1.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
2.
Irish language
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Irish, also referred to as Gaelic or Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is spoken as a first language by a minority of Irish people. Irish enjoys constitutional status as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland and it is also among the official languages of the European Union. The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island of Ireland and it has the oldest vernacular literature in Western Europe. The fate of the language was influenced by the power of the English state in Ireland. Elizabethan officials viewed the use of Irish unfavourably, as being a threat to all things English in Ireland and its decline began under English rule in the 17th century. In the latter part of the 19th century, there was a decrease in the number of speakers. Irish-speaking areas were hit especially hard, by the end of British rule, the language was spoken by less than 15% of the national population. Since then, Irish speakers have been in the minority, efforts have been made by the state, individuals and organisations to preserve, promote and revive the language, but with mixed results. Around the turn of the 21st century, estimates of native speakers ranged from 20,000 to 80,000 people. In the 2011 Census, these numbers had increased to 94,000 and 1.3 million, there are several thousand Irish speakers in Northern Ireland. It has been estimated that the active Irish-language scene probably comprises 5 to 10 per cent of Irelands population, there has been a significant increase in the number of urban Irish speakers, particularly in Dublin. In Gaeltacht areas, however, there has been a decline of the use of Irish. Údarás na Gaeltachta predicted that, by 2025, Irish will no longer be the language in any of the designated Gaeltacht areas. Survey data suggest that most Irish people think highly of Irish as a marker of identity. It has also argued that newer urban groups of Irish speakers are a disruptive force in this respect. In An Caighdeán Oifigiúil the name of the language is Gaeilge, before the spelling reform of 1948, this form was spelled Gaedhilge, originally this was the genitive of Gaedhealg, the form used in Classical Irish. Older spellings of this include Gaoidhealg in Classical Irish and Goídelc in Old Irish, the modern spelling results from the deletion of the silent dh in the middle of Gaedhilge, whereas Goidelic languages, used to refer to the language family including Irish, comes from Old Irish
3.
Georgian architecture
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Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the architecture of Greece and Rome. Ornament is also normally in the tradition, but typically rather restrained. In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world. The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession, before the mid-century the high-sounding title and this contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny published editions in America as well as Britain, mail-order kit homes were also popular before World War II. The architect James Gibbs was a figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture—and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking worlds equivalent of European Rococo. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke, regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. In Britain brick or stone are almost invariably used, brick is often disguised with stucco, in America and other colonies wood remained very common, as its availability and cost-ratio with the other materials was more favourable. Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture, Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided, in grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court. Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid, this was partly to minimize window tax and their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable
4.
Garden square
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A garden square is an open space with buildings surrounding a garden, often located in fashionable urban areas. There are many squares in London, England, for example. The large estates in London, e. g. the Bedford Estate in Bloomsbury, originally the gardens were a private amenity for the residents of the houses in the square. Some remain private, while others are now open to the public, there may be levies to raise money for maintenance of the garden in a garden square. Normally the charge is set annually by a garden committee, however they are not only a British phenomenon, as the Place des Vosges in Paris and the Square de Meeûs and Square Orban in Brussels show. Dublin, Ireland contains several Georgian garden squares, including Merrion Square, private gardens in town squares are sometimes opened to the public on a temporary basis. Parks and open spaces in London List of garden squares in London Squares in London Town square
5.
Townhouse (Great Britain)
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The grandest of the London townhouses were stand-alone buildings, but many were terraced buildings. The aristocratic pedigree of terraced housing, for example as survives in St Jamess Square in Westminster, is widely forgotten, the term is comparable to the hôtel particulier which housed the French nobleman in Paris. Many of the Inns of Court in London served this function, for example Grays Inn was the London townhouse of Reginald de Grey, from the 18th century, landowners and their servants would move to a townhouse during the social season. From the 18th century most townhouses were terraced, it was one of the successes of Georgian architecture to persuade the rich to buy terraced houses, especially if they were in a garden square. Only a small minority of them, generally the largest, were detached, for example, the Duke of Norfolk owned Arundel Castle in the country, while from 1722 his London house, Norfolk House, was a terraced house in St Jamess Square over 100 feet wide. They gradually spread onto the Strand, the main thoroughfare from the City to the Palace of Westminster. Bishops also had London residences, generally termed Palaces, for example Lambeth Palace, Ely Palace, many aristocratic townhouses were demolished or ceased to be used for residential purposes after the First World War. The greatest residence on the Strand was the Savoy Palace, residence of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, the Strand had the advantage of river frontage to the Thames, which gave the nobles their own private landing places. The next fashion was to still further westwards to St Jamess. In the 18th century Covent Garden was developed by the Duke of Bedford on his Bedford Estate, the final fashion before the modern era was for a residence on the former marsh-land of Belgravia, developed after the establishment of Mayfair also by the Duke of Westminster. The subsequent townhouse of the Berkeleys was on the site of Berkeley Square, the present Hertford House in Manchester Square, home of the Wallace Collection, was built by one of his very distant cousins. Hungerford House, residence of Baron Hungerford until 1669, powerscourt House - Dublin residence of Viscount Powersourt, a prominent Irish peer. It was sensitively converted into a shopping centre in the 1980s. Georgian Dublin consisted of five Georgian squares, which contained the townhouses of prominent peers, the squares were Merrion Square, St Stephens Green, Fitzwilliam Square, Ruthland Square and Mountjoy Square. Many of the townhouses in these squares are now offices while some have been demolished, english country house Great house Manor house Stately home List of house types Hôtel particulier Cunningham, Peter. Handbook of London Past and Present, London,1850, londons Mansions by David Pearce, ISBN 0-7134-8702-X The London Rich by Peter Thorold ISBN 0-670-87480-9 Daisy, Countess of Fingall. Ros, Maggi, Life in Elizabethan England, A London and Westminster Directory,2008
6.
River Liffey
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The River Liffey is a river in Ireland, which flows through the centre of Dublin. Its major tributaries include the River Dodder, the River Poddle, the river supplies much of Dublins water and a range of recreational opportunities. The river was previously named An Ruirthech, meaning fast runner, the word Liphe referred originally to the name of the plain through which the river ran, but eventually came to refer to the river itself. It was also known as the Anna Liffey, possibly from an anglicisation of Abhainn na Life, James Joyce personified the river as Anna Livia Plurabelle in Finnegans Wake. See Annals of Inisfallen for the year 808, AI808.2 A defeat by the Laigin on Áed, son of Niall, the Liffey rises in the Liffey Head Bog between Kippure and Tonduff in the Wicklow Mountains, forming from many streamlets at Sally Gap. It crosses from County Wicklow into County Kildare at Poulaphouca and from County Kildare into County Dublin at Leixlip, the catchment area of the Liffey is 1,256 km2. The long term average flow rate of the river is 18.0 m3/s, the Liffey system is a substantial one, including dozens of smaller rivers and streams. Early tributaries include the Athdown Brook, Shankill River, Ballylow Brook, Brittas River and Woodend Brook, downstream of Poulaphouca are the Lemonstown Stream, Kilcullen Stream and Pinkeen Stream, followed by the Painestown River, Rye Water, and the Griffeen River. Within Dublin are the various Phoenix Park streams on the bank, interspersed with right bank tributaries such as the Glenaulin Stream. In earlier times, the River Tolka was also arguably a tributary of the Liffey, or at least shared its mouth, there are dams for three ESB hydroelectric power stations along the river, at Poulaphouca, Golden Falls and Leixlip. Major reservoir facilities also exist at Poulaphouca, the Liffey does not feature natural lakes, and has few islands. Significant falls at Poulaphouca and at Golden Falls were flooded by reservoir construction, there remain areas of rapids, notably as the river approaches Dublin city. Towns along the river include Ballymore Eustace, Athgarvan, Kilcullen, Newbridge, Caragh, Clane, Celbridge, Leixlip, the River Liffey in Dublin city has been used for many centuries for trade, from the Viking beginnings of the city up to recent times. It is connected to the River Shannon via the Grand Canal, around 60% of the Liffeys flow is abstracted for drinking water and to supply industry. Much of this makes its way back into the river after purification in wastewater treatment plants, a popular myth is that Liffey water is used to brew Guinness but this is not true as Guinness uses water piped from the Wicklow mountains. ESB hydroelectric power stations exist along the river, at Poulaphouca, Golden Falls and Leixlip, a well-known sight on the Liffey up to the 1990s, the Lady Patricia and Miranda Guinness cargo ships were used to export Guinness from the St. Jamess Gate Brewery. In recent years, the regular traffic on the river within the city is the Liffey Voyage water tour bus service. Downstream of the East-Link bridge, the river is mainly used for commercial and ferry traffic
7.
Duke of Leinster
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Duke of Leinster is a title in the Peerage of Ireland and the premier dukedom in that peerage. The viscounty of Leinster is in the Peerage of Great Britain, the barony of Kildare in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the courtesy title of the eldest son and heir of the Duke of Leinster is Marquess of Kildare. The family seat now is Oakley Park, near Abingdon, Oxfordshire and this branch of the Welsh-Norman FitzGerald dynasty, which came to Ireland in 1169, were initially created Earls of Kildare. The earldom was created in 1316 for John FitzGerald, Two senior FitzGeralds, Garret Mór FitzGerald and his son, Garret Óg FitzGerald served as Lords Deputy of Ireland. The tenth Earl, Thomas FitzGerald, known as Silken Thomas, was attainted, in 1554, Thomass half-brother and only male heir, Gerald FitzGerald, was created Earl of Kildare in the Peerage of Ireland. He was subsequently restored to the original Patent in 1569, as 11th earl, the second earldom became extinct in 1599, although the original earldom survived. The family was based in Maynooth Castle in Maynooth in County Kildare. In later centuries the family owned estates in Waterford with their country residence being a Georgian house called Carton House which had replaced the castle in County Kildare, in Dublin, the Earl built a large townhouse residence on the southside of Dublin called Kildare House. When the Earl was awarded a dukedom and became Duke of Leinster, one of its occupants was Lord Edward FitzGerald, who became an icon for Irish nationalism through his involvement with the Irish Rebellion of 1798, which ultimately cost him his life. Leinster House was sold by the Leinsters in 1815, in 1924 it bought the building for parliamentary use. It has remained the parliament house of the Irish state, the Dukes of Leinster had by the early 20th century lost all their property and wealth. Their Carton House seat was sold, as later on was their residence in Waterford. The family now live in a property in Ramsden, Oxfordshire. A controversial claim by the descendants of the 5th Duke was made and failed. Paul FitzGerald and his supporters claimed that Lord Desmond faked his death, instead, it was passed down through her fathers brothers family. It was alleged that an archivist had acknowledged the package had once existed, the Baron Falconer of Thoroton, Lord Chancellor, and Harriet Harman, Minister of State in the Department for Constitutional Affairs, gave due consideration to this claim. The claim was dismissed by Lord Falconer despite a 30-year campaign by Paul FitzGeralds family reputedly costing £1.3 million, the Lord Chancellor adjudicated that the title was to remain with the existing holder, the 9th Duke, Maurice FitzGerald. Paul FitzGerald has a right of appeal against the Lord Chancellors verdict by petitioning Her Majesty The Queen, in 2010, however, DNA evidence was presented that indicates that Paul FitzGerald is related to the wife of the 5th Duke, the former Lady Hermione Duncombe
8.
Leinster House
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Leinster House is the seat of the Oireachtas, the parliament of Ireland. Leinster House was originally the palace of the Dukes of Leinster. Since 1922, it is a complex of buildings, of which the ducal palace is the core. The most recognisable part of the complex, and the face of Leinster House. The societys famous Dublin Spring Show and Dublin Horse Show were held on its Leinster Lawn, facing Merrion Square. The building is the place of Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann. Irelands parliament over the centuries had met in a number of locations, most notably in the Irish Houses of Parliament at College Green, next to Trinity College and its medieval parliament consisted of two Houses, a House of Commons and a House of Lords. Irelands senior peer, the Earl of Kildare, had a seat in the Lords, like all the aristocrats of the period, for the duration of the Social Season and parliamentary sessions, he and his family resided in state in a Dublin residence. From the late eighteenth century Leinster House was the Earls official Dublin residence, the building itself was designed by acclaimed architect Richard Cassels. In the history of aristocratic residences in Dublin, no other mansion matched Kildare House for its size or status. When the Earl was made the first Duke of Leinster in 1766, one famous member of the family who occasionally resided in Leinster House was Lord Edward FitzGerald, who became involved with Irish nationalism during the 1798 Rebellion, which cost him his life. With the passage of the Act of Union in 1800, Ireland ceased to have its own parliament, the 3rd Duke of Leinster sold Leinster House in 1815 to the Royal Dublin Society. In 1853 the Great Industrial Exhibition was hosted in its grounds, at the end of the nineteenth century, two new wings were added, to house the National Library of Ireland and the National Museum of Ireland. The Natural History Museum was built on the site, part of this scheme intended to re-clad the house in more attractive Portland stone and extend the portico outwards. The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 provided for the creation of a self-governing Irish dominion, plans were made to turn Royal Hospital Kilmainham, an eighteenth-century former soldiers home in extensive parklands, into a full-time Parliament House. The building was bought outright from the RDS in 1924, a new Senate or Seanad chamber was created in the Dukes old ballroom, while wings from the neighbouring Royal College of Science were taken over as used as Government Buildings. The entire Royal College of Science, which by then had been merged with University College Dublin, was taken over in 1990. Both the National Library and National Museum wings next to Leinster House remain used by as a library, while plans were often made to provide a brand-new parliament house, the Oireachtas has remained permanently located in Leinster House
9.
Dublin Castle
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Dublin Castle off Dame Street, Dublin, Ireland, was until 1922 the seat of the United Kingdom governments administration in Ireland, and is now a major Irish government complex. Most of it dates from the 18th century, though a castle has stood on the site since the days of King John, the first Lord of Ireland. The Castle served as the seat of English, then later British government of Ireland under the Lordship of Ireland, the Kingdom of Ireland, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. After the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in December 1921, the complex was handed over to the newly formed Provisional Government led by Michael Collins. The castle today is a major tourist attraction and conferencing destination, the building is also used for State dinners and most significantly, the inauguration of the presidents of Ireland. Dublin Castle fulfilled a number of roles through its history, the second in command in the Dublin Castle administration, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, also had his offices there. Over the years parliament and law courts met at the castle before moving to new purpose-built venues and it also served as a military garrison. Castle Catholic was a term for Catholics who were considered to be overly friendly with or supportive of the British administration. Upon formation of the Free State in 1922, the castle assumed for a decade the role of the Four Courts on the Liffey quays which had been damaged during the Civil War. It was decided in 1938 that the inauguration of the first President of Ireland, Douglas Hyde would take place in the castle, two dedicated conference facilities, The Hibernia Conference Centre and The Printworks, were install for the European Presidencies of 1990 and 2013. Sited to the south-east of Norman Dublin, the formed one corner of the outer perimeter of the city. The city wall directly abutted the castles northeast Powder Tower, extending north, in 1620 the English-born judge Luke Gernon was greatly impressed by the wall, a huge and mighty wall, foursquare, and of incredible thickness. The Poddle was diverted into the city through archways where the walls adjoined the castle, one of these archways and part of the wall survive buried underneath the 18th-century buildings, and are open to public inspection. The building survived until 1673, when it was damaged by fire, the Court of Castle Chamber, the Irish counterpart to the English Star Chamber, sat in Dublin Castle in a room which was specially built for it about 1570. The Castle sustained severe damage in 1684. Extensive rebuilding transformed it from medieval fortress to Georgian palace, United Irishmen General Joseph Holt, a participant in the 1798 Rising, was incarcerated in the Bermingham Tower before being transported to New South Wales in 1799. In 1884 officers at the Castle were at the centre of a homosexual scandal incited by the Irish Nationalist politician William OBrien through his newspaper United Ireland. In 1907 the Irish Crown Jewels were stolen from the Castle, suspicion fell upon the Officer of Arms, Sir Arthur Vicars, but rumours of his homosexuality and links to socially important gay men in London, may have compromised the investigation
10.
St Stephen's Green
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St Stephens Green is a city centre public park in Dublin, Ireland. The current landscape of the park was designed by William Sheppard and it is often informally called Stephens Green. At 22 acres, it is the largest of the parks in Dublins main Georgian garden squares, others include nearby Merrion Square and Fitzwilliam Square. These four bordering streets are called, respectively, St Stephens Green North, St Stephens Green South, St Stephens Green East, until 1663 St Stephens Green was a marshy common on the edge of Dublin, used for grazing. In that year Dublin Corporation, seeing an opportunity to raise much needed revenue, decided to enclose the centre of the common, the park was enclosed with a wall in 1664. The houses built around the Green were rapidly replaced by new buildings in the Georgian style, much of the present-day landscape of the square comprises modern buildings, some in a replica Georgian style, and relatively little survives from the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1814 control of St Stephens Green passed to Commissioners for the local householders and he later paid for the laying out of the Green in approximately its current form, which took place in 1880, and gave it to the Corporation, as representatives of the people. By way of thanks the city commissioned a statue of him and his brother Edward lived at Iveagh House, which his descendants gave in 1939 to the Department of External Affairs. They numbered between 200 and 250 and they confiscated motor vehicles to establish road blocks on the streets that surround the park, and dug defensive positions in the park itself. This approach differed from that of taking up positions in buildings, finding themselves in a weak position, the Volunteers withdrew to the Royal College of Surgeons on the west side of the Green. During the Rising, fire was halted to allow the parks groundsman to feed the local ducks. The park is now operated by the Office of Public Works on behalf of the Irish state, the landscaping of the park has undergone three major changes since its inception. Its first major change occurred in 1670, two rows of trees were planted around the perimeter, functioning as its first enclosure. At this time, the park was accessible to the wealthy residents who owned plots around the park. In 1815 the park was redesigned by the Dublin city surveyor Arthur Neville, in his redesign, he added winding pathways and iron fences. At this time, the park was closed to the public. This included creating four gates at each corner of the park that would be linked by the extant pathways designed by Neville and this plan was eventually abandoned, most likely due to the fact that Hemans was employed by Dublin Corporation. L. Ardilaun also played a significant role in the planning and importing of the exotic trees, while the central park of St Stephens Green is one of three ancient commons in the city, its current layout owes much to the restorations of the 1800s
11.
Fitzwilliam Square
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Fitzwilliam Square is a Georgian garden square in the south of central Dublin, Ireland. It was the last of the five Georgian squares in Dublin to be built, the square was developed by Richard FitzWilliam, 7th Viscount FitzWilliam, hence the name. It was designed from 1789 and laid out in 1792, the center of the square was enclosed in 1813 through an Act of the Parliament of Ireland. To the north is the much larger Merrion Square, with which Richard FitzWilliam was also involved, the square was a popular place for the Irish Social Season of aristocrats entertaining in Dublin between January and Saint Patricks Day each year. Shootings took place in the square during Bloody Sunday of 1920, sir Thomas OShaughnessy, the last Recorder of Dublin, lived in Fitzwilliam Square and died there on 7 March 1933. In recent years, the Georgian district has become popular with residents who are willing to pay handsomely to live like the Georgians. Fitzwilliam Square has become home to such residents. Sir Anthony OReilly resided at No.2 until recently and Danielle Ryan, Ryanair heiress, Georgian Dublin List of streets and squares in Dublin Irish architecture information DublinTourist. com information
12.
Defence Forces (Ireland)
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The military of Ireland, known as the Defence Forces, encompass the Army, Air Corps, Naval Service and Reserve Defence Forces. The Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces is the President of Ireland, all Defence Forces officers hold their commission from the President, but in practice the Minister for Defence acts on the Presidents behalf and reports to the Government of Ireland. The Minister for Defence is advised by the Council of Defence on the business of the Department of Defence, the Irish state has a long-standing policy of non-belligerence in armed conflicts, including neutrality in World War II. Irelands military capabilities are relatively modest, however, the state has a long history of involvement in United Nations peacekeeping operations. Functions of the Defence Forces include, Preparation for the defence of the state against armed attack, assisting the police force, the Garda Síochána, including the protection of the internal security of the state. Peacekeeping, crisis management and humanitarian operations in support of the United Nations. Policing the fisheries, in accordance with the obligations under European Union agreements. The Defence Forces trace their origins to the Irish Volunteers, founded in 1913, the Irish Volunteers were central to the Easter Rising staged in April 1916. After the rising, the Volunteers gave allegiance to the First Dáil, at this time the Volunteers became known as the Irish Republican Army. From 1919 onwards, the IRA waged a campaign against British rule in Ireland that is now known as the War of Independence. A truce brought hostilities to an end on 11 July 1921, the Provisional Government was then constituted on 14 January 1922. Many IRA men who fought in the War of Independence were dissatisfied with the treaty, in February 1922, the Provisional Government began to recruit volunteers into a new National Army. With declining relations between the units of the anti-treaty IRA and the newly recruited pro-treaty National Army, the Irish Civil War broke out on 28 June 1922. It ended on 24 May 1923 with the IRA Chief of Staff, Frank Aiken, ordering IRA volunteers to dump arms, the Forces were established on 1 October 1924. The state was neutral during World War II, but declared an official state of emergency on 2 September 1939. As the Emergency progressed, more and newer equipment was purchased for the rapidly expanding force from Britain, for the duration of the Emergency, Ireland, while formally neutral, tacitly supported the Allies in several ways. Allied aircraft were tolerated to access the Atlantic Ocean via the Donegal Corridor, g2, the Armys intelligence section, played a vital role in the detection and arrest of German spies, such as Hermann Görtz. In September 1946, the Naval Service was established as Irelands maritime force, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in 1955
13.
Townhouse
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A townhouse, or town house as used in North America, Asia, Australia, South Africa and parts of Europe, is a type of terraced housing. A modern town house is one with a small footprint on multiple floors. The term originally referred in British usage to the city residence of someone whose main or largest residence was a country house. Historically, a house was the city residence of a noble or wealthy family. From the 18th century, landowners and their servants would move to a townhouse during the social season, in the United Kingdom most townhouses were terraced. Only a small minority of them, generally the largest, were detached, for example, the Duke of Norfolk owned Arundel Castle in the country, while his London house, Norfolk House, was a terraced house in St Jamess Square over 100 feet wide. In the United States and Canada, a townhouse has two connotations, the older predates the automobile and denotes a house on a small footprint in a city, but because of its multiple floors, it has a large living space, often with servants quarters. The small footprint of the townhouse allows it to be walking or mass-transit distance of business. Townhouses are expensive where detached single-family houses are uncommon, such as in New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Toronto, Washington, DC, and San Francisco. A townhouse is where there is a roof and foundation and a single wall divides adjacent townhouses. A rowhouse will generally be smaller and less luxurious than a called a townhouse. The name townhouse or townhome was later used to describe non-uniform units in areas that are designed to mimic detached or semi-detached homes. Today, the term, townhouse, is used to describe units mimicking a detached home that are attached in a multi-unit complex, such homes have multiple units vertically, normally each with its own private entrance from the street or at least from the outside. They can be side by side in a row of three or more, in case they are sometimes referred to as rowhouses. A townhouse in a group of two could be referred to as a townhouse, but in Canada and the US, it is called a semi-detached home and in some areas of western Canada. Freehold, where one owns exclusively the land and the dwelling without any condominium aspects and these may share the foundation as well but have narrow air spaces between and still referred to as a townhouse. Condominium townhouses, just like condominium apartments, are referred to as condos. All types of dwellings can be condos, and this is true of townhouses
14.
Oireachtas
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The Oireachtas, sometimes referred to as Oireachtas Éireann, is the legislature of Ireland. The directly elected Dáil is by far the more powerful branch of the Oireachtas, the term oireachtas derives from the Old Irish word airech. Its first recorded use as the name of a body was within the Irish Free State. Dáil Éireann, the house, is directly elected under universal suffrage of all Irish and United Kingdom citizens who are resident. An election is held at least once in five years as required by law. However the house can usually be dissolved at any time at the request of the Taoiseach, Dáil elections occur under the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. The Dáil has had 166 members since 1981, the Seanad is not directly elected but consists of a mixture of members selected in a number of ways. 43 senators are elected by councillors and parliamentarians,11 are appointed by the Taoiseach, the President of Ireland is directly elected once in every seven years, for a maximum of two terms. However, if, as has occurred on a number of occasions, to become law, a bill must first be approved by both the Dáil and in most circumstances the Seanad, and then signed into law by the President. Bills to amend the Constitution must also be approved by the People in a prior to being presented to the President. The powers of the Seanad are in limited to delay rather than veto. It is the Dáil, therefore, that is the tier of the Irish legislature. The Oireachtas has exclusive power to, Legislate, including a power vested in the Dáil of approving the financial resolutions relevant to the budget, however, the courts have allowed the Oireachtas to delegate limited legislative powers to other entities, such as Government Ministers. Propose changes to the constitution, which must then be submitted to a referendum, allow international agreements to become part of the domestic law of the state. Pass certain laws having extraterritorial effect, enact, when it considers a state of emergency to exist, almost any law it deems necessary, with imposition of capital punishment being the only absolutely excluded act in all circumstances. Laws are invalid if, and to the extent that, they contradict the constitution, in the event of a conflict, EU law also takes precedence over acts of the Oireachtas, as is common throughout the European Union. It may not retrospectively criminalise acts that were not illegal at the time they were committed and it may not enact any law providing for the imposition of the death penalty, even during a state of emergency. The Oireachtas has a number of joint committees that include members of both houses and this parliament governed the English-dominated part of Ireland, which at first was limited to Dublin and surrounding cities, but later grew to include the entire island
15.
Government Buildings
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Government Buildings is a large Edwardian building enclosing a quadrangle on Merrion Street in Dublin, Ireland, in which several key offices of the Government of Ireland are located. It was originally shared between the Dublin Castle administration and the Royal College of Science for Ireland, the foundation stone for the building was laid by King Edward VII in 1904. It was built on the site of a row of Georgian houses that were being controversially demolished one by one as the new building was erected, the building itself was designed by Sir Aston Webb, a British architect who was later to redesign the facade of Buckingham Palace. The final completed building was opened by King George V in 1911 and it may have been intended for use by the Royal College of Science, but it soon attracted the attention of the Lord Lieutenant of Irelands Dublin Castle administration. It was chosen to be the location for the first meeting of the new Parliament of Southern Ireland, created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, in June 1921. The planned State Opening of Parliament proved a fiasco, as four members of the House of Commons of Southern Ireland. The Houses were adjourned sine die, the Executive Council of the Irish Free State immediately commandeered part of the college as temporary office space. Two years later the Free State decided to buy Leinster House outright from the RDS, Government usage of part of the Royal College of Science also became permanent. From 1922 to 1991 the former College of Science building was divided between a number of bodies, the wing to the right of the main entrance was used by the Department of the President, later in 1938 renamed Department of the Taoiseach. The Attorney General, the Department of Justice and Equality and other offices also occupied that wing of the building, the south wing was occupied permanently by the Department of Finance. The centre block of the courtyard under the dome was used by the Royal College of Science. Over the decades, some moved out to purpose built offices, leaving the north wing for the Taoiseach, Government Secretariat. In the mid-1980s, increasingly unhappy at the office space. A new engineering faculty was built on University College Dublins Belfield campus at tens of millions of pounds. Much of the interior of the original building was gutted to facilitate the creation of a state-of-the-art new government office. Haughey finally moved into the new building in 1991, critics of the expenditure, at a time when Ireland was in financial difficulties, nicknamed the building the Chaz Mahal. The entrance hall is dominated light streaming through Evie Hones critically acclaimed stained glass window, originally the Office of Public Works had planned a new cabinet suite of rooms also. However the Government opted to continue to use the Council Chamber which had been the room for all Irish governments since 1922
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Natural History Museum (Ireland)
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Irelands Natural History Museum, sometimes called the Dead Zoo a branch of the National Museum of Ireland, is housed on Merrion Street in Dublin, Ireland. The museum was built in 1856 for parts of the collection of the Royal Dublin Society and building, the Museums collection and building have changed little since Victorian times, and it is sometimes described as a museum of a museum. The building is a museum designed to showcase a wide-ranging and comprehensive zoological collection. Often described as a ‘museum of a museum’, its 10,000 exhibits provide a glimpse of the world that has delighted generations of visitors since the doors opened in 1857. As the collection is unique in range and vintage, the exhibits are a product of their age, with faded and worn pelts and visible marks from bullets and rough taxidermy. Larger specimens are displayed in large, wood-framed glass cases while smaller ones are kept under glass, the main room is heated by an underfloor system similar to a Roman hypocaust. The Irish Room, the floor of the museum, displays Irish animals. Numerous skulls of those and other deer line the walls, stuffed and mounted mammals, birds, fish — and insects and other animals native to or found in Ireland — comprise the rest of the ground floor. Many of the specimens of currently extant animals, such as badgers, hares, a basking shark hangs from this ceiling. The First floor contains mammals from around the world, including extinct or endangered species including a thylacine, a quagga, the Lower gallery, currently closed, contains bird specimens from around the world. Above this, the second ceiling suspends a humpback whale skeleton and this floor includes a composite dodo skeleton, from Mauritius. The Upper gallery, also closed at present, displays invertebrate and marine specimens including the Museums collection of Glass Sea Creatures made by famed glass artists Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka. As with many natural history museums, a large number of specimens are not on display. Amongst other scientists who have studied the collections, Stephen Jay Gould did a study of the specimens in the museum. The Natural History building was built in 1856 to house the Royal Dublin Society’s growing collections, the building and its displays reflect many aspects of the history and development of the collections. It was originally built as an extension to Leinster House, where the Royal Dublin Society was based for much of the 19th century, the building was designed by architect Frederick Clarendon in harmony with the National Gallery of Ireland on the other side of Leinster Lawn. The foundation stone was laid on 15 March 1856 and the building was completed in August 1857 by contractors Gilbert Cockburn & Son and it formed an annexe to Leinster House and was connected to it by a curved closed Corinthian colonnade. A bronze statue of Surgeon-General Thomas Heazle Parke stands in front of the Victoria-era building, in 1877 ownership of the Museum and its collections was transferred to the state
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National Gallery of Ireland
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The National Gallery of Ireland houses the national collection of Irish and European art. It is located in the centre of Dublin with one entrance on Merrion Square, beside Leinster House, due to ongoing renovations, the Clare Street entrance is the only one currently open. It was founded in 1854 and opened its doors ten years later, the Gallery has an extensive, representative collection of Irish painting and is also notable for its Italian Baroque and Dutch masters painting. The current director is Sean Rainbird, in 1853 an exhibition, the Great Industrial Exhibition, was held on the lawns of Leinster House in Dublin. Among the most popular exhibits was a display of works of art organised. The enthusiasm of the visiting crowds demonstrated a public for art, the moving spirit behind the proposal was the barrister John Edward Pigot, son of David Richard Pigot, Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, and he became one of the first Governors of the Gallery. The façade of the National Gallery copies the Natural History building of the National Museum of Ireland which was planned for the facing flank of Leinster House. The building itself was designed by Francis Fowke, based on plans by Charles Lanyon. The Gallery was unlucky not to have been founded around an existing collection, in 1866 an annual purchase grant was established and by 1891 space was already limited. In 1897, the Dowager Countess of Milltown indicated her intention of donating the contents of Russborough House to the Gallery, at around this time Henry Vaughan left 31 watercolours by J. M. W. Turner with the requirement that they could only be exhibited in January, in addition to his involvement in the Gallery, Hugh Lane has also hoped to found a gallery of modern art, something only realised after his death in Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane. George Bernard Shaw also made a substantial bequest, leaving the Gallery a third of royalties of his estate in gratitude for the time he spent there as a youth. The Gallery was again extended in 1962 with a new wing designed by Frank DuBerry of the Office of Public Works and this opened in 1968 and is now named the Beit Wing. The Jesuits have generously allowed this painting to be exhibited in the Gallery, the painting was on loan to an Italian gallery from February until July 2010 as part of Caravaggios 400th anniversary. In 1997 Anne Yeats donated sketchbooks by her uncle Jack Yeats, a new wing, called the Millennium Wing, was opened in 2002. Unlike the previous two extensions, this new wing has street frontage and the English architects Benson & Forsyth gave it an imposing Bowers Whitbed, Portland Stone façade and grand atrium. The design originally involved demolishing an adjoining Georgian terrace house and its ballroom mews, however, the circulation space also lacks clarity, but it is generally considered that these flaws are trivial details set against the drama of the building. In line with its Brutalist style, the concrete walls are still unsealed
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Wellington Monument, Dublin
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The Wellington Monument, or more correctly the Wellington Testimonial, is an obelisk located in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland. The testimonial is situated at the southeast end of the Park, overlooking Kilmainham, the structure is 62 metres tall, making it the largest obelisk in Europe. The Wellington Testimonial was built to commemorate the victories of Arthur Wellesley, Wellington, the British politician and general, also known as the Iron Duke, was born in either counties Meath or Dublin. Originally planned to be located in Merrion Square, it was built in the Phoenix Park after opposition from the squares residents, the obelisk was designed by the architect Sir Robert Smirke and the foundation stone was laid in 1817. In 1820 it ran out of funds and therefore remained unfinished until 18 June 1861 when it was opened to the public. There were also plans for a statue of Wellesley on horseback, there are four bronze plaques cast from cannons captured at Waterloo - three of which have pictorial representations of his career while the fourth has an inscription. The plaques depict Civil and Religious Liberty by John Hogan, Waterloo by Thomas Farrell and the Indian Wars by Joseph Robinson Kirk. The inscription reads, Asia and Europe, saved by thee, proclaim Invincible in war thy deathless name, Now round thy brow the civic oak we twine That every earthly glory may be thine
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Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
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His defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 put him in the top rank of Britains military heroes. Wellesley was born in Dublin, belonging to the Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland and he was commissioned as an ensign in the British Army in 1787, serving in Ireland as aide-de-camp to two successive Lords Lieutenant of Ireland. He was also elected as a Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons and he was a colonel by 1796, and saw action in the Netherlands and in India, where he fought in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War at the Battle of Seringapatam. He was appointed governor of Seringapatam and Mysore in 1799 and, as a newly appointed major-general, following Napoleons exile in 1814, he served as the ambassador to France and was granted a dukedom. During the Hundred Days in 1815, he commanded the army which defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Wellesleys battle record is exemplary, he participated in some 60 battles during the course of his military career. Wellington is famous for his defensive style of warfare, resulting in several victories against numerically superior forces while minimising his own losses. He is regarded as one of the greatest defensive commanders of all time, after ending his active military career, Wellington returned to politics. He was twice British prime minister as part of the Tory party, from 1828 to 1830 and he oversaw the passage of the Catholic Relief Act 1829, but opposed the Reform Act 1832. He continued as one of the figures in the House of Lords until his retirement. As such, he belonged to the Protestant Ascendancy and his biographers mostly follow the contemporary newspaper evidence in saying that he was born 1 May 1769, the day that he was baptised. He was most likely born at his parents townhouse,24 Upper Merrion Street, Dublin, but his mother Anne, Countess of Mornington, recalled in 1815 that he had been born at 6 Merrion Street, Dublin. He spent most of his childhood at his familys two homes, the first a house in Dublin and the second Dangan Castle,3 miles north of Summerhill on the Trim Road in County Meath. In 1781, Arthurs father died and his eldest brother Richard inherited his fathers earldom and he went to the diocesan school in Trim when at Dangan, Mr Whytes Academy when in Dublin, and Browns School in Chelsea when in London. He then enrolled at Eton, where he studied from 1781 to 1784, moreover, Eton had no playing fields at the time. In 1785, a lack of success at Eton, combined with a shortage of funds due to his fathers death, forced the young Wellesley. Until his early twenties, Arthur showed little sign of distinction and his mother grew concerned at his idleness, stating. A year later, Arthur enrolled in the French Royal Academy of Equitation in Angers, where he progressed significantly, becoming a good horseman and learning French, upon returning to England in late 1786, he astonished his mother with his improvement
20.
Phoenix Park
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Phoenix Park is an urban park in Dublin, Ireland, lying 2–4 km west of the city centre, north of the River Liffey. Its 11 km perimeter wall encloses 707 hectares it is one of the largest enclosed recreational spaces within any European capital city. It includes large areas of grassland and tree-lined avenues, and since the 17th century has been home to a herd of fallow deer. The English name comes from the Irish fionn uisce meaning clear water, the Irish Government is lobbying UNESCO to have the park designated as a world heritage site. They established an abbey at Kilmainham on the now occupied by Royal Hospital Kilmainham. The knights lost their lands in 1537 following the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII of England, eighty years later the lands reverted to the ownership of the Kings representatives in Ireland. On the restoration of Charles II of England, his Viceroy in Dublin and it contained pheasants and wild deer, making it necessary to enclose the entire area with a wall. It was opened to the people of Dublin by the Earl of Chesterfield in 1745, in 1882, it was the location of a double murder. The Chief Secretary for Ireland, Lord Frederick Cavendish and the Under-Secretary for Ireland, a small insurgent group called the Invincibles were responsible. During the Emergency thousands of tons of turf were transported from the bogs to Dublin, the park is split between three civil parishes, Castleknock to the north-west, Chapelizod to the south and St James to the north. The last named is mainly centred south of the River Liffey around St James parish church, the residence of the President of Ireland, Áras an Uachtaráin, built in 1754, is located in the park. As the Viceregal Lodge, it was the residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland until the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922. Dublin Zoo is one of Dublins main attractions, within a year the zoo housed 123 species. The Papal Cross was erected at the edge of Fifteen Acres for the visit of Pope John Paul II on 29 September 1979, over one million people attended an open-air mass in the park at the time. The white cross, which dominates its surroundings, is 35 metres high and was built with steel girders and it was installed with some difficulty, after several attempts, the cross was eventually erected just a fortnight before the Pope arrived. The Wellington Monument is a 62 metres tall obelisk commemorating the victories of the Duke of Wellington and it is the largest obelisk in Europe and would have been even higher if the publicly subscribed funding had not run out. There is also a monument to commemorate Lord Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke and it is a 60cm long cross, filled with a small amount of gravel and cut thinly in to the grass. The Deerfield Residence, originally built in 1776 was the residence of the Chief Secretary for Ireland
21.
Irish Red Cross
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The Irish Red Cross Society was formally established by nurse Elizabeth OHerrin of Dublin City Hospital on 1 July 1939 under the terms of the Red Cross Act 1938. The society has supported by the Irish Department of Defence. In addition to that, the Department of Defence gives €130,000 annually to the International Committee of the Red Cross, in the past few years the organisation has gone through significant management and operational changes. In 2011 a new Secretary General was appointed together with a new management team. Formerly the Irish White Cross had worked in the Irish Free State in 1921–28, the society is organised on a voluntary basis. Outside Ireland, the society provides relief and humanitarian services in response to natural disasters, the headquarters of the Irish Red Cross is located at 16 Merrion Square North, Dublin 2. The society is a member of the International Federation of Red Cross, the firstaid services section of the society is organised into regions, areas, branches and units for command and administration purposes. There are four regions in the country each with a Regional Director of Units who is responsible for co-ordination of the units in their region through their Area Directors of Units, there are 28 areas in the Irish Red Cross. Areas are normally divided up to county borders i. e. the Clare Red Cross area has the same geographical bounders as county Clare itself. In this way the Red Cross differs from other organisations like the Civil Defence which is divided according to local council areas, each area is commanded and administered by an Area Director of Units shortened normally to ADU. This person is appointed for a term by the Central Council. The ADU will normally appoint a deputy director of units and a number of assistant area directors to assist him, the DADU is second in command of the area and may take responsibility for a particular duty. G. M. Each Area will have a number of branches in it, the number varying according to area, the branch is run by a committee of its own members, also elected at an A. G. M. each year. Each Branch has a number of units in it the number varying according to the branch. The Unit is commanded and administered by the Unit Officer a person appointed by the ADU, the appointment last for one year but the person may be re-appointed continually. The Unit Officer is assisted by a Sub-Unit Officer and by Assistant Unit Officers also appointed by the ADU, the unit is where all members of the IRC would training and also where public first aid courses would be run from. Depending on the size of the Branch there may be different units for different age groups, persons may join the Irish Red Cross from 5 years of age, there is no maximum age. The Irish Red Cross has a fleet of both road and off-road ambulances in Ireland and it also has specialised Support vehicles, Command vehicles, mountain bikes, search dogs and a boat
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National Maternity Hospital, Dublin
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The National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin, popularly known as Holles Street Hospital, is the largest maternity hospital in Ireland. The hospital delivers over 10,000 babies per year and it is the national referral centre for complicated pregnancies, premature and sick infants. The hospital is located at the corner of Merrion Square, at its junction with Holles Street. In May 2013 it was announced that the hospital would relocate to the site of St. Vincents University Hospital, Elm Park
23.
Oscar Wilde
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Oscar Fingal OFlahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish playwright, novelist, essayist, and poet. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he one of Londons most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. He is remembered for his epigrams, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, his plays, as well as the circumstances of his imprisonment, Wildes parents were successful Anglo-Irish, Dublin intellectuals. Their son became fluent in French and German early in life, at university, Wilde read Greats, he proved himself to be an outstanding classicist, first at Dublin, then at Oxford. He became known for his involvement in the philosophy of aestheticism. After university, Wilde moved to London into fashionable cultural and social circles, known for his biting wit, flamboyant dress and glittering conversation, Wilde became one of the best-known personalities of his day. The opportunity to construct aesthetic details precisely, and combine them with social themes. He wrote Salome in French in Paris but it was refused a licence for England due to the prohibition of Biblical subjects on the English stage. Unperturbed, Wilde produced four society comedies in the early 1890s, at the height of his fame and success, while The Importance of Being Earnest, was still being performed in London, Wilde had the Marquess of Queensberry prosecuted for criminal libel. The Marquess was the father of Wildes lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, the charge carried a penalty of up to two years in prison. The trial unearthed evidence that caused Wilde to drop his charges and led to his own arrest, after two more trials he was convicted and imprisoned for two years hard labour. Upon his release he left immediately for France, never to return to Ireland or Britain, there he wrote his last work, The Ballad of Reading Gaol, a long poem commemorating the harsh rhythms of prison life. He died destitute in Paris at the age of 46, Oscar Wilde was born at 21 Westland Row, Dublin, the second of three children born to Sir William Wilde and Jane Wilde, two years behind William. Wildes mother was of Italian descent, and under the pseudonym Speranza and she read the Young Irelanders poetry to Oscar and Willie, inculcating a love of these poets in her sons. Lady Wildes interest in the neo-classical revival showed in the paintings and busts of ancient Greece, William Wilde was Irelands leading oto-ophthalmologic surgeon and was knighted in 1864 for his services as medical adviser and assistant commissioner to the censuses of Ireland. He also wrote books about Irish archaeology and peasant folklore, a renowned philanthropist, his dispensary for the care of the citys poor at the rear of Trinity College, Dublin, was the forerunner of the Dublin Eye and Ear Hospital, now located at Adelaide Road. On his fathers side Wilde was descended from a Dutchman, Colonel de Wilde, on his mothers side Wildes ancestors included a bricklayer from County Durham who emigrated to Ireland sometime in the 1770s. Wilde was baptised as an infant in St, marks Church, Dublin, the local Church of Ireland church
24.
W. B. Yeats
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William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments, he helped to found the Abbey Theatre, Yeats was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival along with Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and others. He was born in Sandymount, Ireland and educated there and in London and he spent childhood holidays in County Sligo and studied poetry from an early age when he became fascinated by Irish legends and the occult. These topics feature in the first phase of his work, which lasted roughly until the turn of the 20th century. His earliest volume of verse was published in 1889, and its slow-paced and lyrical poems display Yeatss debts to Edmund Spenser, Percy Bysshe Shelley, from 1900, his poetry grew more physical and realistic. He largely renounced the transcendental beliefs of his youth, though he remained preoccupied with physical and spiritual masks, in 1923, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Of Anglo-Irish descent, William Butler Yeats was born at Sandymount in County Dublin and his father, John Butler Yeats, was a descendant of Jervis Yeats, a Williamite soldier, linen merchant, and well-known painter who died in 1712. Benjamin Yeats, Jerviss grandson and Williams great-great-grandfather, had in 1773 married Mary Butler of a family in County Kildare. Following their marriage, they kept the name Butler in the family name, Mary was a descendant of the Butler of Ormond family from the Neigham Gowran branch of the family. They were descendants of the first Earls of Ormond, by his marriage, Williams father John Yeats was studying law but abandoned his studies to study art at Heatherleys Art School in London. His mother, Susan Mary Pollexfen, came from a merchant family in Sligo. Yeats was raised a member of the Protestant Ascendancy, which was at the time undergoing a crisis of identity. In 1997, his biographer R. F. Foster observed that Napoleons dictum that to understand the man you have to know what was happening in the world when he was twenty is manifestly true of W. B. Y. Yeatss childhood and young adulthood were shadowed by the power-shift away from the minority Protestant Ascendancy, the 1880s saw the rise of Charles Stewart Parnell and the home rule movement, the 1890s saw the momentum of nationalism, while the Catholics became prominent around the turn of the century. These developments had an effect on his poetry, and his subsequent explorations of Irish identity had a significant influence on the creation of his countrys biography. In 1867, the moved to England to aid their father, John. At first the Yeats children were educated at home and their mother entertained them with stories and Irish folktales. John provided an education in geography and chemistry, and took William on natural history explorations of the nearby Slough countryside
25.
Daniel O'Connell
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Daniel OConnell, often referred to as The Liberator or The Emancipator, was an Irish political leader in the first half of the 19th century. OConnell was born at Carhan near Cahersiveen, County Kerry, to the OConnells of Derrynane, a once-wealthy Roman Catholic family, among his uncles was Daniel Charles, Count OConnell, an officer in the Irish Brigades of the French Army. A famous aunt was Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill, while Sir James OConnell, in his early years, he became acquainted with the pro-democracy radicals of the time and committed himself to bringing equal rights and religious tolerance to his own country. While in Dublin studying for the law, OConnell was under his Uncle Maurices instructions not to become involved in any militia activity, when Wolfe Tones French invasion fleet entered Bantry Bay in December 1796, OConnell found himself in a quandary. Politics was the cause of his unsettlement and he desired to enter Parliament, yet every allowance that the Catholics had been led to anticipate, two years previously, was now flatly vetoed. As a law student, OConnell was aware of his own talents and he read the Jockey Club as a picture of the governing class in England and was persuaded by it that, vice reigns triumphant in the English court at this day. The spirit of liberty shrinks to protect property from the attacks of French innovators, the corrupt higher orders tremble for their vicious enjoyments. Later that month, for the sake of expediency, he joined the Lawyers Artillery Corps, on 19 May 1798, OConnell was called to the Irish Bar and became a barrister. Four days later, the United Irishmen staged their rebellion which was put down by the British with great bloodshed, OConnell did not support the rebellion, he believed that the Irish would have to assert themselves politically rather than by force. He went on the Munster circuit, and for over a decade, although he was ultimately to inherit Derrynane from his uncle Maurice, the old man lived to be almost 100 and in the event Daniels inheritance did not cover his debts. He also condemned Robert Emmets Rebellion of 1803, of Emmet, a Protestant, he wrote, A man who could coolly prepare so much bloodshed, so many murders—and such horrors of every kind has ceased to be an object of compassion. He was noted for his fearlessness in Court, if he thought poorly of a judge he had no hesitation in making this clear, OConnell returned to politics in the 1810s. In 1811, he established the Catholic Board, which campaigned for Catholic emancipation, that is, the opportunity for Irish Catholics to become members of parliament. In 1823, he set up the Catholic Association which embraced other aims to better Irish Catholics, such as, electoral reform, reform of the Church of Ireland, tenants rights, and economic development. The Association was funded by membership dues of one penny per month, the subscription was highly successful, and the Association raised a large sum of money in its first year. The money was used to campaign for Catholic emancipation, specifically funding pro-emancipation members of parliament standing for the British House of Commons. Members of the Association were liable to prosecution under a statute. OConnell was often briefed for the defence, and showed extraordinary vigour in pleading the rights of Catholics to argue for emancipation, in 1815 a serious event in his life occurred
26.
University of Notre Dame
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The University of Notre Dame du Lac is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means Our Lady of the Lake and refers to the patron saint. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the Word of Life mural. The school was founded on November 26,1842, by Father Edward Sorin, CSC, Today, many Holy Cross priests continue to work for the university, including the president of the university. Notre Dame is a large, four-year, highly residential research university, undergraduate students are organized into four colleges, and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize, the university offers over 50 foreign study abroad yearlong programs and over 15 summer programs. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the universitys 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events, the university counts approximately 120,000 alumni. The universitys athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish, other ND sport teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous, started as a small all-male institution in 1842 and charter in 1844, Notre Dame reached international fame at the beginning of the 20th century. Ever since, the University has seen growth, and under the leadership of the next two presidents, Rev. Malloy and Rev. Jenkins, many infrastructure and research expansions have been completed. In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26,1842 and he soon erected additional buildings, including the Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus, Notre Dame began as a primary and secondary school, but soon received its official college charter from the Indiana General Assembly on January 15,1844. Under the charter the school is named the University of Notre Dame du Lac. Because the university was only for male students, the female-only Saint Marys College was founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross near Notre Dame in 1844. The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849, the university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them
27.
Sybil Connolly
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Her fashion labels famous clients included Jacqueline Kennedy. Said to have put Irish fashion on the map, she was described by former Taoiseach Jack Lynch as, Sybil Connolly was born in Swansea. Her father was an Irish insurance salesman and her mother was of English and Welsh descent and her education came largely from her Welsh grandfather and private tutors. Her father died while she was a teenager and the moved to Ireland. Her interest in fashion drew her to London where she worked for the firm of Bradley & Co – whose clients included Queen Mary. Connolly would attend Buckingham Palace fittings where she was allowed to hold the pins, returning to Ireland in 1940, she worked for Richard Alan in Dublin, replacing the head designer in 1953. There her work was spotted by American buyers, Connolly held her first major show in 1953. It was a huge success – thanks in part to Harpers Bazaar editor Carmel Snow and it was attended by American press and buyers and her career took off rapidly after that, especially in the United States. When she travelled to the US later that year, the cover of Life featured Anne Gunning in one of her crochet dresses, Connolly officially launched her couture label in 1957, she was 36. Part of Connollys success may be attributed to her flair for publicity and she was also a glamorous advert for her brand – a 1954 feature in Housewife magazine gushed, this fairytale person has looks. Eyes the brown of peat. And a model figure too and she was made part of the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965. As her profile continued to rise in the United States, so did her client list – with Julie Andrews, notably, Jacqueline Kennedy wore a Sybil Connolly creation when she sat for an official White House portrait. Many of her designs were sold, via private shows, to prominent social names such as Rockefeller, among her assignments was to redesign habits for three orders of nuns – the Sisters of Mercy in the United States and two Irish orders. Connolly was adept at reworking traditional Irish fabrics and styles – including peasant blouses, flannel petticoats and shawls – to give them contemporary appeal, designs were created in Ireland, and Connolly employed up to 100 women, mostly crocheting and weaving in their own homes. Although there was intricate craft in her designs, prices were lower than the typical European couture label. Her home, number 71 Merrion Square – which she described as the house that linen built – became a showcase for her taste and private clients would be served jasmine tea by a butler called James. Located in one of the most fashionable areas of Dublin, it was what she called a window for Ireland. In the 1980s, Connolly began designing for luxury goods makers Tiffany & Co, Tipperary Crystal, Brunschwig & Fils, in 2012, Connollys work attracted renewed interest when actor Gillian Anderson wore a vintage dress by the designer for the BAFTAs
28.
Blue plaque
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The brainchild of British politician William Ewart in 1863, it is the oldest such scheme in the world. The worlds first blue plaques were erected in London in the 19th century to mark the homes and workplaces of famous people. This scheme continues to the present day, having been administered successively by the Society of Arts, the London County Council, the Greater London Council, many other plaque schemes have since been initiated in the United Kingdom. Some are restricted to a geographical area, others to a particular theme of historical commemoration. The plaques erected by these schemes are manufactured in a variety of designs, shapes, materials, the term blue plaque may be used narrowly to refer to the official English Heritage scheme, but is often used informally to encompass all similar schemes. There are also commemorative plaque schemes throughout the world such as those in Paris, Rome, Oslo, Dublin, and in cities in Australia, Canada, Russia. The forms these take vary, and they tend to be known as historical markers, the original blue plaque scheme was established by the Society of Arts in 1867, and since 1986 has been run by English Heritage. It is the oldest such scheme in the world, since 1984 English Heritage have commissioned Frank Ashworth to make the plaques which have then been inscribed by his wife, Sue, at their home in Cornwall. English Heritage plans to erect an average of twelve new blue plaques each year in London. After being conceived by politician William Ewart in 1863, the scheme was initiated in 1866 by Ewart, Henry Cole and the Society of Arts, the first plaque was unveiled in 1867 to commemorate Lord Byron at his birthplace,24 Holles Street, Cavendish Square. This house was demolished in 1889, the earliest blue plaque to survive, also put up in 1867, commemorates Napoleon III in King Street, St Jamess. Byron’s plaque was blue, but the colour was changed by the manufacturer Minton, in total the Society of Arts put up 35 plaques, fewer than half of which survive today. The Society only erected one plaque within the square-mile of the City of London, in 1879, it was agreed that the City of London Corporation would be responsible for erecting plaques within the City to recognise its jurisdictional independence. This demarcation has remained ever since, in 1901, the Society of Arts scheme was taken over by the London County Council, which gave much thought to the future design of the plaques. It was eventually decided to keep the shape and design of the Societys plaques, but to make them uniformly blue, with a laurel wreath. Though this design was used consistently from 1903 to 1938, some experimentation occurred in the 1920s, in 1921, the most common plaque design was revised, as it was discovered that glazed ceramic Doulton ware was cheaper than the encaustic formerly used. In 1938, a new design was prepared by an unnamed student at the LCCs Central School of Arts and Crafts and was approved by the committee. It omitted the decorative elements of earlier designs, and allowed for lettering to be better spaced and enlarged
29.
George William Russell
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George William Russell who wrote with the pseudonym Æ, was an Irish writer, editor, critic, poet, artistic painter and Irish nationalist. He was also a writer on mysticism, and a figure in the group of devotees of theosophy which met in Dublin for many years. Russell was born in Lurgan, County Armagh, second son of Thomas Russell and his father, the son of a small farmer, became an employee of Thomas Bell and Co, a prosperous firm of linen drapers. The family relocated to Dublin, where his father had a new offer of employment, the death of his much loved sister Mary, aged 18, was a blow from which it took him a long time to recover. He was educated at Rathmines School and the Metropolitan School of Art, in the 1880s, Russell lived at the Theosophical Society lodge at 3, Upper Ely Place, sharing rooms with H. M. Magee, the brother of William Kirkpatrick Magee. Russell started working as a clerk, then for many years worked for the Irish Agricultural Organisation Society. In 1897 Plunkett needed an able organiser and W. B, Yeats suggested Russell, who became Assistant Secretary of the IAOS. In 1898 he married Violet North, they had two surviving sons, Brian and Diarmuid, as well as a son who died soon after birth. While his marriage was rumoured to be unhappy, all his friends agreed that Violets death in 1932 was a blow to Russell. Russell and Plunkett made a team, with each gaining much from the association with the other. As an officer of the IAOS he could not express opinions freely. During the 1913 Dublin Lock-out he wrote an letter to the Irish Times criticizing the attitude of the employers, then spoke on it in England. He became involved in the anti-partition Irish Dominion League when Plunkett founded the body in 1919, Russell was editor from 1905 to 1923 of the Irish Homestead, the journal of the IAOS. His gifts as a writer and publicist gained him an influence in the cause of agricultural co-operation. He then became editor of the The Irish Statesman, the paper of the Irish Dominion League, unbeknownst to him meetings and collections were organized and later that year at Plunkett House he was presented by Father T. Finlay with a cheque for £800. This enabled him to visit the United States the next year and he used the pseudonym AE, or more properly, Æ. This derived from an earlier Æon signifying the lifelong quest of man and he appears as a character with Lizzie Twigg in the Scylla and Charybdis episode of Joyces Ulysses, where he dismisses Stephens theories on Shakespeare. His collected poems was published in 1913, with an edition in 1926
30.
Sheridan Le Fanu
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Joseph Thomas Sheridan Le Fanu was an Irish writer of Gothic tales and mystery novels. He was a leading ghost story writer of the century and was central to the development of the genre in the Victorian era. M. R. James described Le Fanu as absolutely in the first rank as a writer of ghost stories, three of his best-known works are Uncle Silas, Carmilla and The House by the Churchyard. Sheridan Le Fanu was born at 45 Lower Dominick Street, Dublin, into a family of Huguenot. He had a sister, Catherine Frances, and a younger brother. His parents were Thomas Philip Le Fanu and Emma Lucretia Dobbin, both his grandmother Alicia Sheridan Le Fanu and his great-uncle Richard Brinsley Sheridan were playwrights, and his mother was also a writer, producing a biography of Charles Orpen. The Phoenix Park and the adjacent village and parish church of Chapelizod would appear in Le Fanus later stories, in 1826 the family moved to Abington, County Limerick, where Le Fanus father Thomas took up his second rectorship in Ireland. Although he had a tutor, who, according to his brother William, taught them nothing and was dismissed in disgrace. By the age of fifteen, Joseph was writing poetry which he shared with his mother and siblings and his father was a stern Protestant churchman and raised his family in an almost Calvinist tradition. In 1832 the disorders of the Tithe War affected the region, there were about six thousand Catholics in the parish of Abington, and only a few dozen members of the Church of Ireland. However, the government compelled all farmers, including Catholics, to pay tithes for the upkeep of the Protestant church, the following year the family moved back temporarily to Dublin, to Williamstown Avenue in a southern suburb, where Thomas was to work on a Government commission. Although Thomas Le Fanu tried to live as though he were well-off, Thomas took the rectorships in the south of Ireland for the money, as they provided a decent living through tithes. However, from 1830, as the result of agitation against the tithes, in 1838 the government instituted a scheme of paying rectors a fixed sum, but in the interim the Dean had little besides rent on some small properties he had inherited. In 1833 Thomas had to borrow £100 from his cousin Captain Dobbins to visit his sister in Bath. At his death Thomas had almost nothing to leave to his sons and his widow went to stay with the younger son William. Sheridan Le Fanu studied law at Trinity College in Dublin, where he was elected Auditor of the College Historical Society. Under a system peculiar to Ireland he did not have to live in Dublin to attend lectures and he was called to the bar in 1839, but he never practised and soon abandoned law for journalism. In 1838 he began contributing stories to the Dublin University Magazine, including his first ghost story, entitled The Ghost and he became owner of several newspapers from 1840, including the Dublin Evening Mail and the Warder
31.
Embassy of the United Kingdom, Dublin
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The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Dublin is the chief diplomatic mission of the United Kingdom in Ireland. The Embassy is located on Merrion Road in the Ballsbridge area of the city, the current British Ambassador to Ireland is Dominick Chilcott. The current embassy building on Merrion Road was built in 1995 and designed by Allies and it is built around a central courtyard, a cloister-like space. In 1981 protesters tried to storm the British Embassy in response to the IRA hunger strikes of that year, the British Ambassadors official residence in Dublin is Glencairn House, located on Murphystown Road. Glencairn has been the residence of successive British Ambassadors to Ireland since the 1950s. Ireland–United Kingdom relations List of diplomatic missions in Ireland List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Ireland
32.
Bloody Sunday (1972)
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Fourteen people died, thirteen were killed outright, while the death of another man four months later was attributed to his injuries. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers, other protesters were injured by rubber bullets or batons, and two were run down by army vehicles. The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, the soldiers involved were members of the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, also known as 1 Para. Two investigations have been held by the British government, the Widgery Tribunal, held in the immediate aftermath of the incident, largely cleared the soldiers and British authorities of blame. It described the shooting as bordering on the reckless, but accepted their claims that they shot at gunmen. The report was criticised as a whitewash. The Saville Inquiry, chaired by Lord Saville of Newdigate, was established in 1998 to reinvestigate the incident, following a 12-year inquiry, Savilles report was made public in 2010 and concluded that the killings were both unjustified and unjustifiable. It found that all of those shot were unarmed, that none were posing a threat, that no bombs were thrown. On the publication of the report, British prime minister David Cameron made an apology on behalf of the United Kingdom. Following this, police began an investigation into the killings. Bloody Sunday was one of the most significant events of the Troubles because a number of civilian citizens were killed, by forces of the state, in full view of the public. It was the highest number of killed in a single shooting incident during the conflict. Bloody Sunday increased Catholic and Irish nationalist hostility towards the British Army, Support for the Provisional Irish Republican Army rose and there was a surge of recruitment into the organisation, especially locally. While many Catholics initially welcomed the British Army as a force, in contrast to what was regarded as a sectarian police force. In response to escalating levels of violence across Northern Ireland, internment without trial was introduced on 9 August 1971, there was disorder across Northern Ireland following the introduction of internment, with 21 people being killed in three days of rioting. In Belfast, soldiers of the Parachute Regiment shot dead 11 Catholic civilians in what known as the Ballymurphy Massacre. On 10 August, Bombardier Paul Challenor became the first soldier to be killed by the Provisional IRA in Derry, a further six soldiers had been killed in Derry by mid-December 1971. At least 1,332 rounds were fired at the British Army, who also faced 211 explosions and 180 nail bombs, both the Official IRA and Provisional IRA had established no-go areas for the British Army and Royal Ulster Constabulary in Derry through the use of barricades
33.
Northern Ireland
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Northern Ireland is a constituent unit of the United Kingdom in the north-east of Ireland. It is variously described as a country, province, region, or part of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863, constituting about 30% of the total population. Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by an act of the British parliament, Northern Ireland has historically been the most industrialised region of Ireland. After declining as a result of the political and social turmoil of the Troubles, its economy has grown significantly since the late 1990s. Unemployment in Northern Ireland peaked at 17. 2% in 1986, dropping to 6. 1% for June–August 2014,58. 2% of those unemployed had been unemployed for over a year. Prominent artists and sports persons from Northern Ireland include Van Morrison, Rory McIlroy, Joey Dunlop, Wayne McCullough, some people from Northern Ireland prefer to identify as Irish while others prefer to identify as British. Cultural links between Northern Ireland, the rest of Ireland, and the rest of the UK are complex, in many sports, the island of Ireland fields a single team, a notable exception being association football. Northern Ireland competes separately at the Commonwealth Games, and people from Northern Ireland may compete for either Great Britain or Ireland at the Olympic Games. The region that is now Northern Ireland was the bedrock of the Irish war of resistance against English programmes of colonialism in the late 16th century, the English-controlled Kingdom of Ireland had been declared by the English king Henry VIII in 1542, but Irish resistance made English control fragmentary. Victories by English forces in war and further Protestant victories in the Williamite War in Ireland toward the close of the 17th century solidified Anglican rule in Ireland. In Northern Ireland, the victories of the Siege of Derry and their intention was to materially disadvantage the Catholic community and, to a lesser extent, the Presbyterian community. In the context of open institutional discrimination, the 18th century saw secret, militant societies develop in communities in the region and act on sectarian tensions in violent attacks. Following this, in an attempt to quell sectarianism and force the removal of discriminatory laws, the new state, formed in 1801, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was governed from a single government and parliament based in London. Between 1717 and 1775 some 250,000 people from Ulster emigrated to the British North American colonies and it is estimated that there are more than 27 million Scotch-Irish Americans now living in the US. By the close of the century, autonomy for Ireland within the United Kingdom, in 1912, after decades of obstruction from the House of Lords, Home Rule became a near-certainty. A clash between the House of Commons and House of Lords over a controversial budget produced the Parliament Act 1911, which enabled the veto of the Lords to be overturned. The House of Lords veto had been the unionists main guarantee that Home Rule would not be enacted, in 1914, they smuggled thousands of rifles and rounds of ammunition from Imperial Germany for use by the Ulster Volunteers, a paramilitary organisation opposed to the implementation of Home Rule
34.
English landscape garden
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The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. The work of Lancelot Capability Brown was particularly influential, by the end of the 18th century the English garden was being imitated by the French landscape garden, and as far away as St. Petersburg, Russia, in Pavlovsk, the gardens of the future Emperor Paul. It also had a influence on the form of the public parks. These parks featured vast lawns, woods, and pieces of architecture and these gardens, modelled after the gardens of Versailles, were designed to impress visitors with their size and grandeur. William Kent was an architect, painter and furniture designer who introduced Palladian style architecture to England and his gardens were designed to complement the Palladian architecture of the houses he built. He collaborated with Kent on several major gardens, providing the botanical expertise which allowed Kent to realize his architectural visions, Kent created one of the first true English landscape gardens at Chiswick House for Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington. Between 1733 and 1736, he redesigned the garden, adding lawns sloping down to the edge of the river, for the first time the form of a garden was inspired not by architecture, but by an idealized version of nature. Rousham House in Oxfordshire is considered by some as the most accomplished, the patron was General Dormer, who commissioned Bridgeman to begin the garden in 1727, then brought in Kent to recreate it in 1737. Bridgeman had built a series of gardens, including a grotto of Venus, on the slope along the river Cherwell, finally, he added cascades modelled on those of the garden of Aldobrandini and Pratolino in Italy, to add movement and drama. Stowe, in Buckinghamshire, was a more radical departure from the formal French garden. In the early 18th century, Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham, had commissioned Charles Bridgeman to design a formal garden, bridgemans design included an octagonal lake and a Rotunda designed by Vanbrugh. In the 1730s, William Kent and James Gibbs were appointed to work with Bridgeman, Kent remade the lake in a more natural shape, and created a new kind of garden, which took visitors on a tour of picturesque landscapes. The garden attracted visitors from all over Europe, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau and it became the inspiration for landscape gardens in Britain and on the Continent. Stourhead, in Wiltshire, created by banker Henry Hoare, was one of the first picturesque gardens, Hoare had travelled to Italy on the Grand Tour and had returned with a painting by Claude Lorrain. He sought to create an ideal landscape out of the English countryside and he created artificial lakes and used dams and canals to transform streams or springs into the illusion that a river flowed through the garden. He compared his own role as a designer to that of a poet or composer. Here I put a comma, there, when its necessary to cut the view, I put a parenthesis, there I end it with a period, the most important were, Petworth in 1752, Chatsworth in 1761, Bowood in 1763, Blenheim Palace in 1764. Humphry Repton was the last great English landscape designer of the eighteenth century, to help clients visualize his designs, Repton produced Red Books with explanatory text and watercolors with a system of overlays to show before and after views
35.
Dublin City Council
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Dublin City Council is the authority responsible for local government in the city of Dublin in Ireland. As a city council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001, until 2001, the council was known as Dublin Corporation. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, the council has 63 elected members and is the largest local council in Ireland. Elections are held five years and are by single transferable vote. The head of the council has the title of Lord Mayor. The city administration is headed by a Chief Executive, Owen Keegan, the council meets at City Hall, Dublin. As part of the Dublin Region, Dublin City Council is within the remit of the Dublin Regional Authority. Following the enactment of the Local Government Act 2001, the Regional Authority was established and it is one of eight such Authorities in the Republic of Ireland. Local government in the region was further regulated by the Local Government Act 1994, the statutory instrument giving effect to the Act came into force on 1 January 1994. The instrument also provided for the abolition of Dublin County Council – the entity that had previously had responsibility for Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal, the four entities collectively comprise the former entity known as County Dublin. This entity, which had created after the Norman invasion of Ireland, was abolished under the Acts. The functions of the City Council include, Public Housing, Library Services, Refuse Services, Drainage, Driver and Vehicle Licensing, Planning, the Council budgeted to spend €847,137,522 during 2007 in service of these functions. 50. 5% of this went towards the payroll of the Councils staff which was a reduction from 50. 7% in 2006, the 2007 roads budget was just over €105,000,000, to support maintenance of all roads in its functional area. Under the Municipal Corporations Act 1840, they were replaced by a unicameral assembly, the new name Dublin City Council was coined for the unicameral assembly. The Lord Mayor of Dublin presided over the assembly and this office which had existed since 1665. The first City Council was elected in October 1841 when Daniel OConnell became the first Lord Mayor, since 1 January 2002, the functions of local government have been transferred to Dublin City Council. In 1994, Dublin County Council and the Corporation of Dún Laoghaire were abolished, to coincide with its name change, the City Council adopted a new logo and brand identity, based on a simplified version of the ancient three castles symbol. Executive power is shared between the council and an executive official known as the Chief Executive
36.
Street light
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A street light, light pole, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells that activate automatically when light is or is not needed, dusk, dawn and this function in older lighting systems could have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. Many street light systems are being connected underground instead of wiring from one utility post to another, at that time oil lamps were used predominantly as they provided a long-lasting and moderate flame. The Romans had a word lanternarius, which was a term for a responsible for lighting the oil lamps in front of their villas. Before incandescent lamps, candle lighting was employed in cities, the earliest lamps required that a lamplighter tour the town at dusk, lighting each of the lamps. According to some sources, illumination was ordered in London in 1417 by Sir Henry Barton, in 1524, Paris house owners were required to have lanterns with candles lit in front of their houses at night, but the law was often ignored. Following the invention of lanterns with glass windows, which improved the quantity of light. Still, in 1662, it was a practice for travelers to hire a lantern-bearer if they had to move at night through the dark. Lantern bearers were still common in Paris until 1789, in 1667, under King Louis XIV, the royal government began installing lanterns on all the streets. There were three thousand in place by 1669, and twice as many by 1729, lanterns with glass windows were suspended from a cord over the middle of the street at a height of twenty feet and were placed twenty yards apart. A much-improved oil lantern, called a réverbère, was introduced between 1745 and 1749 and these lamps were attached to the top of lampposts, by 1817, there were 4694 lamps on the Paris streets. During the French Revolution, the found that the lampposts were a convenient place to hang aristocrats. The first widespread system of lighting used piped coal gas as fuel. William Murdoch was the first to use the flammability of gas for the application of lighting. He first lit his own house in Redruth, Cornwall in 1792, in 1798, he used gas to light the main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population. In Paris, gas lighting was first demonstrated in November 1800 at a residence on the rue Saint-Dominique, and was installed on a covered shopping street. The gaslights installed on the boulevards and city monuments in the 19th century gave the city the nickname The City of Light, the first public street lighting with gas was demonstrated in Pall Mall, London on January 28,1807 by Frederick Albert Winsor. In 1812, Parliament granted a charter to the London and Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company, less than two years later, on December 31,1813, the Westminster Bridge was lit by gas
37.
Jerome Connor
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Jerome Connor was an Irish sculptor. In 1888, he immigrated to Holyoke, Massachusetts and his father was a stonemason, which led to Connors jobs in New York as a sign painter, stonecutter, bronze founder and machinist. Inspired by his fathers work and his own experience, Connor used to steal his fathers chisels as a child, one of the most ambitious works he created was The Marriage of Art and Industry. Connor is reported to have dedicated the better part of a year on the monuments construction, with new ideas came additions, improvements, and increased weight. Connor worked on the floor of an old barn, and one evening, as Roycrofters and visitors relaxed on the peristyle of the Roycroft Inn. The beams under the floor had given way, and Connors Marriage fell to pieces. After four years at Roycroft, he worked with Gustav Stickley and became well known as a sculptor being commissioned to create civic commissions in bronze for placement in Washington. Syracuse, East Aurora, New York, San Francisco, in 1910, he established his own studio in Washington, D. C. From 1902 until his death, Connor produced scores of designs ranging from small portrait heads to relief panels to large civic commissions realized in bronze, Connor was a self-taught artist who was highly regarded in the United States where most of his public works can be seen. It was felt he was influenced by the work of Irish American sculptor Augustus Saint Gaudens. He used the figure to give expression to emotions, values. United States. Nuns of the Battlefield was surveyed in 1993 by the Smithsonian for their Save Outdoor Sculpture, the sculpture was authorized by Congress on March 29,1918 with the agreement that the government would not fund it. The Ancient Order of Hibernians, raised $50,000 for the project, Jerome Connor was chosen since he focused on Irish Catholic themes, being one himself. But he ended up suing the Order for nonpayment and he worked in the United States until 1925 and moved to Dublin where he opened his own studio, but, lack of financial support and patrons caused his work to slow. In 1926 he was contacted by Roycroft and asked to design and cast a statue of Elbert Hubbard who and it was unveiled in 1930 and today it stands on the lawn of East Auroras Middle School across the street from the Roycroft Chapel building. While working on the Hubbard statue, Connor received a commission to create a memorial for all the Lusitania victims and it was to be erected in Cobh, County Cork where many of the victims were buried. The project was initiated by the New York Memorial Committee, headed by William H. Vanderbilt whose father Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, like Elbert and Alice Hubbard, Connor died before the Lusitania memorial was completed and based on Connors design its installation fell to another Irish artist. Throughout his career, Connor was also known as Patrick Jeremias Connor, Jerome Conner, Jerome Stanley Connor, J. Stanley Connor and he died on August 21,1943 of heart failure and reputably in poverty. C
38.
Nuns of the Battlefield
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Nuns of the Battlefield is a public artwork made in 1924 by Irish artist Jerome Connor, located at the intersection of Rhode Island Ave NW, M St & Connecticut Ave NW in Washington, D. C. A tribute to the more than 600 nuns who nursed soldiers of armies during the American Civil War, it is one of two monuments in the District that mark womens roles in the conflict. It is a monument to the Civil War Monuments in Washington. In 1993, it was surveyed for the Smithsonian Institutions Save Outdoor Sculpture, the face of the sculpture has a large bronze bas relief panel showing 12 nuns dressed in traditional habit. This panel is installed on a granite slab that sits on a granite base. Each end of the slab has a female figure seated. The proper right side figure has wings, a helmet, robes, sitting, she holds a shield in her proper left hand and a scroll in her lap with her proper right hand. She is weaponless to represent peace, on the proper left side of the slab another winged figure sits wearing a long dress, a bodice and a scarf around her head to represent the angel of Peace. Her hands are folded on her lap, the lower right side of the relief is signed, JEROME CONNOR1924 The lower left side of the relief is inscribed, BUREAU BROS. BRONZE FOUNDERS PHILA ENN On the granite above the relief is inscribed, THEY COMFORTED THE DYING, NURSED THE WOUNDED, CARRIED HOPE TO THE IMPRISONED, GAVE IN HIS NAME A DRINK OF WATER TO THE THIRSTY. On the granite below the relief, TO THE MEMORY AND IN HONOR OF THE VARIOUS ORDERS OF SISTERS WHO GAVE THEIR SERVICES AS NURSES ON BATTLEFIELDS AND IN HOSPITALS DURING THE CIVIL WAR. On the rear of the slab near the base is inscribed, a. D.1924 BY AUTHORITY OF THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. Born in Ireland in 1874, Jerome Connor moved at the age of 14 with his family moved to Massachusetts and his father was a stonemason which led to Connors jobs in New York as a sign painter, stonecutter, bronze founder and machinist. Inspired by his fathers work and his own experience, Connor used to steal his fathers chisels as a child, in 1899, he moved into the Roycroft Institution where he helped with blacksmithing and eventually began making terracotta busts and reliefs. Over four years at Roycroft, he well known as a sculptor. Syracuse, East Aurora, New York, San Francisco, in 1925, he moved to Dublin and opened his own studio, but found few patrons and his work slowed. He died on August 21,1943 of heart failure, the idea for the monument originated with Ellen Jolly, president of the womens auxiliary branch of the Ancient Order of Hibernians who grew up hearing stories of battlefield tales told by nuns. Proposing the sculpture just after the turn of the century, her request was denied by the War Department until proof of servitude was provided, for ten years Jolly worked to gather evidence and presented it to Congress in 1918
39.
Father Ted
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The fictional Craggy Island was the primary setting for the Channel 4 sitcom Father Ted. Craggy Island is a bleak, desolate community with no redeeming features whatsoever and where nothing happens, populated by various lunatics. The weather is harsh and just about every house and business is shoddily built. As testament to the islands enduring unpopularity, the Irish state have given the British government permission to use the islands coast for dumping nuclear waste, the island isnt mentioned on any map and is frequently used by sailors as a navigational device. Despite there rarely being any news of note, the island has its own broadsheet, because they never have anything worth writing about, the staff usually blow up any small event or piece of gossip into a major scandal, such as when a peeping toms whistle was stolen. The story helped make way for a full-colour pullout on whistles as a way of exploiting the bored locals excitement. R, t-shirt, usually while sporting a gun. A bizarre fact about the island is that in poor conditions the roads are taken in. There are also several significantly unimpressive landmarks, such as The Field, the island has a long-running feud with its almost identical counterpart, Rugged Island, which is ministered to by Teds arch nemesis, Father Dick Byrne. It was briefly removed following an altercation between Father Jack and a Bishop, when Jack caused the relic to become lodged in the bishops anus, the filming location providing a backdrop for the holy stone was the Cliffs of Moher, one of Irelands most popular tourist destinations. Ted admits to not knowing why the stone is holy and claims it is just a kind of general holiness that supposedly gave Dougal of moment of serenity which Dougal himself described as a great buzz. The Field, While not actually a field, the area has fewer rocks in it than most other places on the island and it was filmed in Portrane, Co. The Craggy Island Crazy Golf Course, The course consisted of one hole with the easily discarded obstacle of a windmill. The Picnic Spot, Even bleaker than other parts on the island, the spot is home to a few deckchairs, a sign, and a list of rules. The spot is watched by Mr. Benson and his whistle and its only regular visitors are an aggressively territorial couple who drive away anyone else wishing to sit at the lone picnic table. They do, however, abide by the no swearing rule religiously, telling Father Ted to fup off and calling him a backstard, vaughans, A pub located in town that is visited by many of Craggy Islands Chinese residents. The threshold of this pub is the site of the mysterious Mud Angel, legend had it that every Friday night, about closing time, the mysterious figure of a man appeared in the mud outside the pub. It was later revealed to be Father Jack rolling in the mud in a drunken stupor, OLearys, A small shop, which provides services ranging from groceries to book-makers to record sales. It is run by John and Mary O Leary who are involved in domestic violence moments before the priests enter the shop
40.
Dermot Morgan
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Dermot John Morgan was an Irish comedian, actor and previously a schoolteacher, who achieved international renown for his role as Father Ted Crilly in the Channel 4 sitcom Father Ted. Morgan was born on 31 March 1952 and his parents were Donnchadh Morgan, an artist and sculptor with a passion for drama, and Hilda Holly Stokes, a celebrated beauty from Dún Laoghaire. Donnchadh died young of an aneurysm, leaving Hilda with four children, Dermot, Paul, Denise, and Ruth, Dermot married Susanne Garmatz, a native of Hamburg, and they had two sons, Don and Rob. He later began a relationship with Fiona Clarke, with whom he had another son, Morgan made his debut in the media on the Morning Ireland radio show produced by Gene Martin, whose sister Ella was the mother of one of Morgans friends. It was through this contact that Morgan made the break into radio, between 1979 and 1982 Morgan, who had been a teacher at St. His other characters included a GAA bigot who waved his hurley stick around aggressively while verbally attacking his pet hates, when the dog farts and the grenade detonates, the British commented, It must have been something he ate. The song climaxed with the words, I hope that I shall live to see Fido an Alsatian once again, Morgans success led him to leave teaching and become a full-time comedian. Morgans relationship with RTÉ became strained as the station tried without success to make use of what it saw as his considerable but undisciplined talent, kenny Live axed its comedy slot in response to negative public responses to the shows format. Morgan released a single, Thank You Very Very Much, Mr Eastwood. It was a take on the praise that internationally successful Irish boxer Barry McGuigan gave his manager, Barney Eastwood. The single featured lines by McGuigan, Ronald Reagan, Bob Geldof and Pope John Paul II, the greatest Leader, Man of Destiny, Statesman, Titan, a Colossus winning critical praise. In Morgans version, Haughey visited somewhere in the world and, after a few seconds, when RTÉ axed the show in the early 1990s a national outcry ensued. Morgan lashed the decision, calling it an act of broadcasting cowardice. An RTÉ spokesman said, The show is not being axed, in 1991, Morgan received a Jacobs Award for his contribution to Scrap Saturday from the Irish national newspaper radio critics. Already a celebrity in Ireland, Morgans big break came in Channel 4s Irish sitcom Father Ted, writers Graham Linehan and Arthur Mathews auditioned many actors for the title role, but Morgans enthusiasm won him the part. Father Ted centred on three diverse characters, Father Ted Crilly, played by Morgan, lived a frustrated life trapped on the island. Irish TV comedy actor Frank Kelly played Father Jack Hackett, a foul-mouthed and apparently brain-damaged alcoholic, the three priests were looked after by their housekeeper, Mrs. Doyle, played by Pauline McLynn, with whom Morgan had worked on Scrap Saturday. Father Ted enjoyed widespread popularity and critical acclaim, in 1998 the show won a BAFTA award for the best comedy, Morgan won a BAFTA for best actor, and McLynn was named best actress
41.
Dermot Ryan
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Dermot J. Ryan was the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, Ireland from 1972 until 1984. He was ordained a priest on 28 May 1950 and consecrated bishop on 13 February 1972, after his death he was criticised for having failed to act and covering up sexual abuse by priests in the sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic archdiocese of Dublin. Dermot Ryan was Professor of Oriental Languages at University College Dublin before his appointment by Pope Paul VI as Archbishop of Dublin and he was ordained a bishop by Pope Paul VI in Rome assisted by Cardinals Bernard Alfrink and William Conway, on 13 February 1972. At the time of his appointment he was seen as a liberal and his predecessor John Charles McQuaid previously had Ryan removed from teaching in the seminary in Dublin due to teaching liberation theology. During his term he consolidated much of the expansion of the Archdiocese which had taken place during the term of his predecessor and he also oversaw the fuller implementation of the reforms of Vatican II. He was particularly interested in liturgical reform, Archbishop Ryan also took a traditional stand on social issues, including poverty, family life and opposition to abortion. He strongly promoted the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland in 1983, granted the right to life to mother. He was named in the Murphy Report on sexual abuse of children in Dublin and he also did not act on complaints against other priests who were also subsequently confirmed to be abusers. As Archbishop he gave the people of Dublin a public park on a site earmarked by his predecessors for a proposed cathedral, the land, at Merrion Square, was a gift from the Archbishop to the city of Dublin. He also served as Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples from 8 April 1984 until his death in Rome, biography on catholic-hierarchy. org Pastoral Letter 1980 Article about child abuse
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Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic)
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The Archbishop of Dublin is the title of the senior cleric who presides over the Archdiocese of Dublin. The Church of Ireland has a role, heading the United Dioceses of Dublin. In both cases, the Archbishop is also Primate of Ireland, the Archbishop has his seat at Saint Marys Pro-Cathedral, though formally Dublins cathedral is still Christchurch Cathedral, Dublin. Several of these functioned as churches and the most powerful of all was Glendalough. In the early church in Ireland, the church had a monastic basis, there were bishops but not organised dioceses in the modern sense, and the offices of abbot and bishop were often comprised in one person. Sitric also provided for the building of Christ Church Cathedral in 1038 with the lands of Baldoyle, Raheny, the Bishop of Dublin answered to the Archbishop of Canterbury and did not attend councils of the Irish Church. The Diocese of Dublin continued to acknowledge the jurisdiction of Canterbury until 1096, the Synod of Rathbreasail was convened in 1111 by Gillebert, Bishop of Limerick, on papal authority. It fixed the number of dioceses in Ireland at twenty-four, Dublin was not included, the city being described as lying in the Diocese of Glendalough. It was incorporated into the system of Irish dioceses from 1152, from 1121, the fifth and last Bishop of Dublin was one Gréne, consecrated at Lambeth by Ralph, Archbishop of Canterbury. The part of North County Dublin known as Fingall was taken from Glendalough Diocese, the new Archdiocese had 40 parishes, in deanaries based on the old senior monasteries. All dependence upon English churches such as Canterbury was also ended, gregory, the existing Bishop of Dublin, was elevated as the first Archbishop, with the Bishops of Kildare, Ossory, Leighlin, Ferns, and Glendalough reporting to him. The second Archbishop was Lorcán Ua Tuathail, previously Abbot of Glendalough, Saint Laurences successor was a Norman, and from then onward to the time of the Reformation, Dublins Archbishops were all either Norman or English. High offices in the Church were never free of political influence, Archbishop Henry of Londons name appears in the text of the Magna Carta along with the names of English Bishops as witnesses. In 1185, the Pope had granted a petition to combine the Dioceses of Dublin and Glendalough, the union took effect in 1216, with the approval of Innocent III, and the dioceses have remained merged ever since. The statutes mention the Chapters of both St. Patricks and Christ Church Cathedrals, which are granted the power to confer degrees, and the aim appears to have been to provide lectures at the former. The then Dean of St. Patricks, William de Rodyard, was elected first Chancellor of the University, in 1364, a Divinity Lecture was endowed, and in 1496, the Diocesan Synod granted stipends for the lecturers of the university. It has been said that the University never properly got started, certainly it languished, Archbishop Alen was murdered during the revolt of Silken Thomas in 1534. After the excommunication of Henry VIII in 1538 no Roman Catholic archbishop was nominated by Rome until Hugh Curwen in 1555, see the article Primate of Ireland for a discussion of the relative status of the Archbishops of Dublin and Armagh as Primates
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Murphy Report
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The Murphy Report is the brief name of the report of an investigation conducted by government of Ireland into the sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic archdiocese of Dublin. This act was implemented in March 2006, the Commission of Investigation has been headed by Judge Yvonne Murphy, a Circuit Court judge. This report was released on 26 November 2009. All other considerations, including the welfare of children and justice for victims, were subordinated to these priorities, the Archdiocese did not implement its own canon law rules and did its best to avoid any application of the law of the State. The 720-page report said that it has no doubt that clerical child abuse was covered up from January 1975 to May 2004. Complainants alleged that most uninvolved priests turned an eye to their allegations. It was found that acts of abuse had taken place inside the Pro-Cathedral. The Archbishops, bishops and other officials cannot claim that they did not know that child abuse was a crime. As citizens of the State, they have the same obligations as all citizens to uphold the law. In the period from the 1940s to 2004 over 2,800 priests, though the Commission heard about alleged abuse by 67 priests from the 1940s, it limited its timeframe from 1975 to 2004. Out of 172 named priests, the Commission decided that 102 priests were within remit and this was further limited to a sample of 320 complainants making allegations about 46 priests. Among these 46, eleven either confessed to, or had been convicted of abuse, there was one case of false accusation. Journalist Dearbhail McDonald wrote that Twenty detectives have been assigned to the so-called God Squad since 2002, many persons had complained about the failure of the Irish Police or the Director of Public Prosecutions to prosecute abuse cases. The Commission noted that the most frequent reason for deciding not to prosecute was the delay in making the complaints. The DPPs approach to the period that would be regarded as undue delay changed considerably over the period. In the 1980s, a delay of as little as a year might be considered to be a bar to prosecution whereas, in the 2000s, delays of up to 40 years are not considered a bar to prosecutions. On 15 October 2009, the High Court ruled that the report could be released except for Chapter 19, the earliest of the three cases was expected to be heard in April 2010 and the High Court will reconsider the issue of publishing Chapter 19 in May 2010. The report considers how the Catholic Church handled allegations of abuse against a sample of 46 priests between 1 January 1975 and 30 April 2004
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John Lumsden
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Sir John Lumsden KBE was an Irish physician and the founder of the St. John Ambulance Brigade of Ireland. John Lumsden was born in Drogheda, County Louth, Ireland, Dr. Lumsdens father had come from Scotland via India to work in a bank in Armagh and later moved to Dublin in 1867 to work for the Provincial Bank. Dr. Lumsdens father was a golfer and Dr. His father later helped the Dublin Golf Club become the Royal Dublin Golf Club in 1891. At the time of the birth they were living at Dr. Lumsdens parents house but, soon after, moved out to 4 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin, where Dr. Lumsden also had a medical practice on the first floor. Their first child was followed by sisters, Leslie, born in 1898, Norah in 1900, Margery in 1908 and twins, Nancy. Dr. Lumsden was a physician on the staff of Mercers Hospital in Dublin and in 1902 was the Principal Medical Officer for the Commissioners of Irish Lights, however, it was his role as the Medical Officer at the Guinness Brewery that Dr. Lumsden made his name. After the Great Irish Famine many people moved from areas of Ireland into cities such as Dublin looking for food. This resulted in overcrowding with 33.9 percent of all families in Dublin each living in a single room, poverty and cramped conditions led to problems of disease and by 1881 Dublin had the highest death rate in Europe. Dr. Lumsden saw a high rate of tuberculosis amongst Guinness employees, the main Iveagh Trust buildings built in 1903–05 were designed accordingly. He also studied the diets of the employees and established classes for the wives of Guinness employees. Finally, he helped to set up the first Guinness sports club which included St Jamess Gate F. C, in his post as Medical Officer Dr. Lumsden was asked to provide first-aid classes for employees at the Guinness Brewery. The classes became so popular that later became the first registered division of the St. John Ambulance Brigade of Ireland. He remained Commissioner until his death, the Brigade was involved with many major events in Irish history, including treating casualties from the clashes during the General Strike of 1913. However, the Brigade became prominent in Dublin during the Easter Rising of 1916 where it treated casualties on both sides and fed and cared for evacuees. During the fighting in the streets of Dublin Dr. Lumsden became a figure as he dashed out carrying a white flag. He was knighted by King George V for these acts and for the formation of the St. John Ambulance Society, the service later became the National Blood Transfusion Association in 1948 but owes its origin to the Brigade and more especially to Sir John Lumsden. This led to the Brigade becoming an Associated Body and completely independent from the English-based St. John Ambulance, Sir John was one of the first members of the Irish Red Cross
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Media related to Merrion Square at Wikimedia Commons