1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Malta
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Malta, officially known as the Republic of Malta, is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. It lies 80 km south of Italy,284 km east of Tunisia, the country covers just over 316 km2, with a population of just under 450,000, making it one of the worlds smallest and most densely populated countries. The capital of Malta is Valletta, which at 0.8 km2, is the smallest national capital in the European Union, Malta has one national language, which is Maltese, and English as an official language. John, French and British, have ruled the islands, King George VI of the United Kingdom awarded the George Cross to Malta in 1942 for the countrys bravery in the Second World War. The George Cross continues to appear on Maltas national flag, the country became a republic in 1974, and although no longer a Commonwealth realm, remains a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004, in 2008, Catholicism is the official religion in Malta. The origin of the term Malta is uncertain, and the modern-day variation derives from the Maltese language, the most common etymology is that the word Malta derives from the Greek word μέλι, meli, honey. The ancient Greeks called the island Μελίτη meaning honey-sweet, possibly due to Maltas unique production of honey, an endemic species of bee lives on the island. The Romans went on to call the island Melita, which can be considered either as a latinisation of the Greek Μελίτη or the adaptation of the Doric Greek pronunciation of the same word Μελίτα. Another conjecture suggests that the word Malta comes from the Phoenician word Maleth a haven or port in reference to Maltas many bays, few other etymological mentions appear in classical literature, with the term Malta appearing in its present form in the Antonine Itinerary. The extinction of the hippos and dwarf elephants has been linked to the earliest arrival of humans on Malta. Prehistoric farming settlements dating to the Early Neolithic period were discovered in areas and also in caves. The Sicani were the tribe known to have inhabited the island at this time and are generally regarded as being closely related to the Iberians. Pottery from the Għar Dalam phase is similar to found in Agrigento. A culture of megalithis temple builders then either supplanted or arose from this early period, the temples have distinctive architecture, typically a complex trefoil design, and were used from 4000 to 2500 BCE. Animal bones and a knife found behind an altar stone suggest that temple rituals included animal sacrifice. Tentative information suggests that the sacrifices were made to the goddess of fertility, the culture apparently disappeared from the Maltese Islands around 2500 BC. Archaeologists speculate that the builders fell victim to famine or disease
3.
Regions of Malta
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Malta is subdivided into 5 regions. Three regions were created by the Local Councils Act of 1993. Two of the regions were split into smaller ones by Act No, XVI of 2009, and now there are five regions. Each region has a Regional Committee, which consists of a Regional President, a Vice President, Local councils of Malta Districts of Malta NUTS of Malta ISO 3166-2, MT
4.
Northern Region, Malta
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The Northern Region is one of five regions of Malta. The region includes the part of the main island of Malta. The region borders the Central and Southern Regions, and is close to Gozo Region. It was created by the Act No, XVI of 2009 out of part of Malta Majjistral. Northern Region includes the entire Northern District and parts of the Northern Harbour District, mġarr - include the areas of Żebbiegħ, Ġnejna Bay, Binġemma, Ta Mrejnu, Għajn Tuffieħa, Ballut, Lippija, Santi, Fomm ir-Riħ, Abatija and Mselliet. Andrews, St. Patricks and White Rocks Rabat - include the areas of Baħrija, Tal-Virtù, Mtaħleb, Kunċizzjoni, Bieb ir-Ruwa and Għar Barka St
5.
Districts of Malta
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Malta is subdivided in districts of localities in order to administer the country in regions rather than locality. The districts have no significance as the local councils provide the first-tier divisions of the country. There are 6 districts, used for purposes and which are, in turn, grouped into 3 regions, Gozo, Malta Majjistral. Each district consists of a number of localities, the Northern Harbour District, Western District and Northern District together form the North Western Region. The South Eastern District and Southern Harbour District together form the South Eastern Region, the Gozo and Comino District is a Region in its own right. The Southern Harbour District forms part of Malta Xlokk and it contains 14 local councils including the capital Valletta and the cities of Birgu, Cospicua, Senglea and Żabbar, with the largest locality being Żabbar while the smallest one is Xgħajra. The total population of the District is 81,834, while total area is 26.1 km2 and it is the second largest district by population and the fifth largest by area. It contains 13 local councils including the city of Qormi, with the largest locality being Birkirkara while the smallest one is Ta Xbiex, the total population of the District is 131,938, while total area is 24.1 km2. It is the largest district by population and the smallest by area, Birkirkara Il-Gżira Il-Ħamrun L-Imsida Pembroke Tal-Pietà Ħal Qormi San Ġiljan San Ġwann Santa Venera Tas-Sliema Is-Swieqi Ta Xbiex The South Eastern District forms part of Malta Xlokk. It contains 11 local councils including the city of Żejtun, with the largest locality being Marsaskala while the smallest one is Ħal Safi, the total population of the District is 66,060, while total area is 54.3 km2. It is the fourth largest district by population and area. Birżebbuġa Ħal Għaxaq Il-Gudja Ħal Kirkop Marsaskala Marsaxlokk L-Imqabba Il-Qrendi Ħal Safi Iż-Żejtun Iż-Żurrieq The Western District forms part of Malta Majjistral and it contains 10 local councils including the cities of Mdina, Siġġiewi and Żebbuġ, with the largest locality being Żebbuġ while the smallest one is Mdina. The total population of the District is 54,315, while total area is 72.5 km2 and it is the fifth largest district by population and the second largest by area. ĦAttard Ħal Balzan Ħad-Dingli L-Iklin Ħal Lija L-Imdina L-Imtarfa Ir-Rabat Is-Siġġiewi Ħaż-Żebbuġ The Northern District forms part of Malta Majjistral and it contains 6 local councils but no cities, with the largest locality being St. Pauls Bay while the smallest one is Għargħur. The total population of the District is 70,580, while total area is 73.6 km2 and it is the third largest district by population and the largest by area. Ħal Għargħur Il-Mellieħa L-Imġarr Il-Mosta In-Naxxar San Pawl il-Baħar The Gozo and it contains 14 local councils including the city of Victoria. This is also the largest locality while the smallest one is Għasri, the total population of the District is 37,288, while total area is 68.7 km2. It is the smallest district by population and the third largest by area, il-Belt Valletta, Archbishop Street Tel,22943101 Il-Furjana, St. Anne Str Tel,21236719 Pinto Police, Valletta Waterfront Tel,21226828 Headquarters in Valletta, the capital city of Malta
6.
St. Paul's Bay
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Saint Pauls Bay is a town in the Northern Region of Malta. It is situated sixteen kilometres northwest of the capital city Valletta, Saint Pauls Bay is largest town in the Northern Region and the seat of the Northern Regional Committee. According to the Bible, St. Paul was shipwrecked on an island which many scholars have identified as Malta on his voyage from Caesarea to Rome, the Maltese people believe that it was St. Paul who laid the foundations of Christianity on the island. The localities of Burmarrad, Qawra, Buġibba, Xemxija, Mselliet, the area of the locality is 14.47 km2. The resident population as of March 2014 stood at 21,046 persons and this population goes up to about 60,000 during the period of June to September. The increase is due both to Maltese summer residents and tourists lodging in hotels, especially in Buġibba and Qawra, although the town is a modern tourist area there are some very pretty natural highlights close by. Heading north there is Mistra Bay, its headland and St Pauls Island, going west and crossing the island towards Ġnejna Bay and Golden Bay is the scenic Wardija Ridge. Archaeological remains have been found in the limits of St. Pauls Bay, among the remains there are the megalithic temples of Buġibba and Xemxija. In addition, cart Ruts were found on the Wardija Ridge at Busewdien, while Punic tombs, during the Roman period, St. Pauls Bay became an important harbour. Remains of a Roman road, baths and beehives, have found at Xemxija. By the late Middle Ages, St. Pauls Bay was abandoned since the area was due to corsair raids. The local militia maintained several watch posts in the area, one of these, known as Ta Tabibu farmhouse, still survives today and is considered to be the oldest building in St. Pauls Bay. A building of a church was noted at the arrival of the Order of St John in 1530. A number of fortifications were built in the area during the rule of the Order of Saint John, the first of these was the Wignacourt Tower, built in 1610, which is now the oldest surviving watchtower in Malta. Qawra Tower was built by Grand Master Lascaris in 1638, in 1715, batteries were built around these two towers, while two batteries and a redoubt were built in other parts of the St. Pauls Bay coastline. Of these, only Arrias Battery survives today, since Dellia Battery, the bay was one of the landing places during the French invasion of Malta in June 1798. After the Maltese uprising against the French, St. Pauls Bay became the harbour of Malta since the Grand Harbour. In the 19th century, several villas were built in St. Pauls Bay and these were requisitioned by the British military in World War II and the bay became a rest camp
7.
Labour Party (Malta)
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The Labour Party is a social-democratic political party in Malta. Along with the Nationalist Party, the Labour Party is one of two major political parties in Malta. It is the party in the Maltese House of Representatives following its victory over the Nationalist Party in the March 2013 general election. The Labour Party is a member of the Party of European Socialists, the General Conference is largely made up of delegates from the Partys other constituent structures and is the Partys highest organ. The National Executive brings together the Party Administration as well as elected representatives of other constituent structures, the Party Congress is made up of all members of the Party and elects the Leader and the two Deputy Leaders and determines the Partys broad policy outlines. The Party Administration is made of the Party Leader, Deputy Leaders, the Parliamentary Group and the Councillors Section bring together the Partys elected representatives in parliament and local councils. The Party is organised geographically in the committees and district. Finally, the Branches of the Party include the womens, youth, senior, although not formally part of the Partys structures, the PL owns a number of media and communication outlets. The Labour Party was founded as the Chamber of Labour in 1921 by one of the union affiliated with the Imperial Government Workers Union. Band clubs and other organisations were invited to send delegates to the Partys founding meeting on 15 March 1921, significantly, led by Colonel William Savona, the Party contested the general elections held in 1921 and 1924 under the new Constitution that gave the country a measure of self-government. The Labour-Constitutional alliance won the 1927 general elections, but Labour lost ground, gaining 13. 9% of votes, Labour leader Savona was not elected, and the leadership of the Labour parliamentary group was temporarily entrusted to Colonel Michael Dundon. The Presidency of the Party and leadership of the group was taken up by Paul Boffa later that year. Labour gained nine seats out of ten in the elections held during November,1945, in which, contrarily to previous elections, the Partys electoral programme, for the first time in Labours history, did not make any reference to religion. However, Labour deputies resigned from their posts in July 1946 due to mass redundancies at the Dockyards, in the meantime, the MacMichael Constitution had been introduced, granting self-government to the Maltese. Labours participation in the subsequent October,1947 elections was again supported by the General Workers Union. The Party won 59. 9% of the vote and twenty-four seats out of the possible forty within the Legislative Assembly, Paul Boffa became Prime Minister whilst Dom Mintoff became Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Reconstruction. The Labour Government introduced Income Tax and Social Services for the first time in Malta, the Labour Party was re-founded in 1949 as a successor to the Labour Party founded in 1921. Boffa formed the Malta Workers Party while Mintoff re-organized the Labour Party as the Malta Labour Party, the Malta Labour Party contested its first elections for the Malta Legislative Assembly the following year
8.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
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