1.
City
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
2.
Downtown Melrose
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Downtown Melrose is the central business district of Melrose, Massachusetts. It is known for its nineteenth century Victorian architecture and its many small family-owned stores, downtown Melrose is generally classified as the area on Main Street from Grove Street to Essex/Upham Streets. This district encompasses seven buildings, including city hall, the fire station, Memorial Hall, the Coolidge School. National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
5.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
6.
Middlesex County, Massachusetts
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Middlesex County is a county in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, in the United States. As of 2014, the population was 1,570,315, making it the twenty-third most populous county in the United States. For administrative purposes the county held two regions, Middlesex-North with its county seat in Lowell, and Middlesex-South with its county seat in Cambridge, Middlesex County is included in the Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metropolitan Statistical Area. Massachusetts counties also define locations for National Weather Service weather alerts, in 2010, the center of population of Massachusetts was located in Middlesex County, in the town of Natick. The county was created by the Massachusetts General Court on May 10,1643, Middlesex initially contained Charlestown, Cambridge, Watertown, Sudbury, Concord, Woburn, Medford, Wayland, and Reading. On April 19th,1775, it became the site of the first armed conflict of the American Revolutionary War, on July 11,1997, the Massachusetts State Legislature abolished Middlesex County as a governmental entity due primarily to the countys insolvency. Middlesex County continues to exist as a geographic boundary, Middlesex County owned and operated the Superior Courthouses in Cambridge and Lowell and the Middlesex County Hospital in Waltham. Budgets proposed by the County Commissioners were approved by a County Advisory Board that consisted of a representative of each of the 54 cities. The votes of the members of the Advisory Board were weighted based on the overall valuation of property in their respective communities. Additionally, all county maintenance and security employees were absorbed into the corresponding staffs of the Massachusetts Trial Court, the legislation also transferred ownership of the two Superior Courthouses to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Finally, the office of County Commissioner was immediately abolished and the office of County Treasurer was abolished as of December 31,2002. Besides the Sheriff and the two Registers of Deeds, the Middlesex District Attorney, the Middlesex Register of Probate and the Middlesex Clerk of Courts are all elected countywide to six-year terms, records of land ownership in Middlesex County are maintained at the two Registries of Deeds. The first Middlesex County Registry of Deeds was created in 1649 in Cambridge, in 1855, the Massachusetts State Legislature created a Registry of Deeds for the Northern District of Middlesex County in Lowell. The Northern District consists the city of Lowell and the towns of Billerica, Carlisle, Chelmsford, Dracut, Dunstable, Tewksbury, Tyngsborough, Westford, the remaining 44 cities and towns of Middlesex County are in the Southern District which remained in Cambridge. Even after the abolition of county government in Middlesex, communities are now granted the right to form their own regional compacts for sharing services. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 847 square miles. It is the third-largest county in Massachusetts by land area and it is bounded southeast by the Charles River, and drained by the Merrimack, Nashua, and Concord rivers, and other streams. The MetroWest region comprises much of the portion of the county
7.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
8.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
9.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
Area code 339
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Area code 781 covers most of the Boston suburbs roughly along Route 128 and about two-thirds of the South Shore. It was created as a split from area code 617 on September 1,1997, use of 781 became mandatory February 1,1998. Area code 339 has been sharing the area since May 2,2001. Since then,10 digit local dialing is mandatory, some mobile phone numbers from the 1990s assigned to rate centers in 781 and 339 kept the 617 area code just on those mobile lines after it was split. Portions of the counties are covered, Essex Middlesex Norfolk Plymouth Suffolk Eastcentral Mass
12.
Area codes 781 and 339
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Area code 781 covers most of the Boston suburbs roughly along Route 128 and about two-thirds of the South Shore. It was created as a split from area code 617 on September 1,1997, use of 781 became mandatory February 1,1998. Area code 339 has been sharing the area since May 2,2001. Since then,10 digit local dialing is mandatory, some mobile phone numbers from the 1990s assigned to rate centers in 781 and 339 kept the 617 area code just on those mobile lines after it was split. Portions of the counties are covered, Essex Middlesex Norfolk Plymouth Suffolk Eastcentral Mass
13.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
14.
Greater Boston
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The region forms the northern arc of the US northeast megalopolis and as such, Greater Boston can be described as either a metropolitan statistical area, or as a broader combined statistical area. Some of Greater Bostons most well-known contributions to human civilization involve the higher education institutions. Greater Boston has been influential upon American history and industry, the region and the state of Massachusetts are global leaders in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade. Over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan region, the area has hosted many people and sites significant to American culture and history, particularly American literature, politics, and the American Revolution. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution, the Greater Boston region has played a powerful commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, the region was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in 2004, Massachusetts became the first US state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the decision of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in Boston. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the Boston region, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. The most restrictive definition of the Greater Boston area is the region administered by the Metropolitan Area Planning Council, the MAPC is a regional planning organization created by the Massachusetts legislature to oversee transportation infrastructure and economic development concerns in the Boston area. The MAPC includes 101 cities and towns that are grouped into eight subregions and these include most of the area within the regions outer circumferential highway, I-495. The eight subregions and their towns are, Inner Core, Minuteman, MetroWest, North Shore, North Suburban, South Shore, SouthWest. Northern Bristol County is part of the Greater Boston CSA, as part of the Providence MSA, the urbanized area surrounding Boston serves as the core of a definition used by the US Census Bureau known as the New England city and town area. The set of towns containing the core urbanized area plus surrounding towns with strong social and economic ties to the area is defined as the Boston–Cambridge–Nashua. The Boston NECTA is further subdivided into several NECTA divisions, which are listed below, the Boston, Framingham, and Peabody NECTA divisions together correspond roughly to the MAPC area. The total population of the Boston NECTA was 4,540,941, the metropolitan statistical area had a total population of approximately 4,732,161 as of 2014 and is the tenth-largest in the United States. The components of the area with their estimated 2012 populations are listed below. This area consists of the areas of Manchester, Worcester, Providence, as well as Cape Cod. The total population as of 2014 for the region was estimated at 8,099,575
15.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
16.
Interstate 93
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Interstate 93 is an Interstate Highway in the New England region of the United States. It begins in Canton, Massachusetts, in the Boston metropolitan area, at I-95 and it is one of three mainline Interstate highways located entirely in New England, the other two being I-89 and I-91. The largest cities along its route are Manchester, New Hampshire and Boston and it also passes through the New Hampshire state capital of Concord. For most of its length, I-93 indirectly parallels U. S. Route 3, particularly in New Hampshire, the two highways have several interchanges with each other, as well as a concurrency through Franconia Notch State Park. I-93 follows the Southeast Expressway south of downtown Boston and the Northern Expressway from Boston to the New Hampshire state line, Interstate 93s southern terminus is at exit 12 of I-95 in Canton, co-signed with U. S. Route 1 North. At this junction, I-95 North heads to the northwest, to serve as the beltway around Boston, the southernmost 3 miles of I-93 run east through Bostons southern suburbs, passing through Canton and Randolph. In Randolph, I-93 meets the end of Route 24 at Exit 4. I-93 continues east into Braintree, interchanging with Route 3, the freeway linking Boston to Cape Cod. Route 3 North joins I-93 and US-1, and the highway north toward Boston. Upon turning northward, the highway is known as the Southeast Expressway passing through Quincy, after the Massachusetts Avenue connector exit, the highway officially becomes the John F. Fitzgerald Expressway, which is also known as the Central Artery, and passes beneath downtown Boston. A major intersection with the Massachusetts Turnpike/Interstate 90 takes place just south of downtown Boston, after the massive interchange, motorists use the Thomas P. ONeill Jr. Tunnel to travel underneath the city and then use Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge to cross the Charles River. Two exits are located in the tunnel, where the limit is 45 miles an hour. Route 3 leaves the Artery just before the Zakim bridge via Exit 26, from Boston through the rest of Massachusetts, Concord, NH appears as the control city on northbound overhead signs. The Artery ends as I-93 continues north out of the city, I-93 continues through the northern suburbs of Boston, coming in Woburn to a second intersection with Interstate 95 and Route 128, which run in a concurrency. Travelers going north can either change over to I-95 north to eventually reach Maine, farther north, in Andover, I-93 meets I-495, providing access to Worcester to the southwest and New Hampshires seacoast region to the northeast. Just south of the line, I-93 crosses the Merrimack River into Methuen. Prior to August 2016, the Route 110 and 113 junction beneath I-93 was a rotary, work began in July 2014 on the project, and with the rotary now closed, demolition of the rotary will be underway in late 2016. The full project is scheduled for completion in June 2018, I-93 then interchanges with the western end of Route 213, a connector between I-93 and I-495
17.
Interstate 95
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I-95 is one of the oldest routes of the Interstate Highway System, yet its completion is still dependent on a project in Pennsylvania and New Jersey that is scheduled to be finished by 2018. Currently, its role in that region has been filled in mainly by I-295, I-195, many sections of I-95 incorporated pre-existing sections of toll roads where they served the same right of way. I-95s two pieces total 1,919.74 mi, the southern terminus of I-95 is at U. S. Route 1 in Miami, Florida, while the northern terminus is at the Houlton–Woodstock Border Crossing with New Brunswick, Canada. I-95 is the longest north–south Interstate, followed by I-75, and the sixth-longest Interstate Highway overall after I-70, I-10, I-40, I-80, I-95 passes through more states than any other Interstate Highway at 15 states, followed by I-90, which crosses 13 states. Average and as densely settled as much of Western Europe and this portion of the highway was notably featured in the film Flight of the Navigator when the spaceship flew along the highway towards Miami. Today, that runs parallel with the turnpike. In the year 2010, the Florida section of I-95 had the most fatalities of all Interstate Highways, the Georgia section of Interstate 95 travels through the marshlands closely following the coastline bypassing the cities of Brunswick and Savannah. It intersects Interstate 16 and then crosses into South Carolina, the road is named the Tom P. Coleman Highway in honor of Senator Tom Coleman who served from 1981 to 1995. The exit numbers were converted from a system to a mileage based system around the year 2000. In the Carolinas, I-95 travels west of the sections and indirectly serves popular destinations such as the Outer Banks, Myrtle Beach. I-95 notably bypasses the cities of Charleston and Raleigh while intersecting major Interstate highways at Florence. I-95 also passes the South of the Border attraction immediately before crossing into North Carolina, in North Carolina, I-95 informally serves as separation between the piedmont and coastal plain regions of North Carolina. Rocky Mount, NC is a control city that is seen from signage in Virginia heading into North Carolina. After Gaston, NC, I-95 crosses into Virginia, I-95 enters the Mid-Atlantic region in Virginia and travels through some of the most populated areas along the east coast. I-95 is concurrent briefly with I-64 in the middle of Richmond before heading toward Northern Virginia, from the tunnels of Baltimore to the bridges of New York, I-95 is mostly a tolled road. A project will fill this gap using the easternmost portion of the Pennsylvania Turnpike, I-95 connects to New York via the George Washington Bridge. I-95 in New York comprises several named expressways, the Trans-Manhattan Expressway, the Cross Bronx Expressway, the Bruckner Expressway, from New Jersey, it is briefly co-signed with U. S.1 and U. S.9. There are many interchanges within this 23-mile stretch that connects New York City to Albany, Upstate New York, I-95 then becomes the New England Thruway to Connecticut, where it continues as the Connecticut Turnpike
18.
U.S. Route 1
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U. S. Route 1 is a major north–south U. S. Highway that serves the East Coast of the United States. It runs 2,369 miles, from Fort Kent, Maine, at the Canada–US border, south to Key West, Florida, US1 is generally paralleled by Interstate 95, though the former is significantly farther west between Jacksonville, Florida, and Petersburg, Virginia. The highway connects most of the cities of the east coast, including Miami, Richmond, Washington. Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston, passing from the Southeastern United States to New England. While US1 is generally the easternmost of the main north–south U. S. Highways, part of US9, US13, US15, US17, US21, occupy corridors closer to the ocean. At the time, the farther east were of lower quality. At the time of its construction, US99 was its equivalent along the western coast of the United States, the rest of US1 in Florida is generally a four-lane divided highway, despite the existence of the newer I-95 not far away. State Road A1A is a continuous beachfront alternate to US1, cut only by assorted unbridged inlets, North of Jacksonville, US1 turns northwest towards Augusta, Georgia, US17 becomes the coastal route into Virginia, where US13 takes over. In Florida until the 1990s, US1 used high-contrast markers, the Georgia Department of Transportation has an ongoing plan to widen all of US1 to four lanes with bypasses which is more than 50 percent complete. Main articles, U. S. Route 1 in North and South Carolina In South Carolina, starting in South Carolina, US1 is paralleled by Interstate 20 along the Fall Line through Aiken, Lexington, and Columbia to Camden and Lugoff. US1 functions as a local road with occasional boulevard stretches. After SC9, it continues northward into North Carolina as a two-lane highway, SCDOT has no plans to widen or bypass any US1 alignments northeast of Camden to the North Carolina line. US1 goes through downtown Rockingham, with a bypass in the future plans, North of the NC177 junction, it becomes four lanes or greater, becoming a super-street with limited access and then becoming a limited access freeway. US1 becomes a major artery for the state as it moves north of Rockingham, after Richmond County, it goes into Moore County with two expressway bypasses in Southern Pines, Vass and Cameron. US1 continues with the Jefferson Davis Highway label through Lee County and Sanford, US1 runs concurrently with US64 through most of Cary, where the freeway recently underwent a major renovation and improvements that added lanes in both directions. North of Raleigh, US1 crosses Interstate 540 and then becomes a four-lane divided arterial to Interstate 85 near Henderson. The North Carolina Department of Transportation has begun a study for this section of US1. Moreover, NCDOT is planning to finish four-laning US1 in Richmond County past NC177 with a Rockingham bypass to the east, there are no plans from SCDOT to widen US1 from the state line
19.
Charlestown, Boston
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Charlestown is the oldest neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Originally called Mishawum by the Massachusett, it is located on a north of the Charles River, across from downtown Boston. Charlestown was laid out in 1629 by engineer Thomas Graves, one of its early settlers and it was originally a separate town and the first capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Charlestown became a city in 1848 and was annexed by Boston on January 5,1874, with that, it also switched from Middlesex County, to which it had belonged since 1643, to Suffolk County. It has had a substantial Irish American population since the migration of Irish people during the Great Irish Famine of the 1840s, since the late 1980s the neighborhood has changed dramatically because of its proximity to downtown and its colonial architecture. In the 21st century, Charlestowns diversity has expanded dramatically, along with growing rates of the very poor, today Charlestown is a largely residential neighborhood, with much housing near the waterfront, overlooking the Boston skyline. Charlestown is home to historic sites, hospitals and organizations. Thomas and Jane Walford were the original English settlers of the peninsula between the Charles and the Mystic and they were given a grant by Sir Robert Gorges, with whom they had settled at Wessagusset in September 1623 and arrived at what they called Mishawaum in 1624. John Endicott, first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, sent William, Richard, Thomas Walford, acting as an interpreter with the Massachusetts Indians, negotiated with the local sachem Wonohaquaham for Endicott and his people to settle there. John Winthrops company stopped here for time in 1630, before deciding to settle across the Charles River at Boston. The territory of Charlestown was initially quite large, from it, Woburn was separated in 1642, Melrose and Malden in 1649, Stoneham in 1725, and Somerville in 1842. Everett, Burlington, Medford, Arlington and Cambridge also acquired areas originally allocated to Charlestown, on June 17,1775, the Charlestown Peninsula was the site of the Battle of Bunker Hill, named for a hill at the northwest end of the peninsula near Charlestown Neck. British troops unloaded at Moulton’s Point and much of the battle took place on Breeds Hill, the town, including its wharves and dockyards, was almost completely destroyed during the battle by the British. The town was not appreciably rebuilt until the end of hostilities but, in 1786, an 87-acre Navy Yard was established in 1800, Charlestown State Prison opened in 1805. The Bunker Hill Monument was erected between 1827 and 1843 using Quincy granite brought to the site by a combination of purpose-built railway, notable businesses included the Bunker Hill Breweries and Schraffts candy company. Around the 1860s an influx of Irish immigrants arrived in Charlestown, following the war, the city commissioned Martin Milmore to construct its civil war memorial, dedicated in 1872 and still standing in the communitys Training Field. Out of its 32,040 residents,2240 voted in support of the merger and 1947 opposed, Boston residents also approved the question,5, 960–1,868. Charlestowns separate city government was dissolved the next year, during the early 1960s, the city initiated plans to demolish and redevelop sixty percent of the housing in Charlestown
20.
Malden, Massachusetts
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Malden is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. At the time of the 2010 United States Census, the population was at 59,450 people, in 2009, Malden was named the Best Place to Raise Your Kids in Massachusetts by Bloomberg Businessweek. Malden, a woodland area north of the Mystic River, was settled by Puritans in 1640 on land purchased in 1629 from the Pennacook tribe. The area was called the Mistick Side and was a part of Charlestown. It was incorporated as a town in 1649. The name Malden was selected by Joseph Hills, a settler and landholder. The city originally included what are now the adjacent cities of Melrose, Malden High School has the second-oldest continuous high school football rivalry in the United States with Medford High School. The first Thanksgiving Day Game dates back to 1889, in 1984, Malden came to national renown as the location of the controversial Fells Acres Day Care Center preschool trial. In 2004, a same-sex Malden couple was the first to marry in Massachusetts at precisely 9,15 AM on May 17,2004 at Cambridge City Hall, Massachusetts was the first state in the United States to issue same-sex marriage licenses. Malden is bordered by Melrose on the north, Stoneham on the northwest, Medford on the west, Everett on the south, Revere on the east, and Saugus on the northeast. Boojum Rock located in the north west corner of Malden inside the Middlesex Fells Reservation is the highest point in Malden with an elevation of approximately 275 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.1 square miles. Bordered on the northwest by the cliffs of Middlesex Fells, Malden is drained by the Malden River, as of the 2010 United States Census, there were 59,450 people,25,161 households, and 13,575 families residing in the city. The population density was 11,788.6 people per square mile, there were 23,634 housing units at an average density of 4,657.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 52. 5% White,14. 8% African American,0. 14% Native American,20. 1% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,2. 10% from other races, and 3. 46% were multiracial. 8. 6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,32. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the family size was 3.13. In the city, the population was out with 19. 9% under the age of 18,8. 5% from 18 to 24,36. 9% from 25 to 44,20. 8% from 45 to 64
21.
Mystic River
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The Mystic River is a 7. 0-mile-long river in Massachusetts, in the United States. Its name derives from the Wampanoag word muhs-uhtuq, which translates to big river, in an Algonquian language, Missi-Tuk means a great river whose waters are driven by waves, alluding to the original tidal nature of the Mystic. It lies to the north of and flows parallel to the lower portions of the Charles River. The Mystic River has a history of industrial use and a continuing water quality problem. The river joins the Charles River to form inner Boston Harbor and its watershed contains 44 lakes and ponds, the largest of which is Spot Pond in the Middlesex Fells, with an area of 307 acres. Before recorded history, Native Americans and then later colonists used weirs to catch alewives, in 1631, after the arrival of the English, the first ship built by Europeans in Massachusetts, the Blessing of the Bay, was launched from the rivers shores. A few years later the first bridge was built, neighboring towns squabbled about the costs for more than a hundred years. In 1775, the Battle of Chelsea Creek took place in the watershed in May. In 1805 the Middlesex Canal linked the Charles and Mystic Rivers to the Merrimack River in Lowell, shipbuilding peaked in the 1840s as schooners and sloops transported timber and molasses for rum distilleries between Medford and the West Indies. By 1865, overfishing and pollution all but eliminated commercial fishing, extensive salt marshes lined the banks of the Mystic until 1909, when the first dam was built across the river, converting salt marsh to freshwater marsh and enabling development. A dam named for Amelia Earhart, was built in 1966 and it has three locks to allow the passage of boats, and is equipped with pumps to push fresh water out to the harbor even during high tide. Dam operators leave the open at times to allow the passage of fish. There is a ladder, but it has never been functional. The dam is closed to the public, in 1950, construction was completed on the Maurice J. Tobin Bridge which spans the Mystic River, joining Charlestown and Chelsea. Although most of species still live in the Mystic River, pollution. Pollution came from various mills and a ship building yard in the past. The main source of pollution in the 20th century and into the present is from drainage from cities, many of the records of nearby drainage pipes have been lost, or have undocumented changes and diversions. Once described as having so many herring that one could cross the river on their backs, pollution has raised bacteria levels and turbidity, making it unfavorable for fish to live in
22.
Boston and Maine Corporation
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The Boston and Maine Corporation, known as the Boston and Maine Railroad, was a U. S. Class I railroad in northern New England and it became part of what is now the Pan Am Railways network in 1983. At the end of 1970 B&M operated 1,515 route-miles on 2,481 miles of track and that year it reported 2744 million ton-miles of revenue freight and 92 million passenger-miles. The Andover and Wilmington Railroad was incorporated March 15,1833, to build a branch from the Boston and Lowell Railroad at Wilmington, Massachusetts, north to Andover, the line opened to Andover on August 8,1836. The railroad opened in 1840 to Exeter, New Hampshire, and on January 1,1842, on February 23,1843, the B&M opened to Agamenticus, on the line of the Portland, Saco and Portsmouth Railroad in South Berwick. On January 28 of that year the B&M and Eastern Railroad came to an agreement to lease the PS&P as a joint line to Portland. The Boston and Maine Railroad Extension was incorporated March 16,1844, due to a dispute with the Boston and that company was merged into the main B&M on March 19,1845, and opened July 1, leading to the abandonment of the old connection to the B&L. In 1848 another original section was abandoned, as a new alignment was built from Wilmington north to North Andover, Massachusetts, in order to better serve Lawrence, a new alignment to Portland opened in 1873, splitting from the old route at South Berwick, Maine. The old route was later abandoned and this completed the B&M main line which would become known as the Western Route to distinguish it from the Eastern Route which also connected Boston and Portland. As the B&M grew, it gained control of former rivals, including, The Eastern Railroad was leased by the B&M on December 23,1883, and on May 9,1890. This provided a route to Maine, ending competition along the immediate route between Boston and Portland. Along with the Eastern, the B&M also acquired many branch lines, including the Conway Branch, the Saugus Branch, the South Reading Branch, and branches to Marblehead and Rockport, Massachusetts. The Worcester and Nashua Railroad was organized in 1845 and the Nashua and Rochester Railroad in 1847, the W&N leased the N&R in 1874, and the two companies merged into the Worcester, Nashua and Rochester Railroad in 1883. The B&M leased the line on January 1,1886 and this acquisition also included the continuation from Rochester to Portland, Maine, incorporated in 1846 as the York and Cumberland Railroad. It opened partially in 1851 and 1853, was reorganized as the Portland and Rochester Railroad in 1867 and it was again reorganized in 1881 and then operated in conjunction with the line to Worcester. Johnsbury and Lake Champlain Railroad to northwestern Vermont, and the Connecticut, additionally, the St. Johnsbury and Lake Champlain Railroad, owned by the B&M through stock, was leased to the Maine Central Railroad by 1912. The Central Massachusetts Railroad stayed a part of the B&M, as did the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad. The Northern Railroad was leased to the Boston and Lowell in 1884, but that lease was cancelled and the Northern was on its own until 1890, the Northern owned a number of lines running west from Concord
23.
Wyoming Hill (MBTA station)
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Wyoming Hill is a rail station on the MBTAs commuter rail system in Melrose, Massachusetts. It is located in Wyoming Square and is close to Downtown Melrose, service to the station is provided by the Haverhill Line from Boston and Haverhill, Massachusetts. There are wooden coverings on both platforms and the platform has a shelter for people making bus transfers. Wyoming Hill is only a short ways north of the MBTA Orange Line subways Oak Grove terminus, Wyoming Hill, in addition to the other commuter rail stops in Melrose, was originally intended to be an extension of the Orange Line up to Reading, Massachusetts
24.
Stoneham, Massachusetts
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Stoneham is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, nine miles north of downtown Boston. The town is the birthplace of Olympic figure-skating medalist Nancy Kerrigan, Emmy-winning writer Josh Gondelman, the earliest documented mention of the territory now called Stoneham dates to the year 1632, when on February 7 Governor Winthrop and his party came upon this area. They found Spot Pond and ate their lunch on a place they called Cheese Rock, Stoneham was first settled in 1634 and was originally a part of Charlestown. The original settlers of the area were Whigs, in 1678, there were six settlers with their families, all in the northeast part of the town, probably because of its proximity to the settlement in Reading. For this reason, Captain Benjamin Geary and fifty-three other residents of the area petitioned Charlestown to allow them to be separated. The towns first meeting-house was erected in 1726, and the first church was organized in 1729, with members being released from the congregations in Reading and Melrose to form it. In that same year, the town voted to raise ₤9 for the building of a school, Stoneham remained a small town during the colonial era, traces of its colonial history are still to be seen in the Spot Pond Archeological District of the Middlesex Fells Reservation. During the Industrial Revolution, Stoneham prospered as a major shoe-manufacturing center, Stoneham is part of the Massachusettss 5th congressional district and is represented by Katherine Clark. The United States Senators are Ed Markey and Elizabeth Warren, part of the 31st Middlesex District, Mike Day represents the district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He replaced Jason Lewis who now represents Stoneham in the Massachusetts Senate for the 5th Middlesex Senate district, Stoneham is located at 42°28′48″N 71°5′54″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 6.7 square miles, of which 6.2 square miles is land and 0.6 square miles. Stoneham has two exits off Interstate 93, Route 28 and Winchester Highlands, Stoneham borders the following cities or towns, Woburn, Winchester, Medford, Melrose, Wakefield, Reading, and Malden. As of the census of 2000, there were 22,219 people,9,050 households, the population density was 3,614.1 people per square mile. There were 9,289 housing units at a density of 1,510.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 95. 01% White,2. 61% Asian,0. 89% Black or African American,0. 05% Native American,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 59% from other races, and 0. 90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 79% of the population,30. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the family size was 3.07. In the town, the population was out with 21. 0% under the age of 18,5. 9% from 18 to 24,30. 4% from 25 to 44,24. 3% from 45 to 64
25.
Levi S. Gould
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Gould was born to Dr. Levi Gould and Elizabeth Webb Gould in Dixmont, Maine on March 27,1831. When he was six months old his family moved to his fathers home town of Stoneham, in 1843 his family moved to the Town of North Malden. Gould was educated in the schools of North Malden and at Waitts. Gould married Mary Eliza Payne the daughter of Samuel and Mary Payne on February 23,1860 and they had two children, Mary Pearl Gould, born on September 5,1862, and Annie Elizabeth Gould, born April 30,1866. In 1866 Gould became connected with the F. M. Holmes & Company, F. M. Holmes & Company, was a business that manufactured and sold furniture. 1878 Gould purchased F. M. Holmes and Company and ran it as the F. M. Holmes Furniture Company, the F. M. Holmes Furniture Company factory was in Charlestown, and its warehouse and salesroom was in Boston. Gould died in Melrose, Massachusetts on March 22,1917, cutter, William Richard, Historic Homes & Places and Genealogical & Personal Memoirs Relating to the Families of Middlesex County Massachusetts, Pages 1410-1411. Gould, Levi S. Ancient Middlesex with Brief Biographical Sketches of the Men Who Have Served the County Since its Settlement, Massachusetts of To-day, A Memorial of the State, Historical and Biographical, Issued for the Worlds Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Rand, John Clark, One of a Thousand, a Series of Biographical Sketches of One Thousand Representative Men, Boston, Massachusetts First National Publishing Company, works by or about Levi S. Gould at Internet Archive
26.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
27.
Burgh
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A burgh /ˈbʌrə/ was an autonomous corporate entity in Scotland and Northern England, usually a town, or toun in Scots. This type of administrative division existed from the 12th century, when King David I created the first royal burghs, Burgh status was broadly analogous to borough status, found in the rest of the United Kingdom. Following local government reorganization in 1975 the title of royal burgh remains in use in many towns, by 1130, David I had established other burghs including Edinburgh, Stirling, Dunfermline, Perth, Dumfries, Jedburgh, Montrose and Lanark. Most of the burghs granted charters in his reign probably already existed as settlements, charters were copied almost verbatim from those used in England, and early burgesses were usually invited English and Flemish settlers. They were able to impose tolls and fines on traders within a region outside their settlements, in the south-west, Glasgow, Ayr and Kirkcudbright were aided by the less profitable sea trade with Ireland and to a lesser extent France and Spain. The founding of 16 royal burghs can be traced to the reign of David I, in addition to the major royal burghs, the late Middle Ages saw the proliferation of baronial and ecclesiastical burghs, with 51 created between 1450 and 1516. Most of these were smaller than their royal counterparts. Excluded from foreign trade, they acted mainly as local markets, Burghs were centres of basic crafts, including the manufacture of shoes, clothes, dishes, pots, joinery, bread and ale, which would normally be sold to indwellers and outdwellers on market days. In general, burghs carried out far more local trading with their hinterlands, on which they relied for food and raw materials, Burghs had rights to representation in the Parliament of Scotland. Under the Acts of Union of 1707 many became parliamentary burghs, there were several types of burgh, including, Royal burgh, founded by Royal charter. Burgh of regality, granted to a nobleman or lord of regality, Burgh of barony, granted to a tenant-in-chief, with narrower powers. Parliamentary burgh or Burgh constituency, a type of parliamentary constituency, Police burgh, a burgh operating a police system of town government. Until 1833, each burgh had a different constitution or sett, the government of the burgh was often in the hands of a self-nominating corporation, and few local government functions were performed, these were often left to ad hoc bodies. Two pieces of reforming legislation were enacted in 1834, The Royal Burghs Act, the Royal Burghs Act provided for the election of magistrates and councillors. Each burgh was to have a council consisting of a provost, magistrates. Every parliamentary elector living within the royalty or area of the royal burgh, one third of the common council was elected each year. The councillors selected a number of their members to be bailies, the provost, or chief magistrate, was elected from among the council every three years. The Royal Burghs Act was also extended to the 12 parliamentary burghs which had recently been enfranchised and these were growing industrial centres, and apart from the lack of a charter, they had identical powers and privileges to the royal burghs
28.
Melrose, Scottish Borders
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Melrose is a small town and civil parish in the Scottish Borders, historically in Roxburghshire. It is in the Eildon committee area, the towns name is recorded in its earliest form as Mailros, the bare peninsula, referring to the original site of the monastery, recorded by Bede, in a bend of the river Tweed. The original monastery at Melrose is referred to in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle with the name Magilros, in the late Middle Ages, when the monastery had been re-founded in its present position, its name was symbolically represented by the visual pun of a mell and a rose. Melrose is the location of Melrose Abbey, re-founded for the Cistercian order by David I in the early 12th century and it is the site of the burial of the heart of Scottish king Robert the Bruce. An excavation was led to find a sealed casket, but it was not opened, the casket was placed in a sealed lead cylinder, and was then re-buried in the abbey back at its proper resting place. The remains of the Abbey are cared for by Historic Scotland, nearby is the Roman fort of Trimontium, and Dryburgh Abbey. Melrose is surrounded by the villages of Darnick, Gattonside, Newstead, Lilliesleaf. Melrose is the birthplace of Rugby Sevens and also has a rugby union team, Melrose is an area where rugby union has always been the most popular sport. Melrose Golf Club is a golf course situated on the edge of the town at the foot of the Eildon Hills. Melrose Cricket Club is situated next to Borders General Hospital at Huntlyburn, every year in June, the week-long Melrose Festival takes place. This involves appointing a Melrosian who has lived in the town for most of his life, Melrose is now host to the annual Borders Book Festival which also takes place during June. The 2005 festival hosted guests including Michael Palin and Germaine Greer, Ian Rankin, Melrose hosts the annual Eildon Two Hills Race, attracting many runners, and the Melrose Pipe Band Championships, attracting pipers from all over the world
29.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
30.
Mount Hood Golf Club
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Mount Hood is an 18 hole golf club and park located in Melrose, Massachusetts. It was built in the 1930s on donated land as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelts Works Progress Administration, today, Mount Hood serves as a golf course and park, while sledding is popular in the winter. The land that comprises Mount Hood was donated to the City of Melrose, also built were two cabins, one for the Girl Scouts of the USA and one for the Boy Scouts of America. Slayton Tower was built to house a small Army outpost assigned to look out over the Atlantic Ocean for German U-Boats during World War II, from the top, one can see the entire Revere Beach area and also part of Lynn Beach. When winter arrived, the park was used for activities including skiing, sledding. In addition to the run and ski jump, there was also a rope tow to bring skiers and sledders from the bottom of the slope—officially named the Arthur L. Delaney Ski Slope—to the top. Skating on the first pond was also popular and the area was lit, since the closing of the ski area, estimated to be around 1971, Mount Hood has functioned as both a park and a golf course. Its various hiking and biking trails offer a way to get away from the city life. There are also several ponds where ice skating and fishing are allowed, though the ski resort no longer exists, sledding is popular in the winter. The size of Mount Hood golf course was increased from nine to eighteen holes and today it offers challenge, in the midst of a wooded 300-acre park,10 miles from the Zakim Bridge it boasts views of nearby Boston, Revere Beach and the wilderness. Notable of the course is that eight of the eighteen tees are elevated allowing high tee shots as well as views from Boston to New Hampshire, Melrose, Massachusetts Golf Course Mount Hood Park Association Mount Hood Golf Club
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Saugus, Massachusetts
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Saugus is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, in the Greater Boston area. The population was 26,628 at the 2010 census, Saugus was first settled in 1629. Saugus is an Native American name believed to mean great or extended, in 1637, the territory known as Saugus was renamed Lin or Lynn, after Kings Lynn in Norfolk, England. In 1646, the Saugus Iron Works, then called Hammersmith and it was the first integrated iron works in North America as well as one of the most technologically advanced in the world. The Iron Works produced over one ton of iron a day, in September 1687, Major Samuel Appleton was said to have given a speech from a rocky cliff near the Iron Works denouncing the tyranny of Colonial Governor Sir Edmund Andros. The place where he is said to have delivered the speech became known as Appletons Pulpit, nearly 100 men from Saugus fought in the American Revolutionary War. Saugus preacher, Parson Joseph Roby, worked to strengthen the spirit of independence in Saugus and was instrumental in seeing that Saugus sent a contingent to fight in the war. The nineteenth century ice began in Saugus when in 1804 Frederic Tudor cut ice from a pond on the family farm. In 1805 the Newburyport Turnpike was built, about four miles of this road was built in Saugus. At first the turnpike was considered a mistake, as it was built over hills and swamps, from 1840 to 1846, the tolls were discontinued and it became a public highway. The invention of the resulted in an increase of traffic on the Turnpike. In 1933 the road was widened and an overpass was added to separate the traffic on Route 1, in the 1950s new businesses began moving to Route 1. Today the businesses along Route 1 generate millions in dollars for Saugus, the Lynn territory was shortened beginning in 1814 with the incorporation of Lynnfield. On February 17,1815, present-day Saugus was officially incorporated as a town, the first town meeting was held on March 13,1815 in the parish church. At the time of its incorporation, Saugus population was 784, during the Industrial Revolution, many new industries moved to Saugus. Shoes and woolen goods were made in Saugus Center, and tobacco was manufactured in Cliftondale, Saugus first post office was established in 1832 in East Saugus. In 1858 two more were established - one in Saugus Center and one in Cliftondale, now only the Cliftondale post office remains in Saugus. The first town hall was built in 1837 and it was built with $2,000 of the United States revenue surplus distributed by President Andrew Jackson
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Wakefield, Massachusetts
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Wakefield is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, incorporated in 1812 and located about 12.5 mi north-northwest of Downtown Boston. The 73rd most populous municipality in Massachusetts, Wakefields population was 24,932 at the 2010 census, Wakefield was first settled in 1638 and was originally known as Lynn Village. It officially separated from Lynn and incorporated as Reading in 1644 when the first church and this first corn mill was built on the Mill River on Water Street, and later small saw mills were built on the Mill River and the Saugus River. The old parish became known as the Old or South Parish when in 1713 the North Parish was established. This North Parish later became the town of North Reading, in 1769 the West Parish was established. In 1812 the Old or South Parish of Reading separated from Reading and was incorporated as South Reading. At the time it was spelled South Redding, not South Reading, the railroad was chartered and built in 1844 between Wilmington and Boston. This later became the line of the Boston and Maine Railroad. The Boston and Maine Foundry was built in 1854 and was reincorporated as the Smith. The Boston Ice Company cut and shipped ice from Lake Quannapowitt starting in 1851, the Rattan Works was established in 1856 by Cyrus Wakefield. This later grew into the Wakefield Rattan Company and at one time had a thousand employees, in 1868 Cyrus Wakefield donated land and money for a new town hall, and in thanks the town voted to change its name from South Reading to Wakefield. The town hall, currently named for William J. Lee, is located at 1 Lafayette Street, in 1856 the South Reading Public Library was established, which later became the Beebe Town Library. In 1923, the Lucius Beebe Memorial Library was built and established by Junius Beebe, the first weekly newspaper in Wakefield was established in 1858. One of the oldest and largest manufacturers of flying model airplane toys in the world, Paul K. Guillow, the company is particularly notable for its extensive line of balsa wood model airplane kits. Route 128 was built along the edge of the town by 1958. American Mutual had over 1000 employees, most of them commuting to work via Route 128, by the late 1980s American Mutual was in liquidation due to the Woburn W. R. Grace litigation. The headquarters building was sold to the Beal Company and was home to Boston Technology Inc. which invented and manufactured corporate voice mail systems that operated on computer systems, in April 1971, a fire burned down much of the amusement park. The area now consists of office buildings and is called Edgewater Park
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Pine Banks Park
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Pine Banks is a 107. 5-acre park located in the cities of Malden and Melrose, Massachusetts. It was donated by former Mayor of Malden Elisha S. Converse to be used forever as a public park, the area was once inhabited by the Wampanoag Native American tribe. It was later the home of the Lynde family in the early 18th century, the structure of Pine Banks was formed millions of years ago when volcanoes and earthquakes shaped the area. As a result, there are rocky cliffs throughout the park, in addition to that, thousands of years ago, receding glaciers formed an esker which can be seen at the park as an elevated path. The largest cliff, which is made of bedrock, rises 40–50 feet straight up to form Mount Ephraim. This is the highest point, but not the point of elevation in the park. There are other, smaller hills and cliffs, there is a small shallow pond just south of Mount Ephraim that was sometimes called Island Pond but now is usually not named. The ponds banks are marshy, making it a good home for frogs. It is highly unlikely that any fish call this pond home, in addition to the pond, there are other small creeks and wetlands throughout the park. One of these small creeks once connected to the Malden River, in addition to being a natural forest area, Pine Banks is also a recreational park. Centered in the park near the pond is a playground, containing swings, slides. In the playground there are two long picnic tables sheltered by a roof. There are also BBQs that may be used during parties, many birthday parties are celebrated here, but reservations are required. North of the area there are several fields, five softball fields, one full size baseball field. Many sporting events are held at these fields, including soccer games which are held in the outfield of the softball fields, there are many lights that sufficiently light up the fields for night games. Parking is located in proximity to the fields. Pine Banks once contained a course, but that is no longer in existence. The course was where the fields are
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Middlesex Fells Reservation
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Middlesex Fells Reservation, often referred to simply as the Fells, is a public recreation area covering more than 2,200 acres in Malden, Medford, Melrose, Stoneham, and Winchester, Massachusetts. The state park surrounds two inactive reservoirs, Spot Pond and the Fells Reservoir, and the three active reservoirs supplying the town of Winchester, Spot Pond and the Fells Reservoir are part of the Wachusett water system, one of six primary water systems that feed metropolitan Bostons waterworks. The park is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation and is part of the Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston, the area around Middlesex Fells is known to have been explored by John Winthrop, Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, in 1632. The reservations lands have been used for the production of timber, granite, abundant water power meant that many mills, including one that manufactured some of the first vulcanized rubber products, were located here. Remnants of early works are visible in the Spot Pond Archeological District, located in the Virginia Woods section. The property was donated to the Metropolitan District Commission in 1923. In 1893, the state took the property over and began managing it as a state park, at some point in the 1800s or earlier, a stone tablet was erected on Great Island, which reads WHERE SHUTE FELL. There are several contradictory stories explaining the significance of this phrase, Boston Regional Medical Center was located within the Reservation along Woodland Road in Stoneham, until it closed in February 1999. In addition to being a park, portions of the park. The parks visitor center on Woodland Road in Stoneham is in the historic John Botume House, historically important archaeological sites in the park are listed as part of the Spot Pond Archeological District. The reservation has over 100 miles of trails for hiking, mountain biking, cross-country skiing, trailheads are accessible from Interstate 93 at exits 33 and 34, and 35 Southbound. Fishing is offered on Dark Hollow Pond, other facilities include picnicking areas, an observation tower, and a tot lot. A concessionaire offers sailing lessons and rentals of kayaks, canoes, pedal boats, rock climbing is also popular in the Fells. Middlesex Fells Reservation Department of Conservation and Recreation Middlesex Fells Reservation Map Department of Conservation and Recreation Friends of the Fells
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Massachusetts House of Representatives
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The Massachusetts House of Representatives is the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court, the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It is composed of 160 members elected from 12 counties each divided into electoral districts across the Commonwealth. The House of Representatives convenes at the Massachusetts State House in Boston, Representatives used to be apportioned by town. For the first 150 persons, one representative was granted, the largest membership of the House was 749 in 1812, the largest House without Maine was 635 in 1837. The original distribution was changed to the current regional system in the 20th century. Until 1978, there were 240 members of the house, a number in multi-member districts, today, each Representative represents about 40,000 residents. Their districts are named for the counties they are in and tend to stay within one county, Representatives serve two-year terms which are not limited. Within the Houses debating chamber hangs the Sacred Cod of Massachusetts, the 5-foot-long pine carving of the cod was offered by Representative John Rowe in 1784 in commemoration of the states maritime economy and history. Two previous carvings of the cod existed during the colonial era, the first destroyed in a fire in 1747. Since 1784, the current Sacred Cod has been present at nearly every House session, in 1933, members of the Harvard Lampoon stole the cod carving as part of a prank. The theft sparked a statewide search by the Boston and Massachusetts State Police. Following outrage from Boston newspapers and the General Court itself, the cod was anonymously handed back, the Democrats hold a supermajority in the House. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives, the Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the chief leader, other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses relative to their partys strength in the House. The current Speaker of the House is Robert DeLeo of the 19th Suffolk District, the Majority Leader is Ronald Mariano of the 3rd Norfolk District. The Republican Minority Leader is Bradley Jones, Jr. of the 20th Middlesex District, the most recent election of members was held on November 8,2016. Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1947-1948,1951,1957,1961,1967,1971,1977,1981,1987,1993,1997,2001,2003,2005,2007 Massachusetts - State Legislative District Maps
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Katherine Clark
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Katherine Marlea Clark is an American politician who has served as the United States Representative for Massachusettss 5th congressional district since 2013. The district includes many of the northern and western suburbs of Boston, such as Medford, Framingham, Woburn and she is a member of the Democratic Party. She was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 2008 to 2011, born in Connecticut, Clark worked as an attorney in several states before moving to Massachusetts in 1995, where she worked in state government. She joined the Melrose School Committee in 2002, becoming chair in 2005. She was first elected to the legislature in 2007, and contributed to legislation regarding criminal justice, education. She won the 2013 special election for the U. S. House of Representatives to succeed Ed Markey in the 5th district, katherine Marlea Clark was born July 17,1963 in New Haven, Connecticut. She attended St. Lawrence University, Cornell Law School, and she studied in Nagoya, Japan in 1983. She moved to Massachusetts in 1995 and became counsel for the state Office of Child Care Services. In 2001 Clark moved to Melrose, where she was elected to the Melrose School Committee, Clark first ran for the Massachusetts Senate in 2004, but lost 57 to 43 percent to Republican incumbent Richard Tisei. In January 2005 she was elected chairwoman of the Melrose School Committee. Clark was appointed co-chair of Victory 2006, the state Democratic Partys campaign and she spent some time as Chief of Policy and Government Relations in the state Attorney Generals office. Festa resigned his state House seat in October 2007, and Clark entered the election to succeed him. In the campaign she emphasized her experience as an attorney and made developing stability in state aid her top policy issue and she won the Democratic primary in January with 65% of the vote, defeating two other Melrose Democrats. She defeated Republican real estate businessman Mark B, in November 2008, she won re-election to a full term unopposed. Sworn in March 13,2008, she represented the towns of Melrose and she voted in favor of a sales tax increase saying Voting for a sales tax certainly was not an easy vote, by any means, especially in this economic climate. And one of the reasons, primary reasons, I did it was for the local aid and for the MBTA. So, to have the ink dry on the budget. Clarks committee assignments were as follows, education Judiciary Municipalities and Regional Government When Tisei resigned his state Senate seat to run for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, she ran for his senate seat
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Melrose
