1.
Navy
–
A navy or maritime force is a fleet of waterborne military vessels and its associated naval aviation, both sea-based and land-based. It is the branch of an armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare, namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations. The strategic offensive role of a navy is projection of force into areas beyond a countrys shores, the strategic defensive purpose of a navy is to frustrate seaborne projection-of-force by enemies. The strategic task of the navy also may incorporate nuclear deterrence by use of submarine-launched ballistic missiles. In most nations, the naval, as opposed to navy, is interpreted as encompassing all maritime military forces, e. g. navy, marine / marine corps. First attested in English in the early 14th century, the navy came via Old French navie, fleet of ships, from the Latin navigium, a vessel. The word naval came from Latin navalis, pertaining to ship, cf. Greek ναῦς, ship, ναύτης, seaman, the earliest attested form of the word is in the Mycenaean Greek compound word
Navy
–
The
Spanish Armada fighting the
English navy at the
Battle of Gravelines in 1588
Navy
–
INS Vikramaditya (R33) with a
Sea Harrier aircraft in the
Arabian Sea. It is the
Indian Navy 's largest
aircraft carrier.
Navy
–
HMS Victory, the oldest warship still in commission in the world.
Navy
–
Dreadnoughts of the
High Seas Fleet of
World War I.
2.
Secretariat of the Navy (Mexico)
–
The Mexican Secretariat of the Navy is a member of the federal executive cabinet with responsibility for managing the countrys navy and marine forces. The secretary is appointed by the President of the Republic and heads the Secretariat of the Navy, organizes, administers and prepares the Navy. Exercising sovereignty in territorial seas, its air space and Mexicos coasts
Secretariat of the Navy (Mexico)
–
Secretariat of the Navy logo
3.
Mexican Revolution
–
The Mexican Revolution was a major armed struggle c. 1910–1920 that radically transformed Mexican culture and government. Although recent research has focused on local and regional aspects of the Revolution and its outbreak in 1910 resulted from the failure of the 35-year long regime of Porfirio Díaz to find a managed solution to the presidential succession. This meant there was a crisis among competing elites and the opportunity for agrarian insurrection. Madero challenged Díaz in 1910 presidential election, and following the rigged results, armed conflict ousted Díaz from power and a new election was held in 1911, bringing Madero to the presidency. The origins of the conflict were broadly based in opposition to the Díaz regime, with the 1910 election, elements of the Mexican elite hostile to Díaz, led by Madero, expanded to the middle class, the peasantry in some regions, and organized labor. In October 1911, Madero was overwhelmingly elected in a free, Huerta remained in power from February 1913 until July 1914, when he was forced out by a coalition of different regional revolutionary forces. Then the revolutionaries attempt to come to a political agreement following Huertas ouster failed, Zapata was assassinated in 1919, by agents of President Carranza. The armed conflict lasted for the part of a decade, until around 1920. Revolutionary forces unified against Huertas reactionary regime defeated the Federal forces, although the conflict was primarily a civil war, foreign powers that had important economic and strategic interests in Mexico figured in the outcome of Mexicos power struggles. The United States played a significant role. Out of Mexicos population of 15 million, the losses were high, perhaps 1.5 million people died, nearly 200,000 refugees fled abroad, especially to the United States. Politically, the promulgation of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 is seen by scholars as the end point of the armed conflict. The period 1920–1940 is often considered to be a phase of the Revolution, during which power was consolidated, after the presidency of his ally, General Manuel González, Díaz ran for the presidency again and legally remained in office until 1911. The constitution had been amended to allow presidential re-election, Díazs re-election was ironic, since he had challenged Benito Juárez on the platform no re-election. During the Porfiriato there were regular elections although there were contentious irregularities, the contested 1910 election, was a key political event that led to the Mexican Revolution. As Díaz aged, the question of succession became increasingly important. In 1906, the office of president was revived, with Díaz choosing his close ally Ramón Corral from among his Cientifico advisers to serve in the post. By the 1910 election, the Díaz regime had become highly authoritarian and he had been a national hero, opposing the French Intervention in the 1860s and distinguishing himself in the Battle of Puebla on 5 May 1862
Mexican Revolution
–
Collage of the Mexican Revolution
Mexican Revolution
–
General
Porfirio Díaz, President of Mexico
Mexican Revolution
–
Anti-Diaz newspaper,
Regeneración, the official publication of the
Mexican Liberal Party (PLM).
Mexican Revolution
–
A vanner (1903) at the office of opposition magazine El hijo de Ahuizote reads: "The Constitution has died" (La Constitución ha muerto).
4.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
5.
Mexican Drug War
–
The Mexican Drug War is the Mexican theater of the United States War on Drugs, involving an ongoing low-intensity asymmetric war between the Mexican Government and various drug trafficking syndicates. Since 2006, when the Mexican military began to intervene, the principal goal has been to reduce the drug-related violence. Additionally, the Mexican government has claimed that their focus is on dismantling the powerful drug cartels, rather than on preventing drug trafficking. Mexican drug cartels now dominate the wholesale illicit drug market and in 2007 controlled 90% of the entering the United States. Arrests of key leaders, particularly in the Tijuana and Gulf cartels, has led to increasing drug violence as cartels fight for control of the trafficking routes into the United States. Analysts estimate that wholesale earnings from illicit drug sales range from $13.6 to $49.4 billion annually, by the end of Felipe Calderóns administration, the official death toll of the Mexican Drug War was at least 60,000. Estimates set the death toll above 120,000 killed by 2013, given its geographic location, Mexico has long been used as a staging and transshipment point for narcotics and contraband between Latin America and U. S. markets. Towards the end of the 1960s, Mexican narcotic smugglers started to smuggle drugs on a major scale, during the 1970s and early 1980s, Colombias Pablo Escobar was the main exporter of cocaine and dealt with organized criminal networks all over the world. By the mid-1980s, the organizations from Mexico were well-established and reliable transporters of Colombian cocaine, transporters from Mexico usually were given 35% to 50% of each cocaine shipment. This arrangement meant that organizations from Mexico became involved in the distribution, as well as the transportation of cocaine, currently, the Sinaloa Cartel and the Gulf Cartel have taken over trafficking cocaine from Colombia to the worldwide markets. The balance of power between the various Mexican cartels continually shifts as new organizations emerge and older ones weaken and collapse, a disruption in the system, such as the arrests or deaths of cartel leaders, generates bloodshed as rivals move in to exploit the power vacuum. The fighting between rival drug cartels began in earnest after the 1989 arrest of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, there was a lull in the fighting during the late 1990s but the violence has steadily worsened since 2000. The center-left PRI party ruled Mexico for around 70 years until 2000, during this time, drug cartels expanded their power and corruption, and anti-drug operations focused mainly on destroying marijuana and opium crops in mountainous regions. It is estimated that about 110 people died in Nuevo Laredo between January and August 2005 as a result of the fighting between the Gulf and Sinaloa cartels. The same year, there was another surge in violence in the state of Michoacán as the La Familia Michoacana drug cartel established itself, on December 11,2006, the newly elected President Felipe Calderón sent 6,500 Mexican Army soldiers to Michoacán to end drug violence there. As time passed, Calderón continued to escalate his anti-drug campaign, in there are now about 45,000 troops involved along with state. Mexico is a drug transit and producing country. It is the main supplier of cannabis and an important entry point of South American cocaine
Mexican Drug War
–
Mexican soldiers during a confrontation in
Michoacán in August 2007
Mexican Drug War
–
Mexican soldiers tracking criminals' marks in August 2010
Mexican Drug War
–
Mexican Army raids a Gulf Cartel's house at
Matamoros, Tamaulipas in 2012
Mexican Drug War
–
Francisco Javier Arellano Félix was captured by DEA
6.
Mexican Armed Forces
–
The Mexican Armed Forces are composed of two independent entities, the Mexican Army and the Mexican Navy. The Mexican Army includes the Mexican Air Force, the Presidential Guard, Military Police, and Special Forces are part of the Army, but have their own chains of command. The Mexican Navy includes the Naval Infantry Force and the Naval Aviation, there are three main components of the Army, a national headquarters, territorial commands, and independent units. The Minister of Defense commands the Army by means of a centralized system. The Army uses a modified continental staff system in its headquarters, the Army is the largest branch of Mexicos armed services. Presently, there are 12 Military Regions, which are broken down into 44 subordinate Military Zones. In both cases, a system is used for designation. There is no set number of zones within a region, the Air Force national headquarters is embedded in the Army headquarters in Mexico City. It also follows the continental system, with the usual A1, A2, A3. The tactical forces form what is called an Air Division, but it is dispersed in four regions, Northeast Mexico, Northwest Mexico, Central Mexico. The Air Force maintains a total of 18 air bases, and has the capability of opening temporary forward operating bases in austere conditions for some helicopters. The Ministry of the Navy, the Navys national headquarters, is located in Mexico City and they are a very tightly knit group, and great importance is placed on consultation among the factions within these year groups. The Navys operational forces are organized as two independent groups, the Gulf Force and the Pacific Force, each group has its own headquarters, a destroyer group, an auxiliary vessel group, a Marine Infantry Group, and a Special Forces group. The Gulf and Pacific Forces are not mirror images of each other, both are subdivided into regions, with Regions 1,3, and 5 on the Gulf, and 2,4, and 6 on the Pacific. Each region is divided into sectors and zones, so a proliferation of headquarters. The Navy also has an air arm with troop transport, reconnaissance, the Navy maintains significant infrastructure, including naval dockyards that have the capability of building ships, such as the Holzinger class offshore patrol vessel. These dockyards have a significant employment and economic impact in the country, the Naval Infantry are the marine corps and amphibious infantry force of the Mexican Navy. The Naval Infantry are responsible for security, protection of the ten-kilometer coastal fringe
Mexican Armed Forces
–
Mexican Paratroopers
Mexican Armed Forces
–
Mexican Coat of arms
Mexican Armed Forces
–
Mexican Army vehicles
Mexican Armed Forces
–
President Enrique Peña Nieto accompanied by the
Secretary of National Defense,
Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda, and the
Secretary of the Navy,
Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz, during a military parade.
7.
Secretary of the Navy (Mexico)
–
The Mexican Secretariat of the Navy is a member of the federal executive cabinet with responsibility for managing the countrys navy and marine forces. The secretary is appointed by the President of the Republic and heads the Secretariat of the Navy, organizes, administers and prepares the Navy. Exercising sovereignty in territorial seas, its air space and Mexicos coasts
Secretary of the Navy (Mexico)
–
Secretariat of the Navy logo
8.
PEMEX
–
Pemex has a total asset worth of $415. Asphalt and pitch had been worked in Mexico since the time of the Aztecs, small quantities of oil were first refined into kerosene around 1876 near Tampico. In 1938, President Lázaro Cárdenas sided with oil workers striking against foreign-owned oil companies for an increase in pay and he framed expropriation as a necessary national response to the injustice of the operations of foreign companies operating on Mexican soil. Expropriation was not outright confiscation, since the Mexican government promised to compensate companies, however, in retaliation, many foreign governments closed their markets to Mexican oil. In spite of the boycott, Pemex developed into one of the largest oil companies in the world and helped Mexico become the fifth-largest oil exporter in the world. In an interview on the oil news website in November 2005, annual production has dropped each year since 2004. Furthermore, it has reported the 2005-2006 daily oil production was down by approximately 500,000 barrels per day on the previous year. Pemex averaged 3.71 MMBPD in 2006, Pemex has never produced 4 MMBPD or higher for a yearly average. Pemex has been replaced as Latin America’s largest company by Petrobras, President Calderón made clear at the beginning of his presidency that he would try his best to open up the sector to private investment. Pemex is Latin America’s second largest company measured by revenues, according to a ranking of the region’s 500 largest companies by Latin Business Chronicle, in June 2009, Pemex has asked for an extra $1.5 billion state aid to finance oil fields investments, reported Bloomberg. President Felipe Calderón called for change in Mexico’s oil industry after output at Pemex fell at the fastest rate since 1942. His comments came after Petrobras and London-based BP said they made a giant oil find of as much as 3 billion barrels in the Gulf of Mexico southeast of Houston. In February 2016, Emilio Lozoya Austin stepped down as CEO of Pemex, in addition to a failing infrastructure, dwindling reserves have created urgency in completing some type of reform. In February 2015, the board approved a $4.16 billion spending cut, the company also said it will delay deepwater exploration plans and cut jobs in response to weak oil prices. In 1979, Pemex’s Ixtoc I exploratory oil well in the Bay of Campeche suffered a blowout resulting in one of the largest oil spills in history, Pemex spent $100 million to clean up the spill and avoided most compensation claims by asserting sovereign immunity as a state-run company. On 19 September 2012 an explosion at the Pemex gas plant in Reynosa, Tamaulipas killed 30, Pemex Director Juan Jose Suarez said that there was no evidence that it was a deliberate incident, or some kind of attack. On January 31,2013, an explosion occurred at the offices of Pemex in Mexico City. At least 37 people were killed and at least 126 were injured, the cause has not been confirmed
PEMEX
–
Typical Pemex gas station
PEMEX
–
Petróleos Mexicanos
PEMEX
–
Pemex's offices in
Mexico City.
9.
Oil well
–
An oil well is a boring in the Earth that is designed to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface. Usually some natural gas is produced along with the oil, a well that is designed to produce mainly or only gas may be termed a gas well. The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in 347 CE and these wells had depths of up to about 240 metres and were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles. The oil was burned to evaporate brine and produce salt, by the 10th century, extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. The ancient records of China and Japan are said to contain allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was known as Burning water in Japan in the 7th century, arab and Persian chemists also distilled crude oil in order to produce flammable products for military purposes. Through Islamic Spain, distillation became available in Western Europe by the 12th century, some sources claim that from the 9th century, oil fields were exploited in the area around modern Baku, Azerbaijan, to produce naphtha for the petroleum industry. These places were described by Marco Polo in the 13th century, when Marco Polo in 1264 visited Baku, on the shores of the Caspian Sea, he saw oil being collected from seeps. He wrote that on the confines toward Geirgine there is a fountain from which oil springs in great abundance, in 1846, Baku the first ever well was drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 meters for oil exploration. In 1848, the first modern oil well was drilled on the Aspheron Peninsula north-east of Baku, the earliest oil wells in modern times were drilled percussively, by repeatedly raising and dropping a cable tool into the earth. In the 20th century, cable tools were replaced with rotary drilling. The record-depth Kola Borehole used non-rotary mud motor drilling to achieve a depth of over 12,000 metres, until the 1970s, most oil wells were vertical, although lithological and mechanical imperfections cause most wells to deviate at least slightly from true vertical. However, modern directional drilling technologies allow for strongly deviated wells which can, given sufficient depth and with the proper tools, before a well is drilled, a geologic target is identified by a geologist or geophysicist to meet the objectives of the well. For a production well, the target is picked to optimize production from the well, for an exploration or appraisal well, the target is chosen to confirm the existence of a viable hydrocarbon reservoir or to ascertain its extent. The target will be matched with a location, and a trajectory between the two will be designed. When the well path is identified, a team of geoscientists and these properties include pore pressure, fracture gradient, wellbore stability, porosity, permeability, lithology, faults, and clay content. The well is created by drilling a hole 12 cm to 1 meter in diameter into the earth with a rig that rotates a drill string with a bit attached. After the hole is drilled, sections of pipe, slightly smaller in diameter than the borehole, are placed in the hole
Oil well
–
The
pumpjack, such as this one located south of
Midland, Texas, is a common sight in
West Texas
Oil well
–
Bottom Part of an Oil Drilling Derrick in Brazoria County, Texas (Harry Walker Photograph, circa 1940)
Oil well
–
1904
oil well fire at Bibi-Eibat
Oil well
–
Well Casing
10.
Campeche
–
Campeche, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Campeche, is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It has a coastline to the west with the Gulf of Mexico, the state capital, also called Campeche, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997. The formation of the state began with the city, which was founded in 1540 as the Spanish began the conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula, during the colonial period, the city was a rich and important port, but declined after Mexico’s Independence. Campeche was part of the province of Yucatán but split off in the mid-19th century, today, much of the state’s economic comeback is due to the finding of petroleum offshore in the 1970s, which has made the coastal cities of Campeche and Ciudad del Carmen important economic centers. The state has important Mayan and colonial sites but they are not as well known or visited as others in the Yucatán. The states executive power rests in the governor of Campeche and the legislative power rests in the Congress of Campeche which is a legislature composed of 35 deputies. The state of Campeche is located in southeast Mexico, on the west side of the Yucatan Peninsula, the territory is 56,858. 84km2, which is 2. 6% of Mexico’s total. It borders the states of Yucatán, Quintana Roo and Tabasco, with the country of Belize to the east, Guatemala to the south and the Gulf of Mexico to the west. Politically, it is divided into municipalities, Calkiní, Calakmul, Campeche, Candelaria, Champotón, Ciudad del Carmen, Escárcega, Hecelchakán, Hopelchén, Palizada. Campeche is a flat area of Mexico with 523 km of shoreline on the Gulf of Mexico. Most of the surface is of sedimentary rock much of which is from marine origin, the area with the highest elevations is near the borders with Guatemala and Quintana Roo. Notable elevations include Cerro Champerico, Cerro los Chinos, Cerro El Ramonal, Cerro El Doce, however, these hills are separated by large expanses of lower flat land. In the south of the municipality of Champotón begin a series of rolling hills known as the Sierra Alta or Puuc and these have only an average altitude of between forty and sixty meters with some reaching 100 meters. There other areas of rolling hills, near the city of Campeche with main ones known as Maxtum, Boxol. Another set is called the Sierra Seybaplaya in the center of the state, away from the coast, these rainforests are interspersed with savannah areas and along the coast are accompanied by areas with sand dunes, mangrove wetlands and estuaries. Species that can be found in the various rainforests include huapaque, cedar, pukte, sapote, dyewood, dzalam and it also includes a number of precious tropical hardwoods such as red cedar, mahogany, ciricote and guayacán. Along the coastal areas, palms such as the coconut. The main wildlife species in the state are the jaguar, ocelot, puma, deer, wild boar, raccoon, hare, ring-tailed cat, there are many bird species including the chachalaca, ducks, quail, pelican, toucan, buzzard and many more
Campeche
–
View of one of the Maya pyramids at Calakmul
Campeche
–
Flag
Campeche
–
View of the Edzna site.
Campeche
–
Main plaza and cathedral of Campeche
11.
Gulf of Mexico
–
The Gulf of Mexico is an ocean basin largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U. S. states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas border the Gulf on the north, Atlantic and Pacific coasts, or sometimes the south coast, in juxtaposition to the Great Lakes region being the north coast. One of the seven main areas is the Gulf of Mexico basin. The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics, the Gulfs basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U. S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea via the Yucatan Channel between Mexico and Cuba, with the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km2, almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters, the consensus among geologists who have studied the geology of the Gulf of Mexico, is that prior to the Late Triassic, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist. It was created by the collision of plates that formed Pangea. As interpreted by Roy Van Arsdale and Randel T. Cox, geologists and other Earth scientists agree in general that the present Gulf of Mexico basin originated in Late Triassic time as the result of rifting within Pangea. The rifting was associated with zones of weakness within Pangea, including sutures where the Laurentia, South American, first, there was a Late Triassic-Early Jurassic phase of rifting during which rift valleys formed and filled with continental red beds. Second, as rifting progressed through Early and Middle Jurassic time and it was at this time that tectonics first created a connection to the Pacific Ocean across central Mexico and later eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. This flooded the basin created by rifting and crustal thinning to create the Gulf of Mexico. While the Gulf of Mexico was a basin, the subsiding transitional crust was blanketed by the widespread deposition of Louann Salt. Initially, during the Late Jurassic, continued rifting widened the Gulf of Mexico and progressed to the point that sea-floor spreading, at this point, sufficient circulation with the Atlantic Ocean was established that the deposition of Louann Salt ceased. During the Late Jurassic through Early Cretaceous, the occupied by the Gulf of Mexico experienced a period of cooling. The subsidence was the result of a combination of stretching, cooling. Initially, the combination of stretching and cooling caused about 5–7 km of tectonic subsidence of the central thin transitional
Gulf of Mexico
–
Sediment in the Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Mexico
–
Undersea
topography of the Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Mexico
–
Fishing boats in
Biloxi
Gulf of Mexico
–
Gulf beach near Sabine Pass
12.
Mexican Army
–
The Mexican Army is the combined land and air branch and largest of the Mexican Armed Forces, it is also known as the National Defense Army. It was the first army to adopt and use a self-loading rifle, the Mexican Army has an active duty force of 766,750. Mexico has no major foreign nation-state adversaries and it officially repudiates the use of force to settle disputes and rejects interference by one nation in the affairs of another. Although it has not suffered a major international terrorist incident in recent decades, in the prehispanic era, there were many indigenous tribes and highly developed city-states in what is now known as central Mexico. In Aztec society, it was compulsory for all males, nobles as well as commoners. Itzcoatl Obsidian Serpent, fourth king of Tenochtitlán, organized the army defeated the Tepanec of Atzcapotzalco. His reign began with the rise of what would become the largest empire in Mesoamerica, then Moctezuma Ilhuicamina The arrow to the sky came to extend the domain and the influence of the monarchy of Tenochtitlán. He began to trade to the outside regions of the Valley of Mexico. This was the Mexica ruler who organized the alliance with the lordships of Texcoco, the Aztec established the Flower Wars as a form of worship, these, unlike the wars of conquest, were aimed at obtaining prisoners for sacrifice to the sun. Combat orders were given by kings using drums or blowing into a sea shell that gave off a sound like a horn. Giving out signals using coats of arms was very common, for combat outside of cities, they would organize several groups, only one of which would be involved in action, while the others remained on the alert. In the early morning of September 16,1810, the Army of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla initiated the independence movement, Hidalgo was followed by his loyal companions, among them Mariano Abasolo, and a small army equipped with swords, spears, slingshots and sticks. Captain General Ignacio Allende was the brains of the insurgent army in the first phase of the War of Independence. The Spaniards saw that it was important to defend the Alhóndiga de Granaditas public granary in Guanajuato, the insurgents entered Guanajuato and proceeded to lay siege to the Alhóndiga. With this stunt, the managed to bring down the door and enter the building. Hidalgo headed to Valladolid, which was captured with little opposition, on November 29,1810, Hidalgo entered Guadalajara, the capital of Nueva Galicia, where he organized his government and the Insurgent Army, he also issued a decree abolishing slavery. At Calderon Bridge near the city of Guadalajara Jalisco, insurgents held a battle with the royalists. During the fierce fighting, one of the ammunition wagons exploded
Mexican Army
–
Aztec warriors as shown in the 16th century
Florentine Codex. Note that each warrior is brandishing a
Maquahuitl.
Mexican Army
–
Mexican infantry
Mexican Army
–
This page from the
Codex Mendoza shows the gradual improvements to equipment and tlahuiztli as a warrior progresses through the ranks from commoner to porter to warrior to captor, and later as a noble progressing in the warrior societies from the noble warrior to "Eagle warrior" to "Jaguar Warrior" to "Otomitl" to "Shorn One" and finally as "Tlacateccatl".
Mexican Army
–
Guanajuato. At center: the Alhóndiga de Granaditas
13.
Pastry War
–
It ended several months later in March 1839 with a British-brokered peace. The intervention followed many claims by French nationals of losses due to unrest in Mexico, during the early years of the new Mexican republic there was widespread civil disorder as factions competed for control of the country. The fighting often resulted in the destruction or looting of private property, average citizens had few options for claiming compensation as they had no representatives to speak on their behalf. However, France had yet to secure trade agreements similar to those that the United States and England had, in complaint to King Louis-Philippe, a French pastry chef known only as Monsieur Remontel, claimed that in 1832 Mexican officers looted his shop in Tacubaya. Remontel demanded 60,000 pesos as reparations for the damage, French forces captured Veracruz by December 1838 and Mexico declared war on France. With trade cut off, the Mexicans began smuggling imports via Corpus Christi, Republic of Texas, fearing that France would blockade the Republics ports as well, a battalion of Texan forces began patrolling Corpus Christi Bay to stop Mexican smugglers. One smuggling party abandoned their cargo of about a hundred barrels of flour on the beach at the mouth of the bay and he offered his services to the government, which ordered him to fight the French by any means necessary. He led Mexican forces against the French, in a skirmish with the rear guard of the French, Santa Anna was wounded in the leg by French grapeshot. His leg was amputated and buried with military honors. Exploiting his wounds with eloquent propaganda, Santa Anna catapulted back to power, the French forces withdrew on 9 March 1839 after a peace treaty was signed. As part of said treaty the Mexican government agreed to pay 600,000 pesos as damages to French citizens while France received promises for future trade commitments in place of war indemnities. However, this amount was never paid and that was used as one of the justifications for the second French intervention in Mexico of 1861. Media related to Pastry War at Wikimedia Commons
Pastry War
–
Bombing of
San Juan de Ulúa in 1838
Pastry War
–
French troops under
Prince de Joinville attack residence of General
Arista in Veracruz, 1838.
14.
Texas Navy
–
The Texas Navy was the official navy of the Republic of Texas. It was created to protect and defend the coastline of Texas and offer protection for the shipping, during the Texas Revolution, the provisional government in San Felipe de Austin issued an ordinance in November 1835 to establish an official navy. In January 1836, agents purchased four schooners, Invincible, Brutus, Independence, according to Teddy Roosevelt, the Texas Navy succeeded in preventing reinforcements and provisions at their naval base at Matamoros from reaching General Santa Annas forces then occupying Texas. This forced Santa Anna to disperse his army, to forage for food. This in turn is what led to his defeat at San Jacinto by General Sam Houston, by October 1837, all of the ships had been lost at sea, sunk by the Mexican Navy, run aground, captured, or sold, and replacements were being procured. The six vessels were known as the second Texas Navy, for three years the Texas Navy raided the Mexican coast and kept the Mexican fleet focused on defending its own coastline. This battle is believed to be unique, marking the occasion in which a sailing warship engaged. When Texas joined the United States in 1846, the Texas Navy was merged into the United States Navy, the founders of the Republic of Texas attempted to bolster recruitment into the armed forces through the generous inducement of land for military service. The policy in Texas was inconsistent, as not all Texas veterans were treated equally, Texas passed its first bounty act on November 24,1835, when the general council created a regular army and promised those who served in it for two years 640 acres of land. After the revolution, the Texas government distributed the public lands, in all,9,874,262 acres was granted to veterans of the Texas army, or to Confederate soldiers in Texas. Not one of those nearly 10 million acres was granted for naval service, “The fact remains that Texas could not have won her independence and maintained it as she did, without the navy, ” said Texas Navy historian Alex Dienst. It has been said that if the United States was Texas’s biological parent, historians point out that the Texas Navy was of vital importance to the war effort with approximately three-fourths of all troops, supplies and cash originating from the ports of New Orleans. Navy vessels protected against marauding Mexican warships looking to cut the cord that flowed to Texas through Galveston, keeping the war effort. Additionally, military leaders knew the importance of the Texas coast to winning a revolution, or quashing a rebellion. In fact, Mexican General Vicente Filisola remarked, “. the posts of Texas are not sustainable, whilst a maritime force does not co-operate with the operations of the land service. ”On the other side, Commander James Fannin, in an August 1835 letter, wrote that provisions were scarce for the Mexican army on dry land. He requested naval assistance to the army, asking, “Where is your navy. ”He pointed out that if Texas ships could block access to ports, “they are ruined. The battle for bounty lands was a struggle that culminated six years after the revolution. Naval policy was another in a line of differing views between Sam Houston and Mirabeau Lamar
Texas Navy
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The brig Archer of the Texas Navy
15.
Naval Battle of Campeche
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The Naval Battle of Campeche took place on April 30,1843, and May 16,1843. Texas had declared its independence in 1836 but by 1843 Mexico had refused to recognize it, in Yucatán, a similar rebellion had begun and was fought off-and-on from 1836 to 1846. The battle ended in a combined Yucatecan and Texan victory, a scene from this battle is engraved on the cylinder of every Colt 1851 Navy and 1861 Navy revolver. Moore could only fully refit and rearm his ships by expending his own funds when he put in at New Orleans, the government of Texas refused him more funds and Sam Houston ordered him back to Texas so the fleet could be sold. The fleet, upon being put up for auction in Galveston, was not sold at that time because the citizens of Galveston rioted, thereby preventing the auction. Moore disregarded Houstons orders, and allied himself with the government of the Republic of Yucatan, Yucatan paid Texas $8,000 a month for the services of the Texas Navy. Moore, now fully funded, sailed to lift the Mexican naval blockade of the port of Campeche, the initial battle lasted a few hours and was a draw, as both sides retired. After three hours of broadsides, the battle was essentially a draw, with both sides again withdrawing after sustaining damage and casualties. The Texas ships suffered some damage, but the Mexican. They were acclaimed as heroes on their return, even though Texas President Sam Houston had declared Commodore Moore, however, after a court martial, Commodore Moore was acquitted of all piracy charges
Naval Battle of Campeche
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The Texan sloop-of-war Austin.
Naval Battle of Campeche
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The brig Wharton depicted on Texan currency.
16.
French intervention in Mexico
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It followed President Benito Juárezs suspension of interest payments to foreign countries on 17 July 1861, which angered these three major creditors of Mexico. Emperor Napoleon III of France was the instigator, justifying military intervention by claiming a broad foreign policy of commitment to free trade, for him, a friendly government in Mexico would ensure European access to Latin American markets. Napoleon also wanted the silver that could be mined in Mexico to finance his empire, Napoleon built a coalition with Spain and Britain while the U. S. was deeply engaged in its civil war. The three European powers signed the Treaty of London on 31 October 1861, to unite their efforts to receive payments from Mexico, on 8 December the Spanish fleet and troops arrived at Mexicos main port, Veracruz. When the British and Spanish discovered that France planned to all of Mexico. The subsequent French invasion resulted in the Second Mexican Empire, after heavy guerrilla resistance led by Juárez, which continued even after the capital had fallen in 1863, the French eventually withdrew from Mexico and Maximilian I was executed in 1867. The British, Spanish and French fleets arrived at Veracruz, between 8 and 17 December 1861 intending to pressure the Mexicans into settling their debts, the Spanish fleet seized San Juan de Ulúa and subsequently the capital Veracruz on 17 December. The European forces advanced to Orizaba, Cordoba and Tehuacán, as they had agreed in the Convention of Soledad, the city of Campeche surrendered to the French fleet on 27 February 1862, and a French army, commanded by General Lorencez, arrived on 5 March. When the Spanish and British realised the French ambition was to conquer Mexico, they withdrew their forces on 9 April, in May, the French man-of-war Bayonnaise blockaded Mazatlán for a few days. Mexican forces commanded by General Ignacio Zaragoza defeated the French army in the Battle of Puebla on 5 May 1862, the pursuing Mexican army was contained by the French at Orizaba, Veracruz, on 14 June. More French troops arrived on 21 September, and General Bazaine arrived with French reinforcements on 16 October, the French occupied the port of Tampico on 23 October, and unopposed by Mexican forces took control of Xalapa, Veracruz on 12 December. The French bombarded Veracruz on 15 January 1863, two months later, on 16 March, General Forey and the French Army began the siege of Puebla. They were forced to make a defence in a nearby hacienda, danjou was mortally wounded at the hacienda, and his men mounted an almost suicidal bayonet attack, fighting to nearly the last man, only three French Legionnaires survived. To this day, the anniversary of 30 April remains the most important day of celebration for Legionnaires. The French army of General François Achille Bazaine defeated the Mexican army led by General Comonfort in its campaign to relieve the siege of Puebla, at San Lorenzo, Puebla surrendered to the French shortly afterward, on 17 May. On 31 May, President Juárez fled the city with his cabinet, retreating northward to Paso del Norte, having taken the treasure of the state with them, the government-in-exile remained in Chihuahua until 1867. French troops under Bazaine entered Mexico City on 7 June 1863, the main army entered the city three days later led by General Forey. General Almonte was appointed the provisional President of Mexico on 16 June, the Superior Junta with its 35 members met on 21 June, and proclaimed a Catholic Empire on 10 July
French intervention in Mexico
–
Clockwise from left: French assault during the
Second Battle of Puebla;
French cavalry seize the Republican flag during the
Battle of San Pablo del Monte; depiction of the execution of Emperor Maximilian I by
Édouard Manet.
French intervention in Mexico
–
The
Battle of Puebla, 1862
French intervention in Mexico
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Emperor
Maximilian I of Mexico
French intervention in Mexico
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Battle of Miahuatlán, 3 October 1866
17.
First Battle of Topolobampo
–
The First Battle of Topolobampo was a bloodless engagement and one of the few naval battles of the Mexican Revolution. The small action occurred off Topolobampo, Mexico and involved three gunboats, two from the Mexican Navy and another which mutinied from the armada and joined the rebel Constitutionalists. It was fought on the morning of March 4,1914 and was the first battle of the campaign in the Gulf of California. Guaymas Mutiny On Sunday 22 February 1914, off Guaymas, Mexico a mutiny began at about 8,00 pm when the Mexican Navy gunboat Tampico was refitting for a cruise. Half of the officers and crew were still enjoying shore leave when Executive Officer Lieutenant Hilario Rodríguez Malpica, the mob of sailors then headed for their captain, whom they arrested with violence. Malpica, who had assumed command of the mutineers, informed Captain Manuel Azueta that he intended to sail Tampico to join the Constitutionalists, the Tampico started and intended to head westward. Just then the Huerista gunboat Guerrero, under Captain Navio Torres, was spotted in front of Tampico, Malpica steamed Tampico straight for Guerrero, hoping to ram and sink her. Unfortunately for Tampico, her steering gear malfunctioned and she was forced to turn around, the mutineers transferred Tampicos former captain to a merchant vessel, the SS Herrerias, which took him to Mazatlán, which was still in federal hands at the time. Tampico made it to Topolobampo, which became her home throughout the subsequent naval campaign. Because Tampico was short half of her crew, twenty-five Sinaloan insurgents were ordered to her to become sailors, Guerrero arrived on March 2, where she anchored outside the bar and waited for Morelos which would arrive the following day. Tampico was not in sight however, apparently she was conducting a mission against federal Mexican forces elsewhere, so the two gunboats waited in Topolobampo Bay until the next morning, on March 4, they sighted Tampico as she entered the channel. Guerrero was immediately ordered underway, Morelos followed along Guerrero astern, just seconds after lifting anchor, Guerrero opened fire from around 9,000 yards with her main gun battery. A running battle ensued, Tampico did not stop to fire until after passing Shell Point, once on the other side, Tampico had one other 6-pounder on board but only the one would be used in the battle. Upon receiving fire, Captain Torres, ordered his ship to maneuver into position for an attack with his six 4 inch guns, Guerrero fired. At this time Morelos was about 800 yards off Guerreros portside when she opened fire, a gunnery duel continued for sometime, ultimately no hits were made by either side who were firing at each other from a range of 8,000 to 9,000 yards away. Guerrero had a better armament than Tampico, Guerreros guns were in better condition which gave her a farther range than that of Tampico. This would become a factor in the coming battles which gave the federals a distinct advantage over the Constitutionalist gunboat. Eventually Tampico made for the protection of Topolobampos port, she entered past the bar, the gunboat Guerrero again anchored outside the bar, to initiate a naval blockade while Morelos left for Guaymas for coal and provisions, she would return a few days later
First Battle of Topolobampo
–
Tampico in 1908.
18.
Second Battle of Topolobampo
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The Second Battle of Topolobampo was a bloodless naval engagement during the Mexican Revolution. In March 1914, a rebel Constitutionalist gunboat attempted to break the blockade of Topolobampo, the attack forced federal gunboats to a further distance but failed to lift the blockade. On March 13,1914, at 8,50 am, Tampico was spotted sailing out past the bar and as fast as possible the two federal warships were underway in Tampicos direction. The Guerrero fired the first shots at 9,00 am with her gun battery of six 4 inch guns. Just like during the First Battle of Topolobampo, as soon as the Tampico cleared Shell Point and her first shot landed about twenty yards too short at a range of 9,000 to 10,000 yards, none of the others hit Morelos. The Guerrero and Morelos followed Tampico until stopping so Morelos could return Tampicos broadside with some of her own fire, Morelos fires and then turned about to retreat southwestward, none of her shots hit either. During the retreat, Tampico continued to fire on Morelos which put the USS New Orleans, realizing that he may hit a neutral vessel, Lieutenant Malpica shifted Tampicos fire to the Guerrero. Captain Torres in the Guerrero, receiving fire again, chose to do the same as Morelos by turning around and fleeing, the New Orleans, shifted berth as well, to a safer position in the battle area. Tampico steamed back to the side of the bar and the two federal gunboats anchored farther south than their prior anchorage. All the firing ceased by 9,12 am, the Guerrero fired a total of thirteen shells, the Morelos nine, the range varied between 9, 000-10,000 yards and no hits were made. This time the officers of USS New Orleans noted in their log that the gunnery of the Tampico was considerably better than that of the Guerrero or Morelos, Tampico won a tactical victory by forcing the federal gunboats away though the federal gunboats continued a naval blockade of Topolobambo. The Morelos left for Altata on March 30, a day before the Third Battle of Topolobampo, First Battle of Topolobampo Third Battle of Topolobampo Fourth Battle of Topolobampo http, //www. semar. gob. mx/informes/politicas_armada/parte_dos/capitulo_3. htm Stefoff, Rebecca
Second Battle of Topolobampo
–
A map of Topolobampo and Topolobampo Bay. Shell Point is visible, west of Topolobampo, sticking out into the
Gulf of California.
19.
Third Battle of Topolobampo
–
The Third Battle of Topolobampo was a single ship action during the Mexican Revolution. At the end of March 1914, a Constitutionalist gunboat attempted to break the blockade of Topolobampo, Sinaloa after failing in the First, Constitutionalist warship, Tampico, was sunk in a battle lasting a few hours by a Huertista gunboat. Despite the promotion, Captain Malpica still had the problem of fighting two gunboats, just outside Topolobampos harbor bar, the Morelos and Guerrero, under Captain Navio Torres on Guerrero, were conducting a naval blockade of the port. The Guerrero had blockaded Topolobampo continually since March 2,1914, Morelos arrived a couple days after Guerrero and occasionally left the blockade for provisioning and coal. On March 30, Morelos left again for supplies, leaving Guerrero alone and this gave Captain Malpica a chance to finally lift the blockade of his home port. At 4,32 pm on March 31,1914, the day after Morelos left, Tampico steamed out of the harbor and attacked Guerrero. At this time, Captain Navio Torres was returning an official call from the United States protected cruiser, USS New Orleans, Tampicos fire from two 4 inch guns and one 6-pounder failed to hit the target but were not far off. Guerrero returned with six 4 inch guns and quickly New Orleans turned towards the Huertista vessel and got under way immediately, the Guerrero took up a position off the channel with her broadside towards Tampico. At around 5,30 pm, Captain Malpica in Tampico reached a position abreast of Shell Point, there she opened fire on the Guerrero again at a range of 9,000 yards. Immediately she was answered by Guerreros broadsides, shots managed to hit the officers quarters twice, Tampico suffered four more hits to her bow, and one struck underneath the waterline. Five other shots struck Tampico at the waterline, one amidship, amazingly neither Captain Malpica or any of her sixty other officers and crew sustained injuries. All of the said hits reportedly occurred while Tampico made the first dash towards Guerrero, despite the damage, the ships continued to fire at this position until 6,00 pm came before turning around. After a few more moments Tampico got underway again and headed straight for the Guerrero, Tampico went right on over the bar and proceeded till grounding below the entrance of the harbor. By 6,15 pm, Tampico managed to free herself of the bar and headed northwest, again straight for the Guerrero and under wild fire as USS New Orleans reported. When almost 6,30 pm, because of the darkness, Captain Navio Torres, in the bridge of Guerrero. Guerrero was struck three times by the Tampico, one 4 inch armor-piercing shot, entered the starboard side of the berth deck but failed to detonate. Another landed on deck amid ship and also failed to explode, the third and final hit struck a stanchion outside the bridge, this one did explode. Because it struck above the top-side, the crew of Guerrero, none of Guerreros crew were killed but at least three were wounded
Third Battle of Topolobampo
–
A map of Topolobampo and Topolobampo Bay. Shell Point is clearly visible, west of Topolobampo, sticking out into the
Gulf of California.
20.
Action of 9 April 1914
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The Action of 9 April 1914 was an important turning point in naval and aviation history. On the said one of the first naval/air skirmishes took place. This engagement took place off the coast of western Mexico during the Mexican Revolution, the action was part of the naval campaign off Topolobampo at the edge of the Gulf of California. A Constitutionalist biplane dropped bombs on two Huertista gunboats, they all missed, after four engagements with the Federals, Lieutenant Hilario Malpica, of the gunboat Tampico, was awarded the rank of Captain, apparently by a Constitutionalist commander, General Álvaro Obregón. Tampico sat inside the bar at Topolobampo, partially sunk and blockaded, madero took office, he sponsored five Mexicans to travel to Long Island, New York, to train as pilots at the Moisant International Aviators School. The Famous Five were Gustavo Salinas Camiña, Alberto Salinas Carranza, Camina would eventually be in service during the Mexican Revolution where he was summoned by General Obregon to break the blockade of Topolobampo. Camina was armed with five explosives, which when dropped would detonate upon impact and he flew a Glenn L. Martin Company biplane. The Guerrero was armed with four 4 inch guns, it is not known what Morelos was armed with, in addition, the crews of the gunboats had rifles and pistols. Captain Camina entered Topolobampo Bay, there he sighted the two Huertista gunboats at anchor, little is known but Camina remained high in the air. The aircraft was spotted by lookouts aboard Guerrero and Morelos, the crews were ordered to take up small arms, the bombs fell and Camina turned and headed for home. It is believed the rebel biplane was not hit by small arms fire, the bombs all failed to hit the target, although a couple did detonate near Guerrero. Captain Camina was too high in the sky to have a chance of hitting the gunboats. Either way, the engagement became one of the first naval actions involving aircraft. The commanders of Guerrero and Morelos would be forced to abandon the blockade of Topolobampo, in order to resupply. The end of the blockade gave Tampico a chance to take the fight to the federal gunboats and she would encounter only one, the Guerrero, at the final Fourth Battle of Topolobampo. Morelos would not participate, she was destroyed during the Siege of Mazatlan, Action of 17 February 1864 Villard, Henry Serrano Contact. The Story of the Early Birds, New York, Thomas Y Crowell Company, as quoted on Ralph Coopers website The Early Birds of Aviation on the page devoted to Moisants Cross-Channel Flight,1910
Action of 9 April 1914
–
Captain Camina and his biplane which attacked Guerrero and Morelos in Topolobampo Bay
21.
Fourth Battle of Topolobampo
–
The Fourth Battle of Topolobampo was a single ship action fought during the Mexican Revolution and the last naval battle of the Topolobampo Campaign. In June 1914, a Huertista gunboat sank a Constitutionalist gunboat off Topolobampo, several United States Navy ships were in the area, observing the campaign. Flagship USS California, USS New Orleans, USS Preble and USS Perry were all present and were under the Pacific Fleet commander Rear Admiral Thomas B, USS Yorktown was also in the area. Much of the campaign is remembered by Rear Admiral Howards and his officers reports of the battles, on June 11,1914, the Tampico was sighted by Howard when off Mazatlán while commanding his flagship. On Sunday, June 14,1914, Howard received a report that Tampico was steaming away from Topolobampo to Altata and he ordered the destroyer USS Preble, under Lieutenant Junior Grade Vance Duncan Chapline, to find Tampico and follow her. Preble immediately got underway at about 3,30 pm, from Mazatlán, she steamed north toward Topolobampo. The destroyer Perry, which was off La Paz, was ordered to head for Topolobampo, Prebles commander, did not know what course or speed Tampico was making, so he slowly proceeded to Topolobampo, hoping to sight the ship at around daylight the next morning. At roughly 7,30 am on June 15, Tampico was sighted to the west at latitude 25°14 north, Preble approached to within two miles of Tampico and stopped. Tampicos crew spotted Preble and also stopped, a few moments later, a lifeboat was dropped and a Mexican officer named Rebatet boarded Preble and presented the compliments of Captain Malpica. Rebatet also told Lieutenant Chapline how Tampico had been underwater for two months as result of the action off Topolobampo. On June 14, Tampico left Topolobampo under one boiler and proceeded to sea en route to Altata, there Captain Malpica expected to retube Tampicos boilers and improve the quality of her machinery. From there, Malpicas mission would be to attack the Huerista gunboat Guerrero, after destroying the Guerrero, Tampico would begin a commerce raiding campaign against targets along the west coast of Mexico. Tampico had steamed only thirty miles when her one remaining boiler had burned out of action, repairs to the boiler were attempted, but proved fruitless, eventually Captain Malpica requested that the American destroyer tow Tampico into Altata, eighty miles away. By this time, USS Perry had arrived, so Lieutenant Chapline was forced to deny Malpicas request, the Mexicans then asked Chapline to send a radio message to Rear Admiral Howard. Captain Malpica also asked if Prebles commander would come to see him, Prebles radioman sent the message as requested. At about 5,30 pm, Chapline boarded Tampico, at the time, Malpicas leg was covered in bandages, a week or so earlier, he had accidentally fired his revolver into his foot and could barely walk during the final battle. The captain was happy to learn that a message had sent to Rear Admiral Howard. The U. S. Navy officers inspected the Mexican gunboat, the Tampico had a raised deck forward and aft, each of which mounted one of the 4 inch rapid-fire guns
Fourth Battle of Topolobampo
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Map of the Fourth Battle of Topolobampo, drawn by the U.S. Navy observers during the battle.
Fourth Battle of Topolobampo
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Tampico in 1908.
Fourth Battle of Topolobampo
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USS Preble
Fourth Battle of Topolobampo
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USS New Orleans
22.
United States occupation of Veracruz
–
For other battles at Veracruz see Battle of Veracruz. The United States occupation of Veracruz began with the Battle of Veracruz and lasted for seven months, the incident came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States, and was related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution. The Tampico Affair was set off when nine American sailors were arrested by the Mexican government for entering off-limit areas in Tampico, the unarmed sailors were arrested when they entered a fuel loading station. The sailors were released, but the U. S. naval commander demanded an apology, the apology was provided but not the salute. In the end, the response from U. S. President Woodrow Wilson ordered the U. S. Navy to prepare for the occupation of the port of Veracruz, while awaiting authorization from the U. S. As a result, Wilson issued an order to seize the ports customs office. Huerta had usurped the presidency of Mexico with the assistance of the American ambassador Henry Lane Wilson during a coup détat in February 1913 known as La decena trágica. The arms shipment to Mexico, in fact, in part originated from the Remington Arms company in the U. S. went to Odessa, Russia to Hamburg, where De Kay added to the load. The arms and ammunition were to be shipped via Hamburg, Germany, the landing of the arms was blocked at Veracruz but they were discharged a few weeks later in Puerto Mexico, a port controlled by Huerta at the time. On the morning of April 21,1914, warships of the United States Atlantic Fleet under the command of Rear Admiral Frank Friday Fletcher, began preparations for the seizure of the Veracruz waterfront. At 11,12 hrs, consul William Canada watched from the roof of the American Consulate that the first boatload of Marines were leaving the auxiliary vessel USS Prairie, by 11,30, with whaleboats swung over the side,502 U. S. As the landing party moved toward pier 4, Veracruzs main wharf, the invaders encountered no resistance as they exited the whaleboats, formed ranks into a Marine and a seaman regiment, and began marching toward their objectives. This initial show of force was enough to prompt the retreat of the Mexican forces led by General Gustavo Maass, in the face of this, Commodore Manuel Azueta encouraged cadets of the Veracruz Naval Academy to take up the defense of the port for themselves. Also, about 200 line soldiers of the Mexican Army remained behind to fight the invaders along with the citizens of Veracruz, Arms were distributed to the population, who were largely untrained in the use of Mausers and had trouble finding the correct ammunition. In short, the defense of the city by its populace was hindered by the lack of central organization and a lack of adequate supplies. The defense of the city included the release of the prisoners held at the La Galera military prison. Although the landing had been unopposed as U. S. forces marched into the city. Just after noon, fighting began with the 2nd Advance Base Regiment under Colonel Wendell C, neville becoming heavily involved in a firefight in the rail yards
United States occupation of Veracruz
–
Sergeant Major
John H. Quick of the U.S. Marines raises the American flag over Veracruz.
United States occupation of Veracruz
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American ships at Veracruz.
United States occupation of Veracruz
–
The senior officers of the 1st Marine Brigade photographed at Veracruz in 1914. Front row, left to right: Lt. Col.
Wendell C. Neville; Col.
John A. Lejeune; Col.
Littleton W. T. Waller, Commanding; and Maj.
Smedley Butler.
United States occupation of Veracruz
–
Map of Veracruz for April 1914, showing the naval artillery attacks by USS Prairie on April 21 and by USS San Francisco and USS Chester on the April 22
23.
Mexican corvette Zaragoza
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Zaragoza was a corvette of the Mexican Navy in commission from 1892 until 1926. Although designed as a ship of war, she spent most of her career serving as a training ship. The vessel was ordered by the Mexican government, and built in 1891 by the French Société Nouvelle des Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée shipyard at Le Havre. It was a vessel, with sails and a steam engine, armed with six Schneider-Canet 10 cm cannon. The corvette was commissioned in France by Commodore Ángel Ortiz Monasterio, Zaragoza acted as guard to the Spanish Royal Yacht and was visited by Queen Maria Cristina. On returning to Mexico, Zaragoza made two voyages, to New Orleans and to France, before becoming the first Mexican Navy ship to circumnavigate the world. She sailed from Tampico on 5 April 1894, still under Captain Brentons command, south along the coast of South America and through the Strait of Magellan, on 23 April 1896, now again under the command of Commodore Ortiz, she sailed from Guaymas. After visiting San Francisco she sailed west across the Pacific, calling at Hawaii, Japan and Hong Kong, before stopping at Singapore, India and Egypt. She sailed through the Suez Canal entering the Mediterranean Sea, and headed for France, an account of the voyage was published by Zaragozas medical officer Dr. Carlos Glass. Between 1898-1905 Zaragoza took part in operations against the Maya rebels of Yucatán, transporting troops, supplies, in 1905 Zaragoza was part of the squadron that accompanied President Porfirio Díaz in his visit to Yucatán. During the Mexican Revolution Zaragoza served under the government of President Francisco I. Madero, and assisted in suppressing the revolt led by Félix Díaz, in April 1914, Zaragoza was at Tampico when United States troops landed in nearby Veracruz, but took no offensive action. In 1923-24, Zaragoza took part in Adolfo de la Huertas failed uprising against the government of Álvaro Obregón, in October 1919 she escorted the Uruguayan cruiser Uruguay, as she returned the remains of the poet Amado Nervo, who died while serving as Mexicos ambassador to Uruguay. After 34 years service, and in condition, the Zaragoza was finally decommissioned on 6 March 1926 in a ceremony led by the Secretary of War Joaquín Amaro. The ship was stripped, and the hulk towed to sea to be sunk by gunfire
Mexican corvette Zaragoza
–
History
24.
President of Mexico
–
The President of the United Mexican States is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces, the current President is Enrique Peña Nieto, who took office on December 1,2012. Currently, the office of the President is considered to be revolutionary, another legacy of the Revolution is its ban on re-election. Mexican presidents are limited to a single term, called a sexenio. No one who has held the post, even on a basis, is allowed to run or serve again. The constitution and the office of the President closely follow the system of government. Chapter III of Title III of the Constitution deals with the branch of government and sets forth the powers of the president. He is vested with the executive power of the Union. Be a resident of Mexico for at least twenty years, be thirty-five years of age or older at the time of the election. Be a resident of Mexico for the year prior to the election. Not be an official or minister of any church or religious denomination, not be in active military service during the six months prior to the election. Not have been president already, even in a provisional capacity, the ban on any sort of presidential re-election, dating back to the aftermath of the Porfiriato and the end of the Mexican Revolution, has remained in place even as it was relaxed for other offices. In 2014, the constitution was amended to allow Deputies and Senators to run for a consecutive term. Previously, Deputies and Senators were barred from successive re-election, however, the restriction on presidential re-election, even if it is nonsuccessive, remained in place. The presidential term was set at four years from 1821 to 1934, the president is elected by direct, popular, universal suffrage. Whoever wins a plurality of the national vote is elected. The most recent former President, Felipe Calderón, won with 36. 38% of the votes in the 2006 general election, finishing only 0.56 percent above his nearest rival, Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Former President Vicente Fox was elected with a plurality of 43% of the vote, Ernesto Zedillo won 48% of the vote
President of Mexico
–
Incumbent
Enrique Peña Nieto since December 1, 2012
President of Mexico
–
Mexican Presidential Standard
25.
Mexico City
–
Mexico City, or City of Mexico, is the capital and most populous city of Mexico. As an alpha global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas and it is located in the Valley of Mexico, a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres. The city consists of sixteen municipalities, the 2009 estimated population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people, with a land area of 1,485 square kilometres. The Greater Mexico City has a domestic product of US$411 billion in 2011. The city was responsible for generating 15. 8% of Mexicos Gross Domestic Product, as a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America—five times as large as Costa Ricas and about the same size as Perus. Mexico’s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians, the other being Quito. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the district was created in 1824. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution has controlled both of them, in recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29,2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District and is now in transition to become the countrys 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the federation, it can never become a state, the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan was founded by the Mexica people in 1325. According to legend, the Mexicas principal god, Huitzilopochtli indicated the site where they were to build their home by presenting an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak. Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around Lake Texcoco, when the Spaniards arrived, the Aztec Empire had reached much of Mesoamerica, touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. After landing in Veracruz, Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés advanced upon Tenochtitlan with the aid of many of the native peoples. Cortés put Moctezuma under house arrest, hoping to rule through him, the Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone, and they elected a new king, Cuitláhuac, but he soon died, the next king was Cuauhtémoc. Cortés began a siege of Tenochtitlan in May 1521, for three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of smallpox brought by the Europeans. Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island, the Spaniards practically razed Tenochtitlan during the final siege of the conquest. Cortés first settled in Coyoacán, but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order and he did not establish a territory under his own personal rule, but remained loyal to the Spanish crown
Mexico City
–
From above
Torre Latinoamericana,
Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral,
Anillo Periférico,
World Trade Center Mexico City,
Angel of Independence,
Chapultepec Castle,
St. Regis Hotel Tower and
Torre Mayor, Skyline of
Paseo de la Reforma and
Palacio de Bellas Artes.
Mexico City
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Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital.
Mexico City
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The ruins of the
Templo Mayor.
Mexico City
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The
Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral was built by the Spaniards over the ruins of the main Aztec temple.
26.
Naval Infantry Force
–
The Naval Infantry Force are the marine corps and amphibious infantry force of the Mexican Navy. The main task of the Infantería de Marina is to guarantee the security of the countrys ports. To accomplish these responsibilities, the corps is trained and equipped to take on any type of operations from Sea, Air, the Naval Infantry are responsible for port security, protection of the ten-kilometer coastal fringe, and patrolling major waterways. The Naval Infantry execute the tasks, Command and Control, Planning, preparation. Amphibious assault, To execute amphibious operations as part of a Naval Force, Air assault, To run infiltration operations in areas of difficult access. Amphibious command, To execute special operations such as, reconnaissance, incursions, urban combat, immediate Response, To run operations in emergency situations, to help the civilian population. The navy has carried out permanent intense anti-narcotic operations, one of its big seizures was in late October 2007, when navy personnel in a joint operation with other agencies seized 23 tons of cocaine in the port city of Manzanillo, Colima. Due to its actions, the Navy and in kind the Naval Infantry Force has risen in stature in the United States, the vessel was found to be loaded with 5.8 tons of cocaine and was towed to Huatulco, Oaxaca, by a Navy patrol boat. The shield anchor, crossed with the carbine, has part of the Naval Infantry since 1823. The shield of the Naval Infantry, as today, is the essence of their integration into the meaning of heraldry, together they represent the dedication to serve Mexico by air, land and sea. The color red has always characterized the Marines around the world, the Iconography of the Marines of Mexico has developed a description of the banner as follows, the center, the Marine Shield with its original colors, scarlet red cloth with gold-colored robes. In addition to being waved at official ceremonies, the flag of the Marines accompanying the forces in the Operations are entrusted, parades, moreover, it is waving in the offices of Command Units IM, General Coordinator of Marine and offices of the Secretary of the Navy. The overall head of the Naval Infantry is the President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto, the development plan of the Ministry of the Navy presented by the Executive C. Secretary of the Navy admiral, stated that the Navy of Mexico should be organized, equipped and trained to anticipate. It falls into a concept which states that given the need to respond as a projection of naval power. According to the task, units are integrated to meet requirements identified in a variety of environments, their capacity to be transported by air, sea. Each has a manpower of 3,000 men. The 24th Marine Battalion Presidential Guards, created in 1983, is responsible for providing security to the President and it is quartered in the Mexico City, like the BIMFUSPAR
Naval Infantry Force
–
Mexican Marines during an operation against
Los Zetas
Naval Infantry Force
–
Naval Infantry emblem
Naval Infantry Force
–
Mexican Marines during an operation against a drug cartel at
Xalapa, Veracruz
27.
Mexican Naval Aviation
–
The Mexican Naval Aviation, is the naval air arm of the Mexican Navy. The Mexican Navy is divided into two fleets, Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Naval aviation for Mexico dates back its roots all the way to 1918, when an indigenous made float biplane was successfully tested at the Port of Veracruz, in the year 1926 a squadron of float planes were designed and made for the Mexican Navy, but without personnel. Carlos Castillo Breton, became the very first Naval pilot in 1927 after training in The U. S. between 1927 and 1943, some aircraft were acquired, with a total of seven naval officers gaining their wings, although some of these joined the Mexican Air Force. World War II saw the creation of the Naval Aviation school in 1943 at Las Bajadas and these were also ex-FAM aircraft, used to patrol the Gulf of Mexico for German submarines and were later used for training at the Naval Aviation School. In 1999, the Mexican navy started a programme to build kit planes and light helicopters at Las Bajadas, more recent purchases to the fleet were three ex-IDF/AF E-2C Hawkeyes, the first arriving in early July 2004. At the end of the month, the first two EADS upgraded C212-200 Aviocars flew back to Mexico, with the remainder six being upgraded at BAN Las Bajadas. The most recent purchase are two AS565 Panthers and these helicopters will perform shipborne duties. The factor of the geographical position, requires the deployment of units and aircraft facilities
Mexican Naval Aviation
–
Roundel
28.
Maritime Search and Rescue (Mexico)
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The Mexican Maritime Search and Rescue is the Mexican Navys SAR Unit, it is responsible for improving the quality and effectiveness of the Navys response to Mexicos maritime emergencies. The Mexican Navy historically has been responsible for the search and rescue operations using its available resources, there are two types of Search and Rescue Naval Stations Estaciones Navales de Búsqueda y Rescate. Type A Naval Stations are equipped with one 47-Foot Motor Lifeboat and 2 33-Foot Defender Class boats, Type B are equipped with 33-Foot Defender Class boats. The first Naval Station to be active was opened on April 6,2007 in Puerto Vallarta, in Total the Maritime SAR unit goal is 19 ENSAR stations,6 Type As and 13 Type Bs
Maritime Search and Rescue (Mexico)
–
Service Mark
29.
Heroica Escuela Naval Militar
–
The Heroica Escuela Naval Militar is the officer training academy of the Mexican Navy. It began operations on 1 June 1897 with a group of cadets from the Armys Colegio Militar who had expressed an interest in training as naval officers and it was originally located on the premises of the military garrison in Veracruz. Its original staff comprised one commandant, two officers, six teachers, and 26 cadets and it was given the appellation Heroica for its efforts in defending the port during the 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz. On 11 November 1952 the Academy relocated to new premises in Antón Lizardo, Veracruz Before graduating, last year cadets take an instructional journey on the ARM Cuauhtémoc
Heroica Escuela Naval Militar
–
ARM Cuauhtémoc
30.
Veracruz
–
It is divided in 212 municipalities and its capital city is Xalapa-Enríquez. This state is located in Eastern Mexico and it is bordered by the states of Tamaulipas to the north, San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo to the west, Puebla to the southwest, Oaxaca and Chiapas to the south, and Tabasco to the southeast. On its east, Veracruz has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico, the state is noted for its mixed ethnic and indigenous populations. Its cuisine reflects the cultural influences that have come through the state because of the importance of the port of Veracruz. In addition to the city, the states largest cities include Veracruz, Coatzacoalcos, Córdoba, Minatitlán, Poza Rica, Boca Del Río. The full name of the state is Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave, Veracruz was named after the city of Veracruz, which was originally called the Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz. The suffix is in honor of Ignacio de la Llave y Segura Zevallos, the state’s seal was authorized by the state legislature in 1954, adapting the one used for the port of Veracruz and created by the Spanish in the early 16th century. The state is a strip of land wedged between the Sierra Madre Oriental to the west and the Gulf of Mexico to the east. Its total area is 78,815 km2, accounting for about 3. 7% of Mexico’s total territory and it stretches about 650 km north to south, but its width varies from between 212 km to 36 km, with an average of about 100 km in width. Veracruz shares common borders with the states of Tamaulipas, Oaxaca and Chiapas, Tabasco, and Puebla, Hidalgo, Veracruz has 690 km of coastline with the Gulf of Mexico. The topography changes drastically, rising from the coastal plains to the highlands of the eastern Sierra Madre. Elevation varies from sea level to the Pico de Orizaba, Mexico’s highest peak at 5,636 m above sea level, the coast consists of low sandy strips interspersed with tidewater streams and lagoons. Most of the coastline is narrow and sandy with unstable dunes, small shifting lagoons. The mountains are of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, major peaks include Pico de Orizaba, Cofre de Perote, Cerro de Tecomates, Cerro del Vigía Alta and Cerro de 3 Tortas. The Pico de Orizaba is covered in snow year round, the Cofre de Perote is covered in winter, major valleys include the Acultzingo, Córdoba, Maltrata, Orizaba and San Andrés. All of the rivers and streams cross the state begin in the Sierra Madre Oriental or in the Central Mesa. The largest in terms of discharge are the Pánuco, Tuxpan, Papaloapan, Coazocoalcos. The Panuco, Tuxpan, Papaloapan and Coatzacoalcos are navigable, two of Mexicos most polluted rivers, the Coatzacoalcos and the Río Blanco are located in the state
Veracruz
–
Pico de Orizaba
Veracruz
–
Flag
Veracruz
–
Jamapa River
Veracruz
–
Mountain formation in the south of the state
31.
Mexican Naval Infantry
–
The Naval Infantry Force are the marine corps and amphibious infantry force of the Mexican Navy. The main task of the Infantería de Marina is to guarantee the security of the countrys ports. To accomplish these responsibilities, the corps is trained and equipped to take on any type of operations from Sea, Air, the Naval Infantry are responsible for port security, protection of the ten-kilometer coastal fringe, and patrolling major waterways. The Naval Infantry execute the tasks, Command and Control, Planning, preparation. Amphibious assault, To execute amphibious operations as part of a Naval Force, Air assault, To run infiltration operations in areas of difficult access. Amphibious command, To execute special operations such as, reconnaissance, incursions, urban combat, immediate Response, To run operations in emergency situations, to help the civilian population. The navy has carried out permanent intense anti-narcotic operations, one of its big seizures was in late October 2007, when navy personnel in a joint operation with other agencies seized 23 tons of cocaine in the port city of Manzanillo, Colima. Due to its actions, the Navy and in kind the Naval Infantry Force has risen in stature in the United States, the vessel was found to be loaded with 5.8 tons of cocaine and was towed to Huatulco, Oaxaca, by a Navy patrol boat. The shield anchor, crossed with the carbine, has part of the Naval Infantry since 1823. The shield of the Naval Infantry, as today, is the essence of their integration into the meaning of heraldry, together they represent the dedication to serve Mexico by air, land and sea. The color red has always characterized the Marines around the world, the Iconography of the Marines of Mexico has developed a description of the banner as follows, the center, the Marine Shield with its original colors, scarlet red cloth with gold-colored robes. In addition to being waved at official ceremonies, the flag of the Marines accompanying the forces in the Operations are entrusted, parades, moreover, it is waving in the offices of Command Units IM, General Coordinator of Marine and offices of the Secretary of the Navy. The overall head of the Naval Infantry is the President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto, the development plan of the Ministry of the Navy presented by the Executive C. Secretary of the Navy admiral, stated that the Navy of Mexico should be organized, equipped and trained to anticipate. It falls into a concept which states that given the need to respond as a projection of naval power. According to the task, units are integrated to meet requirements identified in a variety of environments, their capacity to be transported by air, sea. Each has a manpower of 3,000 men. The 24th Marine Battalion Presidential Guards, created in 1983, is responsible for providing security to the President and it is quartered in the Mexico City, like the BIMFUSPAR
Mexican Naval Infantry
–
Mexican Marines during an operation against
Los Zetas
Mexican Naval Infantry
–
Naval Infantry emblem
Mexican Naval Infantry
–
Mexican Marines during an operation against a drug cartel at
Xalapa, Veracruz
32.
Fuerzas Especiales
–
The Fuerzas Especiales, also known as FES, is a special operations unit of the Mexican Navy officially established in late 2001. Its motto is Fuerza, Espíritu, Sabiduría and its origin lies in the Marine Airborne Battalion of the early 1990s. The units mission is to carry out special operations in order to protect the nations maritime interests. The group has 460 members divided in two groups of 230 members for each Naval Force, the special forces course lasts 53 weeks. They are units organized, trained and equipped to operate independently in maritime, lake, riverine or terrestrial scenarios
Fuerzas Especiales
–
FES insignia
33.
47-Foot Motor Lifeboat
–
The 47-foot MLB is the standard lifeboat of the United States Coast Guard. The 47′ MLB is the successor to the 44′ MLB, at Station Chatham where the new 47-foot boat would draw too much to get over the bar, the 42-foot Near Shore Lifeboat was designed to replace the 44 MLB. The 47 MLB is designed to weather hurricane force winds and heavy seas, capable of surviving winds up to 60 knots, breaking surf up to 6 m, if the boat should capsize, it self-rights in less than ten seconds with all equipment fully functional. The boats hull and superstructure are constructed entirely from 5456 marine grade aluminum, designed with a hard chined deep V planing hull, the 47 MLB exceeds its hull speed. The frame is composed of 17 vertical bulkhead frames, each of which is welded to the deck and hull, employing fly-by-wire control systems, the boat can be operated from four different locations, two from the enclosed bridge, and two amidships from an open bridge. Situated less than 1 ft above the line are recessed retrieval wells, allowing for easier recovery of persons and jetsam. A watertight survivors compartment is equipped for comprehensive first aid and it is situated at the combined center of rotation of the ship. com
47-Foot Motor Lifeboat
–
A USCG 47′ MLB in
Morro Bay
34.
Defender-class boat
–
The Defender-class boat, also called Response Boat – Small and Response Boat – Homeland Security, is a standard boat introduced by the United States Coast Guard in 2002. The boats serve a variety of missions, including search and rescue, port security, the design length of the hull is 25 feet and the boat is officially referred to as such. However, the length with engines mounted is approximately 29 feet. Powered by twin 225 hp outboard motors, they are capable of speeds in excess of 46 knots and have a range of 150 to 175 nautical miles, the boat requires a minimum crew of two persons, but has a carrying capacity for 10 persons. The boat is easily trailerable and can be transported by a C-130 Hercules aircraft or truck, although similar in appearance to a rigid-hulled inflatable boat, the Defender is actually an aluminum-hulled vessel, equipped with a rigid foam-filled flotation collar. The first generation of boats were built by SAFE Boats International of Bremerton, Washington, the replacement second generation was ordered in 2011 from Metal Shark Boats. The Defender class utilizes a rigid deep-V hull constructed of marine grade aluminum, while similar in appearance to the sponson of a rigid-hulled inflatable boat the Defenders collar is actually made from rigid polyethylene foam. The boat is powered by two 225 horsepower outboard engines, usually Honda four-strokes though Mercury and Johnson engines have also been used, tow bitts are fitted forward and aft which also serve as mounting points for M240B or M60 machine guns. The Defender A class or Response Boat - Homeland Security was the first version of the Defender class, some A-class boats in service with the Maritime Security Response Team have gray collars instead of the more common orange. The Defender B-class, also known as the Response Boat - Small is a development of the A class. First entering service in 2003 it has a longer cabin, additional spotter windows aft, shock mitigating cabin seats, a smaller 105 gallon fuel tank. It is the most common of the three classes, the first C-class boats were delivered to Port Security Unit 305 in May 2008 for testing and entered operational service at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in 2009. With the Defender-class boats nearing the end of their 10-year service life, the request called for a 25–30 foot boat, with weapon mounts, a minimum speed of 40 knots, and a range of at least 150 nautical miles. Equipment of the United States Coast Guard Response boat-medium U. S. Coast Guard, Response boat-small fact sheet Defender Class | bdmilitary. com
Defender-class boat
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Defender-class boat
Defender-class boat
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A 25-foot (8 m) Defender A-class boat from
Maritime Safety and Security Team 91106 in New York Harbor.
Defender-class boat
–
A Defender C-class boat on patrol near
Guantanamo Bay
Defender-class boat
–
A Defender-class boat in service with the Kenya Navy Special Boat Unit
35.
Berlin-class replenishment ship
–
The Type 702 Berlin class replenishment ship is a series of multi-product replenishment oilers, originally designed and built for service in the German Navy. The Berlin-class replenishment ships are the largest vessels of the German Navy and they are intended to support German naval units away from their home ports. The ships carry fuel, provisions, ammunition and other matériel, the ships are named after German cities where German parliaments were placed. The initial requirement of the German Navy was for two ships of class, built by Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft. A third unit was built by a consortium of several German shipyards and was launched in 2011, on 13 September 2013, Bonn was commissioned into service by the German Navy at Wilhelmshaven. Two ships will be procured to replace the two Protecteur-class vessels currently operated by the RCN under the Joint Support Ship Project, the ships will be built by Seaspan Marine Corporation at the Vancouver Shipyards facility located in North Vancouver, British Columbia. The design was chosen over a design by BMT Technology, at the time, the option for a third was still possible. The two ships will be named Queenston and Chateauguay, for battles from the War of 1812, canadian sailors previewed Bonn in order to make themselves familiar with the design
Berlin-class replenishment ship
–
A1411 Berlin
Berlin-class replenishment ship
–
Berlin (A1411)
Berlin-class replenishment ship
–
MLG 27 on board Berlin
Berlin-class replenishment ship
–
Frankfurt am Main (A1412) departing Portsmouth, UK, 26 January 2009.
36.
MBB Bo 105
–
The Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 is a light, twin-engine, multi-purpose helicopter developed by Bölkow of Ottobrunn, Germany. It holds the distinction of being the first light helicopter in the world. The Bo 105 features a revolutionary hingeless rotor system, at time a pioneering innovation in helicopters when it was introduced into service in 1970. Production of the Bo 105 began at the then-recently merged Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm, MBB became a part of Eurocopter in 1991, who continued production of the type until 2001. The Bo 105 was formally replaced in Eurocopters product range by the newer Eurocopter EC135, in 1964, development work began at Bölkow upon the helicopter that would become the Bo 105, although work on the hingeless rotor it would use had begun earlier. On 16 February 1967, the second Bo 105A prototype conducted its maiden flight at Ottobrunn in Germany, sud Aviation worked with Bölkow on developing the rotorcraft, an Alouette II helicopter was modified with the Bo 105s rotor and used to test its performance envelope. The third Bo 105 prototype was equipped with the production standard MAN Turbo 6022 turboshaft engines. On 13 October 1970, the German Civil Aviation Authority certified the Bo 105, initial deliveries for the first customers, ADAC Air Rescue and the Bavarian State Police, took place shortly thereafter. In 1972, a version of the rotorcraft with more powerful engines, the Bo 105C, was developed. However, nothing came of the Bo 106 project. In 1976, the Bo 105CB, equipped with more powerful Allison 250-C20B engines, was introduced, US aerospace firm Boeing-Vertol served as a partner in the types production and further development, and marketed the BO105 in the US market. Improvements and modifications to the Bo 105 LS continued until 1995, production of the Bo 105 by Eurocopter formally ended in 2001, principally due to the type having been superseded by the more modern Eurocopter EC135, itself a direct development from the Bo 105. By the end of production, a total of 1,406 rotorcraft had been manufactured and delivered to operators in 55 nations worldwide, during the 1970s, the Bo 105 was known for having a great useful load capacity and higher cruise speed than the majority of its competitors. While not being considered a visually attractive helicopter by some pilots, the Bo 105 was known for possessing steady, responsive controls and a good flight attitude. Most models could perform steep dives, rolls, loops, turnovers, perhaps the most significant feature of the Bo 105 is its rotor blades and rotor head. The reliability of the rotor system is such that, in over six million operating hours across the fleet. When outfitted with optional fuel tanks, a basic model Bo 105 had a flight endurance of roughly five hours under load. In the event of an engine failure, the Bo 105 could typically continue its flight, albeit with a reduction in cruise speed
MBB Bo 105
–
Bo 105
MBB Bo 105
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Offshore-configured Bo 105
MBB Bo 105
–
A view of a Bo 105's engine, transmission, and main rotor
MBB Bo 105
–
Germany Army Bo 105, 1986
37.
Acapulco
–
Acapulco de Juárez, commonly called Acapulco, is a city, municipality and major seaport in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast of Mexico,380 kilometres south of Mexico City. Acapulco is located on a deep, semicircular bay and has been a port since the colonial period of Mexicos history. It is a port of call for shipping and cruise lines running between Panama and San Francisco, California, United States, the city of Acapulco is the largest in the state, far larger than the state capital Chilpancingo. Acapulco is also Mexicos largest beach and balneario resort city, the city is best known as one of Mexicos oldest and most well-known beach resorts, which came into prominence in the 1950s as a getaway for Hollywood stars and millionaires. Acapulco is still famous and still attracts tourists, although most are now from Mexico itself. The name Acapulco comes from Nahuatl language Aca-pōl-co, and means where the reeds were destroyed or washed away, the de Juárez was added to the official name in 1885 to honor Benito Juárez, former President of Mexico. The seal for the city shows broken reeds or cane, the island and municipality of Capul, in the Philippines, derives its name from Acapulco, Capul was the western end of the trans-Pacific sailing route from Acapulco to what was then a Spanish colony. At Acapulco Bay itself, there were two Olmec sites, one by Playa Larga and the other on a known as El Guitarrón. Olmec influence caused the small villages here to coalesce into larger entities. Later, Teotihuacan influence made its way here via Cuernavaca and Chilpancingo, then Mayan influence arrived from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and through what is now Oaxaca. This history is known through the archaeological artifacts that have found here, especially at Playa Hornos, Pie de la Cuesta. In the 11th century, new waves of migration of Nahuas and Coixas came through here and these people were the antecedents of the Aztecs. In the later 15th century, after four years of military struggle and it was annexed to a tributary province named Tepecuacuilco. However, this was only transitory, as the Aztecs could only establish a military post at the citys outskirts. The city was on territory under control of the Yopes, who continued defending it, there are two stories about how Acapulco bay was discovered by Europeans. The first states that two years after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Hernán Cortés sent explorers west to find gold, the explorers had subdued this area after 1523, and Captain Saavedra Cerón was authorized by Cortés to found a settlement here. The other states that the bay was discovered on December 13,1526 by a ship named the El Tepache Santiago captained by Santiago Guevara. The first encomendero was established in 1525 at Cacahuatepec, which is part of the modern Acapulco municipality, in 1531, a number of Spaniards, most notably Juan Rodriguez de Villafuerte, left the Oaxaca coast and founded the village of Villafuerte where the city of Acapulco now stands
Acapulco
–
Acapulco panoramic collage. Top, from left to right: Acapulco Bay from Chapel of Peace, Petroglyphs in Palma Sola, Nuestra Señora de la Soledad Cathedral, Mural by Diego Rivera in Dolores Olmedo House, San Diego Fort, La Quebrada, La Condesa Beach, Acapulco Dorado and Acapulco Diamante.
Acapulco
–
Acapulco
Acapulco
–
View of Acapulco, 1879, oil painting by
Carl Saltzmann
Acapulco
–
The Bay of Acapulco from the top of Palma Sola
38.
Mexican Air Force
–
The Mexican Air Force is the primary aerial warfare service branch of the Mexican Armed Forces. It is a component of the Mexican Army and depends on the National Defense Secretariat, since November 2013, its commander is Gen. Carlos Antonio Rodríguez Munguía. On February 5,1915, the leader of the Constitutionalist Army, Venustiano Carranza, founded the Arma de Aviación Militar and its first commander was Lt. Alberto Salinas Carranza. In 1925, due to the shortage of airplanes caused by World War I, Mexico set up the National Aviation Workshops to design and build its own airplanes and aeroengines. When U. S. Therefore, Mexico acquired some British Avro 504K and Avro 504J airplanes, in addition, in May 1920, Mexico acquired thirteen twin-engine bombers Farman F.50. Some of these conflicts, that were decided mostly by the use of the Air Force, are mentioned below. On December 7,1923, former President Adolfo de la Huerta launched a coup against the government of President Álvaro Obregón. The situation was critical, because along with de la Huerta, about 60% of the army revolted. The military coup was then suffocated by February 1924, a territorial war was that of the Sonora Yaqui Indians who demanded by force that previous territorial treaties were implemented. The conflict lasted from 1926 to 1927, and it came to an end when a new treaty was implemented. When President Plutarco Elías Calles pushed for the creation of the Mexican Apostolic Catholic Church, independent of Rome and this long civil war lasted from 1926 to 1929. In May 1927, while General Obregón seemed keen to impose the presidency to General Calles and his command posts were located in the cities of Puebla and Veracruz, where he led approximately 200 federal deserters, ammunition and weapons. The air force played a key role in their defeat, then, on March 3,1929, a serious military coup took place, led by General José Gonzalo Escobar and heeded by various other generals. Only two weeks making the request, the U. S. government agreed, and several Mexican pilots travelled to Brownsville, Texas. The key victory was decided in late March 1929 at the Battle of Jiménez, Chihuahua and this rebellion was quite serious, since a third of the officials and nearly 30,000 soldiers rebelled, in two months, more than 2000 men had been killed. The Air Force organized a fleet of 17 aircraft that included some new V-99M Corsair. Cedillo quickly realized he had no chance in open fields against the air force and ran to the Huasteca Hills, with the imminent collapse of the Spanish Republic in 1939, the Mexican government took delivery of military aircraft destined for the Republic, strengthening its arsenal. The Escuadrón 201, a P-47D fighter squadron of the Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana and it consisted of 25 aircraft and had 300 airmen and supporting staff
Mexican Air Force
–
The Curtiss aircraft Sonora was used for observation and bombing. Mexico, 1913.
Mexican Air Force
–
Mexican Air Force Symbol
Mexican Air Force
–
Alfredo Lezama Alvarez, Unknown pilot,
Luis Farell; on the far right is Eliseo Martín del Campo. Mid-late 1920s.
Mexican Air Force
–
Emilio Carranza.
39.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
United States Navy
United States Navy
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United States Navy portal
United States Navy
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USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente during the
Quasi-War
United States Navy
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USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere during the
War of 1812
40.
Combat Boat 90
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Stridsbåt 90 H is a class of fast military assault craft originally developed for the Swedish Navy by Dockstavarvet. Also the German Navy plans to equip the Berlin-class replenishment ships with the CB90 and its light weight, shallow draught, and twin water jets allow it to operate at speeds of up to 40 knots in shallow coastal waters. The water jets are partially ducted, which, along with control surfaces similar to a submarines diving planes, gives the CB90 its manoeuvrability. In 1988, Dockstavarvet won a competition to design and manufacture a replacement for the aging Tpbs 200 class, two prototypes, with pennant number 801 and 802, were delivered in 1989. After completion of trials, the Swedish Navy signed a purchase order for 120 boats in June 1990. Apart from the addition of armour, it sports air-condition for deployment in tropical conditions, fuel cooling system, 220V generator, the manufacturer sometimes refers to the model as the CB90 HI, where the I probably stands for International. Several of the carried out by the Strb 90 H-variants, were originally intended for the Strb 90 E. The Royal Norwegian Navy evaluated the Strb 90 H in early 1996, the Mexican Navy acquired 40 units between 1999 and 2001, and obtained a production license in 2002, allowing further units to be manufactured in Mexico. Since then eight additional units have been built, the German Water Police rented a Combat Boat 90H from the manufacturer Dockstavarvet for the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm, Germany. This boat was involved in a chase with three Greenpeace RIBs which were trying to enter the restricted area near the hotel where the meeting was being held. A video clip of the incident was widely spread around the internet. In July 2007 The United States Navy Expeditionary Combat Command specified the CB90 for testing as its Riverine Command Boat, safeboat International of Port Orchard, Washington, was given a US$2.8 million contract to produce one prototype. In June 2009 an unknown buyer from Abu Dhabi bought two civilian luxury versions, in 2010, Dockstavarvet Shipyard modified two CB90s to be carried in the davits of Dutch and UK Navy Landing Platform Docks. The Strb 90 KompL is a plain Strb 90 H in which portable computer and communications equipment has been installed, allowing it to temporarily provide company-level command, electrical power is provided by a rather loud portable generator installed on deck. The Strb 90 HS is designed for overseas peace-keeping and rescue operations and it is modified to keep its crew comfortable in Mediterranean conditions, with air conditioning, an auxiliary generator, a head, and more comfortable crew stations. More importantly, it is armored, and its engines have been upgraded to compensate for the added weight, at least one Strb 90 H, pennant number 802, is equipped with a decompression chamber. The Swedish Police operate one unarmed Strb 90 H equipped with bunks, a pantry, the Swedish Sea Rescue Society operates two unarmed Strb 90 Hs converted for search and rescue. The S90N differs from the Strb 90 H in a few areas, It is armed only one 12.7 mm machine gun
Combat Boat 90
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Combat Boat 90
Combat Boat 90
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In
Gothenburg,
Sweden
Combat Boat 90
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Two
.50 cal heavy machine guns seen here in front of the helmsman's position
Combat Boat 90
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Royal Norwegian Navy S90N
41.
La Jornada
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La Jornada is one of Mexico Citys leading daily newspaper. It was established in 1984 by Carlos Payán Velver, the current editor is Carmen Lira Saade. La Jornada has presence in seven states of the Mexican Republic with local editions in Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, San Luis Potosí, Puebla and Veracruz. It has approximately 287,000 readers in Mexico City, and, according to them, the online version was launched in 1995, with no restrictions on access and a Google-based search that includes the historic archives of the newspaper. The website is hosted by the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Noam Chomsky has described La Jornada as maybe the only real independent newspaper in the hemisphere. Many of the newspapers editorialists have academic affiliations with the UNAM or the Colegio de México and it occasionally translates and includes op-eds from Robert Fisk, Noam Chomsky, James Petras, Howard Zinn, Greg Palast and others. Fidel Castro also repeatedly contributed to the newspaper as an author, official website English translations of La Jornada articles available at nonprofit WorldMeets. US
La Jornada
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Typical front page of La Jornada
42.
Offshore patrol vessel
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A patrol boat is a relatively small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defence duties. There have been designs for patrol boats. They may be operated by a navy, coast guard, police force or customs. They are commonly engaged in various border protection roles, including anti-smuggling, anti-piracy, fisheries patrols. They are also called upon to participate in rescue operations. Vessels of this include the original yacht, a light, fast-sailing vessel used by the Dutch navy to pursue pirates and other transgressors around. They may be classified as inshore patrol vessels and offshore patrol vessels. They are warships typically smaller in size than a corvette and can include fast attack craft, torpedo boats and missile boats, the offshore patrol vessels are usually the smallest ship in a navys fleet that are large and seaworthy enough to patrol off-shore in the open ocean. In larger militaries, such as in the United States military, offshore patrol vessels usually serve in the coast guard, some modern patrol vessels are still based on fishing and leisure boats. Depending on role, vessels in this class may also have more sophisticated sensors and fire control systems that would enable them to carry torpedoes, anti-ship, most modern designs are powered by gas turbine arrangements such as CODAG, and speeds are generally in the 25–30 knots range. They are primarily used for patrol in a countrys Exclusive Economic Zone, common tasks are fisheries inspection, anti-smuggling duties, illegal immigration patrols, anti-piracy patrols and search and rescue. The largest OPVs might also have a deck and helicopter embarked. In times of crisis or war, these vessels are expected to support the vessels in the navy. Their small size and relatively low cost make them one of the most common type of warship in the world, almost all navies operate at least a few offshore patrol vessels, especially those with only green water capabilities. They are useful in smaller seas such as the North Sea as well as in open oceans, similar vessels for exclusively military duties include torpedo boats and missile boats. The United States Navy operated the Pegasus class of armed hydrofoils for years, the River Patrol Boat is a U. S. design of small patrol boat type designed to patrol waters of large rivers. 4 units built under license by ASMAR, OPV-81 Piloto Pardo OPV-82 Comandante Toro OPV-83 Marinero Fuentealba and this unit has reinforced hull for Antarctic operations. OPV-84 Cabo Odger with characteristics similar to the previous ship 06 MICALVI Class Patrol vessels built in ASMAR,18 Protector Class Patrol crafts built under license by ASMAR
Offshore patrol vessel
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Saryu-class patrol vessel of the
Indian navy
Offshore patrol vessel
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Iliria, an example of a modern Patrol boat of the
Albanian Naval Force
Offshore patrol vessel
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PCE-872, a
World War II patrol craft escort of the
US Navy
Offshore patrol vessel
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Argentine Naval Prefecture 's GC67 patrol vessel
43.
Eurocopter Panther
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The Eurocopter AS565 Panther is the military version of the Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin medium-weight multi-purpose twin-engine helicopter. The Panther is used for a range of military roles, including combat assault, fire support, anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, search and rescue. During the 1980s, French aerospace firm Aerospatiale decided to develop a military version of their popular Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin. The civil SA365 N variant of the Dauphin was used as the point for the project, the new rotorcraft was designed to perform utility, anti-tank, troop-transport. On 28 February 1984, the military variant prototype, designated as the AS365M and later named Panther, a total of three prototypes were built. In May 1986, Aerospatiale formally launched production of the AS365M, the initial production model, which was initially designated as the AS365 K, was shortly re-designated and became widely known as the AS565 Panther. In February 2016, Airbus Helicopters promised to relocate the production line for the AS565 Panther to India if it is selected by the Indian Navy for a proposed utility helicopter acquisition. The AS565 Panther is a twin-engine medium-sized multi-mission rotorcraft, the Panther is powered by a pair of Turbomeca Arriel turboshaft engines, which drives the rotorcrafts main rotor as well as the fenestron anti-torque tail rotor device. The flight profile of the Panther has been described as being easy to manoeuver, possessing generous g-force limitations, in the commando-transport configuration, the Panther may carry up to 10 fully armed soldiers on board at a time in addition to the two pilots flying the aircraft. Various avionics are present upon the Panther, some variants are fitted with the advanced human-machine interface glass cockpit. The design of the cockpit and avionics systems, such as the management system. The cockpit was designed with extra panel space to accommodate future upgrades. According to Airbus Helicopters, the Panther family has been qualified to operate from the decks of over 100 classes of NATO vessels. The compact size of the Panther has enabled the type to be operated from smaller ocean-going vessels such as corvettes, to aid in shipboard landings under rough sea conditions and high winds, some variants can be furnished with the hydraulic Harpoon deck-lock securing device. The Panther can be armed with different sets of munitions and armaments. Damage resistance is increased by the adoption of self-sealing fuel tanks, the French Naval Aviation took delivery of 15 Panthers between 1993 and 1998 for maritime operations. In the Aden, the Panther has been used for maritime patrol, surveillance and troop-transport missions, such as the transportation of strike teams. In May 2009, France announced a major upgrade program for the Aeronavales Panther fleet, focused on cockpit upgrades
Eurocopter Panther
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AS565 Panther
Eurocopter Panther
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A
Mexican marine fast ropes onto the flight deck of
Frankfurt Am Main during a simulated multi-national maritime operation
Eurocopter Panther
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The Panther helicopter of
Cassard transferring a light load to
Meuse
Eurocopter Panther
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French Navy SA 365 F
44.
Knot (unit)
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The knot is a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour, approximately 1.151 mph. The ISO Standard symbol for the knot is kn, the same symbol is preferred by the IEEE, kt is also common. The knot is a unit that is accepted for use with the SI. Etymologically, the term derives from counting the number of knots in the line that unspooled from the reel of a log in a specific time. 1 international knot =1 nautical mile per hour,1.852 kilometres per hour,0.514 metres per second,1.151 miles per hour,20.254 inches per second,1852 m is the length of the internationally agreed nautical mile. The US adopted the definition in 1954, having previously used the US nautical mile. The UK adopted the international nautical mile definition in 1970, having used the UK Admiralty nautical mile. The speeds of vessels relative to the fluids in which they travel are measured in knots, for consistency, the speeds of navigational fluids are also measured in knots. Thus, speed over the ground and rate of progress towards a distant point are given in knots. Until the mid-19th century, vessel speed at sea was measured using a chip log, the chip log was cast over the stern of the moving vessel and the line allowed to pay out. Knots placed at a distance of 8 fathoms -47 feet 3 inches from each other, passed through a sailors fingers, the knot count would be reported and used in the sailing masters dead reckoning and navigation. This method gives a value for the knot of 20.25 in/s, the difference from the modern definition is less than 0. 02%. On a chart of the North Atlantic, the scale varies by a factor of two from Florida to Greenland, a single graphic scale, of the sort on many maps, would therefore be useless on such a chart. Recent British Admiralty charts have a latitude scale down the middle to make this even easier, speed is sometimes incorrectly expressed as knots per hour, which is in fact a measure of acceleration. Prior to 1969, airworthiness standards for aircraft in the United States Federal Aviation Regulations specified that distances were to be in statute miles. In 1969, these standards were amended to specify that distances were to be in nautical miles. At 11000 m, an airspeed of 300 kn may correspond to a true airspeed of 500 kn in standard conditions. Beaufort scale Hull speed, which deals with theoretical estimates of maximum speed of displacement hulls Knot count Knotted cord Metre per second Orders of magnitude Rope Kemp
Knot (unit)
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Graphic scale from a Mercator projection world map, showing the change with latitude
45.
Tampico
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Tampico is a city and port in the southeastern part of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. It is located on the bank of the Pánuco River, about 10 kilometres inland from the Gulf of Mexico. Tampico is the fifth-largest city in Tamaulipas, with a population of 297,284 in the city proper and 859,419 in the metropolitan area, the first oil well in Mexico was drilled near Tampico in 1901 at Ébano. In 1923, the oil field dried up, leading to an exodus of jobs and investment. The city is also an exporter of silver, copper, and lumber, as well as wool, hemp. Containerized cargo is handled by the neighboring ocean port of Altamira. The name Tampico is of Huastec origin, tam-piko meaning place of otters, the city is surrounded by rivers and lagoons of the delta of the Pánuco River, which was the habitat of a large population of otters. There have been human settlements in the area for centuries. The region had several early Huastec settlements, among them the important site at Las Flores, in 1532, during the Spanish colonial period, the Franciscan priest Andrés de Olmos established a mission and monastery in the area, building over a former Aztec village. At his request, Spanish officials founded a settlement named San Luis de Tampico in 1554 and this site was abandoned in 1684 and the population relocated to the south of the Pánuco River because of frequent attacks by European and American pirates. The area was abandoned for nearly 150 years, the present Mexican city was founded on April 13,1823 on the north bank of the Pánuco River about 10 kilometres from the Gulf, after Mexico achieved independence from Spain. Tampico built its economy on the exportation of silver, business development was mostly as a trading center, the town also became a common waypoint for the re-routing of African slaves to be illegally smuggled into the Southern United States, which had outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. The first oil well in Mexico was drilled near Tampico at Ébano S. L. P. in 1901, by Californian Edward Doheny, who founded Mexican Petroleum Corporation. In the early 20th century, there was extensive U. S. investment in oil development in Tampico, with the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution, which lasted roughly from 1910 to 1920, the U. S. monitored the situation to protect its citizens and investments. Doheny sold some of his businesses to the Standard Oil Company which operated its monopoly here, the oil-producing area was so productive it was called the Golden Belt. The oil fields known as Ébano, Pánuco, Huasteca, Oil was often shipped on barges along the rivers. To improve transportation of oil to the port, the government built the Chijol Canal and it is 1.8 m deep and 7.6 m wide and runs 120 km southward through the oil fields to Túxpan. General Victoriano Huertas forces in the city were threatened by different groups from north and south
Tampico
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Hidalgo Avenue
Tampico
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Buildings on Calle Juarez
Tampico
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Plaza de Armas
Tampico
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Liberty plaza at Tampico.
46.
Tamaulipas
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Tamaulipas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas, is one of the 31 states which, with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 43 municipalities and its capital city is Ciudad Victoria, the capital city was named after Guadalupe Victoria, the first President of Mexico. It is located in Northeastern Mexico and it is bordered by the states of Veracruz to the southeast, San Luis Potosí to the southwest and Nuevo León to the west. To the north, it has a 370 km stretch of the U. S. –Mexico border along the state of Texas and this state is known to be both a territorial struggle for the Gulf Cartel and the Los Zetas. The name Tamaulipas is derived from Tamaholipa, a Huastec term in which the tam- prefix signifies place, there is no scholarly agreement on the meaning of holipa, but high hills is a common interpretation. Another explanation of the name is that it is derived from Ta ma holipam. In addition to the city, Ciudad Victoria, the states largest cities include Reynosa, Matamoros, Nuevo Laredo. The area known as Tamaulipas has been inhabited for at least 8,000 years, several different cultures have come and gone during that period. Tamaulipas was originally populated by the Olmec people and later by Chichimec and Huastec tribes, between 1445 and 1466, Mexica armies commanded by Moctezuma I Ilhuicamina conquered much of the territory and transformed it into a tributary region for the Mexica empire. However, the Aztecs never fully conquered certain mostly nomadic indigenous groups in the area, although Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs rather quickly, it took a gradual process for Spain to subjugate the inhabitants of Tamaulipas in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first permanent Spanish settlement in the area was Tampico in 1554, further settlement was done by Franciscan missionaries, widespread cattle and sheep ranching by the Spanish bolstered the area’s economy while forcing native populations from their original lands. Repeated indigenous rebellions kept the area unstable and weakened colonial interest in the region, what is now Tamaulipas was first incorporated as a separate province of New Spain in 1746 with the name Nuevo Santander. The local government capital during this time moved from Santander to San Carlos, the territory of this time spanned from the San Antonio river to the north east to the Gulf of Mexico, then south to the Panuco River near Tampico and west to the Sierra Madre Mountains. The area became a haven for rebellious Indians who fled there after increased Spanish settlements in Nuevo León, one of these groups was known as Lipan. By 1790 Europeans turned their attention from the groups and focused on containing the Apache invaders. In northeastern Coahuila and adjacent Texas, Spanish and Apache displacements created an ethnic mix. Here the local Indians mixed with displaced groups from Coahuila and Chihuahua, some groups, to escape the pressure, combined and migrated north into the Central Texas highlands. In 1824, after the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, during the fights between centralists and federalists that soon followed, the successful Texas Revolution led to the creation of the Republic of Texas in 1836
Tamaulipas
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Sierra Madre Oriental
Tamaulipas
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Flag
Tamaulipas
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Port of Tampico
47.
Coatzacoalcos
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Coatzacoalcos is a major port city in the southern part of the Mexican state of Veracruz, on the Coatzacoalcos River. Coatzacoalcos comes from a word meaning Site of the Snake or Where the snake hides. The city serves as the seat of the municipality of the same name. Coatzacoalcos, in Nahuatl, means The place where the snake hides, according to the legend, this is the place where the god Quetzalcoatl made his final journey to the sea around the year 999 and where he made his promise to return. Coatzacoalcos lives within the Olmec heartland, excavations in 2008 for a tunnel underneath the Coatzacoalcos River indicate a substantial pre-Hispanic population. By the time of the Spanish arrival the area was under Mayan influence, in 1522, Hernán Cortés ordered Gonzalo de Sandoval to fund a settlement near Guazacualco. Sandoval named it Villa del Espíritu Santo, the San Martín Tuxlta is an active volcano lying northwest of Coatzcoalcos in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas. It erupted in 1664, in May 1793 with large ash falls and lava flows, the town was elevated to the category of port in 1825 and the name was changed to Coatzacoalcos. The municipality of Coatzacoalcos was established 22 December 1881, with the town as its seat, in 1900 the town name was changed to Puerto México. In 1911 it was elevated to city, and in 1936 the name was changed to the current Coatzacoalcos, on 23 July 1940, Coatzacoalcos welcomed refugees from the Spanish Civil War who sought asylum in Mexico after travelling across the Atlantic aboard the SS Santo Domingo. The city is located at 18°9′N 94°26′W where the Coatzacoalcos Quaschnick River debouches into the Bay of Campeche, overland it is connected by road and rail to the Pacific Ocean about 160 kilometres away. This location has prompted plans for a waterway across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, or for a much expanded railroad system. The city had a 2005 census population of 234,174, making it the third-largest city in the state after Veracruz and Xalapa, the municipality covers a surface area of 471.16 km2 and reported a population of 280,263 persons. The municipality population in 2010 was 305,260 an increase of 9% over 2005, the largest community in the municipality, aside from the city of Coatzacoalcos, is the town of Allende, with a population of 20,501 in 2005. In the Köppen climate classification the climate is classified as Am for a monsoon climate. A typical year more than 290 centimetres of rainfall. The winter months are cooler and drier than the summer months, the citys industry is dominated by the petrochemical sector. Four big industrial petrochemical complexes are located near the city making it one of the most important concentrations of its kind in the world, the state-owned Pemex Petroquímica subsidiary is headquartered in Coatzacoalcos and 85% of its production is concentrated there
Coatzacoalcos
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Coatzacoalcos City,2013
Coatzacoalcos
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Coatzacoalcos stands on the
Gulf coast of the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec
Coatzacoalcos
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Coatzacoalcos waterfront, circa 1904
48.
Guaymas
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Guaymas is a city located in Guaymas Municipality in the southwest part of the state of Sonora in northwestern Mexico. The city is located 117 km south of the capital of Hermosillo, and 242 miles from the U. S. border. The municipality is located in the Sonora Desert and has a hot, the municipality’s formal name is Guaymas de Zaragoza and the city’s formal name is the Heróica Ciudad de Guaymas. The city proper is mostly an industrial port, with nearby San Carlos being the major tourist attraction for its beaches, the city also has a well-attended annual carnival, which has been held since 1888. Before the arrival of the Europeans, the now known as Guaymas was dominated by the Guaymas, Seri. In 1539, two Spanish ships, the Santa Agueda and El Trinidad, arrived in Guaymas Bay. They were commanded by Francisco de Ulloa, who called the area “the port of ports. ”Some small Jesuit missions in the area were founded in the 1610s and 1620s, the Seri strongly opposed the settlement of Europeans and resisted fiercely until 1769. Juan María de Salvatierra and Eusebio Kino asked for permission to evangelize the area, in 1701, Salvatierra came to this area and established the Loreto mission somewhat inland from where Guaymas is now. To receive supplies by ship and evangelize the Guaymas Indians, the Jesuits founded another small mission on the bay and it was headed by Manuel Diaz. The Seri repeatedly attacked the San José mission, forcing it to be abandoned, the last time this mission was abandoned was in 1759. In 1767, Viceroy Marqués de Croix ordered a military offensive. After doing so, the Spanish colonials built a fort with four towers in Guaymas. No traces of the fort today, but the San José mission is marked by a church located on the road leading to Empalme. Around the same time, the colonists formally mapped the Guaymas Bay, despite the decree, no colonists settled there until the early 19th century. In the late 18th and early 19th century, there was only one inhabitant in Guaymas, called “Tio Pepe”, who was said to be a drunk. At the beginning of the 19th century, the village began to be populated by farmers and ranchers, farming was on a subsistence level. In 1811, commercial traffic was authorized, and customs were established later in 1823. Guaymas received the name San Fernando de Guaymas in 1820, ships visited the bay intermittently but only one house was here for customs purposes
Guaymas
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Aerial view of Guaymas
Guaymas
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Coat of arms
Guaymas
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Statues of the three presidents at the Tres Presidentes Plaza
49.
Sonora
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Sonora, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Sonora, is one of 31 states that, with Mexico City, comprise the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 72 municipalities, the city is Hermosillo. Sonora is located in Northwest Mexico, bordered by the states of Chihuahua to the east, Baja California to the northwest and Sinaloa to the south. To the north, it shares the U. S. –Mexico border with the states of Arizona and New Mexico, and on the west has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of California. Sonoras natural geography is divided into three parts, the Sierra Madre Occidental in the east of the state, plains and rolling hills in the center, and the coast on the Gulf of California. It is primarily arid or semiarid deserts and grasslands, with only the highest elevations having sufficient rainfall to support other types of vegetation, Sonora is home to eight indigenous peoples, including the Mayo, the Yaqui, and Seri. It has been important for its agriculture, livestock, and mining since the colonial period. With the Gadsden Purchase, Sonora lost more than a quarter of its territory, from the 20th century to the present, industry, tourism, and agribusiness have dominated the economy, attracting migration from other parts of Mexico. Several theories exist as to the origin of the name Sonora and they encountered the Opata, who could not pronounce Señora, instead saying Senora or Sonora. A third theory, written by Father Cristóbal de Cañas in 1730, states that the name comes from the word for a water well, sonot. The first record of the name Sonora comes from explorer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, Francisco de Ibarra also traveled through the area in 1567 and referred to the Valles de Señora. Evidence of human existence in the dates back over 10,000 years. The first humans were hunter gatherers who used tools made from stones, seashells. During much of the period, the environmental conditions were less severe than they are today, with similar. The oldest Clovis culture site in North America is believed to be El Fin del Mundo in northwestern Sonora and it was discovered during a 2007 survey. It features occupation dating around 13,390 calibrated years BP, in 2011, remains of Gomphothere were found, the evidence suggests that humans did in fact kill two of them here. Agriculture first appeared around 400 BCE and 200 CE in the river valleys, the lowland central coast, however, seems never truly to have adopted agriculture. Because Sonora and much of the northwest does not share many of the traits of that area
Sonora
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Cajemé, Yaqui resistance leader
Sonora
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Flag
Sonora
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The Cananea miners' strike 1906
Sonora
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Colonia Centro, calle Pierson, Nogales
50.
Guerrero
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Guerrero, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guerrero, is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 81 municipalities and its capital city is Chilpancingo and it is located in Southwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Michoacán to the north and west, México and Morelos to the north, Puebla to the northeast and Oaxaca to the east. The state was named after Vicente Guerrero, one of the most prominent leaders in the Mexican War of Independence and it is the only Mexican state named after a president. The modern entity did not exist until 1849, when it was carved out of territories from the states of Mexico, Puebla and Michoacán. In addition to the city, the states largest cities include Acapulco, Petatlan, Ciudad Altamirano, Taxco, Iguala, Ixtapa, Zihuatanejo. Today, it is home to a number of communities, including the Nahuas, Mixtecs. It is also home to communities of Afro-Mexicans in the Costa Chica region, geographically, the state is mountainous and rugged with flat areas limited to small mesas and the coast line. Tourism is the single most important economic factor of the state, however, other sources of employment are scarce in the state, which has caused its ranking as number one in the emigration of workers to the United States. The first humans in the territory were nomadic hunter-gatherers who left evidence of their existence in various caves starting about 20,000 years ago. After that, settlements appeared near the coast because of fishing, at these sites, evidence of weaving, ceramics, basketry and other crafts have been found. Around this time, a grain called teocintle, or the forerunner to corn, Olmec influences can be seen in cave paintings such as those found in Juxtlahuaca and well as stone tools and jade jewelry from the time period. Recent evidence indicates that ancient Guerrero cultures may have influenced the development of the Olmecs. Eventually, the peoples of the Mexcala River area developed their own distinctive culture and it is characterized by its own sculpture and ceramics, distinguished by its simplicity. Olmec influence remained with this culture, especially evident in the grouping of villages, construction of ceremonial centers, later, the culture assimilated aspects of the Teotihuacan model, which included the Mesoamerican ball game. In the 8th century, Toltec influence was felt as they traveled the many routes through here in search of tropical bird plumage. From the 12th century to the 15th, the peoples of the state were influence by the Chichimecas. In the 11th century, new migrations entered the area from the north, which included the Nahuas, who occupied what is now the center of the state, the Nahuas established themselves in Zacatula, Atoyac and Tlacotepec, later conquering the areas occupied by the Chontals and Matlatzincas
Guerrero
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Two figures from the Xochipala archeological site
Guerrero
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Flag
Guerrero
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Santa Prisca church in Taxco
Guerrero
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Vicente Guerrero
Mexico
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United States - ex-USN Gearing-class destroyer, Netzahualcóyotl was retired in 2014. Replaced by Bravo class.
Netherlands Ordered 2017, ship being built in the Netherlands and Mexico, first ship of fleet modernisation plan._sits_off_the_coast_of_Mississippi_preparing_to_assist_with_Hurricane_Katrina_relief_efforts_along_the_Gulf_Coast.jpg)
Israel - ex-Israeli Navy Sa'ar 4.5-class missile boat.JPG)
Spain
United Kingdom
Sweden
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