1.
Cape Coast
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Cape Coast, or Cabo Corso, is a city and fishing port, and the capital of Cape Coast Metropolitan District and Central Region of south Ghana. Cape Coast is situated on its south to the Gulf of Guinea, Cape Coast had a settlement population of 169,894 people. From the 16th century until Ghanaian independence, the city and fishing port changed hands between the British, the Portuguese, the Swedish, the Danish and the Dutch, Cape Coast was founded by the people of Oguaa. The Portuguese built a fort in the area. In 1610 the Swedes built a lodge that would become the better known Cape Coast Castle now a World Heritage Site. Most of the town expanded around it. The Dutch took it over in 1650, and expanded it in 1652 and it was then captured by the British in 1664. Trade was an important motivator in the creation of fortresses and settlements on Cape Coast, traders from various European countries built these trading lodges, forts and castles along the coast of modern Ghana. In 1874, the British dominated all European presence along the coast of modern-day Ghana using Cape Coast as their base of operations, with the establishment of formal colonial administration, they relocated to Accra following opposition to the window tax in 1877. Cape Coast Castle was also where most of the slaves were held before their journey on the Middle Passage, the area is dominated by batholith rock and is generally undulating with steep slopes. There are valleys of various streams between the hills, with Kakum being the largest stream, the minor streams end in wetlands, the largest of which drains into the Fosu Lagoon at Bakano. In the northern part of the district, however, the landscape is suitable for the cultivation of various crops, temperature Cape Coast is a humid area with mean monthly relative humidity varying between 85% and 99%. The sea breeze has an effect on the local climate. The crab is the mascot and a statue of one stands in the city centre. Fort William, built in 1820, was a lighthouse from 1835 to the 1970s. Other attractions include a series of Asafo Shrines, Cape Coast Centre for National Culture, the Oguaa Fetu Afahye harvest festival, and since 1992, the biennial Panafest theatre festival. The city is located 30 km south of Kakum National Park, one of the most diverse, Cape Coast also boast of being the first location where soccer was played in Ghana and Ebusua Dwarfs FC is the darling club of Cape Coasters. Cape Coast is the seat of the University of Cape Coast, Ghanas leading university in teaching, Cape Vars, as it is popularly called, lies on a hill overlooking the Atlantic Ocean
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Secondary school
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A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
4.
Methodism
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Methodism, or the Methodist movement, is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and Johns brother Charles Wesley were also significant leaders in the movement and it originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate Church after Wesleys death. Because of vigorous missionary work, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, Wesleys theology focused on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian. Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include an assurance of salvation, imparted righteousness, the possibility of perfection in love, the works of piety and the primacy of Scripture. Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all, in theology and this teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people. However, Whitefield and several others were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the latter position, Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the works of mercy. These ideals are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens and schools to follow Christs command to spread the gospel, the movement has a wide variety of forms of worship, ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage. Denominations that descend from the British Methodist tradition are generally less ritualistic, Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church. In Britain, the Methodist Church had an effect in the early decades of the making of the working class. In the United States, it became the religion of many slaves who later formed black churches in the Methodist tradition. The Methodist revival began with a group of men, including John Wesley and his younger brother Charles, the Wesley brothers founded the Holy Club at the University of Oxford, where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at Lincoln College. The club met weekly and they set about living a holy life. They were accustomed to receiving Communion every week, fasting regularly, abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury and frequently visited the sick, the fellowship were branded as Methodist by their fellow students because of the way they used rule and method to go about their religious affairs. John, who was leader of the club, took the attempted mockery, unsuccessful in their work, the brothers returned to England conscious of their lack of genuine Christian faith. They looked for help to Peter Boehler and other members of the Moravian Church, at a Moravian service in Aldersgate on 24 May 1738, John experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion, when he felt his heart strangely warmed. Charles had reported an experience an few days previously. Considered a pivotal moment, Daniel L. John Wesley came under the influence of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius, Arminius had rejected the Calvinist teaching that God had pre-ordained an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally. Conversely, George Whitefield, Howell Harris, and Selina Hastings, George Whitefield, returning from his own mission in Georgia, joined the Wesley brothers in what was rapidly to become a national crusade
5.
St. Augustine's College (Cape Coast)
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St. Augustine’s College is an all-male academic institution in Cape Coast, Ghana. The school started at Amissano, a village near Elmina, in 1930, the Roman Catholic institution was established to serve as a training college and seminary. The school was named after St. Augustine of Hippo, the motto of the college is Omnia Vincit Labor, meaning Perseverance conquers All. St. Augustines is the first catholic institution in the training of male teachers and it is also the first catholic second cycle school to be built in Gold Coast. St. Augustine’s College is the biggest catholic senior high school in Ghana to date, the college ground and playing fields cover an area of about 1.30 acres. It is bounded by Fosu Lagoon/Adisadel Estates to the North, St. Augustine’s Practice J. H. S. The Catholic Education Unit and Archbishop’s House to the West, the Cape Coast metropolitan Hospital and part of the Fosu Lagoon to the East and the Atlantic Ocean to the South. It is about 1.8 km from Cape Coast Town Hall, the school has a student population of about 1,900 and a faculty number of about 90. A commemorative foundation stone was laid in late 1935 at the present site, Kelly, the Dean of the Training College at Amissano, became the first Head Dean or Headmaster. The Dean, Professors, Senior Student Counsel/Prefect and the Protocol Counsel/Prefect, the Anniversary/Ceremonial Day of the school takes place on the Saturday nearest St. Patrick’s Day, which falls around the second or third week in March. St. Augustine’s old students to get married, the church believes marriage between old students of the two schools will perpetuate the Catholic traditions. The population of theschool is roughly 2000, Day students account for less than 2% of enrollment. St. Augustines College is known for its arts, business. The college continues to educate Ghanas elite, and has a cadet program which prepares students to enroll in the Military Officers Academy. Many students follow family tradition by enrolling at the school, admission is highly competitive, perhaps the boys institution with most annual applications, and includes a scholarship program for disadvantaged students. It has exchange programs with foreign institutions such as the German Goethe Institute, the students are among the highest performing in the WAEC exams and it has won the most of the yearly inter-schools athletic competitions. There is a rivalry with Mfantsipim School in Cape Coast, holy Child School is considered the sister school as it is also Catholic. In the 2007 edition of the National Science and Mathematics Quiz the college won, team three won the West African Science and Mathematics Quizzes
6.
Ghana
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Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a unitary presidential constitutional democracy, located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km², Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east, Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language. The territory of present-day Ghana has been inhabited for a millennium, numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries, of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti. Beginning in the 15th century, numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights, following over a century of native resistance, Ghanas current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast. On 6 March 1957, it became the first sub-Saharan African nation to become independent of European colonisation, a multicultural nation, Ghana has a population of approximately 27 million, spanning a variety of ethnic, linguistic and religious groups. Five percent of the population practices traditional faiths,71. 2% adhere to Christianity and 17. 6% are Muslim and its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical jungles. Ghana is a country led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government. Ghanas economy is one of the strongest and most diversified in Africa, following a century of relative stability. Ghanas growing economic prosperity and democratic political system have made it a power in West Africa. It is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, Group of 24, Ghana was already recognized as one of the great kingdoms in Bilad el-Sudan by the ninth century. Ghana was inhabited in the Middle Ages and the Age of Discovery by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms in the Southern and this included the Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Mankessim Kingdom. Until the 11th century, the majority of modern Ghanas territorial area was unoccupied and uninhabited by humans. Although the area of present-day Ghana in West Africa has experienced many population movements, by the early 11th century, the Akans were firmly established in the Akan state called Bonoman, for which the Brong-Ahafo Region is named. From the 13th century, Akans emerged from what is believed to have been the Bonoman area, to create several Akan states of Ghana and these states included Bonoman, Ashanti, Denkyira, Mankessim Kingdom, and Akwamu Eastern region. By the 19th century, the territory of the part of Ghana was included in the Kingdom of Ashanti. The Kingdom of Ashanti government operated first as a loose network, prior to Akan contact with Europeans, the Akan Ashanti people created an advanced economy based on principally gold and gold bar commodities then traded with the states of Africa. The earliest known kingdoms to emerge in modern Ghana were the Mole-Dagbani states, the Mole-Dagombas came on horseback from present-day Burkina Faso under a single leader, Naa Gbewaa. The death of Naa Gbewaa caused civil war among his children, some of whom broke off and founded separate states including Dagbon, Mamprugu, Mossi, Nanumba, Akan trade with European states began after contact with Portuguese in the 15th century
7.
Gold Coast (British colony)
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The Gold Coast was a British colony on the Gulf of Guinea in west Africa that became the independent nation of Ghana in 1957. The first Europeans to arrive at the coast were the Portuguese in 1471 and they encountered a variety of African kingdoms, some of which controlled substantial deposits of gold in the soil. In 1482, the Portuguese built the Castle of Elmina, the first European settlement on the Gold Coast, from here they traded slaves, gold, knives, beads, mirrors, rum and guns. News of the successful trading spread quickly, and eventually British, Dutch, Danish, Prussian, the European traders built several forts along the coastline. The Gold Coast had long been a name for the used by Europeans because of the large gold resources found in the area. The slave trade was the exchange for many years. The British Gold Coast was formed in 1867 after the British government abolished the African Company of Merchants in 1821 and seized privately held lands along the coast. They also took over the interests of other European countries, purchasing and incorporating the Danish Gold Coast in 1850. Britain steadily expanded its colony through the invasion of local kingdoms as well, particularly the Ashanti, the Ashanti people had controlled much of the territory of Ghana before the Europeans arrived and were often in conflict with them. They are the largest ethnic community in Ghana, four wars, the Anglo-Ashanti Wars, were fought between the Ashanti and the British, who were sometimes allied with the Fante. During the First Anglo-Ashanti War, the two groups fought because of a disagreement over an Ashanti chief and slavery, tensions increased in 1874 during the Second Ashanti War when the British sacked the Ashanti capital of Kumasi. The Third Ashanti War occurred because the new Ashanti ruler Asantehene wanted to exercise his new title, from 1895–1896 the British and Ashanti fought in the Fourth and final Ashanti War, where the Ashanti fought for and lost their independence. In 1900 the Ashanti Uprising took place, resulting in the British capture of the city of Kumasi, at the end of this last Ashanti War, the Ashanti people became a British protectorate on 1 January 1902. By 1901, all of the Gold Coast was a British colony, with its kingdoms, the British exported a variety of natural resources such as gold, metal ores, diamonds, ivory, pepper, timber, grain and cocoa. The British colonists built railways and the transport infrastructure which formed the basis for the transport infrastructure in modern-day Ghana. They also built Western-style hospitals and schools to provide modern amenities to the people of the empire, by 1945, the native population was demanding more autonomy in the wake of the end of the Second World War and the beginnings of the decolonisation process across the world. By 1956, British Togoland, the Ashanti protectorate, and the Fante protectorate were merged with the Gold Coast to create one colony, in 1957, the colony gained independence under the name of Ghana. By the late century, the British, through conquest or purchase occupied most of the forts along the coast
8.
Prempeh College
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Prempeh College is an all-boys boarding school in a suburb of Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana, founded in 1949 by the King of Ashanti, Sir Osei Tutu Agyeman Prempeh II. Prempeh College was originally meant to cater to the needs of Kumasi Metropolis. It is the first all-boys secondary school in Ashanti, Prempeh College is a reputed Grade A school with other secondary schools including Mfantsipim School, Wesley Girls High School and Presbyterian Boys Secondary School. The school is modelled on Eton College in England, Prempeh College won the National Science and Maths Quiz in 1994 and 1996. The college also won the National Robotics Inspired Science Education Challenge in 2014 and is the Only School from Ashanti Region to win the competition. They won they Toyota Innovation Award that year and that makes them the school from Africa to win a highly reputable competition at the world stage. The college is the high school from Ashanti region to have won the National Debate championship in 2004. The school topped matriculation at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in 2012, with 296 students from the college admitted, Prempeh is the academic home of more than 2,000 young men, of whom approximately 98% are in the boarding houses. The college has a parent body and Old Boys Association, the school was established in February 1949 by the then Gold Coast government in collaboration with the Methodist and Presbyterian missionaries and the Ashanti Royal Kingdom. In 1949,50 boys from Mfantsipim School and their headmaster, the school is headed by a chairman and board of governors, who appoint the headmaster. It contains nine boys houses, each headed by a housemaster, as of 2012, the headmaster was E. K. Yeaboah, a member of CHASS. In 1949, there were 50 boys, in the late 1990s there were about 800, later increasing to over 1,600. The school uniform includes a coat, the college cloth, striped college tie. All students wear a shirt for evening preps and white shirt with white trousers for Saturday, with the college tie for Saturday morning inspection. There are some variations in the dress worn by boys in authority. The college blazer was in use from the beginning in 1949, was dropped in the 1980s, students wear the college suit for ceremonial purposes, such as speech day and graduation ceremonies. The academic staff wear black gowns with kente pleats in the front at the beginning of term and at the speech. It is affectionately called Green Shirt, the magazine of Prempeh College has long been called The Stool
9.
Achimota School
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Achimota School, is a co-educational boarding school located at Achimota in Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana. The school was founded in 1924 by Sir Frederick Gordon Guggisberg, Dr. James Emman Kwegyir Aggrey and it was formally opened in 1927 by Sir Frederick, then Governor of the British Gold Coast colony. Achimota was modelled on the British public school system, the school has educated many African leaders, including Kwame Nkrumah, Edward Akufo-Addo, Jerry John Rawlings, and John Evans Atta Mills all of whom are former Heads of State of Ghana. Former President of Ghana, John Dramani Mahama had his education there while former Prime Minister of Ghana Dr. Kofi Abrefa Busia also taught at Achimota. Also included in its list of African heads of state are Zimbabwe president Robert Mugabe and Sir Dawda Jawara, an alumnus/alumna of Achimota is known as an Akora. After the First World War, J. K. and the Government of the Gold Coast felt the need for an advanced education, Achimota College was therefore established as part of Guggisbergs plan to reform the Gold Coast educational system. In August 1920, Guggisberg met and befriended native-born Dr. James Aggrey who was in the Gold Coast as a member of the Phelps Stokes Funds African Education Commission. In 1922, as a result of the Phelps-Stokes Commissions 1920 report on education and that committee recommended the establishment of a comprehensive institution at Achimota to provide general secondary education, teacher training and technical education for male students. The Colonial government meant to carry out its policy to establish an excellent secondary institution where teachers as well as students would be trained. The Legislative Council went on to approve the 1923–24 budget for the establishment of the Prince of Wales College and School, Rev. Alexander G. Fraser was the first Principal, and Dr. James Aggrey was the first Vice-Principal. This led to an increase in the number of places offered to girls by the College, from 1924 until it opened on 28 January 1927, Guggisberg, Fraser and Aggrey worked together to realise Guggisbergs dream of establishing a first-class co-educational school and college. The University College of the Gold Coast, which is now known as the University of Ghana, had its roots in Achimota College, the University of Ghana holds its annual Aggrey-Fraser-Guggisberg Memorial Lecture series to honour the founders contributions to education in Ghana. The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology also had its roots in Achimota Colleges Engineering School, Achimota, originally known as the Prince of Wales College and School, was formally opened on 28 January 1927 by the then Governor of the Gold Coast, Sir Frederick Gordon Guggisberg. The guest of honour at the ceremony was Edward VIII. Music has always played an important part in the life of the school. From its inception Achimota placed special emphasis on the value of the use of hands in agriculture. Achimota has concerned itself to set a standard of excellence in field of education that meets the national needs. Though set upon a hill, may living waters rise in thee
10.
Fante people
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Originally, Fante refers to tiny states within 50 miles radius of Mankessim. The states that made up the Fante were Kurantsi, Abura, Anyan, Akumfi, Nsukum, Ejumako, the Mfantsefo or Fante are an Akan people. Fante subgroup is mainly gathered in the coastal region of Ghana. Fante main city is Cape Coast, Central region and Mankessim as their traditional headquarters and they are one of the Akan peoples, along with the Asantefo or Ashantis, the Akuapem, the Akyem, the Baoule, Guam, and others. Despite the rapid growth of the Ashanti Empire in historic times, currently, they number about 2.5 million, the third largest grouping of Akan peoples. Inheritance and succession to public office among the Fanti are determined mostly by matrilineal descent, when the Portuguese arrived in the 15th century, the Fante prevented them from venturing inland and leased properties for Portuguese trading missions. But when the Portuguese objected to Fante rules and regulations the Fante expelled them, thenceforth the Dutch arrived, followed by the British. The Fante served as middlemen in the commerce between the interior and British and Dutch traders on the coast, in the early 18th century, the Fante Confederacy was formed, with the aim of establishing themselves as a nation to be taken seriously by their European counterparts. So in 1844 a bond was written between the Fante, on behalf of the Gold Coast, and the British, allowing the Gold Coast to gain independence without war one hundred years later. On one occasion, the Fante were aided by the British, one of the social contexts of names among the Akan, and the Fante, for that matter is that they are used as social tags to indicate personal and group identity. This is so with family names derived from the clans of the fathers that are given to children. Each of the patrilineal clans has its peculiar family names. It is thus possible to use one’s name to trace his/her patrilineal clan, children who trace their genealogy to one patrilineal father may therefore share similar family names. Some typical family names include, Yankah, Osam, Aidoo etc, there have also been innovations as a result of westernisation, education and foreign religion. Multiple names have developed out of this phenomenon. Also, some Fante names are translated literally into English and such anglicised names have come to stay as family names, one can argue that the Fantes living on the coast were the first to be in contact with the Europeans. It is therefore possible that the trend is a western influence, otherwise, Fante typological family names indicate various contexts. There can be a combination of two or more of these typological names, Mankessim Fante Confederacy Fante language Cape Coast Elmina Akan people This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Wood, James, ed. article name needed
11.
Kobina Sekyi
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William Esuman-Gwira Sekyi, better known as Kobina Sekyi was a nationalist lawyer, politician and writer in the Gold Coast. Sekyi was educated at Mfantsipim School and studied philosophy at the University of London and he was called to the Bar from the Inner Temple in 1918. Sekyi became a lawyer in practice in the Gold Coast. He was president of the Aborigines Rights Protection Society, a member of the National Congress of British West Africa. He married Lilly Anna Cleanand, daughter of John Peter Cleanand, sekyis comedy The Blinkards satirised the acceptance by a colonised society of the attitudes of the colonisers. His novel The Anglo-Fante was the first English-language novel written in the Cape Coast, kofi Baku, Kobina Sekyi of Ghana, An Annotated Bibliography of His Writings, The International Journal of African Historical Studies,24,2,1991
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Kofi Annan
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Kofi Atta Annan is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1997 to December 2006. Annan and the UN were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize and he is the founder and chairman of the Kofi Annan Foundation, as well as chairman of The Elders, an international organization founded by Nelson Mandela. Born in Kumasi, Annan went on to study economics at Macalester College, international relations from the Graduate Institute Geneva, Annan joined the UN in 1962, working for the World Health Organizations Geneva office. He went on to work in several capacities at the UN Headquarters including serving as the Under-Secretary-General for peacekeeping between March 1992 and December 1996 and he was re-elected for a second term in 2001, and was succeeded as Secretary-General by Ban Ki-moon on 1 January 2007. As the Secretary-General, Annan reformed the UN bureaucracy, worked to combat HIV, especially in Africa and he has been criticized for not expanding the Security Council and faced calls for resignation after an investigation into the Oil-for-Food Programme. After leaving the UN, he founded the Kofi Annan Foundation in 2007 to work on international development, in 2012, Annan was the UN–Arab League Joint Special Representative for Syria, to help find a resolution to ongoing conflict there. Annan quit after becoming frustrated with the UNs lack of progress with regard to conflict resolution, in September 2016, Annan was appointed to lead a UN commission to investigate the Rohingya crisis. Kofi Annan was born in the Kofandros section of Kumasi in the Gold Coast on 8 April 1938 and his twin sister Efua Atta, who died in 1991, shared the middle name Atta, which in the Akan means twin. Annan and his sister were born one of the countrys Ashanti and Fante aristocratic families. In the Akan names tradition, some children are named according to the day of the week on which they were born, Kofi in Akan is the name that corresponds with Friday. Annan has said his surname rhymes with cannon in English, from 1954 to 1957, Annan attended the elite Mfantsipim school, a Methodist boarding school in Cape Coast founded in the 1870s. Annan has said that the school taught him that suffering anywhere concerns people everywhere, in 1957, the year Annan graduated from Mfantsipim, the Gold Coast gained independence from Britain and began using the name Ghana. In 1958, Annan began studying economics at the Kumasi College of Science and Technology, now the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology of Ghana. He received a Ford Foundation grant, enabling him to complete his studies in economics at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States. Annan then completed a diplôme détudes approfondies DEA degree in International Relations at The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1961–62. After some years of experience, he studied at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the Sloan Fellows program. Annan is fluent in English, French, Akan, some Kru languages, in 1962, Kofi Annan started working as a Budget Officer for the World Health Organization, an agency of the United Nations. From 1974 to 1976, he worked as the Director of Tourism in Ghana, in 1980 he became the head of personnel for the office of the UN High Commission for Refugees in Geneva
13.
Africa
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Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earths total surface area and 20.4 % of its land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the human population. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos and it contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states, nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. Africas population is the youngest amongst all the continents, the age in 2012 was 19.7. Algeria is Africas largest country by area, and Nigeria by population, afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago. Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas, it is the continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. Africa hosts a diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. In the late 19th century European countries colonized most of Africa, Africa also varies greatly with regard to environments, economics, historical ties and government systems. However, most present states in Africa originate from a process of decolonization in the 20th century, afri was a Latin name used to refer to the inhabitants of Africa, which in its widest sense referred to all lands south of the Mediterranean. This name seems to have referred to a native Libyan tribe. The name is connected with Hebrew or Phoenician ʿafar dust. The same word may be found in the name of the Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania, under Roman rule, Carthage became the capital of the province of Africa Proconsularis, which also included the coastal part of modern Libya. The Latin suffix -ica can sometimes be used to denote a land, the later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia, also preserved a form of the name. According to the Romans, Africa lay to the west of Egypt, while Asia was used to refer to Anatolia, as Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of Africa expanded with their knowledge. 25,4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya, isidore of Seville in Etymologiae XIV.5.2. Suggests Africa comes from the Latin aprica, meaning sunny, massey, in 1881, stated that Africa is derived from the Egyptian af-rui-ka, meaning to turn toward the opening of the Ka. The Ka is the double of every person and the opening of the Ka refers to a womb or birthplace
14.
Nobel Peace Prize
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Per Alfred Nobels will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded on 10 December in Oslo City Hall each year, the prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law, the Norwegian Nobel Institute, and the Parliament. Due to its nature, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history. Alfred Nobels will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five chosen by the Norwegian Parliament. Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category, as he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear, some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobels way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently during his lifetime, ballistite was used in war and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s. Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company and it is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobels death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, the Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize, the statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline. In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received, but the record was again in 2010 with 237 nominations, in 2011. Nominations from 1901 to 1956, however, have released in a database. Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a short list of candidates for review is created. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are considered by the Committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a decision, but this is not always possible. The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway on 10 December each year, the Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount, as of 2013, the prize was worth 10 million SEK
15.
United Nations
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The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict, at its founding, the UN had 51 member states, there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, the UNs mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization participated in actions in Korea and the Congo. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military, the UN has six principal organs, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Trusteeship Council. UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, the UNs most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by Portuguese António Guterres since 2017. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UNs work, the organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UNs effectiveness have been mixed, some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased. Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War, the earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France, four Policemen was coined to refer to four major Allied countries, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China, which emerged in the Declaration by United Nations. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries, the term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, by 1 March 1945,21 additional states had signed. Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto, the foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism. During the war, the United Nations became the term for the Allies. To join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis, at the later meetings, Lord Halifax deputized for Mr. Eden, Wellington Koo for T. V. Soong, and Mr Gromyko for Mr. Molotov. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, the General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory, the Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General
16.
Kofi Abrefa Busia
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Kofi Abrefa Busia was Prime Minister of Ghana from 1969 to 1972. As a nationalist leader and Prime Minister, he helped to restore civilian government to the following military rule. Busia was born a prince in the kingdom of Wenchi, in the Brong Ahafo Region, one of the four Gold Coast Territories, then under British rule and now called Ghana. He was educated at Methodist School, Wenchi, Mfantsipim School, Cape Coast, then at Wesley College, Kumasi and he later became a teacher at Achimota School. He gained his first degree with Honours in Medieval and Modern History from the University of London and he then went on to study at University College, Oxford, where he was the colleges first African student. He served as a commissioner from 1942 to 1949, and was appointed first lecturer in African Studies. He became the first African to occupy a Chair at the University College of the Gold Coast, in 1951 he was elected by the Ashanti Confederacy to the Legislative Council. In 1952, he was Leader of Ghana Congress Party, which merged with the other opposition parties to form the United Party. As leader of the opposition against Kwame Nkrumah, he fled the country on the grounds that his life was under threat, in 1959 Busia became a Professor of Sociology and Culture of Africa at the University of Leiden near the Hague, Netherlands. From 1962 until 1969, he was a Fellow of St Antonys College, in 1967/68, he served as the Chairman of the Centre for Civic Education. He used this opportunity and sold himself as the next Leader and he also was a Member of the Constitutional Review Committee. When the NLC lifted the ban on politics, Busia, together with friends in the defunct UP formed the Progress Party, in 1969, the PP won the parliamentary elections with 104 of the 105 seats contested. This paved the way for him to become the next Prime Minister, Busia continued with NLCs anti-Nkrumaist stance and adopted a liberalised economic system. There was a mass deportation of half a million Nigerian citizens from Ghana, and a 44 percent devaluation of the cedi in 1971, while he was in Britain for a medical check-up, the army under Colonel Ignatius Kutu Acheampong overthrew his government on 13 January 1972. Busia died from an attack in 1978. Danquah and S. D. Dombo, Busias name is associated with Ghanas political right, the New Patriotic Party has claimed the Danquah-Busia-Dombo mantle in the Fourth Republic. The author Abena Busia, actress Akosua Busia are his daughters & yoga guru and he left behind four sons and four daughters, Kwasi Osei, Afua Safoa, Nana Gyasi, Yaw, Abena, Kofi, Nana Frema and Akosua Busia. The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti, London,1951 The Sociology and Culture of Africa
17.
Joseph W.S. de Graft-Johnson
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Dr. Joseph William Swain de Graft-Johnson was a Ghanaian engineer, academic and politician. He was Vice President of Ghana from 1979 to 1981, de Graft-Johnson practised as an engineer in Ghana. He was also a lecturer at the Buildings and Roads Research Institute of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and he was also one of the founding members of the Ghana Institute of Engineers. He was the President of the GhIE from 1977 to 1978 and he suffered personal attacks because of this. De Graft-Johnson joined the Peoples National Party when it was founded in 1979 and this was after the ban on political parties imposed in 1972 by the National Redemption Council was lifted. The PNP won the elections and he became the first ever Vice President of Ghana in the Limann government, the government was overthrown by coup détat on 31 December 1981. He left for exile in London, England after the coup and he died on April 22,1999 in London at the age of 65. de Graft-Johnson, J. W. S. Harbhajan Bhatia, A. A. Hammond. Lateritic Gravel Evaluation for Road Construction, journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division. Archived from the original on May 21,2005
18.
J. E. Casely Hayford
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Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford, MBE, or Ekra-Agiman was a Ghanaian journalist, editor, author, lawyer, educator, and politician who supported pan-African nationalism. Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford was born on 29 September 1866 in Cape Coast, in the British Gold Coast colony and his family, part of the Fante Anona clan, was part of the prominent coastal elite, and also had European ancestry. His father Joseph de Graft Hayford, was educated and ordained as a minister in the Methodist church and his mother was from the Brew dynasty, descended from the 18th-century European trader Richard Brew and his African concubine. Brew settled in area about 1745. Casely was one of Josephs middle names, he adopted Casely Hayford as a double surname. His brothers were Ernest Hayford, a doctor, and the Reverend Mark Hayford, Casely Hayford attended Wesley Boys High School in Cape Coast, and Fourah Bay College in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Upon returning to Ghana, Casely Hayford became a school teacher. He eventually was promoted to principal at Accra Wesleyan Boys High School and he was dismissed from his position at the school for his political activism. In 1885 he began working as a journalist for the Western Echo, by 1888 Casely Hayford was the editor, and he renamed the paper as the Gold Coast Echo. From 1890 to 1896 he was co-proprietor of the Gold Coast Chronicle and he also wrote articles for the Wesleyan Methodist Times. In 1893, Casely Hayford traveled to London in order to study as a barrister at the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple and he was called to the Bar on 17 November 1896. That year, he returned with his second wife Adelaide to Ghana to private law practice in Cape Coast, Axim, Sekondi and he also continued his work as a journalist, editing the Gold Coast Leader. In 1904, he helped found the Mfantsipim School, in 1910 he succeeded John Mensah Sarbah as president of the Aborigines Rights Protection Society, the first anti-colonial organization founded in the Gold Coast. Casely Hayford wrote several books, primarily as commentary and opposition to British land management acts, such as the Crown Lands Bill of 1897, and his view was that African identity and African social stability were inextricably linked to conservation of existing conventions concerning land rights. While visiting London to protest the Forest Ordinance of 1911, he was part of a group that gave assistance to Dusé Mohamed Ali to get his African Times. Dove and C. W. Betts from Sierra Leone and Dr. Oguntola Sapara from Lagos, Casely Hayford was also deeply involved in the political movement for African emancipation. He participated in Booker T. Washingtons International Conference on the Negro in 1912, Casely Hayford’s career in public office began with his nomination to the Legislative Council of the Gold Coast in 1916. As a legislator he served on public commissions, and received an MBE in the 1919 Birthday Honours for services in aid of the Prince of Waless Patriotic Fund
19.
United Nations General Assembly
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The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. The General Assembly is the deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN. It has also established a number of subsidiary organs. It can also reconvene for special and emergency special sessions and its composition, functions, powers, voting, and procedures are set out in Chapter IV of the United Nations Charter. The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London, other questions are decided by a straightforward majority. Each member country has one vote, apart from approval of budgetary matters, including adoption of a scale of assessment, Assembly resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace, the one state, one vote power structure potentially allows states comprising just five percent of the world population to pass a resolution by a two-thirds vote. During the 1980s, the Assembly became a forum for the North-South dialogue and these issues came to the fore because of the phenomenal growth and changing makeup of the UN membership. In 1945, the UN had 51 members and it now has 193, of which more than two-thirds are developing countries. Because of their numbers, developing countries are able to determine the agenda of the Assembly, the character of its debates. For many developing countries, the UN is the source of much of their diplomatic influence, the Assembly can consider the matter immediately with a view to making recommendations to Members for collective measures to maintain or restore international peace and security. The first session of the UN General Assembly was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London, the next few annual sessions were held in different cities, the second session in New York, and the third session was in Paris. It moved to the permanent United Nations Headquarters in New York at the start of its seventh regular annual session, on 14 October 1952. In December 1988, in order to hear Yasser Arafat, the General Assembly organised its 29th session in the Palace of Nations, all 193 members states of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly. The agenda for each session is planned up to seven months in advance and this is refined into a provisional agenda 60 days before the opening of the session. Items on the agenda are numbered, the General Assembly votes on many resolutions brought forth by sponsoring states. These are generally statements symbolizing the sense of the community about an array of world issues. Most General Assembly resolutions are not enforceable as a legal or practical matter, the General Assembly has authority to make final decisions in some areas such as the United Nations budget
20.
Mohamed Ibn Chambas
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Mohamed Ibn Chambas is a lawyer, diplomat, politician and academic from Ghana. In 2002 he became the Executive Secretary of the Economic Community of West African States, in 2007, he was appointed the groups first President by the governments of its member states, serving a four-year term. Mohamed Ibn Chambas was appointed Secretary General of the ACP Group on 16 November 2009 and he attended Mfantsipim School, Cape Coast, and Government Secondary School, now Tamale Secondary School Tamale. He holds degrees in Political Science from University of Ghana, Legon and Cornell University Ithaca and he has a law degree from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. He was admitted to law in Ghana and the State of Ohio. He returned to Ghana, where he became a school administrator, Chambas first entered government in 1987 as Deputy Foreign Secretary of Ghana. He was a member of the Head of States summit delegations to a number of countries, including the US, China, UK, France, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe. He led Ghanas delegation to the UN General Assembly, ministerial meetings of the OAU and the Economic Community of West African States, the Non-Aligned Movement, and he served as MP for Bimbilla from 1993 to 1996 on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress. He was First Deputy Speaker of the Ghanaian Parliament, and thereafter was appointed Deputy Foreign Minister, as First Deputy Speaker, he was Chairman of the Appointments and Privileges Committees of Parliament. In 1993–94, he chaired the Foreign Affairs Committee of Parliament with oversight responsibility for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Chambas came to international importance as mediator between the parties of the First Liberian Civil War of the 1990s, and later the Ivorian Civil War in the early 2000s. Centrally involved in the ECOWAS mediation efforts in Liberia, he participated in negotiations leading to the agreements ending the Liberian civil war. Between April 1997 and December 2000, Chambas was appointed the Deputy Minister of Education in charge of tertiary education and he also led negotiations and conflict resolution processes during student protests and industrial disputes involving university and polytechnic teachers and other staff members. Chambas was at the time suggested in the Ghanaian press as a candidate for the New Patriotic Party, reelected on 7 December 2000 on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress. Shortly thereafter, he was nominated to head ECOWAS by Ghanaian President John Kufuor, in 2002, he was the Ranking Member on the Parliamentary Select Committee on Foreign Affairs of the Minority National Democratic Congress. He was also a member of the Select Committee on Education, in 2001, Chambas was elected as the Executive Secretary of the Economic Community of West African States, and acceded to the office on 1 February 2002. As Executive Secretary of ECOWAS, he was executive of the 15-person Executive Secretariat of the international organisation from 2002 to 2006. He succeeds Ibrahim Gambari of Nigeria, on 12 September 2014, he was appointed Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Office for West Africa. Biographical profile at the Website of the Office of the Presidency, irin Interview With Mohamed Ibn Chambas, Executive Secretary Of ECOWAS, U. N
21.
Economic Community of West African States
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The Economic Community of West African States, also known as ECOWAS, is a regional economic union of fifteen countries located in West Africa. Collectively, these comprise an area of 5,114,162 km2. The union was established on 28 May 1975, with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos, a revised version of the treaty was agreed and signed on 24 July 1993 in Cotonou. In recent years these included interventions in Ivory Coast in 2003, Liberia in 2003, Guinea-Bissau in 2012, Mali in 2013, established in 1994 and intended to counterbalance the dominance of English-speaking economies in the bloc, members of UEMOA are mostly former territories of French West Africa. The currency they all use is the CFA franc, which is pegged to the euro, the West African Monetary Zone, established in 2000, comprises six mainly English-speaking countries within ECOWAS which plan to work towards adopting their own common currency, the eco. A few members of the organization have come and gone over the years, in 1976 Cape Verde joined ECOWAS, and in December 2000 Mauritania withdrew, having announced its intention to do so in December 1999. In 2011, ECOWAS adopted its development blueprint for the decade, Vision 2020, and, to accompany it. As of February 2017 ECOWAS has 15 member states, eight of these are French-speaking, five are English-speaking, all current members joined the community as founding members in May 1975, except Cape Verde which joined in 1977. Statistics for population, nominal GDP and purchase price parity GDP listed below are taken from World Bank estimates for 2015, area data is taken from a 2012 report compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division. The ECOWAS nations assigned a non-aggression protocol in 1990 along with two earlier agreements in 1978 and 1981. They also signed a Protocol on Mutual Defence Assistance in Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 29 May 1981, the Community Parliament consists of 115 members, distributed based on the population of each member state. This body is headed by the Speaker of the Parliament, who is above the Secretary General, for the third time since its inception in 1975, ECOWAS is undergoing institutional reforms. The first was when it revised its treaty on 24 July 1993, however, the Court did not officially begin operations until the 1991 protocol came into effect on 5 November 1996. The jurisdiction of the court is outlined in Article 9 and Articles 76 of the Revised Treaty and it also provides the ECOWAS Council with advisory opinions on legal issues. Like its companion courts the European Court of Human Rights and East African Court of Justice, it has jurisdiction to rule on fundamental human rights breaches. ECOWAS nations organize an array of cultural and sports event under the auspices of the body, including the CEDEAO Cup in football, the 2012 ECOWAS Games. It was established to promote economic integration among countries that share the CFA franc as a common currency. UEMOA was created by a Treaty signed at Dakar, Senegal, on 10 January 1994, by the heads of state and governments of Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte dIvoire, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo
22.
Majid Michel
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Majid Michel is a Ghanaian actor. He received nominations for Best Actor in a Leading Role at the Africa Movie Academy Awards in 2009,2010,2011,2012 and 2014 and he eventually won the award in 2012 after three previous consecutive nominations. Michel was born in Cantonments, a suburb of the Ghanaian capital Accra, the son of a Lebanese father and a Ghanaian mother, he grew up in Accra with his nine siblings. He attended St. Theresa’s Primary School, and later, the Mfantsipim School, in secondary school, Michel was actively involved in theater and was a member of the school’s Drama Club. As a member of the club, he received a Best Actor Award in one of their performances on Emancipation Day in Cape Coast. Michel entered professional acting by auditioning for an agency, a neighbour had introduced him to that agency. He was invited to join the agency, Super Model Agency. He starred in the television series Things We Do for Love and his role on Things We Do for Love was to be played by a Lebanese boy, and Michel attributes being given the role due to his Lebanese heritage. Things We Do For Love became a success and propelled him into the mainstream. On the strength of his performance in the series, he was cast in his first movie, Divine Love, as the lead, alongside Jackie Aygemang as the female lead. All three used their roles in the movie to debut their movie careers, Divine Love was a huge success, turning Majid Michel, Jackie Agyemang and Van Vicker into household names across Ghana. In 2008 Michel starred as the role in the film Agony of the Christ. Michel is one of the Ghanaian actors who got into the industry during the period in which Frank Rajah Arase signed a contract with Ghanas Abdul Salam Mumuni of Venus Films. The contract basically involved introducing Ghanaian actors into the mainstream Nollywood film industry, Films produced under this contract which featured Michel include, Crime to Christ, Agony of Christ, Heart of Men, The Game and Who Loves Me. amongst others. Michel made his Nigerian Nollywood debut in the 2009 romantic drama, Emerald, while Majids performance was commended, along with his strong on-screen chemistry with Nnaji, the film received largely mixed to negative reviews. Same year, another film featuring Michel, Guilty Pleasures was released, Guilty Pleasures upon release was met generally positive reviews. He continued this trend into 2010, where he starred alongside Genevieve Nnaji once more in Bursting Out. In another interview, he stated that Genevieve Nnaji is the best kisser in the film industry and he also stated in an interview that Genevieve taught him how to act, and also implied in another interview that Ghana has no film industry
23.
Derek Boateng
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Derek Owusu Boateng is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for OFI Crete of the Greece Football League. Boateng was born in Accra, Greater Accra, where he played for the local side Liberty Professionals and he signed for Kalamata F. C. in Greece when he was 16. In 2001, Boateng joined antother Greek Super League club Panathinaikos, in 2002, Boateng was unable to keep his place in the Panathinaikos squad and was sent on loan to OFI Crete. He signed for AIK in August 2003, Boateng extended his contract with AIK for one more year until the end of 2007. When he left for Beitar Jerusalem, Boateng stated in an interview that he loves Sweden and AIK, in July 2006, he signed with Beitar Jerusalem until January 2009. Boateng helped Beitar Jerusalem to win the league for the time in their history. Beitar Jerusalem lost 2–1 on aggregate and were eliminated, Boateng ended the season with another championship for Beitar Jerusalem. The 2008–09 season started with yet another early elimination at the qualification round for the UEFA Champions League, this time with a 5–0 away defeat to Wisła Kraków. On 21 January 2009, Boateng signed a contract with 1. However, on 31 July 2009, Getafe CF signed him from Köln for one million euros and he stayed at the Spanish club for just over two seasons, making 61 appearances and scoring two goals. On 20 June 2011, Boateng completed a move to Ukrainian club FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, for Dnipro Derek mostly played in the 2011-12, while the next season he was side benched by the head coach after playing the first couple of games for the first team. Later after playing games for the reserve team, Boateng lost interest of playing for the club at all. In May 2013, Boateng confirmed that he had moved on a transfer to Premier League side Fulham on Ghanaian radio. He said, I have signed a deal with Fulham. I believe it’s a good move and I’m finally happy to see this deal, Fulham officially confirmed Boateng signed a one-year deal with an option for a further year on 22 May 2013. He featured in the 2013–14 English Premiership opener against Sunderland where he played only 65 minutes and was substituted by Giorgos Karagounis, after his contract with Fulham expired, he decided to join Spanish club Rayo Vallecano on 3 June 2014. However, only two later, he was deemed suplus to requirements by manager Paco Jémez, and rescinded his link with the Madrid outfit on 18 August. Hours after rescinding with Rayo, Boateng signed a deal with fellow league club SD Eibar
24.
Razak Pimpong
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Razak Pimpong is a Ghanaian footballer who played as a striker and attacking midfielder for FC Midtjylland, FC Copenhagen, Viborg FF and other clubs. He was very versatile and could also play wide either as a right sided midfielder or right winger, Pimpong was brought from Ghana to Denmark by FC Midtjylland, and made his debut for the team in 2000. He played more than 100 times for FCM, scoring 25 league goals for the club, in July 2005, he agreed a move to league rivals F. C. København from January 2006. Pimpong did not find success at FCK. His first, and only goal, for FCK came on April 2006 and he came on in the 69th minute, scored the only goal of the game in the 89th minute, before he was sent off in injury time for overtly celebrating his goal. In 2007, Pimpong was transferred to Norwegian Tippeligaen club Viking FK for a sum reported to be around 4 million Norwegian Kroner and he signed a contract keeping him at the club until 2010. In February 2009, Egyptian side Al-Masry signed Pimpong from Viking FK, a few months later, on 27 July 2009, he signed for Danish club Viborg FF. On June 24,2013 he announced his retirement from professional football, Pimpong was part of the Ghanaian 2004 Olympic football team, who exited in the first round, having finished in third place in group B. He was called up for the Ghanaian squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany and he has played nine games for the Ghanaian national team, and represented Ghana at the 2004 Summer Olympic football tournament as well as the 2006 World Cup in Germany. FIFA World Youth Championship runner-up,2001 Danish Superliga winner, 2005-06 F. C. København statistics Fifa 2006 World Cup Profile
25.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
26.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
27.
Ghana National College
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Ghana National College is a senior high school in Cape Coast, Ghana. It is rated as one of the top schools. It was founded on 20 July 1948, staffed by dismissed teachers from St Augustines College, the college was founded by the first Ghanaian President Kwame Nkrumah using his own funds, for eight students who had been expelled by the British colonial administration from St Augustines College. The expulsion resulted from a protest march, held in solidarity with Nkrumah, Ghana National College was established on Friday,16 July 1948, in Cape Coast, during a period of agitation for self-government in the then Gold Coast. Ironically it was named Ghana National College nine years before The Gold Coast achieved independence in 1957, danquah, Mr Edward Akufo-Addo, Mr William Ofori Atta, Mr Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey, and Mr Ebenezer Ako-Adjei. The appointments of four teachers, three from St. Augustines College and one from Mfantsipim School, are also revoked, the teachers are Mr Kwesi Plange, Mr J. J. Mensah-Kane, Mr H. P. Nelson and Mr H. W. K. Sackeyfio. 1 July 1948 Kwame Nkrumah, Secretary of the UGCC invites the above-mentioned teachers to his office in Saltpond,8 July 1948 Kwame Nkrumah donates 10 pounds towards starting the school. 16 July 1948 Sixteen boys and one girl are enrolled as the first students of the school for the first official lessons at MacCarthy Hill, I bid you shake hands with your fellow students and teachers over your study table and over the blackboards. I look forward to the time there will be a chain of Ghana Colleges in all of the four territories which make up the Gold Coast leading to the founding of a very high institution in this country. In the name of the people of the Gold Coast, In the name of Humanity and in the name of the Almighty God, I bid you speed forward till we realise a free and United Gold Coast and a United Africa. 22 November 1948 The school moves into a spacious location for eight boys at Siwdu owned by Alhaji Ali Baba. Mrs Faustina Daniels houses the girls in her coronation street hostel and she will later become a member of the board of governors from 1951 to 1972. Early in 1949 Charlotte Bart Plange, mother of Kwesi Plange and she will later become a member of the board of governors from 1951 to 1972. Classes are also held in the bedroom of the Temple-keeper, michael Ato Wood composes the school hymn, God Bless our Native Land. August 1952 J. J. Mensah-Kane becomes headmaster of the school, September 1952 J. J. Mensah-Kane and H. P. Nelson both leave for the UK for further studies as educators. Land is provided by the Afadu-Abadzi and the Ama Takyiwa Twidan families of Amanful,1 January 1957 Mrs Elizabeth Ward-Brew offers her vacant residential complex at Wardbury Gardens at Kakumdo to house the boys. 6 March 1957 Dr Kwame Nkrumah becomes the Prime Minister of Ghana, may 1957 All girls are moved to join the boys at Warbury Gardens and Miss Stella Maysel, first female teacher is appointed as Housemistress to relieve Miss Adelina Bessa-Simons, the schools matron. October 1957 J. J. Mendah-Kane returns from the UK to join the staff at the school teaching zoology at Siwdu
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