1.
Vienna
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Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
2.
Austria-Hungary
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The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867. Austria-Hungary consisted of two monarchies, and one region, the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia under the Hungarian crown. It was ruled by the House of Habsburg, and constituted the last phase in the evolution of the Habsburg Monarchy. Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and the Hungarian states were co-equal, Foreign affairs and the military came under joint oversight, but all other governmental faculties were divided between respective states. Austria-Hungary was a state and one of the worlds great powers at the time. Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire, at 621,538 km2, the Empire built up the fourth-largest machine building industry of the world, after the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. After 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina was under Austro-Hungarian military and civilian rule until it was annexed in 1908. The annexation of Bosnia also led to Islam being recognized as a state religion due to Bosnias Muslim population. Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I and it was already effectively dissolved by the time the military authorities signed the armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918. The realms full, official name was The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, each enjoyed considerable sovereignty with only a few joint affairs. Certain regions, such as Polish Galicia within Cisleithania and Croatia within Transleithania, enjoyed autonomous status, the division between Austria and Hungary was so marked that there was no common citizenship, one was either an Austrian citizen or a Hungarian citizen, never both. This also meant that there were always separate Austrian and Hungarian passports, however, neither Austrian nor Hungarian passports were used in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia-Dalmatia. Instead, the Kingdom issued its own passports which were written in Croatian and French and it is not known what kind of passports were used in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was under the control of both Austria and Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had always maintained a separate parliament, the Diet of Hungary, the administration and government of the Kingdom of Hungary remained largely untouched by the government structure of the overarching Austrian Empire. Hungarys central government structures remained well separated from the Austrian imperial government, the country was governed by the Council of Lieutenancy of Hungary – located in Pressburg and later in Pest – and by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna. The Hungarian government and Hungarian parliament were suspended after the Hungarian revolution of 1848, despite Austria and Hungary sharing a common currency, they were fiscally sovereign and independent entities. Since the beginnings of the union, the government of the Kingdom of Hungary could preserve its separated. After the revolution of 1848–1849, the Hungarian budget was amalgamated with the Austrian, from 1527 to 1851, the Kingdom of Hungary maintained its own customs controls, which separated her from the other parts of the Habsburg-ruled territories
3.
Sigmund Freud
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Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology, Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. In 1938 Freud left Austria to escape the Nazis and he died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939. In creating psychoanalysis, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, Freuds redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the analysis of symptom formation. On this basis Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id, in his later work Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture. Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, nonetheless, Freuds work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture. In the words of W. H. Audens 1940 poetic tribute, by the time of Freuds death, Freud was born to Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the first of eight children. Both of his parents were from Galicia, in modern-day Ukraine and his father, Jakob Freud, a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel and Philipp, by his first marriage. Jakobs family were Hasidic Jews, and although Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition and he and Freuds mother, Amalia Nathansohn, who was 20 years younger and his third wife, were married by Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855. They were struggling financially and living in a room, in a locksmiths house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born. He was born with a caul, which his mother saw as an omen for the boys future. In 1859, the Freud family left Freiberg, Freuds half brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the inseparable playmate of his early childhood, Emanuels son, John. Jakob Freud took his wife and two children firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters and a brother were born, Rosa, Marie, Adolfine, Paula, in 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. He proved an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors and he loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Latin and Greek. Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17, in 1876, Freud spent four weeks at Clauss zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs. He graduated with an MD in 1881, in 1882, Freud began his medical career at the Vienna General Hospital
4.
Karl Abraham
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Karl Abraham was an early important and influential German psychoanalyst, and a collaborator of Sigmund Freud, who called him his best pupil. He was born in Bremen, Germany and his parents were Nathan Abraham, a Jewish religion teacher and his wife Ida. His studies in medicine enabled him to take a position at the Burghölzli Swiss Mental Hospital, the setting of this hospital initially introduced him to the psychoanalysis of Carl Gustav Jung. In 1907, he had his first contact with Sigmund Freud, returning to Germany, he founded the Berliner Society of Psychoanalysis in 1910. He was the president of the International Psychoanalytical Association from 1914 to 1918, Karl Abraham collaborated with Freud on the understanding of manic-depressive illness, leading to Freuds paper on Mourning and Melancholia in 1917. He was the analyst of Melanie Klein during 1924–1925, and of a number of other British psychoanalysts, including Edward Glover, James Glover and he was a mentor for an influential group of German analysts, including Karen Horney, Helene Deutsch, and Franz Alexander. He described the personality traits and psychopathology that result from the oral and anal stages of development, in the oral stage of development, the first relationships children have with objects determine their subsequent relationship to reality. Oral satisfaction can result in self-assurance and optimism, whereas oral fixation can lead to pessimism, moreover, a person with an oral fixation will present a disinclination to take care of him/herself and will require others to look after him/her. This may be expressed through extreme passivity or through a highly active oral-sadistic behaviour, in the anal stage, when the training in cleanliness starts too early, conflicts may result between a conscious attitude of obedience and an unconscious desire for resistance. This can lead to such as frugality, orderliness and obstinacy. This disturbance is linked with disappointing incidents of early childhood, in the case of men always with the mother and this concept of the prooedipal “bad” mother was a new development in contrast to Freud’s oedipal mother and paved the way for the theories of Melanie Klein. Moreover, Abraham investigated child sexual trauma and, like Freud, furthermore, he argued that dementia praecox is associated with child sexual trauma, based on the relationship between hysteria and child sexual trauma demonstrated by Freud. Abraham also showed interest in cultural issues and he analyzed various myths suggesting their relation to dreams and wrote an interpretation of the spiritual activities of the Egyptian monotheistic Pharaoh Amenhotep IV. Abraham died prematurely on December 25,1925, from complications of a lung infection, normentafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere, Heft 2. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Delirium tremens der Morphinisten, ber Versuche mit Veronal bei Erregungszuständen der Paralytiker. On the significance of Sexual Trauma in Childhood for the Symptomatology of Dementia Praecox, Abraham, M. D. Clinical Papers and Essays on Psycho-Analysis. London, The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis, dreams and Myths, A study in folk-Psychology. Abraham, M. D. Clinical Papers and Essays on Psycho-Analysis, london, The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis
5.
Otto F. Kernberg
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Otto Friedmann Kernberg is a psychoanalyst and professor of psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College. He is most widely known for his theories on borderline personality organization. In addition, his work has been central in integrating postwar ego psychology with Kleinian and his integrative writings were central to the development of modern object relations, a theory of mind that is perhaps the theory most widely accepted among modern psychoanalysts. Born in Vienna, Kernberg and his family fled Nazi Germany in 1939 and he studied biology and medicine and afterwards psychiatry and psychoanalysis with the Chilean Psychoanalytic Society. He first came to the U. S. in 1959 on a Rockefeller Foundation fellowship to research in psychotherapy with Jerome Frank at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 1961 he emigrated to the U. S. joining the C. F, Menninger Memorial Hospital, later became director of the hospital. He was the Supervising and Training Analyst of the Topeka Institute for Psychoanalysis, in 1973 he moved to New York where he was Director of the General Clinical Service of the New York State Psychiatry Institute. In 1976 he was appointed as Professor of Psychiatry at Cornell University and he was President of the International Psychoanalytical Association from 1997 to 2001. He was married to Paulina Kernberg, a child psychiatrist and also a Cornell professor and his principal contributions have been in the fields of narcissism, object relations theory and personality disorders. He developed a novel and useful framework for coordinating personality disorders along dimensions of structural organization, TFP entails two to three 45 or 50-minute sessions per week. It views the individual as holding unreconciled and contradictory internalized representations of self, the defense against these contradictory internalized object relations is called identity diffusion, and leads to disturbed relationships with others and with self. The distorted perceptions of self, others, and associated affects are the focus of treatment as they emerge in the relationship with the therapist, the consistent interpretation of these distorted perceptions is considered the mechanism of change. Kernberg designed TFP especially for patients with BPO, according to him, these patients suffer from identity diffusion, primitive defense operations and unstable reality testing. Identity diffusion results from pathological object relations and involves contradictory character traits, discontinuity of self, defense operations often applied by BPO patients are splitting, denial, projective identification, primitive devaluation / idealization and omnipotence. Reality testing is negatively influenced by the defense mechanisms as they change a persons perception of self. The major goals of TFP are better behavioral control, increased regulation, more intimate and gratifying relationships. Techniques of clarification, confrontation, and interpretation are used within the evolving relationship between the patient and the therapist. The contract also contains therapist responsibilities, the client and the therapist must agree to the content of the treatment contract before the therapy can proceed
6.
Jacques Lacan
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Jacques Marie Émile Lacan was a French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist who has been called the most controversial psycho-analyst since Freud. Giving yearly seminars in Paris from 1953 to 1981, Lacan influenced many leading French intellectuals in the 1960s and his ideas had a significant impact on post-structuralism, critical theory, linguistics, 20th-century French philosophy, film theory and clinical psychoanalysis. Lacan was born in Paris, the eldest of Émilie and Alfred Lacans three children and his father was a successful soap and oils salesman. His mother was ardently Catholic – his younger brother went to a monastery in 1929, during the early 1920s, Lacan attended right-wing Action Française political meetings, of which he would later be highly critical, and met the founder, Charles Maurras. By the mid-1920s, Lacan had become dissatisfied with religion and became an atheist and he quarreled with his family over this issue. In 1920, after being rejected for service on the grounds that he was too thin. During that period, he was interested in the philosophies of Karl Jaspers and Martin Heidegger. In 1932, after a year at Saint Annes Clinique de Maladies Mentales et de lEncéphale. In 1932 he was awarded the Diplôme dÉtat de docteur en médecine for his thesis On Paranoiac Psychosis in its Relations to the Personality. It had a reception in the 1930s because it was not published until four decades later. This thesis is thought to mark Lacans entry into psychoanalysis and it shows Lacan’s dissatisfaction with traditional psychiatry and the growing influence of Sigmund Freud on his works. ‘Paranoid Psychosis and its Relation to the Personality’ was based on observations of patients with a primary focus on one female patient whom Lacan called Aimee. It was published in the Revue française de psychanalyse, in Autumn of that same year, Lacan began his training analysis with Rudolph Lowenstein, which was to last until 1938. Two years later Lacan was elected to the Société psychanalytique de Paris, in January 1934 he married Marie-Louise Blondin, and in January 1937 they had their first child, a daughter named Caroline. Their second child, a son named Thibaut, was born in August 1939, in 1936, Lacan presented his first analytic report at the Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association in Marienbad on the Mirror Phase. The congress chairman, Ernest Jones, terminated the lecture before its conclusion, insulted, Lacan left the congress to witness the Berlin Olympic Games. No copy of the original lecture remains, Lacan was an active intellectual of the inter-war period—he was associated with André Breton, Georges Bataille, Salvador Dalí, and Pablo Picasso. He attended the mouvement Psyché that Maryse Choisy founded and he published in the Surrealist journal Minotaure and attended the first public reading of James Joyces Ulysses
7.
Cornelius Castoriadis
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Cornelius Castoriadis was a Greek-French philosopher, social critic, economist, psychoanalyst, author of The Imaginary Institution of Society, and co-founder of the Socialisme ou Barbarie group. His writings on autonomy and social institutions have been influential in academic and activist circles. Cornelius Castoriadis was born on March 11,1922 in Constantinople and his family had to move in July 1922 to Athens due to the Greek–Turkish population exchange. He developed an interest in politics after he came into contact with Marxist thought, at the same time he began studying traditional philosophy after purchasing a copy of the book History of Philosophy by the historian of philosophy Nikolaos Louvaris. Sometime between 1932 and 1935, Maximiani Portas was the French tutor of Castoriadis, during the same period, he attended the 8th Gymnasium of Athens in Kato Patisia, from which he graduated in 1937. His first active involvement in politics occurred during the Metaxas Regime, when he joined the Athenian Communist Youth, in 1941 he joined the Communist Party of Greece, only to leave one year later in order to become an active Trotskyist. The latter action resulted in his persecution by both the Germans and the Communist Party, in 1944 he wrote his first essays on social science and Max Weber, which he published in a magazine named Archive of Sociology and Ethics. During the December 1944 violent clashes between the communist-led ELAS and the Papandreou government, aided by British troops, Castoriadis heavily criticized the actions of the KKE, kyrou, Kostas Papaïoannou, and Virgile Solomonidis. Once in Paris, Castoriadis joined the Trotskyist Parti Communiste Internationaliste and he and Claude Lefort constituted a Chaulieu–Montal Tendency in the French PCI in 1946. Castoriadis had links with the group around C. L. R. James until 1958, also strongly influenced by Castoriadis and Socialisme ou Barbarie were the British group and journal Solidarity and Maurice Brinton. He submitted a proposal for a dissertation on mathematical logic to Poirier. The working title of his thesis was Introduction à la logique axiomatique, at the same time, he worked as an economist at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development until 1970, which was also the year when he obtained French citizenship. Consequently, his writings prior to date were published pseudonymously, as Pierre Chaulieu, Paul Cardan. In his 1949 essay The Relations of Production in Russia, Castoriadis developed a critique of the supposed socialist character of the government of the Soviet Union and his work in the OECD substantially helped his analyses. In the latter years of Socialisme ou Barbarie, Castoriadis came to reject the Marxist theories of economics and of history, especially in an essay on Modern Capitalism and Revolution. When Jacques Lacans disputes with the International Psychoanalytical Association led to a split, in 1968 Castoriadis married Piera Aulagnier, a French psychoanalyst who had undergone psychoanalytic treatment under Jacques Lacan from 1955 until 1961. Castoriadis began to practice analysis in 1973, in 1967, Castoriadis submitted a proposal for a doctoral dissertation on the philosophy of history to Paul Ricœur. Otherness emerges in part from the activity of the psyche itself, for Castoriadis, self-examination, as in the ancient Greek tradition, could draw upon the resources of modern psychoanalysis
8.
Wilfred Bion
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Wilfred Ruprecht Bion DSO was an influential British psychoanalyst, who became president of the British Psychoanalytical Society from 1962 to 1965. Wilfred Bion was a potent and original contributor to psychoanalysis and he was one of the first to analyze patients in psychotic states using an unmodified analytic technique, he extended existing theories of projective processes and developed new conceptual tools. Bions ideas are highly unique, so that he remained larger than life to almost all who encountered him and he has been considered by Neville Symington as possibly the greatest psychoanalytic thinker. after Freud. Bion was born in Mathura, North-Western Provinces, India, and he was demobilised on 1 September 1921, and was granted the rank of captain. The full citation for his DSO reads, Awarded the Distinguished Service Order, T. /2nd Lt, Wilfred Ruprecht Bion, Tank Corps. For conspicuous gallantry, and devotion to duty, when in command of his tank in an attack he engaged a large number of enemy machine guns in strong positions, thus assisting the infantry to advance. When his tank was put out of action by a hit he occupied a section of trench with his men and machine guns. He moved about in the open, giving directions to other tanks when they arrived and he also got a captured machine gun into action against the enemy, and when reinforcements arrived he took command of a company of infantry whose commander was killed. He showed magnificent courage and initiative in a most difficult situation, after World War I, Bion studied history at The Queens College, Oxford, earning a bachelor of arts degree in 1922, then studying medicine at University College London. This was to prove an important influence on Bions interest in group behavior and it did, however, bring him into fruitful contact with Samuel Beckett. He wanted to train in Psychoanalysis and in 1938 he began an analysis with John Rickman. These ideas on the psychoanalysis of groups were taken up and developed by others such as S. H. Foulkes, Rickman, Bridger, Main. It was less a guide for the therapy of individuals within or by the group, the book quickly became a touchstone work for applications of group theory in a wide variety of fields. During the war Bions wife, Betty Jardine, gave birth to a daughter and his daughter, Parthenope, became a highly regarded psychoanalyst In Italy. She died prematurely, in a car crash in Italy in 1998, as his interest in psychoanalysis increased, he underwent training analysis, between 1946 and 1952, with Melanie Klein. He met his wife, Francesca, at the Tavistock in 1951. He joined a group of Kleins students, who were developing Kleins theory of the paranoid-schizoid. He produced a series of original and influential papers on the analysis of schizophrenia, and the specifically cognitive, perceptual
9.
Developmental psychology
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Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and this field examines change across three major dimensions, physical development, cognitive development, and socioemotional development. Developmental psychology examines the influences of nature and nurture on the process of human development, many researchers are interested in the interaction between personal characteristics, the individuals behavior and environmental factors, including social context and the built environment. Ongoing debates include biological essentialism vs. neuroplasticity and stages of development vs. dynamic systems of development, influential developmental psychologists from the 20th century include Urie Bronfenbrenner, Erik Erikson, Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Barbara Rogoff, Esther Thelen, and Lev Vygotsky. Watson and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are typically cited as providing the foundations for modern developmental psychology, in the mid-18th century Jean Jacques Rousseau described three stages of development, infants, puer and adolescence in Emile, Or, On Education. Rousseaus ideas were taken up strongly by educators at the time, stanley Hall, who attempted to correlate ages of childhood with previous ages of mankind. James Mark Baldwin who wrote essays on topics that included Imitation, A Chapter in the Natural History of Consciousness and Mental Development in the Child, Baldwin was heavily involved in the theory of developmental psychology. Sigmund Freud, whose concepts were developmental, had a significant impact on public perceptions, Sigmund Freud believed that we all had a conscious, preconscious, and unconscious level. In the conscious we are aware of our mental process, the preconscious involves information that, though not currently in our thoughts, can be brought into consciousness. Lastly, the unconscious includes mental processes we are unaware of and he believed there is tension between the conscious and unconscious, because the conscious tries to hold back what the unconscious tries to express. To explain this he developed three personality structures, the id, ego, and superego, the id, the most primitive of the three, functions according to the pleasure principle, seek pleasure and avoid pain. The superego plays the critical and moralizing role, and the ego is the organized, based on this, he proposed five universal stages of development, that each are characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the childs psychosexual energy. The first is the stage, which occurs from birth to 12 months of age. During the oral stage the libido is centered in a babys mouth, the baby is able to suck. The second is the stage, from one to three years of age. During the anal stage, the child defecates from the anus, the third is the phallic stage, which occurs from three to five years of age. During the phallic stage, the child is aware of their sexual organs, the fourth is the latency stage, which occurs from age five until puberty. During the latency stage, the sexual interests are repressed
10.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
11.
Ernest Jones
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Alfred Ernest Jones, FRCP, MRCS was a British neurologist and psychoanalyst. A lifelong friend and colleague of Sigmund Freud from their first meeting in 1908, Jones was the first English-speaking practitioner of psychoanalysis and became its leading exponent in the English-speaking world. Ernest Jones was born in Gowerton, Wales, a village on the outskirts of Swansea. His father was a colliery engineer who went on to establish himself as a successful business man, becoming accountant. His mother, Mary Ann, was from a Welsh-speaking Carmarthenshire family which had relocated to Swansea, Jones was educated at Swansea Grammar School, Llandovery College, and Cardiff University in Wales. Jones studied at University College London and meanwhile he obtained the Conjoint diplomas LRCP, a year later, in 1901, he obtained an M. B. degree with honours in medicine and obstetrics. Within five years he received an MD degree and a Membership of the Royal College of Physicians in 1903 and he was particularly pleased to receive the Universitys gold medal in obstetrics from his distinguished fellow-Welshman, Sir John Williams. After obtaining his degrees, Jones specialised in neurology and took a number of posts in London hospitals. It was through his association with the surgeon Wilfred Trotter that Jones first heard of Freuds work, having worked together as surgeons at University College Hospital, he and Trotter became close friends, with Trotter taking the role of mentor and confidant to his younger colleague. They had in common a wide-ranging interest in philosophy and literature, as well as a growing interest in Continental psychiatric literature, by 1905 they were sharing accommodation above Harley Street consulting rooms with Joness sister, Elizabeth, installed as housekeeper. Trotter and Elizabeth Jones later married, appalled by the treatment of the mentally ill in institutions, Jones began experimenting with hypnotic techniques in his clinical work. Jones first encountered Freuds writings directly in 1905, in a German psychiatric journal in which Freud published the famous Dora case-history, Joness early attempts to combine his interest in Freuds ideas with his clinical work with children resulted in adverse effects on his career. In 1906 he was arrested and charged with two counts of indecent assault on two adolescent girls whom he had interviewed in his capacity as an inspector of schools for mentally defective children. At the court hearing Jones maintained his innocence, claiming the girls were fantasising about any inappropriate actions by him, the magistrate concluded that no jury would believe the testimony of such children and Jones was acquitted. In 1908, employed as a pathologist at a London hospital, Jones duly obliged but, before conducting the interview, he omitted to inform the girl’s consultant or arrange for a chaperone. Subsequently, he faced complaints from the parents over the nature of the interview. Joness first serious relationship was with Loe Kann, a wealthy Dutch émigré referred to him in 1906 after she had become addicted to morphine during treatment for a kidney condition. It ended with Kann in analysis with Freud and Jones, at Freuds behest, a tentative romance with Freuds daughter, Anna, did not survive the disapproval of her father
12.
Anna Freud
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Anna Freud was an Austrian-British psychoanalyst. She was the 6th and last child of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays and she followed the path of her father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis. Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego, a Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Freud as the 99th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Anna Freud was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary on 3 December 1895 and she was the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays. She grew up in comfortable bourgeois circumstances and she had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud. It seems that in general, she was competitive with her siblings. The close relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family and she was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899, Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness, Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family. Later on Anna Freud would say that she didn’t learn much in school, instead she learned from her father and this was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her father’s work, commentators have noted how in the dream of little Anna. little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912, suffering from a depression and anorexia, she was very insecure about what to do in the future. In 1914 she passed the test to work as an apprentice at her old school. From 1915 to 1917, she worked as an apprentice for third, fourth. She finally quit her career in 1920, due to multiple episodes of illness. Her first analysis was conducted by her father Sigmund Freud from 1918 to 1922, jacques Van Rillaer describes this incestuous analysis. She presented the paper Beating Fantasies and Daydreams to the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, in 1923, Anna Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued child analysis and seminars and it became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freud’s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany
13.
Id, ego and super-ego
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The super-ego can stop one from doing certain things that ones id may want to do. The super-ego is observable in how someone can view themselves as guilty, bad, pathetic, shameful, weak, Freud in The Ego and the Id discusses the general character of harshness and cruelty exhibited by the ideal – its dictatorial Thou shalt. At the time at which the Oedipus complex gives place to the super-ego they are something quite magnificent, the earlier in development, the greater the estimate of parental power. When one defuses into rivalry with the imago, then one feels the dictatorial thou shalt to manifest the power the imago represents. Four general levels are found in Freuds work, the auto-erotic, the narcissistic, the anal, and these different levels of development and the relations to parental imagos correspond to specific id forms of aggression and affection. Freuds proposal was influenced by the ambiguity of the term unconscious, the id is the disorganized part of the personality structure that contains a humans basic, instinctual drives. Id is the component of personality that is present from birth. It is the source of our needs, wants, desires. The id contains the libido, which is the source of instinctual force that is unresponsive to the demands of reality. We approach the id with analogies, we call it a chaos, in the id, …contrary impulses exist side by side, without cancelling each other out. There is nothing in the id that could be compared with negation, nothing in the id which corresponds to the idea of time. Developmentally, the id precedes the ego, i. e. the psychic apparatus begins, at birth, as an undifferentiated id, part of which then develops into a structured ego. The mind of a child is regarded as completely id-ridden, in the sense that it is a mass of instinctive drives and impulses. The id knows no judgements of value, no good and evil, instinctual cathexes seeking discharge—that, in our view, is all there is in the id. It is regarded as the reservoir of libido, the instinctive drive to create—the life instincts that are crucial to pleasurable survival. For Freud, the death instinct would thus seem to express itself—though probably only in part—as an instinct of destruction directed against the external world, Freud considered that the id, the whole person. Originally includes all the instinctual impulses, the destructive instinct as well, as eros or the life instincts. The reality principle that operates the ego is a mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs
14.
Plasticine
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Plasticine, a brand of modelling clay, is a putty-like modelling material made from calcium salts, petroleum jelly and aliphatic acids. The name is a trademark of Flair Leisure Products plc. Plasticine is used extensively for childrens play, but also as a medium for more formal or permanent structures. Because of its property, it is a popular choice of material for stop-motion animation. The brand-name clay is mentioned in music, such as the porters in Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds. William Harbutt, an art teacher in Bath, England, formulated Plasticine in 1897, Harbutt wanted a non-drying clay for his sculpture students. He created a non-toxic, sterile, soft and malleable clay that did not dry on exposure to air, Harbutt received a patent in 1899 and commercial production started at a factory in Bathampton in 1900. Four colours were produced for sale to the public. Plasticine was popular with children, was used in schools for teaching art. Plasticine is approximately 65% bulking agent, 10% petroleum jelly, 5% lime and 10% lanolin and it cannot be hardened by firing, melts when exposed to heat, and is flammable at higher temperatures. Harbutt patented a different formulation in 1915, which added wool fibres to give plasticine a stronger composition intended for ear plugs, and as a sterile dressing for wounds and burns. The Harbutt company marketed Plasticine as a toy by producing modelling kits based on characters from childrens stories, such as Noddy. The original Plasticine factory was destroyed by fire in 1963 and replaced by a modern building, the Harbutt company produced Plasticine in Bathampton until 1983, when production was moved to Thailand. The Colorforms company was the major American licensee of Plasticine from 1979 until at least 1984, apparently, the use of a different chalk compound caused a product inconsistency, and the US version was considered inferior to the original mix. Bluebird Toys plc acquired Plasticine through its purchase of Peter Pan, in 1998, Mattel bought Bluebird and the brand was sold to Humbrol Ltd, famous for its model paints and owner of the Airfix model kit brand. Flair Leisure licensed the brand from Humbrol in 2005 and relaunched Plasticine and it acquired the brand outright, when Humbrol went into administration a year later. A similar product, Kunst-Modellierthon, was invented by Franz Kolb of Munich and this product is still available, known as Münchner Künstler Plastilin. In Italy, the product Pongo is also marketed as plastilina, Play-Doh, which is based on flour, salt and water, dries on exposure to air
15.
Oedipus complex
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In psychoanalysis, the Oedipus complex is a childs desire, that the mind keeps in the unconscious via dynamic repression, to have sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex. The Oedipal complex originally refers to the desire of a son for his mother. A childs identification with the parent is the successful resolution of the complex. Men and women who are fixated in the Oedipal and Electra stages of their psychosexual development might be considered mother-fixated and father-fixated, in adult life, this can lead to a choice of a sexual partner who resembles ones parent. Oedipus refers to a 5th-century BC Greek mythological character Oedipus, who kills his father, Laius. A play based on the myth, Oedipus Rex, was written by Sophocles, modern productions of Sophocles play were staged in Paris and Vienna in the 19th century and were phenomenally successful in the 1880s and 1890s. The Austrian psychiatrist, Sigmund Freud, attended. ”Freud described the character Oedipus, A six-stage chronology of Sigmund Freuds theoretic evolution of the Oedipus complex is, Stage 1. After his fathers death in 1896, and having seen the play Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles, as Freud wrote in a 1897 letter, I found in myself a constant love for my mother, and jealousy of my father. I now consider this to be an event in early childhood. Proposes that Oedipal desire is the complex of all neuroses. Complete Oedipus complex, identification and bisexuality are conceptually evident in later works, applies the Oedipal theory to religion and custom. Investigates the feminine Oedipus attitude and negative Oedipus complex, later the Electra complex, in the phallic stage, a boys decisive psychosexual experience is the Oedipus complex—his son–father competition for possession of mother. The boy directs his libido upon his mother, and directs jealousy, psycho-logic defense—In both sexes, defense mechanisms provide transitory resolutions of the conflict between the drives of the id and the drives of the ego. The first defense mechanism is repression, the blocking of memories, emotional impulses, the second defense mechanism is identification, in which the boy or girl child adapts by incorporating, to his or her ego, the personality characteristics of the same-sex parent. As a result of this, the boy diminishes his castration anxiety, in the case of the girl, this facilitates identifying with mother, who understands that, in being females, neither of them possesses a penis, and thus are not antagonists. Therefore, the satisfactory parental handling and resolution of the Oedipus complex are most important in developing the male infantile super-ego. This is because, by identifying with a parent, the boy internalizes Morality, thereby, he chooses to comply with societal rules, rather than reflexively complying in fear of punishment. Moreover, his admitting to wanting to procreate with mother was considered proof of the sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent
16.
Fantasy (psychology)
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Fantasy in a psychological sense is broadly used to cover two different senses, conscious and unconscious. In the unconscious sense, it is sometimes spelled phantasy, a fantasy is a situation imagined by an individual that expresses certain desires or aims on the part of its creator. Fantasies sometimes involve situations that are unlikely, or they may be quite realistic. Fantasies can also be sexual in nature, another, more basic meaning of fantasy is something which is not real, as in perceived explicitly by any of the senses, but exists as an imagined situation of object to subject. Fantasy, when pushed to the extreme, is a trait of narcissistic personality disorder. Other researchers and theorists find that fantasy has beneficial elements — providing small regressions, a similarly positive view of fantasy was taken by Sigmund Freud who considered fantasy a defence mechanism. He considered that men and women cannot subsist on the scanty satisfaction which they can extort from reality and we simply cannot do without auxiliary constructions, as Theodor Fontane once said. This activity is fantasying. continued as day-dreaming, daydreams for Freud were thus a valuable resource. These day-dreams are cathected with an amount of interest, they are carefully cherished by the subject. Such phantasies may be unconscious just as well as conscious, Melanie Klein extended Freuds concept of fantasy to cover the developing childs relationship to a world of internal objects. In her thought, this kind of play activity inside the person is known as unconscious fantasy, and these phantasies are often very violent and aggressive. They are different from ordinary day-dreams or fantasies, a paper by Susan Isaacs on The nature and function of Phantasy. has been generally accepted by the Klein group in London as a fundamental statement of their position. As a defining feature, Kleinian psychoanalysts regard the unconscious as made up of phantasies of relations with objects and these are thought of as primary and innate, and as the mental representations of instincts. the psychological equivalents in the mind of defence mechanisms. Isaacs however claimed that Freuds hallucinatory wish-fulfilment and his, Lacan engaged from early on with the phantasies revealed by Melanie Klein. the imago of the mother. this shadow of the bad internal objects — with the Imaginary. Lacan came to believe that the phantasy is never anything more than the screen that conceals something quite primary, the goal of therapy thus became la traversee du fantasme, the crossing over, traversal, or traversing of the fundamental fantasy. For Lacan, The traversing of fantasy involves the assumption of a new position with respect to the Other as language. The question he was left with was What, then, does he who has passed through the experience. who has traversed the radical phantasy. become, the postmodern intersubjectivity of the 21st century has seen a new interest in fantasy as a form of interpersonal communication. Here, we are told, We need to go beyond the pleasure principle, the reality principle, all other imaginable emotions, and thus envisage emotional fantasies as a possible means of moving beyond stereotypes to more nuanced forms of personal and social relating
17.
International Psychoanalytical Association
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The International Psychoanalytical Association is an association including 12,000 psychoanalysts as members and works with 70 constituent organizations. It was founded in 1910 by Sigmund Freud, on an idea proposed by Sándor Ferenczi, in 1902 Sigmund Freud started to meet every week with colleagues to discuss his work, and so the Psychological Wednesday Society was born. By 1908 there were 14 regular members and some guests including Max Eitingon, Carl Jung, Karl Abraham, Society became the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society. In 1907 Jones suggested to Jung that a meeting should be arranged. The meeting took place in Salzburg on April 27,1908, Jung named it the First Congress for Freudian Psychology. It is later reckoned to be the first International Psychoanalytical Congress, even so, the IPA had not yet been founded. The IPA was established at the next Congress held at Nuremberg in March of 1910 and its first President was Carl Jung, and its first Secretary was Otto Rank. Sigmund Freud considered an organization to be essential to advance his ideas. In 1914 Freud published a paper entitled The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement, the IPA is the world’s primary accrediting and regulatory body for psychoanalysis. The IPAs aims include creating new psychoanalytic groups, stimulating debate, conducting research, developing training policies and it organizes a large biennial Congress. Its administrative offices are at The Lexicon in Central London, Latin America—Federation of Psychoanalytic Societies of Latin America, North America—North American Psychoanalytic Confederation, which also includes Japan and Korea. Each of these three bodies consists of Constituent Organisations and Study Groups that are part of that IPA region, the IPA has a close working relationship with each of these independent organisations and values them highly, but they are not officially or legally part of the IPA. The IPAs members qualify for membership by being a member of a constituent organisation, Study Groups are bodies of analysts which have not yet developed sufficiently to be a freestanding society, but that is their aim. Erich Fromm questioned this organization and finds that the association is organized according to standards rather dictatorial. Elisabeth Roudinesco notes that IPA professionalizing psychoanalysis has become a machine to manufacture significant and she also notes that in France, Lacanian colleagues looked IPA as bureaucrats who had betrayed psychoanalysis in favor of an adaptive psychology in the service of triumphant capitalism. She speaks of the IPA Legitimist Freudianism, we mistakenly called orthodox, among Roudinescos other criticisms, she talks about homophobia in the IPA, considered as a disgrace of psychoanalysis. It should be noted that one of the three training models in the IPA, is due to Lacans ideas and their perspectives regarding the training. Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research International Psychoanalytical Association
18.
Francesca Annis
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Francesca Annis is an English actress. She is known for roles in Reckless, Wives and Daughters, Deceit. A six-time BAFTA TV Award nominee, she won the 1979 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for the ITV serial Lillie and her film appearances include Krull, Dune, The Debt Collector and The Libertine. Annis was born in Kensington, London in 1945 to an English father, Lester William Anthony Annis and a Brazilian-French mother, actress Mariquita Purcell, both sometime actors and Mara, a singer. Mara was from a wealthy Brazilian family, and the Annises moved to Brazil when Francesca was a year old, in recollecting the years in Brazil, she describes her parents as running a nightclub on Copacabana beach, and her mother Mara performing as a blues singer. At the same time, Francesca was educated at a convent school and her career break came in acting, when at age 16 she landed a role alongside Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor in Cleopatra, which appeared in 1963. Annis began acting professionally in her teens, and made her debut in The Cat Gang. Her first major role was as Elizabeth Taylors handmaiden in Cleopatra. Her big break was as one of the leads in the 1965 West End stage musical Passion Flower Hotel and she played Estella in a television adaptation of Great Expectations and presented childrens television programmes. She garnered attention for her performance as Lady Macbeth in Roman Polanskis film version of Macbeth in which she performs the sleepwalking soliloquy in the nude, the critic Kenneth Tynan was present when the scene was shot, Francesca does it very sportingly and with no fuss. Though of course the set is closed, great curtains are drawn around the acting area, and the wardrobe mistress rushes to cover Francesca with a dressing gown the instant Roman says, Cut. Her films have included Krull and Dune and she appeared as Tuppence with James Warwick as Tommy in Agatha Christies Partners in Crime stories as well as its preceding The Secret Adversary. She appeared in Onassis, The Richest Man in the World and she portrayed Mrs. Wellington in the second film and directorial debut by the musician Prince, Under The Cherry Moon. At the National Theatre in 1981 she played Natalya Petrovna in Peter Gills production of Ivan Turgenevs A Month in the Country, at the Comedy Theatre, September 2005 – January 2006, Annis starred as Ruth in Epitaph for George Dillon with Joseph Fiennes. She returned to the stage in April 2009 to star as Mrs. Conway in Rupert Goolds National Theatre revival of J. B, Annis co-starred with Michael Gambon and Dame Judi Dench as Lady Ludlow in the BBC1 costume-drama series Cranford. More recently, Annis played a role in the ITV drama Home Fires. Annis was in a relationship with photographer Patrick Wiseman that began in 1974, Annis began a relationship with Hamlet co-star Ralph Fiennes in 1995, ending her 23-year relationship with Wiseman in 1997, with Fiennes in turn divorcing his wife of four years, Alex Kingston. Annis is said to have apologised to Wiseman over their parting, Annis and Fiennes announced their separation on 7 February 2006, after 11 years together, in a parting described as acrimonious following rumours that he had an affair with a Romanian singer
19.
Uta Hagen
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Uta Thyra Hagen was a German American actress and theatre practitioner. She originated the role of Martha in the 1962 Broadway premiere of Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf. by Edward Albee. Because Hagen was on the Hollywood blacklist, in part because of her association with Paul Robeson, her film opportunities dwindled and she twice won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play and received a Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1999. Her most substantial contributions to theatre pedagogy were a series of exercises that built on the work of Konstantin Stanislavski. She was elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1981, born in Göttingen, Germany, daughter of Thyra A. and Oskar Frank Leonard Hagen, Hagen and her family emigrated to the United States in 1924, when her father received a position at Cornell University. She was raised in Madison, Wisconsin and she appeared in productions of the University of Wisconsin High School and in summer stock productions of the Wisconsin Players. She studied acting briefly at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1936, after spending one semester at the University of Wisconsin, where her father was the head of the department of art history, she left for New York City in 1937. Her first professional role was as Ophelia opposite Eva Le Gallienne in the role of Hamlet in Dennis. Hagen was cast, early on, as Ophelia by the actress-manager Eva Le Gallienne, from there, Hagen went on to play the leading ingenue role of Nina in a Broadway production of Anton Chekhovs The Seagull which featured Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne. It was 1938, Hagen was just 18 and this experience left an indelible mark on the young actress, as she later reflected, My next job was Nina in The Seagull, with the Lunts, on Broadway. They were an influence on my life. She admired their passion for the theatre, and their discipline and it was a 24-hour-a-day affair, and I never forgot it—never. The New York Times critic Brooks Atkinson hailed her Nina as grace and she took over the role of Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire for the national tour, which was directed not by Elia Kazan who had directed the Broadway production but by Harold Clurman. Hagen had had an experience when she first worked with Clurman in 1947. She played Blanche opposite at least four different Stanley Kowalskis, including Anthony Quinn, through interviews with her and contemporary criticism, the report is that Hagens Blanche refocused the audiences sympathies with Blanche rather than with Stanley. Primarily noted for roles, Hagen won her first Tony Award in 1951 for her performance as the self-sacrificing wife Georgie in Clifford Odets The Country Girl. She won again in 1963 for originating the role of the I-wear-the-pants-in-this-family-because-somebodys-got-to Martha in Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf, in 1981 she was elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame and in 1999 received a Special Lifetime Achievement Tony Award. Although she appeared in movies, because of the Hollywood blacklist she had more limited output in film and on television
20.
Volcano Suns
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Volcano Suns was an American alternative rock band from Boston, Massachusetts formed by Mission of Burma drummer Peter Prescott in 1984. The band was founded in Spring 1984 by former Mission of Burma and Molls drummer Peter Prescott, Prescott then added Jeff Weigand on bass guitar and Jon Williams on guitar. This second line-up created the bands debut album The Bright Orange Years, as well as its follow-up, All-Night Lotus Party, in 1987, Bob Weston and Chuck Hahn replaced Weigand and Williams respectively for Bumper Crop, the bands final release on Homestead. Other contributors included Roger Miller on piano and Gary Waleik on sitar, in 1988, the band moved to Greg Ginns SST Records for their 4th release, Farced. The line-up however was the same as on Bumper Crop, including Miller on piano,1989 brought their most experimental release, Thing of Beauty, also on SST, on which David Kleiler replaced Chuck Hahn on guitar. This would be the Volcano Suns final line up, the band moved to Chicago-based indie label Quarterstick Records for their final release, Career in Rock in 1991. The album was engineered by Steve Albini, who would work with Bob Weston in their band Shellac. The Volcano Suns also doubled as the Din, the band for Dredd Foole. The Din are identified as Din Wanna, Bonus The Bone Man McGinty and Webb Finga, the follow-up album Take Off Your Skin is identified by Foole as the same line-up as the previous album. Their music is often compared to the works of bands like Hüsker Dü, the band split up in 1991. In 1994 Prescott went on to form Kustomized, Prescott reformed Volcano Suns in 2005 with Weston and Kleiler for some reunion shows. The bands first two albums were reissued by Merge Records in 2009, remastered by Weston and including bonus material, Merge also released a live album in 2014, recorded at City Gardens in New Jersey during the summer of 1986 featuring the Bright Orange/Lotus lineup, entitled Old Pain
21.
Alexander McCall Smith
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R. Alexander Sandy McCall Smith, CBE, FRSE, is a British writer and Emeritus Professor of Medical Law at the University of Edinburgh. In the late 20th century, McCall Smith became an expert on medical law and bioethics and served on British. He has since become known as a writer of fiction, with sales of English language versions exceeding 40 million by 2010. He is most widely known as the creator of the The No.1 Ladies Detective Agency series, McCall is not a middle name, his surname is McCall Smith. Alexander McCall Smith was born in Bulawayo in 1948 in the British colony of Southern Rhodesia and he was educated at the Christian Brothers College before moving to Scotland to study law at the University of Edinburgh, where he earned his PhD in law. He soon taught at Queens University Belfast, and while teaching there he entered a competition, one a childrens book. He won in the childrens category and he settled in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1984. He and his wife Elizabeth, a physician, bought a Victorian mansion that they renovated and restored and they lived in the same home in 2010. In the Merchiston area of Edinburgh, he lives close to the authors J. K. Rowling, Ian Rankin and he is an amateur bassoonist, and co-founder of The Really Terrible Orchestra. He is the author of a testimonial in The Future of the NHS, in 2014, it was reported that McCall Smith purchased the Cairns of Coll, a remote, uninhabited chain of Scottish islands in the Hebrides. He said, I intend to do nothing with them. I want them kept in perpetuity as a sanctuary for wildlife – for birds and seals and all the creatures to which they are home. ”He returned to southern Africa in 1981 to help co-found. While there, he co-wrote what remains the book on the countrys legal system. He was Professor of Medical Law at the University of Edinburgh and is now Emeritus Professor at its School of Law and he retains a further involvement with the University in relation to the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. After achieving success as a writer, he gave up these commitments and he was appointed a CBE in the December 2006 New Years Honours List for services to literature. In June 2007, he was awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws at a ceremony celebrating the tercentenary of the University of Edinburgh School of Law. In June 2015, he was awarded the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters at a ceremony at the University of St Andrews. McCall Smith is an author of fiction, with several series to his credit
22.
44 Scotland Street
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44 Scotland Street is an episodic novel by Alexander McCall Smith, the author of The No.1 Ladies Detective Agency. The story was first published as a serial in The Scotsman, starting 26 January 2004, every weekday, the book retains the 100+ short chapters of the original. It was partially influenced by Armistead Maupin’s Tales of the City and it is the first book in a series of the same name. While working at the gallery Pat points out to Matthew that one of their paintings looks as if it could be a work of Samuel Peploe, Matthew and Pat eventually track it down to the novelist Ian Rankin who gives it back to them. After he is expelled from his school, Irene sends him to psychotherapy with Dr Fairbairn. Library Journal said that Smiths insightful and comic observations, makes for an amusing and absorbing look at Edinburgh society, bookseller said that the writing style is understated, and the humour subtle but at times devastating
23.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
Julia Kristeva
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Julia Kristeva is a Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, feminist, and, most recently, novelist, who has lived in France since the mid-1960s. She is now a professor at the University Paris Diderot, Kristeva became influential in international critical analysis, cultural studies and feminism after publishing her first book, Semeiotikè, in 1969. She is prominent in structuralist and poststructuralist thought, Kristeva is also the founder and head of the Simone de Beauvoir Prize committee. Born in Sliven, Bulgaria to Christian parents, Kristeva is the daughter of a church accountant, Kristeva and her sister attended a Francophone school run by Dominican nuns. Kristeva became acquainted with the work of Mikhail Bakhtin at this time in Bulgaria, Kristeva went on to study at the University of Sofia, and while a postgraduate there obtained a research fellowship that enabled her to move to France in December 1965, when she was 24. She continued her education at several French universities, studying under Lucien Goldmann and Roland Barthes, on August 2,1967, Kristeva married the novelist Philippe Sollers, né Philippe Joyaux. Kristeva taught at Columbia University in the early 1970s, and remains a Visiting Professor and she has also published under the married name Julia Joyaux. After joining the Tel Quel group founded by Sollers, Kristeva focused on the politics of language and she trained in psychoanalysis, and earned her degree in 1979. In some ways, her work can be seen as trying to adapt a psychoanalytic approach to the poststructuralist criticism, for example, her view of the subject, and its construction, shares similarities with Sigmund Freud and Lacan. However, Kristeva rejects any understanding of the subject in a structuralist sense, instead, in this way, she contributes to the poststructuralist critique of essentialized structures, whilst preserving the teachings of psychoanalysis. She travelled to China in the 1970s and later wrote About Chinese Women and it is an emotional field, tied to the instincts, which dwells in the fissures and prosody of language rather than in the denotative meanings of words. It is closely tied to the feminine, and represents the state of the pre-Mirror Stage infant. Upon entering the Mirror Stage, the child learns to distinguish between self and other, and enters the realm of shared meaning, known as the symbolic. This process of separation is known as abjection, whereby the child must reject and move away from the mother in order to enter into the world of language, culture, meaning, and the social. This realm of language is called the symbolic and is contrasted with the semiotic in that it is associated with the masculine, the law, Kristeva departs from Lacan in the idea that even after entering the symbolic, the subject continues to oscillate between the semiotic and the symbolic. Therefore, rather than arriving at an identity, the subject is permanently in process. Because female children continue to identify to some degree with the mother figure and this continued identification with the mother may result in what Kristeva refers to in Black Sun as melancholia, given that female children simultaneously reject and identify with the mother figure. After abjecting the mother, subjects retain an unconscious fascination with the semiotic, desiring to reunite with the mother, slasher films thus provide a way for audience members to safely reenact the process of abjection by vicariously expelling and destroying the mother figure
Media related to Melanie Klein at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Melanie Klein at Wikiquote
