Thaddeus, the Chief. Henry said that they created the show at the request of Daniel Melnick to capitalize on the two biggest things in the entertainment world today, James Bond and Inspector Clouseau, Brooks said, Its an insane combination of James Bond and Mel Brooks comedy. The show generated a number of popular catchphrases during its run, sorry about that, Chief, The Old Trick, And loving it, and I asked you not to tell me that. The show was followed by the films The Nude Bomb and Get Smart, Again. as well as a 1995 revival series and a 2008 film remake. In 2010, TV Guide ranked Get Smarts opening title sequence at No.2 on its list of TVs Top 10 Credits Sequences as selected by readers, the show ended its 4½-year run on May 15,1970, having a total of 5 seasons and 138 episodes. The series centers on bumbling secret agent Maxwell Smart, also known as Agent 86, Agents 86 and 99 work for CONTROL, a secret U. S. government counter-intelligence agency based in Washington, D. C. The pair investigates and thwarts various threats to the world, though Smarts bumbling nature, however, Smart never fails to save the day. Looking on is the head of CONTROL, who is addressed simply as Chief. The nemesis of CONTROL is KAOS, described as an organization of evil. In the series, KAOS was supposedly formed in Bucharest, Romania, neither CONTROL nor KAOS is actually an acronym. Many guest actors appeared as KAOS agents, including William Schallert, conrad Siegfried, played by Bernie Kopell, is Smarts KAOS archenemy. King Moody portrayed the dim-witted but burly Shtarker, Siegfrieds assistant, the enemies, world-takeover plots and gadgets seen in Get Smart parody the James Bond movies. Do what they did except just stretch it half an inch, Max and 99 marry in season four, and have twins in season five. Agent 99 became the first woman on an American hit sitcom to keep her job after marriage, Talent Associates commissioned Mel Brooks and Buck Henry to write a script about a bungling James Bond-like hero. Brooks described the premise for the show which they created in an October 1965 Time magazine article and they were such distortions of life. If a maid ever took over my house like Hazel, Id set her hair on fire, I wanted to do a crazy, unreal comic-strip kind of thing about something besides a family
Get Smart
–
Don Adams, as Maxwell Smart, holding the famous
shoe phone
Get Smart
–
Title card from seasons 1 and 2
Get Smart
–
Agents 86 and 99 with Fang
Get Smart
–
A KAOS agent stops Agent 99.
28.
The Producers (1968 film)
–
The Producers is a 1968 American satirical comedy film written and directed by Mel Brooks and starring Zero Mostel, Gene Wilder, Dick Shawn, and Kenneth Mars. The film was Brookss directorial debut, and he won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay, although the release date was officially 1968, the premier took place in Pittsburgh on November 22,1967. Decades later, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry and it was later remade successfully by Brooks as an acclaimed Broadway stage musical, which itself was adapted for a 2005 feature film starring Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick. Accountant Leopold Leo Bloom, a man who is highly nervous and prone to hysterics, arrives at Maxs office to do his books. Max immediately puts this scheme into action and they will oversell shares on a massive scale and produce a play that will close on opening night, thus avoiding payouts and leaving the duo free to flee to Rio de Janeiro with the profits. Leo is afraid such a criminal venture will fail and they go to prison. After reading many bad plays, the find the obvious choice for their scheme, Springtime for Hitler, A Gay Romp with Adolf. It is a letter to Hitler written in total sincerity by deranged ex-Nazi Franz Liebkind. Max and Leo persuade Liebkind to sign over the rights, telling him they want to show the world the Hitler you loved, the Hitler you knew. To guarantee that the show is a flop, they hire Roger De Bris, after Max sells 25, 000% of the play to his regular investors, they are sure to be on their way to Rio. The result of all this is an upbeat and utterly tasteless musical play purporting to be about the happy home life of a brutal dictator. It opens with a production of the title song, Springtime for Hitler. After seeing the audiences dumbfounded disbelief, Max and Leo, confident that the play will be a flop, go to a bar across the street to celebrate and get drunk. Unbeknownst to them, the ends up finding L. S. D. s beatnik-like portrayal hilarious. During intermission, some members of the come to the bar at which Max and Leo are drinking and rave about the play, much to Maxs. The two decide to return to the theater after intermission to hear what the rest of the audience has to say, which echoes what the others already said. However, someone behind the curtain manages to knock him out and remove him from the stage, Springtime For Hitler is declared a smash hit, which means, of course, that the investors will be expecting a larger financial return than can be paid out. “I was so careful, ” he laments, “I picked the wrong play, the wrong director, the wrong cast. where did I go RIGHT. ”As the stunned partners turn on each other, a gun-wielding Franz confronts them, accusing them of breaking the Siegfried Oath
The Producers (1968 film)
–
Theatrical release poster
29.
The Twelve Chairs (1970 film)
–
The Twelve Chairs is a 1970 American comedy film directed by Mel Brooks, starring Frank Langella, Ron Moody, and Dom DeLuise. The screenplay was written by Brooks, the film was one of at least 18 film adaptations of the Russian 1928 novel The Twelve Chairs by Ilf and Petrov. She reveals before dying that a fortune in jewels had been hidden from the Bolsheviks by being sewn into the cushion of one of the twelve chairs from the familys dining room set. The chairs, along all other private property, had been appropriated by the State after the Russian Revolution. Vorobyaninov and Bender set off together to locate the chairs and recover the fortune and they find that the chairs have been split up and sold individually. Therefore, their hunt requires a great deal of travel to track down, as they progress, they meet comrades from every walk of life in Soviet Russian society, transforming the film into a satirical sendup of failing Communism. Father Fyodor makes the journey only to be thrown out of the engineers house. When the engineer is reassigned to a post on the Black Sea, Fyodor follows him and he finds that none of the chairs has the jewels. Later, he runs across Vorobyaninov and Bender after they have retrieved one chair from a circus, after finding out that this chair doesnt contain the jewels, he finds that he is unable to get down again without help. Vorobyaninov and Bender leave him to his fate and it is located in a Palace of Culture, which is inconvenient due to the presence of so many witnesses. Vorobyaninov and Bender return after closing time, entering through a window Bender secretly had unlocked earlier, at the moment of discovery, Bender carefully and quietly opens the chair cushion with his knife, but their hopes are dashed as it is found to be completely empty. Vorobyaninov is stunned and angry, but Bender laughs at the absurdity of the situation, a watchman finds them, and Vorobyaninov demands to know what happened to the jewels. Look around you, the answers, explaining that after the jewels were accidentally found. Driven into a rage, Vorobyaninov smashes the chair to pieces. After admonishing him for hitting a policeman, Bender leads the way, at the end of his patience, demoralized and bankrupted, Bender proposes that he and Vorobyaninov go their separate ways. Bender calls for the attention and begs the passers-by to give generously to this sad. Using simple gestures without uttering a word, the two men cement their partnership in crime, the Twelve Chairs received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 92% approval score based on 13 reviews, Langella won the NBR award for Best Supporting Actor
The Twelve Chairs (1970 film)
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DVD cover art
United States
United States Army
