1.
Alternative newspaper
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Its news coverage is more locally focused and their target audiences younger than those of daily newspapers. Typically, alternative newspapers are published in format and printed on newsprint. Other names for such publications include weekly, alternative newsweekly. Most metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada are home to at least one alternative paper, Alternative papers usually operate under a different business model than daily papers. They sometimes include ads for adult entertainment, such as bookstores and strip clubs. They usually include comprehensive classified and personal ad sections and event listings as well, many alternative papers feature an annual best of issue, profiling businesses that readers voted the best of their type in the area. Often these papers send out certificates that the businesses hang on their wall or window and this further cements the papers ties to local businesses. Alternative newspapers represent the more commercialized and mainstream evolution of the press associated with the 1960s counterculture. Their focus remains on arts and entertainment and social and political reportage, editorial positions at alternative weeklies are predominantly left-leaning, though there is a contingent of conservative, and libertarian, alt-weeklies. Styles vary sharply among alternative newspapers, some affect a satirical, ironic tone, columns commonly syndicated to alternative weeklies include The Straight Dope, Dan Savages Savage Love, Rob Bresznys Free Will Astrology, and Ben Tausigs crossword puzzle Ink Well. Quirky, non-mainstream comics, such as Matt Groenings Life in Hell, Lynda Barrys Ernie Pooks Comeek, Ruben Bollings Tom the Dancing Bug, the Village Voice, based in New York City, is one of the first and best-known examples of the form. The Association of Alternative Newsmedia is the alternative weeklies trade association, the Alternative Weekly Network and the Ruxton Group are national advertising sales representatives for alternative weeklies. However, due in part to increasing concentration of media ownership, the Tribune Company, a multibillion-dollar company that owns the Chicago Tribune, owns four New England alternative weeklies, including the Hartford Advocate and New Haven Advocate. Village Voice Media and New Times Media merged in 2006, before that, the pre-merger Village Voice Media, an outgrowth of New York Citys Village Voice, included LA Weekly, OC Weekly, Seattle Weekly, Minneapolis City Pages, and Nashville Scene. In 2003, the two entered into a non-competition agreement which stated that the two would not publish in the same market. The US Justice Department launched an antitrust investigation into the agreement, the case was settled out of court with the two companies agreeing to make available the publishing assets and titles of their defunct papers to potential competitors. The Cleveland Free Times recommenced publication in 2003 under the publication group Kildysart LLC, while the assets of New Times LA were sold to Southland Publishing and relaunched as LA CityBeat. The deal was approved by the Justice Department and, on January 31,2006, in 1999, PM/CG expanded further through New England to Portland, Maine with the creation of the Portland Phoenix
2.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
3.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
4.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
5.
Metro Detroit
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The Detroit metropolitan area, often referred to as Metro Detroit, is a major metropolitan area in Southeast Michigan, consisting of the city of Detroit and its surrounding area. There are several definitions of the area, including the official statistical areas designated by the Office of Management and Budget, Metro Detroit is known for its automotive heritage, arts, entertainment, popular music, and sports. The area includes a variety of landscapes, parks, and beaches. It is one of the nations largest metropolitan economies, with seventeen Fortune 500 companies and this urbanized area covers parts of the counties of Macomb, Oakland, and Wayne. These counties are referred to as the Detroit Tri-County Area and had a population of 3,862,888 as of the 2010 census with an area of 1,967.1 square miles. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 4,296,250 with an area of 3,913 square miles. It had a population of 5,318,744 as of the 2010 census, lenawee County was removed from the CSA in 2000, but added back in 2013. With the adjacent city of Windsor, Ontario and its suburbs, when the nearby Toledo metropolitan area and its commuters are taken into account, the region constitutes a much larger population center. An estimated 46 million people live within a 300-mile radius of Detroit proper, Metro Detroit is at the center of an emerging Great Lakes Megalopolis. Detroit and the region constitute a major center of commerce and global trade, most notably as home to Americas Big Three automobile companies, General Motors, Ford. Detroits six-county Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population of about 4.3 million, in May 2012, the Department of Labor reported metropolitan Detroits unemployment rate at 9. 9%. The Detroit MSA had a Gross Metropolitan Product of $197.7 billion in 2010, firms in the region pursue emerging technologies including biotechnology, nanotechnology, information technology, and hydrogen fuel cell development. Metro Detroit is one of the health care economies in the U. S. according to a 2003 study measuring health care industry components. Casino gaming plays an important economic role, with Detroit the largest US city to offer casino resort hotels, caesars Windsor, Canadas largest, complements the MGM Grand Detroit, MotorCity Casino, and Greektown Casino in the city. The casino hotels contribute significant tax revenue along with thousands of jobs for residents, gaming revenues have grown steadily, with Detroit ranked as the fifth largest gambling market in the United States for 2007. When Casino Windsor is included, Detroits gambling market ranks either third or fourth, there are about four thousand factories in the area. The domestic auto industry is headquartered in Metro Detroit. The area is also an important source of engineering job opportunities, a 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the Detroit–Windsor region and $13 billion in annual production depend on the citys international border crossing
6.
Detroit Free Press
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The Detroit Free Press is the largest daily newspaper in Detroit, Michigan, USA. The Sunday edition is entitled the Sunday Free Press and it is sometimes informally referred to as the Freep. It primarily serves Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, Livingston, Washtenaw, the Free Press is also the largest city newspaper owned by Gannett, which also publishes USA Today. The Free Press has received ten Pulitzer Prizes and four Emmy Awards and its motto is On Guard Since 1831. The newspaper was begun by John R. Williams and his uncle, Joseph Campau, the first issues were printed on a Washington press purchased from the discontinued Oakland Chronicle of Pontiac, Michigan. It was hauled from Pontiac in a wagon over rough roads to a building at Bates, the press could produce 250 pages an hour, hand operated by two men. The first issues were 14 by 20 inches in size, with five columns of type, Sheldon McKnight became the first publisher with John Pitts Sheldon as editor. In the 1850s, the paper was developed into a leading Democratic publication under the ownership of Wilbur F. Storey, Storey left for the Chicago Times in 1861, taking a lot of the staff with him. In the 1870s ownership passed to William E. Quinby, who continued its Democratic leanings and established a London, in 1940, the Knight Newspapers purchased the Free Press. During the following 47 years the Free Press competed with The Detroit News, the Free Press was delivered and sold as a morning paper while the News was sold and delivered as an evening newspaper. In 1987, the paper entered into a one hundred-year joint operating agreement with its rival, the combined company is called the Detroit Media Partnership. The two papers began to publish joint Saturday and Sunday editions, though the editorial content of each remained separate. At the time, the Detroit Free Press was the tenth highest circulation paper in the United States, july 13,1995, Newspaper Guild-represented employees of the Free Press and News and the pressmen, printers and Teamsters working for the Detroit Newspapers distribution arm went on strike. By October, about 40% of the staffers had crossed the picket line. The strike was resolved in three years later, and the unions remain active at the paper, representing a majority of the employees under their jurisdiction. In 1998, the Free Press vacated its headquarters in downtown Detroit. August 3,2005, Knight Ridder sold the Free Press to the Gannett company, the News, in turn, was sold to MediaNews Group, Gannett continues to be the managing partner in the papers joint operating agreement. The Free Press resumed publication of its own Sunday edition, May 7,2006, a quirk in the operating agreement, however, allows the News to continue printing its editorial page in the Sunday Free Press
7.
The Detroit News
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The Detroit News is one of the two major newspapers in the U. S. city of Detroit, Michigan. The paper began in 1873, when it rented space in the rival Detroit Free Presss building. The News absorbed the Detroit Tribune on February 1,1919, the Detroit Journal on July 21,1922, and on November 7,1960, it bought and closed the faltering Detroit Times. However, it retained the Times building, which it used as a plant until 1967, when a new facility opened in Sterling Heights. The street in downtown Detroit where the Times building once stood is still called Times Square, the Evening News Association, owner of The News, merged with Gannett in 1985. The News claims to have been the first newspaper in the world to operate a station, station 8MK. In 1947, it established Michigans first television station, WWJ-TV, in 1989, the paper entered into a 100-year joint operating agreement with the rival Free Press, combining business operations while keeping separate editorial staffs. The combined company is called the Detroit Media Partnership, the Free Press moved into The News building in 1998 and until May 7,2006, the two published a single joint weekend edition. Today The News, which has won three Pulitzer Prizes, is published Monday–Saturday, and has a page in the Sunday Free Press. The Detroit News was founded by James E. Scripps, who, in turn, was the older half-brother, the papers eventual success, however, is largely credited to Scripps son-in-law, George Gough Booth, who came aboard at the request of his wifes father. Booth went on to construct Michigans largest newspaper empire, founding the independent Booth Newspapers chain with his two brothers, the Detroit News building was erected in 1917. It was designed by architect Albert Kahn, who included a concrete building with large street level arches to admit light. The arches along the east and south side of the building were bricked-in for protection after the 12th Street Riot in 1967, the bricked-in arches on the east and south ends of the building were reopened during renovations required when the Free Press relocated its offices there 20 years later. In 1931, The Detroit News made history when it bought a three place Pitcairn PCA-2 auto-gyro as an aircraft which could take off and land in restricted places. It was the ancestor of todays well known news helicopter, in 1935 a single Lockheed Model 9 Orion was purchased and modified by Lockheed as a news camera plane for The Detroit News. To work in that role, a pod was built into the leading edge of the right wing about eight feet out from the fuselage. This pod had a dome on the front and a mounted camera. To aim the camera the pilot was provided with a primitive grid-like gun sight on his windshield
8.
This Modern World
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This Modern World is a weekly satirical comic strip by cartoonist and political commentator Tom Tomorrow that covers current events from a left-wing point of view. Tomorrow also runs a weblog that informs readers about stories of interest and this Modern World appears mainly in alternative weekly newspapers. Visually This Modern World draws inspiration from a retro, 1950s sensibility, initially, the strip was almost completely composed of actual vintage clip art and magazine cutouts, assembled collage-style and often manipulated and retouched. However, Tomorrow has gradually replaced cutouts with his own drawings, usually drawn in four panels, it is not uncommon for all panels to be identical or nearly so, with only the dialogue and/or facial expressions changing. The 50s theme extends to the verbose dialogue of his human characters which is often bubbly, over-enthusiastic. The stupidity of the humans is countered by Sparky, a penguin with a red visor. A recurring theme in the books was that of reality engineering, wherein the very fabric of space. This periodically generates reality discontinuities, where reality breaks down and these are resolved by reality engineers. From 2000 to 2001, an animated This Modern World series was produced by Flickerlab for Mondo Media, each episode was approximately five minutes long. A. Characters include, Tom Tomorrow In an intermediate version of the strip and he was a private eye who was dressed in a radiation suit so his face was never seen. Dippy the Wonder-Penguin Tom Tomorrows sidekick and his vocabulary was limited to wank. Sparky the Wonder Penguin A sort of upgraded version of Dippy, similar to Dippy, Sparks first words in the strip are George Bush is a wanker. A strong liberal advocate, he became a Republican after being hit on the head with a random falling toilet. Blinky the Dog A small dog who shares some of Sparkys political sympathies, normally very mellow, he briefly became a radical when steroids were put into his food when he was intended to replace the then-Republican Sparky. Bob Friendly Mr. Friendly is in charge of the section of This Modern World. It was he who introduced Sparky the Penguin, Dr. Wilbur von Philbert One of the longest-running characters in the strip, Dr. von Philbert is the person who discovered how to mine reality for energy. Biff and Wanda Two blow-dried anchorpeople of the Action McNews, a newscast in which Tomorrow suggests that most TV news is more than PR spin. A Biff and Wanda strip almost always ends with a cut to a commercial break Biff and Betty Biff, Biff often appears alone with Sparky, expressing a naive conservative opinion which invariably prompts an exasperated liberal rebuttal from the penguin
