1.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
2.
Genesis creation narrative
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The Genesis creation narrative is the creation myth of both Judaism and Christianity. Two creation stories are found in the first two chapters of the Book of Genesis. In the second story, God, now referred to by the personal name Yahweh, creates Adam, the first man, from dust and places him in the Garden of Eden, eve, the first woman, is created from Adam and as his companion. The two sources can be identified in the narrative, Genesis 1, 1–2,3 is Priestly and Genesis 2. The combined narrative is a critique of the Mesopotamian theology of creation, Genesis affirms monotheism, robert Alter described the combined narrative as compelling in its archetypal character, its adaptation of myth to monotheistic ends. Misunderstanding the genre of the Genesis creation narrative, meaning the intention of the author/s, reformed evangelical scholar Bruce Waltke cautions against one such misreading, the approach which reads it as history rather than theology and so leads to Creationism and the denial of evolution. As noted scholar of Jewish studies, Jon D. Levenson, puts it, although tradition attributes Genesis to Moses, biblical scholars hold that it, together with the following four books, is a composite work, the product of many hands and periods. The two sources appear in chronological order, Genesis 1, 1–2,3 is Priestly. As for the background which led to the creation of the narrative itself. The creation narrative is made up of two stories, roughly equivalent to the two first chapters of the Book of Genesis. The first account employs a structure of divine fiat and fulfillment, then the statement And there was evening and there was morning. In each of the first three days there is an act of division, day one divides the darkness from light, day two the waters above from the waters below, and day three the sea from the land. Together, this combination of character and contrasting profile point to the different origin of materials in Genesis 1,1 and Genesis 2,4. The primary accounts in each chapter are joined by a bridge at Genesis 2,4, These are the generations of the heavens. This echoes the first line of Genesis 1, In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth, and is reversed in the next phrase. in the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens. This verse is one of ten generations phrases used throughout Genesis and they normally function as headings to what comes after, but the position of this, the first of the series, has been the subject of much debate. Comparative mythology provides historical and cross-cultural perspectives for Jewish mythology, Genesis 1–11 as a whole is imbued with Mesopotamian myths. Genesis 1 bears both striking differences from and striking similarities to Babylons national creation myth, the Enuma Elish, still, Genesis 1 bears similarities to the Baal Cycle of Israels neighbor, Ugarit
3.
Fall of man
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The fall of man, or the fall, is a term used in Christianity to describe the transition of the first man and woman from a state of innocent obedience to God to a state of guilty disobedience. Although not named in the Bible, the doctrine of the fall comes from an interpretation of Genesis chapter 3. At first, Adam and Eve lived with God in the Garden of Eden, but the serpent tempted them into eating the fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, which God had forbidden. After doing so, they became ashamed of their nakedness and God expelled them from the Garden to prevent them from eating from the tree of life, for many Christian denominations, the doctrine of the fall is closely related to that of original sin. Calvinist Protestants believe that Jesus gave his life as a sacrifice for the elect, judaism does not have a concept of the fall or original sin and has varying other interpretations of the Eden narrative. Lapsarianism, the order of Gods decrees in relation to the Fall, is the distinction, by some Calvinists. The story of the Garden of Eden and the Fall of Man represents a tradition among the Abrahamic peoples, with a more or less symbolical of certain moral. The doctrine of the fall of man is extrapolated from Christian exegesis of Genesis 3, according to the narrative, God creates Adam and Eve, the first man and woman. God places them in the Garden of Eden and forbids them to eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good, the serpent tempts Eve to eat fruit from the forbidden tree, which she shares with Adam and they immediately become ashamed of their nakedness. Subsequently, God banishes Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden and it also states that they were removed from the Garden on the new moon of the 4th month of that year. Christian exegetes of Genesis 2,17 have applied the principle to explain how Adam died within a day. Psalms 90,4,2 Peter 3,8 and Jubilees 4, 29–31 explained that, to God, one day is equivalent to a thousand years, the Greek Septuagint, on the other hand, has day translated into the Greek word for a twenty-four-hour period. According to the Genesis narrative, during the age, human longevity approached a millennium. Thus, to die has been interpreted as to become mortal, however, the grammar does not support this reading, nor does the narrative, Adam and Eve are expelled from the Garden lest they eat of the second tree, the tree of life, and gain immortality. Catholic exegesis of Genesis 3 claims that the fall of man was a primeval event, a deed that took place at the beginning of the history of man. This first sin was transmitted by Adam and Eve to all of their descendants as original sin, causing humans to be subject to ignorance, suffering and the dominion of death, and inclined to sin. Baptism is considered to erase original sin, though the effects on human nature remain, even children partake in the guilt or sin of Adam, but not in the responsibility of original sin, as sin is always a personal act. Traditionally, the fall of Adam and Eve is said to have brought “four wounds” to human nature and these are enumerated by St Bede and others, especially St Thomas Aquinas They are Original sin, Concupiscence, Physical frailty and death, and a darkened intellect and ignorance
4.
Jesus
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In Christology, the Person of Christ refers to the study of the human and divine natures of Jesus Christ as they co-exist within one person. There is no discussion in the New Testament regarding the dual nature of the Person of Christ as both divine and human. Hence, since the days of Christianity theologians have debated various approaches to the understanding of these natures. In the period following the Apostolic Age, specific beliefs such as Arianism and Docetism were criticized. On the other end of the spectrum, Docetism argued that Jesus physical body was an illusion, docetic teachings were attacked by St. Ignatius of Antioch and were eventually abandoned by proto-orthodox Christians. However, after the First Council of Nicaea in 325 the Logos, historically in the Alexandrian school of christology, Jesus Christ is the eternal Logos paradoxically humanized in history, a divine Person who became enfleshed, uniting himself to the human nature. The views of these schools can be summarized as follows, Alexandria, Antioch, Logos assumes a specific human being The First Council of Ephesus in 431 debated a number of views regarding the Person of Christ. At the same gathering the council debated the doctrines of monophysitism or miaphysitism. The council rejected Nestorianism and adopted the term hypostatic union, referring to divine, the language used in the 431 declaration was further refined at the 451 Council of Chalcedon. However, the Chalcedon creed was not accepted by all Christians, because Saint Augustine died in 430 he did not participate in the Council of Ephesus in 431 or Chalcedon in 451, but his ideas had some impact on both councils. On the other hand, the major theological figure of the Middle Ages. The Third Council of Constantinople in 680 held that both divine and human wills exist in Jesus, with the divine will having precedence, leading and guiding the human will. John Calvin maintained that there was no element in the Person of Christ which could be separated from the person of The Word. Calvin also emphasized the importance of the Work of Christ in any attempt at understanding the Person of Christ, the study of the Person of Christ continued into the 20th century, with modern theologians such as Karl Rahner and Hans von Balthasar. Balthasar argued that the union of the human and divine natures of Christ was achieved not by the absorption of human attributes, thus in his view the divine nature of Christ was not affected by the human attributes and remained forever divine
5.
Mesa Arizona Temple
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The Mesa Arizona Temple is the seventh operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Located in the city of Mesa, Arizona, it is the first of six LDS temples built or planned in the state, the LDS temple in Mesa was one of the first to be constructed by the church. Similar to the Cardston Alberta Temple, the decided to hold a competition for the design of the temple with the exception of only inviting three Salt Lake firms to participate. The winning design was proposed by Don Carlos Young, Jr. while none of the three settlements were particularly large in their own right, they were considered thriving centers of largely Latter-day Saint populations. The long and arduous trip to existing temples located in the state of Utah would prove costly and even dangerous for the faithful of the era, as such, it was seen as necessary to construct temples in these communities. The plan to build a temple in Mesa, Arizona was finally announced on October 3,1919, the site was dedicated shortly after on November 28,1921 and on April 25,1922 the groundbreaking ceremony took place. Heber J. Grant conducted the ceremony, upon its completion in 1927 it was the third largest temple in use by the church and the largest outside of Utah, and remains among the largest temples constructed to this day. The temple is a design featuring the primary structure atop a pedestal. Below the cornice, eight frieze panels depict the gathering of Gods people from the Old and New World, when construction was finished on the temple, the public was able to take tours through the temple. Two hundred thousand people were able to take a tour through the Mesa Temple, the temple was dedicated on October 23,1927 by Heber J. Grant. By that afternoon, the temple was being put to use, in 1945, the temple was distinguished by becoming the first to offer temple ordinances in Spanish, the first time they were offered in a language other than English. Spencer W. Kimball re-dedicated the temple on April 16,1975, just north of the temple is a visitors center where people can enjoy murals, videos, displays, and other activities. The visitors center also houses a replica of a statue of Jesus Christ by Danish artist Bertel Thorvaldsen called the Christus, the visitors centers and grounds are staffed by Mormon missionaries and the public is welcome to walk on the temple grounds and enjoy the well-kept gardens. During Christmas there is a display and a nativity scene. Notable presidents of the temple include David K. Udall, Junius E. Driggs, the current president is J. Brent Hatch. Ida R. Alldredge Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Torleif S. W, the Arizona Temple, Improvement Era,30, 1062–1072 Mesa Arizona Temple page Mesa Arizona Temple Visitors Center Mesa Temple Christmas Lights Mesa Temple Easter Pageant
6.
Mesa, Arizona
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Mesa is a city in Maricopa County, in the U. S. state of Arizona, and is a suburb located about 20 miles east of Phoenix. Mesa is the city of the East Valley section of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. It is bordered by Tempe on the west, the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north, Chandler and Gilbert on the south, as of the 2010 Census Mesa became Arizonas center of population. Mesa is the third-largest city in Arizona, after Phoenix and Tucson, the city is home to 439,041 people as of 2010 according to the Census Bureau. Mesa is home to higher education facilities including the Polytechnic campus of Arizona State University. The history of Mesa dates back at least 2,000 years to the arrival of the Hohokam people, the Hohokam, whose name means All Used Up or The Departed Ones, built the original canal system. The canals were the largest and most sophisticated in the prehistoric New World, some were up to 90 feet wide and ten feet deep at their head gates, extending for as far as 16 miles across the desert. By A. D.1100 water could be delivered to an area over 110,000 acres, by A. D.1450, the Hohokam had constructed hundreds of miles of canals many of which are still in use today. After the disappearance of the Hohokam and before the arrival of the early settlers little is known, by the late 19th century near present-day Mesa, U. S. Army troops subdued the Apache opening the way for settlement. Mormon pioneer Daniel Webster Jones led an expedition to found a Mormon settlement in Arizona, leaving St. George, Utah in March 1877, Jones and others arrived at Lehi, an area within the northern edge of present-day Mesa. Jones had been asked by Mormon officials to direct a party of people in establishing a settlement in Arizona. This settlement was known as Jonesville and Fort Utah and did not receive the name of Lehi until 1883. At the same time, another group dubbed the First Mesa Company arrived from Utah and their leaders were named Francis Martin Pomeroy, Charles Crismon, George Warren Sirrine and Charles I. Rather than accepting an invitation to settle at Jones Lehi settlement and they dug irrigation canals, some of which were over the original Hohokam canals, and by April 1878, water was flowing through them. The Second Mesa Company arrived in 1879 and settled to the west of where the First Mesa Company settled in 1880, on July 17,1878, Mesa City was registered as a 1-square-mile townsite. The first school was built in 1879, in 1883, Mesa City was incorporated with a population of 300 people. Dr. A. J. Chandler, who would go on to found the city of Chandler. In 1917, the city of Mesa purchased the utility company, the revenues from the company provided enough for capital expenditures until the 1960s
7.
Morality play
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The morality play is a genre of Medieval and early Tudor theatrical entertainment. In their own time, these plays were known as interludes, Morality plays are a type of allegory in which the protagonist is met by personifications of various moral attributes who try to prompt him to choose a Godly life over one of evil. The plays were most popular in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries, having grown out of the religiously based mystery plays of the Middle Ages, they represented a shift towards a more secular base for European theatre. The earliest known morality play is Hildegard von Bingens Ordo Virtutum composed c and it is the earliest morality play by more than a century, and the only Medieval musical drama to survive with an attribution for both the text and the music. Morality plays typically contain a protagonist who represents either humanity as a whole or a social structure. Supporting characters are personifications of good and evil and this alignment of characters provides the play’s audience with moral guidance. Morality plays are the result of the dominant belief of the time period, in Everyman, perhaps the archetypal morality play, the characters take on the common pattern, representing broader ideas. Some of the characters in Everyman are God, Death, Everyman, Good-Deeds, Angel, Knowledge, Beauty, Discretion, the personified meanings of these characters are hardly hidden. The emphasis put on morality, the seemingly vast difference between good and evil, and the presence of God makes Everyman one of the most concrete examples of a morality play. At the same time, most morality plays focus more on evil, while Everyman focuses more on good, other plays that take on the typical traits of morality plays, but are rarely given the title of morality play are Hickscorner and The Second Shepherds Play. The characters in Hickscorner are Pity, Perseverance, Imagination, Contemplation, Freewill, in The Second Shepherds Play, the characters are less obviously representative of good and evil, being primarily a trio of shepherds. But other characters such as Mary, The Child Christ, and An Angel show a strong moral presence, in early English dramas Justice was personified as an entity which exercised “theological virtue or grace, and was concerned with the divine pronouncement of judgment on man”. However, as time progressed, more moralities began to emerge, the Justice in Respublica begins to concern himself with administering justice on “the criminal element”, rather than with the divine pronouncement on a generic representative of mankind. This is the first instance where one may observe a direct divergence from the theological virtues, the Justice in Respublica is personified as a “civil force rather than a theological one”. An evolution of sorts takes place within the morals and agendas of Justice, he begins to don on the Judicial Robe of prosecutor and executioner. Another change envelops in the character of Justice during the century in morality plays, Equity replaces Justice. One may readily observe the evolutionary progression of Justice as portrayed in the plays of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and it is a journey of discovery and great change on which Justice welcomes one to embark as one leafs through the pages of morality plays. Morality plays before the Reformation teach a Catholic approach to redemption, with an emphasis on works and the sacraments, a view originating with Tertullian, Cyprian, but beware, and they be small Before God, he hath no help at all
8.
Mormon literature
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Mormon literature is generally considered to have begun a few years before the March 1830 publication of the Book of Mormon. Since then, Mormon literature has grown to include more scripture, as well as histories, fiction, biographies, poetry, hymns, drama and other forms. Mormon Literature, Progress and Prospects in David J. Whittaker, ed. Mormon Americana, A Guide to Sources, MLCA database Mormon literature website by Gideon Burton at Brigham Young University
9.
Mystery play
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Mystery plays and miracle plays are among the earliest formally developed plays in medieval Europe. Medieval mystery plays focused on the representation of Bible stories in churches as tableaux with accompanying antiphonal song and they told of subjects such as the Creation, Adam and Eve, the murder of Abel, and the last judgment. Oftentimes they were performed together in cycles which could last for days, the name derives from mystery used in its sense of miracle, but an occasionally quoted derivation is from ministerium, meaning craft, and so the mysteries or plays performed by the craft guilds. As early as the century living tableaux were introduced into sacred services. The plays originated as simple tropes, verbal embellishments of liturgical texts, at an early period chants from the service of the day were added to the prose dialogue. The Quem Quaeritis. is the best known form of the dramas. These primitive forms were later elaborated with dialogue and dramatic action, eventually the dramas moved from church to the exterior - the churchyard and the public marketplace. These early performances were given in Latin, and were preceded by a vernacular prologue spoken by a herald who gave a synopsis of the events, the writers and directors of the earliest plays, were probably monks. Religious drama flourished from about the ninth century to the sixteenth, in 1210, suspicious of the growing popularity of miracle plays, Pope Innocent III issued a papal edict forbidding clergy from acting on a public stage. This had the effect of transferring the organization of the dramas to town guilds, vernacular texts replaced Latin, and non-Biblical passages were added along with comic scenes, for example in the Secunda Pastorum of the Wakefield Cycle. Acting and characterization became more elaborate, from the guild control originated the term mystery play or mysteries, from the Latin ministerium meaning occupation. The genre was again banned, following the Reformation and the establishment of the Church of England in 1534. The mystery play developed, in places, into a series of plays dealing with all the major events in the Christian calendar. By the end of the 15th century, the practice of acting these plays in cycles on festival days was established in parts of Europe. Taken as a whole, these are referred to as Corpus Christi cycles and these cycles were often performed during the Feast of Corpus Christi and their overall design drew attention to Christs life and his redemption for all of mankind. The variety of theatrical and poetic styles, even in a cycle of plays. Also extant are two pageants from a New Testament cycle acted at Coventry and one pageant each from Norwich and Newcastle upon Tyne. Additionally, a play of the life of Mary Magdalene, The Brome Abraham and Isaac
10.
Passion Play
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The Passion Play or Easter pageant is a dramatic presentation depicting the Passion of Jesus Christ, his trial, suffering and death. It is a part of Lent in several Christian denominations. The development of the Passion Play was about the same as that of the Easter Drama and it originated in the ritual of the Church, which prescribes, among other things, that the Gospel on Good Friday should be sung in parts divided among various persons. Thus, the Benedictbeurn Passion Play is still composed of Latin ritual sentences in prose and of church hymns. Yet even this oldest of the Passion Plays already shows a tendency to break away from the ritual and to adopt a more dramatic form. From these humble beginnings the Passion Play developed very rapidly, since in the century it was at a stage of development which could not have been reached except by repeated practice. From this second period we have the Vienna Passion, the St. Gall Passion, the oldest Frankfort Passion, all four Plays, as they are commonly called, are written in rhyme, principally in German. The oldest Frankfort Passion play, that of Canon Baldemar von Peterwell, of this play only the Ordo sive Registrum has come down to us, a long roll of parchment for the use of the director, containing stage directions and the first words of the dialogues. The plays based on this list of directions lead us to the period in which the Passion Play reached its highest development, during this period the later Frankfort Passion Play, the Alsfelder, and the Friedberger originated. Nearly all these Passion Plays have some relation to those coming from the Tyrol, some contributing to, others taking from and these, again, are founded upon the Tyrolese Passion play which originated during the transition period of the fourteenth to the fifteenth century. Historian J. E. Wackernell, with the aid of the plays that have reached us, has reconstructed this period, in Tyrol the Passion Plays received elaborate cultivation, at Bolzano they were presented with great splendour and, in 1514, lasted no less than seven days. Here, too, the innovation of placing the female roles in the hands of women was introduced, the citizens and civil authorities considered it a point of honour to render the production as rich and diversified as possible. Ordinarily the preparations for the play were in the hands of a spiritual brotherhood, people of the most varied classes took part in the production, and frequently the number of actors was as high as two hundred and even greater. If was undoubtedly no small task to drill the performers, particularly since the stage arrangements were very primitive. The stage was a structure, almost as broad as it was long, elevated but slightly above the ground. A house formed the background, an attached to the house represented Heaven. Under the balcony three crosses were erected, sometimes the stage was divided into three sections by doors. Along the sides of the stage, taken lengthwise, stood the houses required for the production, they were indicated by fenced-in spaces, or by four posts upon which a roof rested
11.
Business Wire
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It is a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway. Business Wire was founded in 1961 by Lorry I, lokey, it launched its companys website in May 1995. Business Wires first wholly owned European operation launched in 2001, with the opening of an office in London, on June 1,2005, Business Wire entered the German Ad-Hoc market with a disclosure network for companies with primary or secondary listings on the Deutsche Boerse. The service was established in compliance with BaFin, Germanys national securities regulator, on September 15,2005, Business Wire established Regulatory Disclosure networks in France, Sweden, Switzerland and Luxembourg. The move came in anticipation of the implementation of the EUs Transparency Obligations Directive. On January 1,2007, Autorité des marchés financiers, the French Financial Markets Regulator, since 2005, its Chief Executive Officer and President has been Cathy Baron Tamraz. On January 10,2005, Business Wire established an Asian hub with the opening of its Tokyo, Japan bureau, on January 17,2006, Berkshire Hathaway announced that it was purchasing Business Wire for an undisclosed amount. This acquisition was completed on March 1,2006, in 2008, Business Wire partnered with ImpreMedia to launch LatinoWire, a news distribution service that distributes brand content to Hispanic websites, media outlets, journalists and bloggers. In 2011, Business Wire received a patent for the process of optimizing and distributing press releases to maximize their ability to be found. On September 23,2013, Business Wire announces exclusive distribution partnership with VentureBeat On November 3,2013, in January 2014, Business Wire launched a new news and content distribution enhancement service
12.
Castle Dale, Utah
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Castle Dale is a city in Emery County, Utah, United States. The population was 1,630 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Emery County. In 1875, brothers Orange Seely and Justus Wellington Seely, Jr. first brought the Mount Pleasant cooperative cattle and sheep herds to winter on Cottonwood Creek. On 22 August 1877 Brigham Young issued a call for settlers to locate in Castle Valley. Orange Seely was appointed LDS bishop of the region east of the Wasatch Plateau, including present-day Emery, Carbon. The 1880 census found 237 people residing on homesteads strung along more than 6 miles of Cottonwood Creek, in that year two townsites were surveyed, one known as Upper Castle Dale and the other as Lower Castle Dale. In 1882 Upper Castle Dale took the name Orangeville in honor of Orange Seely, the two communities, only 3 miles apart, have had closely related histories, but Castle Dale has been home to the main public institutions. The period from 1890 to 1910 brought a doubling of Castle Dales population, the town expanded from the original plat on a sloping shelf beside the creek onto the adjacent benchlands. A two-story brick courthouse was erected in 1892, the following decades saw little additional growth but did bring improvements in public services. A culinary water system and a system were installed in about 1914. In 1922 the Emery Stake Academy was sold to the Emery County School District, like the other communities in western Emery County, for most of its history Castle Dale has depended on an economic base of farming and livestock raising, supplemented by coal mining. The community was hit by the Great Depression of the 1930s. The local bank was merged with a bank in Price, leaving Emery County without banking services, the period from 1940 to 1970 saw a decline in Castle Dales population, from 953 to 541. Once the educational center of the region, the town lost its school in a county school consolidation in 1943. A portent of an economic future came when Congress approved the Emery County Reclamation Project in 1956. As the county government center, Castle Dale benefited substantially from the expansion of county services, the towns central place in education was reestablished in 1962 when North and South Emery high schools were consolidated into Emery County High School, located at Castle Dale. The larger of the two, the Hunter Plant, is located 2 miles south of Castle Dale, and the mines that supply it are northwest of town in the ledges of the Wasatch Plateau. The towns population in 1990 was 1,704, plus an additional 1,459 in the community of Orangeville
13.
Clarkston, Utah
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Clarkston is a town in Cache County, Utah, United States. The population was 666 at the 2010 census and it is included in the Logan, Utah-Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area. Clarkston is noted for being the last home of Martin Harris and he is buried in Clarkston and every other year a pageant commemorates his life. The townsite of Clarkston was laid out in 1864 and it was named for Israel J. Clark, who was an early settler and the first branch president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Clarkston. A Latter-day Saint ward was organized in Clarkston in the fall of 1867 with William F. Rigby as bishop, a brick meetinghouse was built in 1910. In 1930 Clarkston had a population of 570, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1 square mile, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 688 people,206 households, the population density was 718.0 people per square mile. There were 219 housing units at a density of 228.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 95. 78% White,0. 29% Native American,1. 60% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 18% of the population. 16. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.34 and the average family size was 3.78. In the town, the population was out with 35. 5% under the age of 18,10. 9% from 18 to 24,23. 4% from 25 to 44,19. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 28 years, for every 100 females there were 108.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.9 males, the median income for a household in the town was $40,592, and the median income for a family was $42,171. Males had an income of $32,344 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,626, none of the families and 0. 7% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 7. 2% of those over 64
14.
Hill Cumorah Pageant
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The Hill Cumorah Pageant is an annual production of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints staged at the foot of the Hill Cumorah in Palmyra, New York, United States. Premiering in 1937, it is considered to be the pageant of the LDS Church. It depicts Joseph Smiths encounter with the Golden Plates, as well as a dramatization of the events recorded therein, the pageant features 700 cast members,1,300 costumes, and a 10-level stage. It runs for seven nights in late July and attracts approximately 35,000 viewers annually, no donations are accepted and no tickets are required, although seating is first-come, first-served. The pageant traces its roots back to the early 1920s and the Cumorah Conference of the Eastern States Mission, in 1973, LDS Church president Harold B. Lee visited the pageant and called for a phasing out of full-time missionaries in the pageant. Consequently, the cast has since consisted entirely of regular church members, in 1988, Orson Scott Card was tasked with writing a new script. In 1991, local organizations were invited to provide snacks. The offer was accepted by Rotary International, Lions Clubs International, and Kiwanis International, in 1997, Donny Osmond left his starring role in the tour of Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat to participate with his family in the cast of the pageant. Osmond played the role of the prophet Samuel the Lamanite, brent Hanson, a faculty member at Dixie State University, has served as the pageants artistic director since 2005. During the 2012 season, the pageant held festivities and reunions in commemoration of its 75th anniversary, the New York Times contrasted the pageants sincerity with the raucous tone of another major production, the satirical Broadway musical The Book of Mormon. The pageant also includes the story of Smiths encounter with the angel, prospective cast members, many from outside New York State, apply online between the previous August and November. Since the pageant soundtrack is prerecorded by professional actors, with singing by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, cast members need only to memorize movements, the show opens after only a week of intensive rehearsals, and it closes after seven performances. Over 1,300 costumes are utilized for the pageant, which plays out on a 10-level stage, special effects include earthquakes, floods, and fireballs. There are 8,000 chairs available for seating in a large outdoor bowl at the foot of the stage. Audience members may also bring their own chairs and blankets, parking is available for 3,000 cars. The pageant attracts approximately 35,000 visitors annually
15.
Palmyra (town), New York
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Palmyra is a town in Wayne County, New York, United States. The population was 7,975 at the 2010 census, the town is named after the ancient city Palmyra in Syria. The Town of Palmyra is on the border of the county. The town contains a village also named Palmyra, the town is about 20 miles southeast of Rochester, New York. The prehistoric Adena Culture left mounds in the area, Palmyra was part of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. The Town of Palmyra, originally called Swifts Landing after its founder John Swift, the sole local encounter between natives and white settlers that resulted in deaths occurred that same year. The present name was adopted in 1796, reportedly to impress a new school teacher, there were almost one thousand people in the town in 1800. The Erie Canal was completed up to Palmyra in 1822, although the canal was not completed to its terminus until 1825. Palmyra is part of the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor, in 1823, the Town of Macedon was formed from part of Palmyras territory as part of the creation of Wayne County from Ontario County. Palmyra is the birthplace of the Latter Day Saint movement, in 1830 the Book of Mormon was first published in the village of Palmyra by E. B. Grandin, in the present Book of Mormon Historic Publication Site, beginning in the early 20th century, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began buying and restoring many of the properties in the area associated with early church history. In 1997 the Smiths log cabin was rebuilt on its original site and in 2000 the church built the Palmyra New York Temple on a portion of the former Smith farm. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 33.7 square miles. The Erie Canal passes across the county, through the Village of Palmyra, the multi-use, recreational Erie Canal Heritage Trail continues along the towpath of the Erie Canal as well. The south town line is the border of Ontario County, New York State Route 21 intersects New York State Route 31 in Palmyra village. The Palmyra-Macedon High School, Palmyra-Macedon Middle School and Palmyra-Macedon Primary School are all located within Palmyra, the library also hosts a variety of community events year round. Free wireless internet and computer access are available on site, in 2011, the library moved to its current location in the renovated Garlock Packing Company Building. The move was prompted by a need to expand on site resources, increase seating, as of the census of 2010, there were 7,975 people,3,255 households, and 2,175 families residing in the town
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Mormon Miracle Pageant
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The Mormon Miracle Pageant is a Latter-day Saint Pageant held in Manti, Utah. It is produced by an amateur cast of five hundred members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The nightly program takes place on the lawn of temple hill at the Manti Temple. The two-week pageant typically draws an average of 15,000 people per night over an eight-night performance, for LDS Church members, the pageant is a faith-promoting family event. The pageant portrays the relationship and chronology of three separate, but related, faith-promoting accounts from an LDS perspective, opening with the experiences of the first LDS prophet, Joseph Smith, during his young-adulthood in the burned-over district of New York in the 1820s. Including the recovery and translation of the Book of Mormon, the restoration of the Church of Jesus Christ in 1830 and its infancy, during the dramatization of the translation of the Book of Mormon an overview of its contents it presented. D. The performance begins shortly after sunset, during the early summer, people often start arriving several hours before the performance. In addition to restaurants in the town, there are food stands for the event. Light security is provided at the site and the surrounding streets to ensure general order. The pageant was first produced by the Manti Utah Stake in 1967 under the leadership of stake president Vernon Kunz, helen and Morgan Dyreng of Manti directed the production. Although simple and unpolished in comparison to the current pageant, the performance was accompanied by a 25-piece orchestra, the original music directors were McLoyd Erickson, Harry A. Dean, and Evan Bean. Among the orchestra members was Richard Nibley, who had trained most of the rest of the musical group, the original script was based on the 1950 book The Mormon Miracle. There are usually several evangelical Christian church groups, who attempt to proselytize the largely LDS attendees prior to the nightly event and these evangelists typically hand out anti-Mormon literature and engage pageant-goers in religious discussion as they approach the site. Some evangelists carry picket signs and wear overtly anti-Mormon t-shirts,18 Pageant Visitor Information Page Mormon Miracle Pagent Special Edition -2011 supplement from the local Sanpete Messenger newspaper Mormon Miracle Pageant Papers. Provo, Utah, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
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Manti, Utah
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Manti /ˈmæntaɪ/ is a city in and the county seat of Sanpete County, Utah, United States. The population was 3,276 at the 2010 United States Census, Manti is the first community to be settled outside the Wasatch Front and served as the hub for the formation of many other communities in Central Utah. The Manti Utah Temple, the temple built by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is found in Manti. Manti annually hosts the two-week-long Mormon Miracle Pageant, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.0 square miles, all of it land. Manti is located in a climate with warm summers and cold winters. Its high elevation means that the climate is cooler than other populated areas of Utah, summers highs average in the mid-80s°F, with winter highs in the mid-30s°F. Winter lows, however, dip to around 15–20°F, Pacific storms move through the region from October through May and spring is the wettest season. However, summer, which is the driest seasion, primarily relies on precipitation from scattered diurnal thunderstorm activity, winter and spring see frequent snowfall. Precipitation averages 12.70 inches and snowfall 52.2 inches, the record high temperature is 110°F, set on August 6,1895, while the record low is −27°F, set on January 22,1937. Although Utah as a whole only averages 2–3 tornadoes per year, the tornado was on the ground for 15 minutes and managed to cause $2 million in damage as it tore through southeastern Manti. Remarkably, no one was injured or killed in the incident, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,040 people,930 households, and 742 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,560.2 people per square mile, there were 1,010 housing units at an average density of 518.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 48% White,0. 07% African American,1. 58% Native American,0. 07% Asian,0. 43% Pacific Islander,0. 49% from other races, and 0. 89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 60% of the population,18. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.25 and the family size was 3.74. In the city, the population was out with 38. 1% under the age of 18,10. 6% from 18 to 24,20. 6% from 25 to 44,17. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 26 years, for every 100 females there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $32,844, and the median income for a family was $37,163
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Nauvoo, Illinois
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Nauvoo is a small city in Hancock County, Illinois, United States, on the Mississippi River near Fort Madison, Iowa. The population of Nauvoo was 1,149 at the 2010 census, the city and its immediate surrounding area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Nauvoo Historic District. The area of Nauvoo was first called Quashquema, named in honor of the Native American chief who headed a Sauk, by 1827, white settlers had built cabins in the area. By 1829 this area of Hancock County had grown sufficiently so that a post office was needed and in 1832 the town, however, the honor was awarded to a nearby city, Carthage. In 1834 the name Venus was changed to Commerce because the settlers felt that the new name better suited their plans, the name Nauvoo is derived from the traditional Hebrew language with an anglicized spelling. The word comes from Isaiah 52,7, “How beautiful upon the mountains. ”It is notable that “by 1844 Nauvoos population had swollen to 12,000, after Joseph Smiths death in 1844, continuing violence from surrounding non-Mormons forced most Latter-Day Saints to leave Nauvoo. Most of these refugees, led by Brigham Young, eventually emigrated to the Great Salt Lake Valley, in 1849, Icarians moved to the Nauvoo area to implement a utopian socialist commune based on the ideals of French philosopher Étienne Cabet. At its peak the colony numbered over 500 members, but Cabets death in 1856 caused some members to leave this parent colony, in the early and mid 20th century Nauvoo was primarily a Roman Catholic town, and the majority of the population today is Catholic. Guided tours are available at the churchs Joseph Smith Historic Site, located at the end of the town. The LDS Church owns most of the historic sites in Nauvoo, including the homes of Brigham Young. Kimball, and other members of the church, as well as other significant buildings. Most of these sites are open to the public, with demonstrations and displays and these tours are free, as are the stage and riverside theatrical productions. There is a visitors center complete with two theaters and a relief map of 1846 Nauvoo. The creation of Nauvoo as a tourism destination was largely a result of the work of J. LeRoy Kimball. Kimball was a descendent of early Mormon leader Heber C, Kimball, and bought his ancestors home in 1954 with the intention of restoring it. He was the president of Nauvoo Restoration, Inc. from 1962 to 1986, an LDS congregation was established in Nauvoo in 1956, from its inception consisting largely of elderly LDS couples serving as missionaries and historical guides. The City of Joseph Pageant, a musical produced by the LDS Church. An LDS stake was organized with headquarters at Nauvoo in 1979, in addition to the many homes that had been restored, the Relief Society Memorial Garden was dedicated in 1978, featuring statues designed by Dennis Smith and Florence Hansen
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Preston England Temple
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The Preston England Temple is the 52nd operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The LDS Church took root in Preston, Lancashire, when the first Mormon missionaries arrived in 1837, because of its place in LDS Church history and the growth of membership in Preston, LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the area would be the site for Britains second temple, the Preston England Temple is located in the town of Chorley,10 miles south of Preston, in Lancashire. The temple itself has a modern, single-spire design and a finish of Olympia white granite from Sardinia. The white granite exterior and zinc roof have caused it to be described as reminiscent of Englands old churches, hinckley dedicated the Preston England Temple on 7 June 1998. The temple has four rooms and four sealing rooms, and is the largest LDS temple in Europe. The older London England Temple is smaller, at 46,174 square feet and is the second-largest temple in Europe, the Limerick District in the Republic of Ireland is served by the London England Temple. In the summer of 2013, the church staged a pageant on the grounds of the temple, similar to the Hill Cumorah Pageant and others done in the U. S. titled Truth Will Prevail, it was the first official church pageant performed outside of North America. The pageant script was written by Alex Mackenzie-Johns, a British Latter-day Saint, the event had ticketed attendance, with seating of 1,500 per night at the Pageant Theatre marquee. Approximately 15,000 tickets were distributed, free of charge, the pageant included 33 core cast members,300 family cast and a 150-voice choir
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Chorley
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The towns wealth came principally from the cotton industry. Chorley is the home of the Chorley cake, at the 2011 Census, it had a population of 34,667. The name Chorley comes from two Anglo-Saxon words, Ceorl and ley, probably meaning the peasants clearing, ley is a common element of place-name, meaning a clearing in a woodland. Ceorl refers to a person of similar to a freeman or a yeoman. There was no known occupation in Chorley until the Middle Ages, there are various remains of prehistoric occupation on the nearby Anglezarke Moor, including the Round Loaf tumulus which is believed to date from 3500 BC. During the Roman era a Roman road ran near Chorley between Wigan and Walton-le-Dale, hoards dating from the Roman period have also been found at nearby at Whittle-le-Woods and Heapey. Chorley was not listed in the Domesday Book, though it is thought to be one of the twelve berewicks in the Leyland Hundred. Chorley first appears in records in the mid thirteenth century as part of the portion of the Croston Lordship acquired by William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby. The Earl established Chorley as a borough comprising a two row settlement arranged along what later became Market Street. It appears that the borough was short-lived as it not appear in a report of a commission on the Leyland Hundred in 1341. The manorial history of Chorley is complex as the manor had no single lord throughout most of period as it had been split into moieties and was managed by several different families. It is believed the borough of Chorley was not a success in this period because of the lack of manorial leadership and the dispersed nature of the small population. As happened in other instances following the dissolution of the monasteries. A market was held every Tuesday in Chorley and a fair was held annually on the feast of St Lawrence since 1498, Chorley, like most Lancashire towns, gained its wealth from the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century which was also responsible for the towns growth. Chorley was a cotton town with many mills littering the skyline up to the late twentieth century. Most mills were demolished between the 1950s and 2000s with those remaining converted for business purposes. Today only a minority remain in use for actual manufacturing, also Chorley in its location on the edge of Lancashire Coalfield was vital in coal mining. Several pits existed in Duxbury Woods, the Gillibrand area and more numerously in Coppull, chisnall Hall Colliery at Coppull was considered the biggest Lancashire pit outside of Wigan and one of many located in the Chorley suburb
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Lancashire
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Lancashire is a non-metropolitan ceremonial county in north west England. The county town is Lancaster although the administrative centre is Preston. The county has a population of 1,449,300, people from Lancashire are known as Lancastrians. The history of Lancashire begins with its founding in the 12th century, in the Domesday Book of 1086, some of its lands were treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay between the Ribble and Mersey, Inter Ripam et Mersam, was included in the returns for Cheshire, when its boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire. Lancashire emerged as a commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Liverpool and Manchester grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade, the county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Manchester, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashires mill towns, the detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east, with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester, the county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack, in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, in the Domesday Book, land between the Ribble and Mersey were known as Inter Ripam et Mersam and included in the returns for Cheshire. Although some historians consider this to mean south Lancashire was then part of Cheshire and it is also claimed that the territory to the north formed part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. It bordered on Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire, the county was divided into hundreds, Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Lonsdale, Salford and West Derby. Lonsdale was further partitioned into Lonsdale North, the part north of the sands of Morecambe Bay including Furness and Cartmel
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England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
