1.
Luxembourg
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Luxembourg /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east and its culture, people and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours, making it essentially a mixture of French and Germanic cultures. It comprises two regions, the Oesling in the north as part of the Ardennes massif. With an area of 2,586 square kilometres, it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe, Luxembourg had a population of 524,853 in October 2012, ranking it the 8th least-populous country in Europe. As a representative democracy with a monarch, it is headed by a Grand Duke, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Luxembourg is a country, with an advanced economy and the worlds highest GDP per capita. Luxembourg is a member of the European Union, OECD, United Nations, NATO, and Benelux, reflecting its political consensus in favour of economic, political. The city of Luxembourg, which is the capital and largest city, is the seat of several institutions. Luxembourg served on the United Nations Security Council for the years 2013 and 2014, around this fort, a town gradually developed, which became the centre of a state of great strategic value. In the 14th and early 15th centuries, three members of the House of Luxembourg reigned as Holy Roman Emperors, in the following centuries, Luxembourgs fortress was steadily enlarged and strengthened by its successive occupants, the Bourbons, Habsburgs, Hohenzollerns and the French. After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Luxembourg was disputed between Prussia and the Netherlands and this arrangement was revised by the 1839 First Treaty of London, from which date Luxembourgs full independence is reckoned. In 1842 Luxembourg joined the German Customs Union, the King of the Netherlands remained Head of State as Grand Duke of Luxembourg, maintaining a personal union between the two countries until 1890. At the death of William III, the throne of the Netherlands passed to his daughter Wilhelmina and this allowed Germany the military advantage of controlling and expanding the railways there. In August 1914, Imperial Germany violated Luxembourgs neutrality in the war by invading it in the war against France and this allowed Germany to use the railway lines, while at the same time denying them to France. Nevertheless, despite the German occupation, Luxembourg was allowed to maintain much of its independence, in 1940, after the outbreak of World War II, Luxembourgs neutrality was again violated when the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany entered the country, entirely without justification. A government in exile based in London supported the Allies, sending a group of volunteers who participated in the Normandy invasion. Luxembourg was liberated in September 1944, and became a member of the United Nations in 1945. Luxembourgs neutral status under the constitution formally ended in 1948, in 2005, a referendum on the EU treaty establishing a constitution for Europe was held
2.
Freesheet
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Free newspapers are distributed free of charge, either in central places in cities and towns, on public transport, with other newspapers, or separately door-to-door. The revenues of such newspapers are based on advertising, some are dailies, some are weeklies. In 1885 the General-Anzeiger für Lübeck und Umgebung was launched, the paper was founded in 1882 by Charles Coleman, whose family was from Scotland, as a free twice-a-week advertising paper in the Northern German town of Lübeck. In 1885 the paper went daily, from the beginning the General-Anzeiger für Lübeck had a mixed model, for 60 pfennig it was home delivered during three months. Unknown, however, is when the free distribution ended, the company website states that the ’sold’ circulation in 1887 was 5,000, in 1890 total circulation was 12,800 in 1890. In 1906 the Australian Manly Daily was launched and it was distributed on the ferry boats to Sydney and is now published as a free community daily by Rupert Murdochs News Ltd. In 1984 the Birmingham Daily News was launched in Birmingham, England and it was distributed free of charge on weekdays to 300,000 households in the West Midlands and was the first such publication in Europe. It was profitable until the early 1990s recession, when it was converted into a title by its then owners Reed Elsevier. By 1992, a number of former paid-for local newspapers in the United Kingdom, such as the Walsall Observer, were being closed down and converted to free newspapers. In 1995, the year the Palo Alto Daily News began, Metro started what may be the first free daily newspaper distributed through public transport in Stockholm. Later, Metro launched free papers in many European and other countries, in the UK, the Daily Mail and General Trust group launched its own edition of Metro in London in 1999, effectively beating Metro International to the London market. The paper now has 13 editions across the country and a readership of 1.7 million. In the 1960s, he converted that newspaper and three others in the county to paid circulation, in the early 1970s, in Boulder, Colorado, regents at the University of Colorado kicked the student-run Colorado Daily off campus because of editorials against the Vietnam War. Regents hoped the paper would die, instead it began to focus on the community as a tabloid published five days a week. In the next couple of decades, a number of free dailies opened in Colorado, not coincidentally, most were started by University of Colorado graduates. Free dailies opened in Aspen, Vail, Breckenridge, Glenwood Springs, Grand Junction, Steamboat Springs, and Telluride. In 1995, the founders of free dailies in Aspen and Vail teamed up to start the Palo Alto Daily News in Palo Alto, California, the Palo Alto paper was profitable within nine months of its launch and usually carries more than 100 retail ads per day. Each goes by the Daily News name with the name in front
3.
Commuting
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Commuting is periodically recurring travel between ones place of residence and place of work, or study, and in doing so exceed the boundary of their residential community. It sometimes refers to any regular or often repeated traveling between locations, even when not work-related, a distinction is also often made between commuters who commute daily or weekly between their residence to work place, and are therefore considered respectively local or long-distance commuters. Later, the back formations commute and commuter were coined therefrom, commuted tickets would usually allow the traveller to repeat the same journey as often as they liked during the period of validity, normally, the longer the period the cheaper the cost per day. Before the 19th century, most workers lived less than a walk from their work. Today, many people travel daily to work a long way from their own towns, cities, in the near future there may be another move away from the traditional commute with the introduction of flexible working. Some have suggested that employees would be far more productive and live healthier. Commuting has had a impact on modern life. It has allowed cities to grow to sizes that were not practical. Many large cities or conurbations are surrounded by belts, also known as metropolitan areas, commuter towns, dormitory towns. The prototypical commuter lives in one of areas and travels daily to work or to school in the core city. A UK study, published in 2009, found that women suffer four times as much psychological stress from their work commute than do men, institutions that have few dormitories or low student housing populations are called commuter schools in the United States. As an example, Interstate 405 located in Southern California is one of the busiest freeways in the United States, commuters may sit up to two hours in traffic during rush hour. Construction work or collisions on the freeway distract and slow down commuters, cars carrying only one occupant use fuel and roads less efficiently than shared cars or public transport, and increase traffic congestion. Commuting by car is a factor contributing to air pollution. Carpool lanes can help commuters reach their destinations more quickly, encourage people to socialize, some governments and employers have introduced employee travel reduction programs that encourage such alternatives as car-pooling and telecommuting. Some are also carpooling using Internet sites to save money, alternatives like personal rapid transit have also been proposed to reap the energy-efficiency benefits of a mass transit system while maintaining the speed and convenience of individual transport. Traffic emissions, such as trucks, buses, and automobiles. Airborne by-products from vehicle exhaust systems cause air pollution and are an ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities
4.
Modern Times Group
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Modern Times Group is a Swedish digital entertainment company. MTG was formed out of the holdings of investment company Kinnevik. Since July 2015, MTGs digital presence was expanded through a number of acquisitions, MTG then acquired 51% of the shares in Zoomin. TV, Europes largest MCN and the 5th largest network on YouTube. Also very recently, MTG made the acquisition of 100% of DreamHack, MTG operates advertising funded channels in Scandinavia, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, and the Baltic countries. Networks MTG operates the Viasat satellite platform in the Scandinavia and Baltic states, the sports channels available in the different Scandinavian countries differ somewhat depending on different rights held for different markets and different business agreements. MTG also operates Viaplay, an online service in the Nordic countries. TV3 launches in Sweden on New Years Eve becoming the first commercial channel in Scandinavia, TV3 starts broadcasting to Norway and Denmark. The number of viewers increase from 1.2 million at launch to 3.4 million at end of 1988, august, Pay TV channel TV1000 launches. TV Shop starts selling products and services on TV3, TV3 achieves 45% penetration in Sweden and commands 90% of TV advertising market. Acquisition of majority shareholding in Svensk Text, september, TV3 Denmark launches, replacing the Pan-Scandinavian version. TV3 Norway launches, each Scandinavian country now has its own version of TV3, TV4 granted license as Swedens third terrestrial TV station. Kinnevik acquires 30% shareholding in TV4, Launch of Viasat DTH satellite pay-TV platform. TV1000 merges with competitor SF Succé, zTVs first year as independent channel. Kinneviks media companies report annual profit, september, P4 Radio Hele Norge a national commercial radio network in Norway is launched. MTG is one of its founders, first commercial radio licenses obtained in Sweden. Terrestrial TV channels launched in Estonia and Lithuania, TV4 becomes largest channel in Sweden. Minority holding acquired in Finanstidningen daily business newspaper, satellite TV distribution platform switched from Astra to NSAB. January, Radio Rix radio network formed through a merger between MTGs P6 and SRU, April, ZTV and TV6 merged to form 3+ in Denmark
5.
Viasat
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ViaSat Inc. is a communications company based in Carlsbad, California, with additional operations across the United States and worldwide. ViaSat is a provider of high-speed satellite broadband services and secure networking systems covering military, ViaSat is ranked on the SpaceNews Top 50 space companies and is also included on the Defense News list of Top 100 defense companies. ViaSat owns and operates Exede Internet, a satellite Internet provider for over 657,000 households, ViaSat launched its satellite, ViaSat-1, in 2011, and its second satellite, ViaSat-2, will launch in Q12017. ViaSat was co-founded in May 1986 by Mark Dankberg, Mark Miller, Mark Dankberg became chief executive officer and Mark Miller and Steve Hart became chief technical officers. ViaSat received venture capital financing of $300,000 from Southern California Ventures, in December of 1996, ViaSat had its initial public offering. The company offered $20 million in stock to the public, leaving the founders with 28 percent of the company, the acquisition of the satellite networking business of Scientific-Atlanta for $75 million in cash in 2000 helped ViaSat to focus on providing technology for interactive services to businesses. ViaSat launched a company, TrellisWare Technology, in 2000. The self-funded company focuses on solutions for ground communications problems, in 2001, ViaSat started working with Boeing on Connexion broadband for airliners. The company acquired Lockheed Martin Global Telecommunications products unit, Comsat Laboratories in 2001 for an undisclosed amount, in 2001, ViaSat also purchased US Monolithics, a company focused on designing high frequency broadband circuitry, for around $30 million. ViaSat won a contract with WildBlue Communications worth $16 million in March 2001 to build WildBlues satellite modems to support the initial service launch. WildBlue signed a contract with ViaSat in 2001 for $17 million and ViaSat would develop. Eutelsat entered an agreement in 2001 to use ViaSat’s LinkStar high performance IP terminals for their broadband multimedia network over Ku-based FSS satellites, ViaSat entered a joint venture in 2001 with Loral Skynet to found Immeon Networks to develop the Immeon satellite bandwidth-on-demand service sold in monthly managed service plans. ABC News used Immeon to improve its voice and data-communications for on-location news, WildBlue launched its internet service in October 2004 after gaining Ka-band transponder capacity on the Telesat Anik F2 satellite. It conducted formal technical testing until January 2005, followed by nationwide beta testing before the first residential retail customers had services installed in June, the WildBlue service was upgraded in 2007 using the satellite WildBlue-1, which launched the year before. Enerdyne, a technology firm, was acquired by ViaSat in 2006 for an initial investment of $17 million adding its EnerLinks II video data link equipment to ViaSat’s defense products. ViaSat acquired JAST Antenna Systems, based in Lausanne, Switzerland, JAST develops microwave circuits and antennas for terrestrial and mobile satellite applications. In December 2009, ViaSat bought WildBlue, based in Colorado, for $568 million in cash, ViaSat issued 4.3 million shares for the stock component of the purchase. The United States Government granted stimulus funding to WildBlue to expand coverage in rural areas
6.
Investment AB Kinnevik
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Kinnevik AB is a Swedish investment company that was founded in 1936 by the Stenbeck, Klingspor and von Horn families. Kinnevik is an active and long-term owner and its investments are primarily in technology-based services aimed at consumers. Kinnevik holds significant stakes in about 30 companies operating across five continents in more than 80 countries, the largest holdings are Zalando, Millicom, Tele2, Global Fashion Group and MTG. Kinnevik’s largest shareholder is Verdere S. á. r. l, which is jointly owned by Cristina Stenbeck and the Estate of Max Stenbeck. Kinnevik was founded as an investment company in 1936 by Robert von Horn, Wilhelm Klingspor, the most important holdings when the company started were Mellersta Sveriges Lantbruks AB, Lidköpings Konfektyr Industri AB and Korsnäs Sågverks AB. The company grew quickly through share purchases and acquisitions of companies that included chocolate manufacturers Nordiska Suchard, the company’s aggressive acquisition strategy of Swedish industrial companies continued during Kinnevik’s first decades. The ownership structure of the investment company changed as Hugo Stenbeck gradually increased his holdings, Kinnevik became a listed company and obtained additional capital in a new share issue in 1954. The first shares in Sandvikens Järnverk were purchased a few years after entering the stock market, Hugo Stenbeck replaced Wilhelm Klingspor as chairman of Kinnevik in the early 1960s. Shortly thereafter, Hugo Stenbeck’s oldest son, Hugo Stenbeck Jr, Hugo Stenbeck Jr died in 1976 and his younger brother, Jan Hugo Stenbeck, joined Kinnevik’s management team. Hugo Stenbeck Sr died in 1977, the shareholding in Sandvik AB increased steadily during the late 1970s, while Kinnevik increased its position in Fagersta AB. A major holding in the insurance company Atlantica was acquired in 1978, several auto companies were acquired in 1980 and were gathered under the name Svenska Motor AB. This included the import and sales of Toyota vehicles, in the early 1980s, Comvik AB launched a new mobile telephony system and after a number of legal battles with state-owned Televerket, gained a favourable ruling by The Supreme Administrative Court. In 1985, a system for television distribution was completed and during the late 1980s the battle intensified with the state-owned monopolies in telecommunications, television. TV3 sent its premier broadcast from London on New Year’s Eve 1987, Comvik obtained authorisation to start a new mobile telephony network in 1989. Millicom International Cellular was formed the following year, the first Kinnevik-run radio broadcasts began in 1991. During the same year, Kinnevik became the largest owner in newly established TV4 with a 20 percent shareholding, the free newspaper Metro International was launched in 1995 and the concept later spread rapidly throughout the world. In 2001, the telecommunications operator Netcom changed its name to Tele2, Jan Hugo Stenbeck died on 19 August 2002 and was replaced by Edvard von Horn as chairman. Pehr G. Gyllenhammar became chairman in 2004 and was replaced three years later by Cristina Stenbeck, between 2005 and 2010, there was a major shift in the shareholdings in which ownership in Millicom increased and forestry shares decreased
7.
Stockholm metro
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The Stockholm metro is a metro system in Stockholm, Sweden. The first line opened in 1950, and today the system has 100 stations in use, there are three coloured main lines on the tube maps. These do however form seven actual routes, routes number 17,18 and 19,13 and 14 and 10 and 11 all go through Stockholm City Centre in a very centralized metro system. All seven actual lines use The T-Centralen hub station, the metro is like the London Underground and the Paris Métro, but unlike the U-Bahn and S-Bahn in Berlin, in that it is equipped with ticket gates. Single tickets must be bought in advance, or at ticket machines that are available in all underground stations, passengers can also buy tickets at the ticket booth, just by the gates to the metro. In 2013, the metro carried 328 million passengers, which corresponds to approximately 898,630 riders per day, the 105. 7-kilometre-long metro system is owned by the Stockholm County Council through the company Storstockholms Lokaltrafik. The operation is contracted to MTR Corporation, the decision to build a metro was made in 1941. The following years, and in some earlier, some routes were built with near metro standard. These included Kristineberg-Islandstorget, Slussen–Blåsut and Telefonplan–Hägerstensåsen, the first part of the metro was opened on 1 October 1950, from Slussen to Hökarängen, having been converted from tram to metro operation. In 1951 a second line from Slussen to Stureby was opened, in 1952, a second system, from Hötorget to the western suburbs was opened. In 1957, the two parts were connected via the Central station and the Old Town, forming the Green Line, during the period 1950-1960 the Green Line was extended piece by piece. The Red Line was opened in 1964, from T-Centralen over Liljeholmen ending in Fruängen and Örnsberg and it was extended piece by piece until 1978. The third and final system, the Blue Line, was opened in 1975, as the construction requirements have become more strict over the years, newer segments have more tunnels than older, and the Blue Line is almost all in tunnel. The latest addition to the network, Skarpnäck station, was opened in 1994. There are 100 stations in use in the Stockholm metro, one station, Kymlinge, was built but never taken into use. One station has taken out of use and demolished. The Bagarmossen old surface station was demolished and replaced with a new underground station, the Stockholm metro is well known for its decoration of the stations, it has been called the longest art gallery in the world. Several of the stations are left with the exposed, crude and unfinished
8.
Hungary
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Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
9.
Latin America
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Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Americas where Romance languages are predominant. It is therefore broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America—though it usually excludes French Canada and it has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km2, almost 13% of the Earths land surface area. As of 2015, its population was estimated at more than 626 million and in 2014, Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of 5,573,397 million USD and a GDP PPP of 7,531,585 million USD. The term Latin America was first used in 1861 in La revue des races Latines, a further investigation of the concept of Latin America is by Michel Gobat in the American Historical Review. The term was first used in Paris in an 1856 conference by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao and this term was also used in 1861 by French scholars in La revue des races Latines, a magazine dedicated to the Pan-Latinism movement. Latin America is, therefore, defined as all parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish. By this definition, Latin America is coterminous with Ibero-America and this definition emphasizes a similar socioeconomic history of the region, which was characterized by formal or informal colonialism, rather than cultural aspects. As such, some sources avoid this oversimplification by using the phrase Latin America, the distinction between Latin America and Anglo-America is a convention based on the predominant languages in the Americas by which Romance-language and English-speaking cultures are distinguished. Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography, politics, demographics and it may be subdivided on linguistic grounds into Hispanic America, Portuguese America and French America. *, Not a sovereign state The concept of Latin America has been criticized by a number of intellectuals, the earliest known settlement was identified at Monte Verde, near Puerto Montt in Southern Chile. Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is disputed evidence of even earlier occupation. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continents, by the first millennium CE, South Americas vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people. Some groups formed more permanent settlements such as the Chibcha and the Tairona groups and these groups are in the circum Caribbean region. The Chibchas of Colombia, the Quechuas and Aymaras of Bolivia, the region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations, including the Aztecs, Toltecs, Maya, and Inca. The Aztec empire was ultimately the most powerful civilization known throughout the Americas, with the arrival of the Europeans following Christopher Columbus voyages, the indigenous elites, such as the Incas and Aztecs, lost power to the heavy European invasion. Hernándo Cortés seized the Aztec elites power with the help of local groups who had favored the Aztec elite, epidemics of diseases brought by the Europeans, such as smallpox and measles, wiped out a large portion of the indigenous population. Historians cannot determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases, due to the lack of written records, specific numbers are hard to verify. Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations, intermixing between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common, and, by the end of the colonial period, people of mixed ancestry formed majorities in several colonies
10.
Amsterdam
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Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
11.
Vandalism on Wikipedia
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On Wikipedia, vandalism is the act of editing the project in a malicious manner that is intentionally disruptive. Frequent targets of vandalism include articles on hot and controversial topics, famous celebrities, in some cases, people have been falsely reported as having died. This has notably occurred to United States Senators Ted Kennedy and Robert Byrd and it may be obviously dirty, so that he knows to exercise great care, or it may seem fairly clean, so that he may be lulled into a false sense of security. What he certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him, there are various measures taken by Wikipedia to prevent or reduce the amount of vandalism. The majority of vandalism on Wikipedia is reverted quickly, there are various ways in which the vandalism gets detected so it can be reverted, Bots, In many cases, the vandalism is automatically detected and reverted by a bot. The vandal is always warned with no human intervention, recent changes patrol, Wikipedia has a special page that lists all the most recent changes. Some editors will monitor these changes for possible vandalism, watchlists, Any registered user can watch a page that they have created or edited or that they otherwise have an interest in. This functionality also enables users to monitor a page for vandalism, incidental discovery, Any reader who comes across vandalism by chance can revert it. In 2008 it was reported that the rarity of such incidental discovery indicated the efficacy of the methods of vandalism removal. Locking articles so only established users, or in some cases only administrators, fully protected articles are those that can only be edited by administrators. Blocking and banning those who have committed acts of vandalism from editing for a period of time or in some cases. Vandals are not blocked as an act of punishment – the purpose of the block is simply to prevent further damage, the abuse filter extension, which uses regular expressions to detect common vandalism terms. Editors are generally warned prior to being blocked, Wikipedia employs a 4-stage warning process up to a block. This includes, The first warning assumes good faith and takes an approach on the user. The second warning does not assume any faith and is an actual warning, the third warning assumes bad faith and is the first to warn the user that continued vandalism may result in a block. The fourth warning is a warning, stating that any future acts of vandalism will result in a block. After this, other users may place additional warnings, though only administrators can actually carry out the block, in 2005, Wikipedia started to require those who create new articles to have a registered account in an effort to fight vandalism. This occurred after inaccurate information was added to Wikipedia in which a journalist was accused of taking part in Kennedys assassination and this is in an effort to prevent inaccurate and potentially damaging information about living people from appearing on the site
12.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
13.
Santiago
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Santiago de Chile, or simply Santiago, is the capital and largest city of Chile as well as one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is the center of Chiles largest and the most densely populated conurbation, the city is entirely located in the countrys central valley, at an elevation of 520 m above mean sea level. Founded in 1541, Santiago has been the city of Chile since colonial times. The city has a core of 19th century neoclassical architecture and winding side-streets, dotted by art deco, neo-gothic. Santiagos cityscape is shaped by several hills and the fast-flowing Mapocho River. The Andes Mountains can be seen from most points in the city and these mountains contribute to a considerable smog problem, particularly during winter. The city outskirts are surrounded by vineyards and Santiago is within a few hours of both the mountains and the Pacific Ocean, Santiago is the cultural, political and financial center of Chile and is home to the regional headquarters of many multinational corporations. The Chilean executive and judiciary are located in Santiago, but Congress meets mostly in nearby Valparaíso, Santiago is named after the biblical figure St. James. In Chile, there are entities which bear the name of Santiago that are often confused. The Commune of Santiago, sometimes referred to as downtown or Central Santiago, is a division that comprises roughly the area occupied by the city during its colonial period. The city and regions demonym is santiaguinos and santiaguinas, according to certain archaeological investigations, it is believed that the first human groups of the X millennium settled in the Santiago basin. The groups were mainly nomadic hunter-gatherers, who traveled from the coast to the interior in search of guanacos during the time of the Andean snowmelt. The villages established in the belonging to picunches groups or promaucaes, were subject to the Inca Empire throughout the late fifteenth century. The Incas settled in the valley of mitimaes, the main installation settled in the center of the present city, with strengths as Huaca de Chena, the area would have served as a basis for the failed Inca expeditions southward road junction as the Inca Trail. Having been sent by Francisco Pizarro from Peru and having made the journey from Cuzco. The hosts of Valdivia camped by the river in the slopes of the Tupahue hill, the natives accepted and even recommended the foundation of the town on a small island between two branches of the river next to a small hill called Huelén. On 12 February 1541, Valdivia officially founded the city of Santiago del Nuevo Extremo in honor of St. James, patron saint of Spain, near the Huelén, renamed by the conqueror as St. Lucia. Following colonial rule, Valdivia entrusted the layout of the new town to master builder Pedro de Gamboa, in the center of the city, Gamboa designed a Plaza Mayor, around which various plots for the Cathedral and the governors house were selected
14.
Lima
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Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the coastal part of the country. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms an urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. With a population of almost 10 million, Lima is the most populous area of Peru. Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18,1535 and it became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru, around one-third of the national population lives in the metropolitan area. Lima is home to one of the oldest higher-learning institutions in the New World, the National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12,1551 during the Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas. In October 2013 Lima was chosen to host the 2019 Pan American Games and it also hosted the December 2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference and the Miss Universe 1982 pageant. In October 2015 Lima hosted the 2015 Annual Meetings of the World Bank Group, according to early Spanish articles the Lima area was once called Itchyma, after its original inhabitants. However, even before the Inca occupation of the area in the 15th century and this oracle was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church, but the name persisted, the chronicles show Límac replacing Ychma as the common name for the area. Modern scholars speculate that the word Lima originated as the Spanish pronunciation of the native name Limaq, linguistic evidence seems to support this theory as spoken Spanish consistently rejects stop consonants in word-final position. Non-Peruvian Spanish speakers may mistakenly define the city name as the direct Spanish translation of lime, the city was founded in 1535 under the name City of the Kings because its foundation was decided on January 6, date of the feast of the Epiphany. This name quickly fell into disuse and Lima became the name of choice, on the oldest Spanish maps of Peru. The river that feeds Lima is called Rímac and many people assume that this is because its original Inca name is Talking River. However, the inhabitants of the valley were not Incas. This name is an innovation arising from an effort by the Cuzco nobility in colonial times to standardize the toponym so that it would conform to the phonology of Cuzco Quechua, later, as the original inhabitants died out and the local Quechua became extinct, the Cuzco pronunciation prevailed. Nowadays, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between the name of their city and the name of the river runs through it. They often assume that the valley is named after the river, however, historically, the Flag of Lima has been known as the «Banner of Perus Kings City»
15.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
16.
Campus
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A campus is traditionally the land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated. Usually a college campus includes libraries, lecture halls, residence halls, student centers or dining halls, a modern campus is a collection of buildings and grounds that belong to a given institution, either academic or non-academic. Examples include the Googleplex and the Apple Campus, the word derives from a Latin word for field and was first used to describe the large field adjacent Nassau Hall of the College of New Jersey in 1774. The field separated Princeton from the nearby town. Some other American colleges later adopted the word to describe individual fields at their own institutions, a school might have one space called a campus, one called a field, and another called a yard. The tradition of a campus began with the medieval European universities where the students, the notion of the importance of the setting to academic life later migrated to America, and early colonial educational institutions were based on the Scottish and English collegiate system. The campus evolved from the model in Europe to a diverse set of independent styles in the United States. The meaning expanded to include the whole institutional property during the 20th century, sometimes the lands on which company office buildings sit, along with the buildings, are called campuses. The Microsoft Campus in Redmond, Washington is a good example, hospitals, and even airports sometimes use the term to describe the territory of their facilities
17.
Sun Media
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Sun Media Corporation was the owner of several tabloid and broadsheet newspapers in Canada and the 49 percent owner of the now defunct Sun News Network. It was a subsidiary of Quebecor Media, on October 6,2014, Quebecor Media announced the sale of the remaining English-language print assets of Sun Media to rival Postmedia. The sale did not include the Sun News Network, which closed when a buyer was not found, nor Quebecors French-language papers Le Journal de Montréal. The sale was approved by the federal Competition Bureau on March 25,2015, canoe Sun Media merged with Postmedia rather than being maintained as a separate division. Quebecor had previously sold its community newspapers in Quebec to TC Transcontinental in June 2014, Sun Publishing was formed on February 4,1978 through the amalgamation of Toronto Sun Holdings Ltd and Toronto Sun Publishing Ltd. The two companies had formed in 1971 with the launch of the Toronto Sun by former staffers of the defunct Toronto Telegram. On February 14,1978, the Edmonton Sun, the member of what would become the Sun chain, was announced through a partnership of Sun Media. The paper was launched on April 2,1978, in 1981, the outstanding shares of Edmonton Sun Publishing Ltd were acquired by Sun Media. The company purchased the Calgary Albertan on July 31,1980 for $1.3 million and relaunched it days later as the Calgary Sun, with the same format, in 1983, 50% of Sun Media was acquired by Maclean-Hunter for $55 million. That same year, Sun Media, with Maclean-Hunters backing, acquired the Houston Post for $100 million in an attempt to expand into the United States and it was sold for $150 million four years later. In 1987, Maclean-Hunters Financial Post weekly was sold to Sun Media for $46 million and was relaunched as a daily financial newspaper the following year. In 1988, Sun Media acquired the Ottawa Sunday Herald which it would relaunch as the daily Ottawa Sun, in 1994, Maclean-Hunter was purchased by Rogers Communications. Two years later, on October 4,1996, the management of the Sun chain under the leadership of Paul Godfrey purchased Rogers share of the Sun Publishing and renamed the company Sun Media. In 1998, the Financial Post was sold to Southam Inc. in exchange for the Hamilton Spectator, the Kitchener-Waterloo Record, the Guelph Mercury, also in 1998, Sun Media was purchased by Quebecor and maintained as a wholly owned subsidiary of it. Godfrey had sought out Quebecor as a knight in order to frustrate an attempted hostile takeover by the Suns longtime rival. In 1999, Quebcor sold the four recently acquired southern Ontario newspapers to the owners of the Toronto Star, Southam, owned by Conrad Black, would relaunch the Financial Post as the National Post. In 2007, Sun Media acquired and absorbed the Osprey Media chain of small English language newspapers based in Ontario. In 2014, after years of cuts and restructuring, Quebecor sold its Sun Media division to Postmedia which, the sale was completed in April 2015 and Sun Media was dissolved with its newspapers being absorbed by the Postmedia chain
18.
24 Hours (newspaper)
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24 Hours and 24 Heures is a chain of free daily newspapers published in Canada. A French edition is published in Montreal by Quebecor Media, while two English editions are published in Toronto and Vancouver by Postmedia, editions previously published in Ottawa, Calgary, and Edmonton ceased publication in 2013. In 2000, Metro International launched its free daily Metro newspaper in Toronto, in Toronto, the Toronto Sun and Toronto Star scrambled to launch their own free dailies, Sun Medias FYI Toronto and Torstars GTA Today. In mid-2001, GTA Today had merged with Metro and in October of the same year Sun Media ceased publication of FYI Toronto, the Montreal paper was originally called Metropolitan and had a large lowercase m as its logo but became 24 Heures in 2005. On November 14,2006,24 Hours launched two new editions in the Ottawa Valley area—an English edition published in Ottawa, and a French edition published in Gatineau, the Gatineau version stopped publishing on May 9,2008. The Vancouver edition of 24 Hours was a joint venture of Sun Media, in fall 2009,24 Hours and 24 Heures were given an extensive makeover. The paper was given the alternative name 24H, while 24H is short-form for 24 Hours in French, the papers color scheme changed for the Montreal edition, from black and yellow to blue and orange, to match the other editions colors. At one point, the family of publications under the 24 Hours /24 Heures banner had exclusively used a lower case h in its name and it is now used interchangeably with an uppercase h. Most 24 Hours are published 5 days a week in a 460 mm ×282 mm compact format that is smaller than a tabloid. Because its target readers are commuters heading to work, it is not published on weekends or statutory holidays, Vancouver 24 Hours print publication measures 270 mm x 330 mm, which is slightly smaller than other markets. The paper averages about 32 pages in an issue, slightly less than half being news, and relies heavily upon wire services such as Reuters, the Canadian Press, the rest of the pages cover lifestyle, travel, entertainment, sports, and the like. Exact copies of most editions are available on their official web site. Vancouver and Montreal both operate full websites, Vancouver 24 Hours presents a wide variety of videos and podcasts. In total Vancouver 24 Hours independent news room accounts for c. 50% of the content in the day to day publications. The Montreal edition also includes a weekly entertainment insert, ici Week-end, until April 30,2009, ici was its own publication,24 Hours primary national competition is the free paper Metro. P. J. Harston was the founding editor-in-chief of both 24 Hours and Metro, list of newspapers in Canada 24 Hours
19.
Peru
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Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures spanning from the Norte Chico civilization in Caral, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty with its capital in Lima, ideas of political autonomy later spread throughout Spanish America and Peru gained its independence, which was formally proclaimed in 1821. After the battle of Ayacucho, three years after proclamation, Peru ensured its independence, subsequently, the country has undergone changes in government from oligarchic to democratic systems. Peru has gone through periods of political unrest and internal conflict as well as periods of stability, Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is a country with a high Human Development Index score. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing, the Peruvian population, estimated at 31.2 million in 2015, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages and this mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music. The name of the country may be derived from Birú, the name of a ruler who lived near the Bay of San Miguel, Panama. When his possessions were visited by Spanish explorers in 1522, they were the southernmost part of the New World yet known to Europeans, thus, when Francisco Pizarro explored the regions farther south, they came to be designated Birú or Perú. An alternative history is provided by the contemporary writer Inca Garcilasco de la Vega, son of an Inca princess, the Spanish Crown gave the name legal status with the 1529 Capitulación de Toledo, which designated the newly encountered Inca Empire as the province of Peru. Under Spanish rule, the country adopted the denomination Viceroyalty of Peru, the earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 9,000 BC. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using such as irrigation and terracing, camelid husbandry. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money, the oldest known complex society in Peru, the Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BC. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal, the Cupisnique culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BC along what is now Perus Pacific Coast was an example of early pre-Incan culture. The Chavín culture that developed from 1500 to 300 BC was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, on the coast, these included the civilizations of the Paracas, Nazca, Wari, and the more outstanding Chimu and Mochica. Their capital was at Chan Chan outside of modern-day Trujillo, in the 15th century, the Incas emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in pre-Columbian America with their capital in Cusco
20.
Chile
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Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres of Antarctica, the arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes, the southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. Spain conquered and colonized Chile in the century, replacing Inca rule in northern and central Chile. After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic, in the 1960s and 1970s the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. The regime, headed by Augusto Pinochet, ended in 1990 after it lost a referendum in 1988 and was succeeded by a coalition which ruled through four presidencies until 2010. Chile is today one of South Americas most stable and prosperous nations and it leads Latin American nations in rankings of human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, state of peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. It also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state, Chile is a founding member of the United Nations, the Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile, another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili. Another origin attributed to chilli is the onomatopoeic cheele-cheele—the Mapuche imitation of the warble of a locally known as trile. The Spanish conquistadors heard about this name from the Incas, ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name Chile, after naming the Mapocho valley as such. The older spelling Chili was in use in English until at least 1900 before switching over to Chile, stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the Monte Verde valley area as long as 18,500 years ago. About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys, settlement sites from very early human habitation include Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Craters lava tube. They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army, the result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, the Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarros lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chiles central valley
21.
Publimetro
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Metro International is a Swedish media company based in Luxembourg that publishes the Metro newspapers. Metro Internationals advertising sales have grown at an annual growth rate of 41 percent since launch of the first newspaper edition in 1995. It is a freesheet, meaning that distribution is free, with revenues thus generated entirely through advertising and this newspaper is primarily intended for commuters who move daily in and out of big cities business areas, mainly during rush hours. The company was founded by Per Andersson and started as a subsidiary of the Modern Times Group along with Viasat Broadcasting and it is now controlled through investment company Kinnevik. The first edition of the newspaper was published as Metro Stockholm, as of 2012, all European editions have been sold, reportedly so that Metro International can focus on Latin America, considered the last growth market for free newspapers. Metro newspaper editions are distributed in high-traffic commuter zones or in public networks, via a combination of self-service racks. Saturday editions are published in Stockholm, Santiago, São Paulo, Metro International launched several editions in Canada during 2000, leading to the creation of several commuter newspaper competitors, such as Sun Medias 24 Hours. The local name of the Metro newspaper editions may vary due to trademark issues, peruvian, Chilean, and Mexican editions are called Publimetro, and the Spanish edition is named Metro Directo. Not all newspapers named Metro are part of the Metro International group, Associated Newspapers publishes another freesheet called Metro in twelve areas around Britain. This UK Metro is not related to Metro International, which used the name Morning News for its freesheet distributed there, however, Metro International and Associated Metro do collaborate on the Dublin Metro Herald newspaper, which they both own a third of, along with The Irish Times. The Dublin Metro newspaper uses the Associated Metro logo and format and it is reported that Metro International has plans to launch a rival free evening newspaper in London. There are also examples of newspapers named Metro that are not part of the Metro International Group. In Belgium, Mass Transit Media, a joint venture of Concentra and Rossel, in California, Metro Silicon Valley is a free weekly newspaper which was founded in 1985. Neither of these newspapers have links to Metro International, Metro was first launched in Stockholm on 13 February 1995. A German-language edition is published in Switzerland by Metro Publication AG under the name Metropol on 31 January 2000 as a competitor to 20 Minuten. The newspaper ceased publication without announcement on 13 February 2002, in 2000, a Spanish edition named Publimetro is published in Buenos Aires, Argentina, with a circulation of 390,000. Facing competition from the free daily La Razón published by Grupo Clarín, a weekly magazine named Metropop starts publication in Hong Kong on 27 April 2006. At the end of 2006, Metro started a dedicated technology paper, Metro Teknik which is distributed weekly to companies, science parks, and technical universities around Sweden
22.
Associated Newspapers
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DMG Media, formerly Associated Newspapers, is a national newspaper and website publisher in the UK. It is a subsidiary of DMGT, the group was established in 1905 and is currently based at Northcliffe House in Kensington. Part of DMGT, DMG Medias portfolio of national newspapers, websites and mobile and it publishes two major paid-for national newspaper titles as well as a free nationally available newspaper. DMG Media is also responsible for overseeing and developing the Group’s online consumer businesses, which also include Teletext Holidays, DMG Media publishes the following titles, Daily Mail - The Daily Mail is the leading mid-market daily newspaper in the UK. Established in 1896, it is edited by Fleet Streets longest-serving editor, Mail on Sunday - The Mail on Sunday is the UKs second largest national Sunday newspaper. Edited by Geordie Greig, it is known for its investigative, exposé journalism and award-winning lifestyle magazines You, MailOnline - MailOnline is the worlds largest newspaper website with more than 54 million monthly unique visitors globally. It is also Americas third biggest online newspaper with US traffic of 20 million monthly unique visitors, Mail Plus - Mail Plus is the rapidly growing app available via subscription on Apple and Android tablets. It features all the content of the printed edition plus a host of features, games and puzzles. Metro - leading urban brand Metro is the UKs third largest newspaper, Mail Today - a 48-page compact size newspaper launched in India on 16 November 2007 that is printed in Delhi, Gurgaon and Noida with a print run of 110,000 copies. Indian foreign media ownership laws restrict holdings to 26 percent, 7DAYS -7DAYS is a free tabloid newspaper based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. 7DAYS was established in 2003 and is currently the only English language newspaper in the country without any government ownership and it relaunched its website in September 2014. Wowcher - Wowcher launched in 2009 by Nick Brummitt and sold to DMGT in March 2011 and has grown tenfold to become the UKs second largest online vouchering website. The brand is focused on affluent, urban, young women, Jobsite - Jobsite. co. uk is the UK’s leading recruitment site for Engineers, IT/Tech, Finance, Sales and Admin roles. Jobsite reaches over 65% of the UK population - 26% of candidates use Jobsite exclusively and this is Money - www. thisismoney. co. uk provides consumer financial advice. Elite Daily - an American website targeted at millennials, Zoopla Property Group - in which DMG Media has a majority share, owns and operates some of the UKs leading online property brands including Zoopla. co. uk and Primelocation. com. Each of its brands has a market position to attract a unique audience, meaning increased exposure. Evening Standard - Previously owned by Associated, after facing financial difficulties the paper was purchased by Russian businessman Alexander Lebedev, on 21 January 2009, for the price of £1. London Lite - free sheet that was called the Standard Lite
23.
Metro (British newspaper)
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Metro is a free newspaper published in tabloid format in the United Kingdom by DMG Media. It is distributed from Monday to Friday on many services and stations in cities. Distributors have also employed to hand out copies to pedestrians. The paper was launched in London on 16 March 1999, and can now be found in many towns, the Metro concept comes from Sweden. After battling alongside the Associated Newspapers version with the same name, however, Morning News was short-lived, being discontinued shortly afterwards. Metro International have had plans to launch a free evening newspaper in London. Similarly, Rupert Murdoch is said to have regretted missing the opportunity of launching his own London paper, however, News International, a UK subsidiary of Murdochs News Corporation, launched a London-based newspaper in 2006 called The London Paper, using funding from Liam McDonald. This was closed on 18 September 2009, the newspaper is divided into three main sections - news, features and sport. The features section contains a mix of articles on travel, homes, style, the puzzles page currently features a crossword and Sudoku. On 8 July 2009, the version of Metro was merged with London Lite. In its first five years, it achieved a readership of over 1 million daily readers, making it the UKs fourth largest daily newspaper, after The Sun, the Daily Mail, and the Daily Mirror. In October 2008, its total certified distribution for that month was 1,361,306 and it now prints approximately 1. 3m copies daily, and officially has some 3. 5m readers, as of March 2010. The WAN-IFRA reported its 2009 circulation as 1,335,000, in October 2016 circulation was increased to nearly 1.5 million. In the West Midlands, it is distributed on Network West Midlands buses, the Dublin freesheet Metro Herald was similar in layout and content to its British counterpart, as Associated Metro provides much of the content. Metro Herald was formed by the merging of Metro Ireland with its main competitor, Metro Ireland was launched on 10 October 2005, as was Herald AM. Both titles were loss-making, despite a circulation of 145,000 between them in the Greater Dublin Area, the merger of the two titles faced scrutiny by the Competition Authority as the resulting match up drew together IN&M and The Irish Times. On 2 July 2009, it was announced that the two freesheets were to merge, and by 2010 this merger was complete, GameCentral was founded on 10 March 2003 to replace Digitiser as the video game section of Channel 4s analogue Teletext service. Its contents page was found on page 690 of Channel 4 analogue Teletext
24.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
25.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
26.
The Irish Times
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The Irish Times is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper launched on 29 March 1859. The editor is Kevin OSullivan who succeeded Geraldine Kennedy in 2011, the Irish Times is published every day except Sundays. Though formed as a Protestant nationalist paper, within two decades and under new owners it had become the voice of Irish unionism. It is no longer considered a unionist paper, it is perceived as being politically liberal and progressive. The papers most prominent columnists include writer and arts commentator Fintan OToole, former Taoiseach, Garret FitzGerald was also a columnist. Senior international figures, including Tony Blair and Bill Clinton, have written for its op-ed page and its most prominent columns have included Drapier, Rite and Reason and the long-running An Irishmans Diary. An Irishmans Diary was penned by Patrick Campbell in the forties, by Seamus Kelly from 1949-1979, since Myers move to the rival Irish Independent, An Irishmans Diary is usually the work of Frank McNally. On the sports pages, Philip Reid is the papers golf correspondent, one of its most famous columns was the biting and humorous Cruiskeen Lawn satire column written by Myles na gCopaleen, the pen name of Brian ONolan who also wrote books using the name Flann OBrien. Cruiskeen Lawn is an Anglicised spelling of the Irish words cruiscín lán, Cruiskeen Lawn made its debut in October 1940 and appeared with varying regularity until ONolans death in 1966. The first appearance of a newspaper using the name The Irish Times occurred in 1823, the title was revived as a thrice weekly publication by Major Lawrence E. Knox, with the first edition being published on 29 March 1859. It was founded as a moderate Protestant Nationalist newspaper, reflecting the politics of Knox and its headquarters were at 4 Lower Abbey Street in Dublin. In its early days, its main competitor was the Dublin Daily Express, after Knoxs death in 1873 the paper was sold to the widow of Sir John Arnott, MP, a former Lord Mayor of Cork and owner of Arnotts, one of Dublins major Department stores. The sale, for £35,000, led to two major changes and its headquarters was shifted to 31 Westmoreland Street, remaining in buildings on or near that site until 2005. Its politics also shifted dramatically, becoming predominantly Protestant and Unionist, the paper, along with the Irish Independent and various regional papers, called for the execution of the leaders of the failed 1916 Easter Rising. Though the paper became a listed company in 1900, the family continued to hold a majority shareholding until the 1960s. The last member of the Arnott family to sit on the board was Sir Lauriston Arnott. The editor during the 1930s, R. M. Smyllie, had strong anti-fascist views, later, The Irish Times, like other national newspapers, had problems with Irish Government censorship during World War II. The Times was largely pro-Allied and was opposed to the Éamon de Valera governments policy of neutrality, in 1974, ownership was transferred to a non-charitable trust, The Irish Times Trust
27.
Concentra
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Concentra Inc. is a national health care company founded in 1979 in Amarillo, Texas. Concentra delivers a range of medical services to employers and patients, including urgent care, occupational medicine, physical therapy, primary care. The company is headquartered in Addison, Texas and operates more than 300 Urgent care centers in 36 states, Concentra has more than 900 affiliated primary care physicians and 600 physical therapists. These health care professionals treat injuries and illnesses, provide disease prevention and wellness services, perform physical examinations, Concentra also provides a range of health improvement solutions to employers, and operates 154 employer onsite medical facilities. The companys primary focuses are occupational health, physical therapy, health and wellness, concentra’s predecessor was founded when three primary care physicians opened up the first Occupation Health Center in Amarillo, Texas. These physicians applied the same occupational health model to their second location, between 1985 and 1997, the network of medical centers grew under the management of OccuCenters, Inc. In 1997, Dallas-based OccuSystems, Inc. parent of OccuCenters, merged with Boston-based CRA Managed Care, Inc. to form Concentra Managed Care, in 1999, the companys stock was privatized, and in 2001, the company changed its name to Concentra Incorporated. A period of expansion followed as Concentra grew to include health-related businesses such as services, bill review, case management, independent medical examinations. Following a series of transactions in 2006 and 2007, Concentra narrowed its focus on occupational health, medical center expansion. In 2007, the company launched its urgent care initiative to meet the growing need for an option to hospital emergency rooms for non-emergency conditions. In December 2010, Humana announced its acquisition of Concentra for approximately $790 million, welsh, Carson, Anderson & Stowe, a New York City-based private equity firm, had previously owned a majority of Concentras equity since 1999. Approximately 80% of Concentras revenue is derived from patient visits to its medical centers, on average, more than 30,000 patients visit Concentras medical centers each day. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,1 out of every 7 occupational injuries in the U. S. is treated by Concentra, in 2005, a class action lawsuit was brought against Concentra and its subsidiaries, Concentra Managed Care MCO and Focus Healthcare Management PPO. It alleged that Concentra and its subsidiaries engaged in silent PPO activities, the lawsuit was initiated on behalf of First State Orthopaedics and all U. S. physicians with workers compensation or car accident bills that had been repriced by Concentra or its subsidiaries. The complaint was based on allegations of breach of contract/duty of good faith and fair dealing, tortious interference with existing and prospective contractual relations and unjust enrichment. Some parties agreed to a $3.7 million settlement, in which Concentra agreed to pay $2,000 to each plaintiff and legal fees. The AMA filed an objection with the court on the grounds that the promised changes are illusory, incapable of verification. In 2009, Concentra was part of a class action workers compensation case, Josephine Gianzero et al. v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. et al, alongside Wal-Mart and its insurance adjuster Claims Management Inc
28.
Metro Silicon Valley
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Metro is a free weekly newspaper published by the San Jose, California, based Metro Newspapers. Also known as Metro Silicon Valley, the serves the greater Silicon Valley area. In addition to print form, Metro can be downloaded, in PDF format, Metro also keeps tabs on local politics and the chattering class of San Jose through its weekly column, The Fly. The newspaper has published since 1985 and is one of the remaining owner-operated publications in the alternative press. Its principal distribution area encompasses the cities of San Jose, Los Gatos, Campbell, Saratoga, Santa Clara, Sunnyvale, Cupertino, Milpitas, Mountain View, Los Altos, Metro is largely read for its coverage of the San Jose regions culture and entertainment scene. It publishes an exhaustive arts section, which includes calendar listings, music reviews, critical coverage of the performing and visual arts, as well as movie reviews, the newspaper has employed well-regarded film critic Richard von Busack since 1985. Steve Palopoli edited the publication from March 2005 until December 2008, in 1986, Metro published the last interview with Don Hoefler, the man credited with naming Silicon Valley. The disclosures resulted in an investigation by the Fair Political Practices Commission, shirakawa pleaded guilty on March 1,2013 to five felonies and seven misdemeanors and resigned his office. Assistant District Attorney Karyn Sinunu Towery credited Metro’s reports with prompting the criminal investigation at the press announcing the plea. The House Committee on Ethics investigated Rep. Mike Honda following revelations in Metro that contributors were receiving favors from the congressman’s office, vietnamese-American author Andrew Pham, author Jim Rendon, marketing consultant Vrinda Normand, Obama administration education advisor Hal Plotkin and BlogHer CEO Lisa Stone. It also published the writings of Michelle Goldberg, six-word memoirist Larry Smith and it was also one of the first newspapers to publish Matt Groenings Life in Hell long before he created The Simpsons. The San Jose Jazz Society was started by Metro jazz writer Sammy Cohen, the outgrowth was the annual San Jose Jazz Festival. During the 1990s, Metro purchased community newspapers from companies such as the Tribune Company and established Silicon Valley Community Newspapers, Metro was the first to call for a Sunshine Ordinance during the 1998 mayor’s race. An ordinance was passed in 2009 and we have pushed for preservation of historic buildings and agricultural lands that represent the valley’s heritage and soul. And we have promoted sensible, pedestrian-oriented development that gets out of their cars so they can get to know one another. A newspaper at its best should be a community-builder. ”In 2012, Metro sponsored the Silicon Valley Sound Experience, a music festival, which led to the establishment of Creative Convergence Silicon Valley, or C2SV. The 2013 event included performances by Iggy and The Stooges and a technology conference with appearances by Steve Wozniak, Nolan Bushnell. The 2015 C2SV brought camera phone inventor Philippe Kahn and Oculus VR co-inventor Jack McCauley to the stage of the California Theatre
29.
Metro Daily
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Metropolis Daily is the Hong Kong edition of Metro, which publishes free newspapers around the world with 25 editions in 16 countries in 14 languages. It is the first free newspaper in Hong Kong, the Hong Kong version was first launched on April 15,2002, it is distributed for free in the racks located in 49 Mass Transit Railway stations except the Airport Station. According to the Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations in September 2002, since it is free of charge and easily accessible, many people like to get one on their way to school or work. The paper attracts a younger generation of readers with a purchasing power likewise. The operating costs of the paper are covered by the classified advertisements in the newspaper. However, the influence of the paper is not yet significant, as one Metropolis reporter said, Nobody seems to know that we made an exclusive story. The paper is in Chinese in most parts, together with an English international section, although the paper is a tabloid, i. e. a minute-sized newspaper giving the stories in a condensed form, it includes many sections, which make the paper very rich in contents. Readers can read the on-line edition of Metropolis all over the world by simply registering as users at its official site, besides, there is also a club called Club Metro offering discounts in films, sports and travel to its members. Readers can enjoy these benefits once they have joined the club, there are 700,000 worldwide members in this club
30.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
31.
Hong Kong
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Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total area of 1,106 square kilometres. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945, under the principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative, in addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of appropriate fields. Hong Kong is one of the worlds most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the worlds most competitive and freest economic entity. As the worlds 8th largest trading entity, its legal tender, Hong Kongs tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world and it has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the worlds longest life expectancy. Over 90% of the population use of well-developed public transportation. Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring areas of Mainland China. Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island, before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour —between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was a point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time, fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbours fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour, the name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric. As of 1997, its name is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. This is the title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law. Hong Kong has carried many nicknames, the most famous among those is the Pearl of the Orient, which reflected the impressive nightscape of the citys light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour
32.
Poland
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Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church
33.
Denmark
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Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Scandinavian country in Europe and a sovereign state. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has an area of 42,924 square kilometres. The country consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, the islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea, Denmark, Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the Kalmar Union, established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523. Denmark and Norway remained under the monarch until outside forces dissolved the union in 1814. The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands, Iceland, beginning in the 17th century, there were several cessions of territory to Sweden. In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements, Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940, a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945, the Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy which had begun in 1660. It establishes a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy, the government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen, the nations capital, largest city and main commercial centre. Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs, Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948, in Greenland home rule was established in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009. Denmark became a member of the European Economic Community in 1973, maintaining certain opt-outs, it retains its own currency, the krone. It is among the members of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE. The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. This is centred primarily on the prefix Dan and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -mark ending. Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning land, related to German Tenne threshing floor. The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland, with references to the border forests in south Schleswig. The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth
34.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
35.
Croatia
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Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a sovereign state between Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean. Its capital city is Zagreb, which one of the countrys primary subdivisions. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres and has diverse, mostly continental, Croatias Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The countrys population is 4.28 million, most of whom are Croats, the Croats arrived in the area of present-day Croatia during the early part of the 7th century AD. They organised the state into two duchies by the 9th century, tomislav became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Petar Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir, Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest, the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which seceded from Austria-Hungary, a fascist Croatian puppet state backed by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany existed during World War II. After the war, Croatia became a member and a federal constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991 Croatia declared independence, which came wholly into effect on 8 October of the same year, the Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration. A unitary state, Croatia is a republic governed under a parliamentary system, the International Monetary Fund classified Croatia as an emerging and developing economy, and the World Bank identified it as a high-income economy. Croatia is a member of the European Union, United Nations, the Council of Europe, NATO, the World Trade Organization, the service sector dominates Croatias economy, followed by the industrial sector and agriculture. Tourism is a significant source of revenue during the summer, with Croatia ranked the 18th most popular tourist destination in the world, the state controls a part of the economy, with substantial government expenditure. The European Union is Croatias most important trading partner, since 2000, the Croatian government constantly invests in infrastructure, especially transport routes and facilities along the Pan-European corridors. Internal sources produce a significant portion of energy in Croatia, the rest is imported, the origin of the name is uncertain, but is thought to be a Gothic or Indo-Aryan term assigned to a Slavic tribe. The oldest preserved record of the Croatian ethnonym *xъrvatъ is of variable stem, the first attestation of the Latin term is attributed to a charter of Duke Trpimir from the year 852. The original is lost, and just a 1568 copy is preserved—leading to doubts over the authenticity of the claim, the oldest preserved stone inscription is the 9th-century Branimir Inscription, where Duke Branimir is styled as Dux Cruatorvm. The inscription is not believed to be dated accurately, but is likely to be from during the period of 879–892, the area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period
36.
NASDAQ OMX Stockholm
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The Stockholm Stock Exchange, operating under the name Nasdaq Stockholm, is a stock exchange located in Frihamnen, Stockholm, Sweden. Founded in 1863, it has become the primary securities exchange of the Nordic countries, more than 300 companies have been listed for trading. The Stockholm Stock Exchange was acquired by futures exchange OM in 1998, after OM merged with the Helsinki Stock Exchange to form what is now OMX in 2003, the Stockholm and Helsinki exchanges operations were merged. Since 2008, the Stockholm Stock Exchange has been part of Nasdaq, Inc. as of October 2014, the exchange operated under the legal name Nasdaq OMX Stockholm AB. Prior to the introduction of electronic trading on 1 June 1990 and its normal trading sessions are from 09, 00am to 05, 30pm on all days of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance. Q22004 Number of companies 310 Market capitalization SEK2.521 trillion Membership list List of companies of Sweden Official site
37.
Busan
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Busan, officially Busan Metropolitan City, romanized as Pusan before 2000, is South Koreas second most-populous city after Seoul, with a population of approximately 3.6 million. The population of the area, including the adjacent cities of Gimhae. The city is located on the southeastern-most tip of the Korean peninsula, located within South Koreas largest industrial area, The Southeast Economic Zone, the city is the cultural, educational and economic center of the region. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth busiest seaport by cargo tonnage. The most densely built up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong River and the Suyeong River, with mountains separating most of the districts, administratively, it is designated as a Metropolitan City. The Busan metropolitan area is divided into 15 major administrative districts, Busan was the host city of the 2002 Asian Games and the APEC2005 Korea. It was also one of the host cities for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, on November 14,2005, the city authorities officially announced its bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics Games. After Pyeongchangs successful bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics, Busan is considering bidding to host the 2028 or 2032 Summer Olympics, Busan has Koreas largest beach and longest river, and is home to the worlds largest department store, the Shinsegae Centum City. Geochilsan-guk existed in the second and 3rd and 4th centuries as a chiefdom of Jinhan and it was absorbed by Silla and renamed Geochilsan-gun. The word Geochilsan means rough mountain, probably referring to Hwangbyeongsan, the mounded burials of Bokcheon-dong were built along the top of a ridge that overlooks a wide area that makes up parts of modern-day Dongnae-gu and Yeonje-gu. Archaeologists excavated more than 250 iron weapons and ingots from Burial No,38, a wooden chamber tomb at Bokcheon-dong. In 757, Geochilsan-gun was again renamed Dongnae, which it is still called, from the beginning of the 15th century, the Korean government designated Busan as a trading port with the Japanese and allowed their settlement. Other Japanese settlements in Ulsan and Jinhae diminished later, but the Busan settlement, called Waegwan at the time, after the war, diplomatic relations with the new shogunate in Japan were established in 1607, and Busan Waegwan was permitted to be reconstructed. The Japanese settlement, though relocated into Choryang later, continued to exist until Korea was exposed to modern diplomacy in 1876, in 1876, Busan became the first international port in Korea. During the Japanese rule, Busan developed into a hub trading port with Japan, Busan was the only city in Korea to adopt the steam tramway before electrification was introduced in 1924. During the Korean War, Busan was one of two cities in South Korea not captured by the North Korean army within the first three months of the War. As a result, the city became a camp site for Koreans during the war. As Busan was one of the few areas in Korea that remained under the control of South Korea throughout the Korean War, UN troops established a defensive perimeter around the city known as the Pusan Perimeter in the summer and autumn of 1950
38.
Seoul
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The Seoul Capital Area houses up to half of the countrys population of 50.22 million people with 678,102 international residents. Situated on the Han River, Seouls history stretches back more than two years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty, the Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, in 2015, it was rated Asias most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. In 2014, the citys GDP per capita of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, Seoul is the worlds most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwCs Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi, Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the worlds best airport nine years in a row by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556-metre supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, has built in Seoul and become the OECDs tallest in 2016. Its Lotte Cinema houses the worlds largest cinema screen, Seouls COEX Mall is the worlds largest underground shopping mall. Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games,1988 Summer Olympics,2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, a UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital. The city has known in the past by the names Wirye-seong, Hanju. During Japans annexation in Korea, Hanseong was renamed to Keijō by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja 漢, in reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong, originally had the meaning of big or vast. Its current name originated from the Korean word meaning city, which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol, which originally referred to Gyeongju. Unlike most place names in Korea, Seoul has no corresponding hanja, on January 18,2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shouer from the historic Hancheng, of which use is becoming less common. Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, a wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century
39.
MTR
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The Mass Transit Railway is the rapid transit railway system of Hong Kong. Opened in 1979, the system now includes 218.2 km of rail with 161 stations, operated by the MTR Corporation Limited, the MTR is one of the most profitable metro systems in the world, with a high farebox recovery ratio of 186%. Under the governments rail-led transport policy, the MTR system is a mode of public transport in Hong Kong. It consistently achieves a 99. 9% on-time rate on its train journeys, as of 2014, the MTR has a 48. 1% market share of the franchised public transport market, making it the most popular transport option in Hong Kong. The integration of the Octopus smart card fare-payment technology into the MTR system in September 1997 has further enhanced the ease of commuting on the MTR, construction started soon after the release of the study, and the first line opened in 1979. The MTR was immediately popular with residents of Hong Kong, as a result, there are continual debates regarding how and where to expand the MTR network. As a successful operation, the MTR has served as a model for other newly built systems in the world. During the 1960s, the government of Hong Kong saw a need to accommodate increasing traffic as Hong Kongs economy continued to grow strongly. In 1966, British transportation consultants Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates were appointed to study the system of Hong Kong. The study was based on the projection of the population of Hong Kong for 1986, on 1 September 1967, the consultants submitted the Hong Kong Mass Transport Study to the government, which recommended the construction of a 40-mile rapid transit rail system in Hong Kong. The study suggested that four rail lines be developed in six stages, detailed positions of lines and stations were presented in the study. These four lines were the Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, Island Line, the study was submitted to the Legislative Council on 14 February 1968. The consultants received new data from the 1966 by-census on 6 March 1968, a short supplementary report was submitted on 22 March 1968 and amended in June 1968. The by-census indicated that the projected 1986 population was reduced by more than one million from the estimate to 5,647,000. The dramatic reduction affected town planning, the population distribution was largely different from the original study. The projected 1986 populations of Castle Peak New Town, Sha Tin New Town, and, to an extent, Tsuen Wan New Town, were revised downward. In this updated scenario, the reduced the scale of the recommended system. The other lines would be placed in the list of extensions and this report led to the final study in 1970
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Kowloon City
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Kowloon City is an area in Kowloon, Hong Kong. It is named after the Kowloon Walled City, and is part of Kowloon City District. As early as in the Qin Dynasty, Kowloon City was famous for its pearl production, during the Song Dynasty, Kowloon City was a part of Kwun Fu Cheung, which was a part of salt yard governed by Chinese officials. Part of the district was the location of the original Kowloon Walled City and this is now Kowloon Walled City Park. The former Kai Tak International Airport was also located in the district, in 1982, Hong Kong was divided into 18 administrative districts, and Kowloon City and its neighbouring areas, such as Hung Hom, now belong to the Kowloon City District. Prior to 1998, a building height restriction was imposed in Kowloon City to minimize the hazards of air traffic commuting through the Kai Tak Airport. The closure of Kai Tak as a result of the opening of the new Hong Kong International Airport lifted the height restriction, the district is well known for its wide range of cuisine. Other than the traditional Hong Kong-style restaurants that offer local dishes, there are restaurants that offer Southeast Asian dishes like Thai, Vietnamese. Many Thai grocery stores can be found throughout this place, too, due to the prevalence of Thai restaurants and stores as well as the population of Thai-speaking ethnic Chinese, Kowloon City is also known as Hong Kongs Little Thailand. Kowloon City is not only a food paradise for authentic main dishes of many cultures, there are many famous and highly rated bakeries and dessert shops, e. g. the Tony Wong Patisserie and Smile Yogurt & Dessert Bar
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