1.
Miami
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
2.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Miami, Florida
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
5.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
6.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
7.
Miami Hurricanes football
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The Miami Hurricanes football team represents the University of Miami in the sport of American football. The Hurricanes compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association s Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, the program began in 1926 and has won five AP national championships. Miami is ranked fourth on the list of All-time Associated Press National Poll Championships, tied with Southern California and Ohio State and behind Alabama, Notre Dame, and Oklahoma. Miami also holds a number of NFL Draft records, including most first round selections in a single draft, two Hurricanes have won the Heisman Trophy and nine have been inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame. The team plays its games at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens. The Hurricanes are currently coached by Mark Richt, UM began with just a freshman football team in 1926. Its first game was played on October 23,1926, a 7–0 win over Rollins College before 304 fans, under the guidance of head coach Howard P. Buck, the freshman team posted a perfect 8–0 record in its inaugural season. Two of the wins were against the University of Havana, one on Thanksgiving Day in Miami, Miamis last home game at of the season featured a first, the first Hurricane football game played on New Years Day against Howard at Miamis University Stadium. Varsity competition began in 1927, with Miami beating Rollins 39–3 in its first game and going on to a 3–6–1 record. The team improved to 4–4–1 in 1928, but it was not enough for Buck to keep his job, rixs arrival was funded by a group of local businessmen. That off-season, the program, which competed as an independent during its first two years of existence, joined the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association,1929 saw Miami play its first varsity road game, and Rix led the team to its first winning season, going 3–2. His tenure, however, was short-lived, off-campus financing for the dried up in the wake of the 1929 stock market crash. Ernest Brett replaced Rix, and in 1930, Miami played Temple in its first game outside the South, losing 34–0 to the Owls in Atlantic City, New Jersey. On October 31,1930, the Hurricanes played in one of the nations first night games vs. Bowden College in Miami, Brett only lasted one year, and Tom McCann became the programs fourth head coach in 1931. Under McCann, the program experienced its most successful seasons to that point. After a difficult first year, Miami put together a record in 1932 and served as host to the inaugural Palm Festival. A 5–1–2 campaign and another Palm Festival berth followed in 1933, and in 1934, in 1935, a group of Miami football supporters sought to hire Red Grange as coach. However, the move was vetoed by President Bowman Foster Ashe, instead Irl Tubbs took over as head coach in 1935, and though Miami compiled an 11–5–2 record in his two seasons, it did not play in a bowl in either year
8.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
9.
Orange Bowl
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The Orange Bowl is an annual American college football bowl game played at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. This bowl game is sponsored by Capital One and part of the College Football Playoff and it has been played annually since January 1,1935. The Orange Bowl, along with the Sugar Bowl and the Sun Bowl, is the second-oldest bowl game in the country, behind the Rose Bowl. In its early years, the Orange Bowl had no defined conference tie-ins, from the 1950s until the mid-1990s, the Orange Bowl had a strong relationship with the Big 8 Conference. The champion was invited to the game in most years during this time. Opponents of the Big 8 varied, but were often major independents, runners-up in the Southeastern Conference, in the 1990s, the Orange Bowl was a member of the Bowl Coalition, but kept its Big 8 tie-in. It was later a member of the Bowl Alliance, from 1998 to 2013, The Orange Bowl was a member of the now-defunct Bowl Championship Series. The Orange Bowl served as the BCS National Championship Game in 2001 and 2005, however, beginning with the 2006 season, the BCS National Championship Game became a stand-alone event, hosted by the local bowl organization about one week following the New Years Day bowl games. Under that format the Orange Bowl Committee hosted two games in both 2009 and in 2013, all at Sun Life Stadium. The BCS ended after the 2013 season, being replaced by the current College Football Playoff, since 2007, the Orange Bowl has been host to the Atlantic Coast Conference champion unless they are involved in the national championship game and has used the brand Home of the ACC Champion. The 2013 match-up ended with the Florida State Seminoles, who won the ACC championship and this was the first time a non-AQ team that had suffered a loss previously in the season made it to the Orange Bowl. In 1890, Pasadena, California held its first Tournament of Roses Parade to showcase the citys mild weather compared to the winters in northern cities. As one of the said, In New York, people are buried in snow. Here, our flowers are blooming and our oranges are about to bear, lets hold a festival to tell the world about our paradise. In 1902, the festival was enhanced by adding an American football game. In 1926, leaders in Miami, Florida, decided to do the same with a Fiesta of the American Tropics that was centered around a New Years Day football game. Although a second Fiesta was never held, Miami leaders- Earnest E Seiler, later revived the idea with the Palm Festival, in 1932, George E. Hussey, official greeter of Miami, organized the first Festival of Palms Bowl, a predecessor of the Orange Bowl. With Miami suffering from both the Great Depression and the preceding Florida land bust, Hussey and other Miamians sought to help its economy by organizing a similar to Pasadenas Rose Bowl
10.
Miami Seahawks
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The Miami Seahawks were a professional American football team based in Miami, Florida. They played in the All-America Football Conference in the inaugural season,1946. They are notable as the first major sports franchise in Miami. The Seahawks were coached initially by Jack Meagher and then by Hamp Pool, the team faced a difficult schedule filled with many early road games, and finished the 14-game regular season with only three wins. Florida would not have another major league-level football team until the American Football League organized in 1960 added the Miami Dolphins in 1966, the Miami Seahawks were the last of the AAFCs charter teams to be established. They were formed to replace an aborted Baltimore franchise which was to have been owned by retired boxer Gene Tunney. However, Tunneys bid foundered when he was unable to secure a deal with old, city-owned Municipal Stadium on 33rd Street. A group of Miami football boosters led by Harvey Hester seized on the chance to bring a league team to their city. The AAFC, needing an eighth team to balance the schedule, the Seahawks thus became the first major league sports team to be based in Miami. Home games were played at Burdine Stadium, later called the Miami Orange Bowl, the Seahawks stood out from the other AAFC franchises in several ways. First, Miami was by far the smallest market in the league, indeed, the only city in the NFL and AAFC that was smaller was Green Bay. Additionally, Hester was substantially less wealthy than the team owners. Cleveland Browns famed coach Paul Brown remarked that Hester seemed out of his element around the other owners, the Seahawks hired Iowa Pre-Flight Seahawks coach Jack Meagher as head coach. Their schedule was difficult from the beginning. They played seven of their first eight games on the road and their first game was a harbinger of things to come--a 44-0 thumping by the Cleveland Browns. By the time of their first home game, they had a record of 0-3-0, Meagher quit abruptly on October 22 after winning just one of his first six games. Hamp Pool, captain of the 1940 and 1941 Chicago Bears NFL championship teams, was forced to take over as head coach, after a 1-7-0 start, the team returned home to host their final six games, a difficult sell to the general public. While an average 28,000 people came to the Seahawks first two games, fans quickly lost interest in the flagging team, and only around 9,000 came to each of the last three games
11.
All-America Football Conference
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The All-America Football Conference was a professional American football league that challenged the established National Football League from 1946–1949. One of the NFLs most formidable challengers, the AAFC attracted many of the nations best players, However, the AAFC was ultimately unable to sustain itself in competition with the NFL. Three of its teams were admitted to the NFL, the San Francisco 49ers, the Cleveland Browns, the Cleveland Browns were the AAFCs most successful club, having won every annual championship in the leagues four years of operation. The AAFC was founded by Chicago Tribune sports editor Arch Ward on June 4,1944, Ward was also the originator of baseballs All-Star Game and footballs College All-Star Game. Ward brought together a number of pro football enthusiasts, some of whom had previously attempted to purchase NFL franchises. Ward had previously encouraged the NFL to expand, but now he hoped to bring about a permanent second league, on November 21,1944, the AAFC chose Jim Crowley, one of the Four Horsemen of Notre Dame, as its commissioner. Not coincidentally, the NFL commissioner at this time was Elmer Layden, during the next months, the AAFCs plans solidified. The league initially issued franchises for Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Los Angeles, New York, Brooklyn and Miami were later added. A group representing Baltimore was considered for admission, but could not secure a stadium, the league planned to begin play in 1945, but postponed its opening for a year as World War II continued. As the eight franchises built their teams, no move was more far-reaching than Clevelands choice of Paul Brown as its head coach, as coach of the Cleveland franchise, Brown would become one of American footballs greatest innovators. As might be expected, the NFL did not welcome its new rival, in 1945, Layden remarked that the AAFC, still a year from its first game, should first get a ball, then make a schedule, and then play a game. This insult, often paraphrased as Tell them to get a ball first, Washington Redskins owner George Preston Marshall was perhaps the NFLs hardest-liner regarding the AAFC. In 1945, he commented I did not realize there was another league, Later he declared, The worst team in our league could beat the best team in theirs. After the AAFC put a team in Baltimore, Marshalls opposition to it would be an obstacle to interleague peace. Not coincidentally, his team was badly hurt by the AAFC, a top team from 1936–1945, the Redskins began a decades-long title drought after coach Ray Flaherty and many key players defected in 1946. Laydens successor, Bert Bell, pursued a policy of official non-recognition, in 1947, Pro Football Illustrated previewed both leagues in its annual publication and was banned from NFL stadiums. The AAFC posed a formidable challenge, in most interleague sports wars, the established league has major advantages over the challenger in prestige, finance, size, and public awareness. The NFL-AAFC war differed in several respects, the NFL was just emerging from its wartime retrenchment
12.
Miami Dolphins
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The Miami Dolphins are a professional American football franchise based in the Miami metropolitan area. The Dolphins compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues American Football Conference East division. The Dolphins play their games at Hard Rock Stadium in the northern suburb of Miami Gardens, Florida. The Dolphins and the Atlanta Falcons are the oldest NFL franchises in the Deep South, however, of the four AFC East teams, they are the only team in the division that was not a charter member of the American Football League. The Dolphins team was founded by attorney-politician Joe Robbie and actor-comedian Danny Thomas and they began play in the AFL in 1966. For the first few years the Dolphins full-time training camp and practice facilities were at Saint Andrews School, in 1970 the Dolphins joined the NFL when the AFL–NFL merger occurred. The team made its first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl VI, Miami also appeared in Super Bowl XVII and Super Bowl XIX, losing both games. For most of their history, the Dolphins were coached by Don Shula. Under Shula, the Dolphins posted losing records in two of his 26 seasons as the head coach. During the period spanning 1983 to the end of 1999, quarterback Dan Marino became one of the most prolific passers in NFL history, Marino led the Dolphins to five division titles,10 playoff appearances, and Super Bowl XIX before retiring following the 1999 season. During the summer of 1966, the Dolphins training camp was in St. Pete Beach with practices in August at Boca Ciega High School in Gulfport. The Dolphins had a combined 15–39–2 record in their first four seasons under head coach George Wilson, before Don Shula was hired as head coach. Shula was a Paul Brown disciple who had been lured from the Baltimore Colts after losing Super Bowl III two seasons earlier to the AFLs New York Jets and finishing 8–5–1 the following season. Interestingly, Shula got his first NFL coaching job from then-Detroit Head Coach George Wilson, when Shula replaced Wilson at Miami the Colts charged the Dolphins with tampering in their hiring of Shula, costing the Dolphins their first round draft pick in 1971. Shula introduced himself to the Miami press by saying that he didnt have any magic formulas, Shulas early training camps with the Dolphins, with four workouts a day, would soon be the stuff of sweltering, painful legend. But Shulas hard work paid dividends, as Miami improved to a 10–4 record and their first-ever playoff appearance. The Dolphins were successful in the early 1970s, becoming the first team to advance to the AFC Championship for three consecutive seasons and they captured the AFC championship in 1971 behind quarterback Bob Griese, running backs Larry Csonka and Jim Kiick, and wide receiver Paul Warfield. The AFC Divisional Playoff Game, in which the Dolphins defeated the Kansas City Chiefs, was the longest contest in NFL history, in Super Bowl VI, however, Miami lost to the Dallas Cowboys 24–3
13.
American Football League
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The American Football League was a major professional American football league that operated from 1960 until 1969, when it merged with the National Football League. The upstart AFL operated in competition with the more established NFL throughout its existence. The AFL was created by a number of owners who had been refused NFL expansion franchises or had shares of NFL franchises. The league first gained attention by signing 75% of the NFLs first-round draft choices in 1960, the transformation of the struggling Titans into the New York Jets under new ownership further solidified the leagues reputation among the major media. As fierce competition made player salaries skyrocket in both leagues, especially after a series of raids, the agreed to a merger in 1966. Among the conditions were a common draft and a game played between the two league champions, which would eventually become known as the Super Bowl. The AFL and NFL operated as separate leagues until 1970, with regular season. During this time the AFL added the Miami Dolphins and Cincinnati Bengals, in 1970, the AFL was absorbed into the NFL, and the ten AFL franchises along with the Baltimore Colts, Cleveland Browns, and Pittsburgh Steelers became the American Football Conference. During the 1950s, the National Football League had grown to rival Major League Baseball as one of the most popular sports leagues in the United States. One franchise that did not share in this success of the league was the Chicago Cardinals, owned by the Bidwill family. The Bidwills hoped to relocate their franchise, preferably to St. Louis, needing cash, the Bidwills began entertaining offers from would-be investors, and one of the men who approached the Bidwills was Lamar Hunt, son and heir of millionaire oilman H. L. Hunt. Hunt offered to buy the Cardinals and move them to Dallas, while Hunt negotiated with the Bidwills, similar offers were made by Bud Adams, Bob Howsam, and Max Winter. When Hunt, Adams, and Howsam were unable to secure a controlling interest in the Cardinals, they approached NFL commissioner Bert Bell, Bell, wary of expanding the 12-team league and risking its newfound success, rejected the offer. On his return flight to Dallas, Hunt conceived the idea of a new league. He contacted Adams, Howsam, and Winter to gauge their interest in starting a new league, hunts first meeting with Adams was held in March 1959. Hunt, who felt a regional rivalry would be critical for the success of the new league, convinced Adams to join, Hunt next secured an agreement from Howsam to bring a team to Denver. After Winter and Boyer agreed to start a team in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Hunt then approached Willard Rhodes, who hoped to bring pro football to Seattle. With no place for his team to play, Rhodes effort came to nothing, Hunt also sought franchises in Los Angeles, Buffalo and New York City
14.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
15.
FIU Panthers
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The FIU Panthers are the athletic teams representing Florida International University, an American public university located in Miami, Florida. The Panthers currently compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletics as members of Conference USA, FIU competes as a member of the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association. FIUs colors are blue and gold, and their mascot is the Panther. The schools original nickname was the Sunblazers, but it was changed in 1987 to the Golden Panthers, FIU is a member of the NCAA, participating in Division I, and is a member of Conference USA. FIU joined the Sun Belt Conference in 1998 having previously competed in the Trans America Athletic Conference and they joined Conference USA in 2013. FIUs main rivals are the University of Miami Hurricanes and the Florida Atlantic University Owls, FIUs baseball team began play in 1973 as a Division II member and is one of the most successful programs in the schools history. The team has reached the post-season 14 times in school history, the other five appearances came as a Division II program and included a Division II College World Series appearance. Many players from past years have been drafted by Major League Baseball teams and have played in the majors, FIUs most notable baseball alumni is Mike Lowell, former third baseman of the New York Yankees, Florida Marlins, and Boston Red Sox. Lowell was the 2007 World Series MVP, FIU mens basketball team had its lone NCAA Tournament appearance in the 1995 tournament under then Head Coach Bob Weltlich. FIU won the TAAC Basketball Tournament and in doing so earned a bid for the NCAA Tournament. FIU was seeded #16 and played the #1 seeded UCLA Bruins in the first round of the West Regional, the Panthers lost the game to the Bruins by the score of 92–56, being the first tournament win in UCLAs successful run to the National Championship that year. FIU alumni who have played in the National Basketball Association include Carlos Arroyo and they are led by head coach Mario Cristobal and play at FIU Stadium on FIUs University Park campus. The team began playing in 2002 as a member of NCAA Division 1-AA, three years later, the FIU Athletics Department decided to move the program up to Division 1-A. FIU became the fastest school to such a move from a programs inception. On August 29,2002, the program played its first game at home against Saint Peters College in front of a sold out crowd of 17,314, FIU defeated St. Peterss by the score of 27–3. The FIU football teams main rival are the Florida Atlantic Owls, both teams play annually in a game known as the Shula Bowl. The game is named after former Miami Dolphins head coach Don Shula, team honors Sun Belt Conference Champions,2010 FIU has won two NCAA Division II national championships in mens soccer. In 1982, FIU beat Southern Connecticut State by the score of 2–1, two years later the Panthers won their second national title beating Seattle Pacific University 1–0
16.
Fort Lauderdale Strikers
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The Fort Lauderdale Strikers are an American professional soccer team based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Founded in 2006, they play in the North American Soccer League, the Strikers are named for the original Strikers, who played in the old North American Soccer League from 1977 to 1983. They play their games in Central Broward Stadium. The team was known as Miami FC from 2006 until 2011 before re-branding as the Strikers in 2011 and they have a fierce in-state rivalry with the Tampa Bay Rowdies. The Fort Lauderdale Strikers were founded in 1977 when the Robbie family relocated the Miami Toros north to Fort Lauderdale, the team competed in the old North American Soccer League and played its home matches at Lockhart Stadium. Between 1977 and 1983, the Strikers fielded many of the worlds best players including Gerd Müller, Teófilo Cubillas, Elías Figueroa George Best, the team was captained by Ray Hudson, who led the Strikers to the playoffs in their seven seasons in Fort Lauderdale. In 1984, the Strikers relocated to Minneapolis as the Minnesota Strikers, following the Strikers departure to Minnesota, former Striker Ronnie Sharp launched the Fort Lauderdale Sun of the newly formed United Soccer League in 1984. The Sun played their games at Lockhart Stadium. With new ownership the team was rebranded the South Florida Sun for the 1985 season and won the USL title both years before league collapsed. Over two seasons 17 ex-NASLers wore a Sun jersey, nine of whom were former Strikers, including Cubillas, Thomas Rongen, Colin Fowles, Curtis Leeper, Jim Tietjens and player/coach Keith Weller. In 1988, the Fort Lauderdale Strikers returned to soccer, led by many of the players from the original NASL Strikers including Arnie Mausser, Nene Cubillas. In 1991, the merged with the Orlando Lions. In 1994, the team play in the United States Interregional Soccer League as the Fort Lauderdale Kicks. The next year, with the folding of the American Professional Soccer League Strikers and this only lasted one year as the team changed names again, becoming the Florida Strikers before the 1996 season. The club made headlines when former World Cup winners Romario and Zinho signed for the team, in 2007, the team held a contest through public schools in the greater Miami-Dade area for a nickname and mascot. Shia Moreno, a school student won for her nickname Blues. Daniel Townsend, a senior at Robert Morgan Educational Center won for his mascot creation Hotshot, in 2009, the team moved to Fort Lauderdale to play out of Lockhart Stadium. In summer 2010, Miami FC announced its intention to pay homage to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers of the former NASL by incorporating Strikers into the name from 2011
17.
USL First Division
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The United Soccer Leagues First Division was a professional mens soccer league in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico. During its existence, it formed the tier of soccer in the United States. It was operated by the United Soccer Leagues and was the successor of the old A-League, several teams left the league in 2009 to form the new North American Soccer League, with the intent of running their own second tier league. Following a brief dispute, the two leagues operated in tandem under United States Soccer Federation mediation as the USSF Division 2 Professional League in 2010 before the split became final. The teams that remained in the First Division were merged with the USL Second Division in 2011 to form USL Pro, the Seattle Sounders won the inaugural USL1 championship, beating Richmond Kickers on penalty kicks in the championship game after a 1-1 tie in regulation time. The interim solution was announced on January 7,2010 with the USSF running the new USSF D2 Pro League comprising clubs from both USL-1 and NASL. All 12 teams from the USL First Division and the NASL competed in the USSF D2 Pro League in 2010, which was won by the Puerto Rico Islanders. On September 8,2010, the USL announced the formation of USL Pro which would merge the USL First Division, the First Division was formally dissolved following the completion of the temporary season to make way for USL Pro. Prior to 2010, the league had a rate of expansion and contraction. In November 2008, the Atlanta Silverbacks announced that they would sit out the 2009 season to reassess the landscape, similarly, the Seattle Sounders left prior to the 2009 season due to the imminent entrance of Seattle Sounders FC into Major League Soccer. Their spot in the league was taken by the Cleveland City Stars, who won the USL Second Division title in 2008, and voluntarily moved up to USL-1 for the 2009 season, folded at the end of the year. On December 2,2009, Inside Minnesota Soccer reported that the USL had asked the City Stars to terminate the contracts of all the players, as the franchise was to be dissolved. On June 19,2008, an announcement was made that an expansion slot had been awarded to a Tampa Bay, Florida-based franchise led by main investors Andrew Nestor, the plan was for the club to join the league in 2010 and be named the Tampa Bay Rowdies. Possible cities mentioned for future campaigns included Fort Lauderdale, Florida and Syracuse, Syracuse had had a highly attended team in the A-League from 2002–2004, but it folded due to stadium issues, having ground-shared with the local baseball team. Fort Lauderdale also had a history of teams from the NASL, American Soccer League, on September 1,2009, a group from Ottawa formally applied for USL-1 team, contingent on the approval of updates to Lansdowne Park. The team would share a field with the Ottawa Redblacks football team, the Ottawa ownership group has subsequently committed to the NASL. The top seven teams advanced to the tournament, with the Commissioner’s Cup winner receiving a bye into the semi-finals. Each round consisted of two legs, the seeded team hosting the first leg, and the higher seed hosting the second
18.
Southeastern United States
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The Southeastern United States is the eastern portion of the Southern United States, and the southern portion of the Eastern United States. It comprises 15 states in the southern United States, there is no official Census Bureau definition of the southeastern United States. The OSBO uses the same states, but includes Arkansas and Louisiana, the most populous state in the region is Florida, followed by Georgia, and North Carolina. With tropical air masses influencing the region precipitation is high throughout the year, the tropical air masses do however cause significant hurricanes such as Hurricane Andrew and Hurricane Katrina wreaking havoc and causing significant damage to coastal areas. The winters highly vary depending on latitude and elevation, the Southeast has changed dramatically in the last two generations. Since 1980, there has been a boom in its economy, manufacturing base, high technology industries. Fortune 500 companies having headquarters in the region included 20 in Virginia,16 in Florida,15 in North Carolina and this economic expansion has enabled parts of the South to have of some of the lowest unemployment rates in the United States. In Alabama, there is a manufacturing project owned by the German steel megacorporation Thyssen-Krupp. The Cummings Research Park in the Huntsville, Alabama area is the second largest research complex in the nation, located in Huntsville is the Redstone Arsenal, United States Army Missile Command, the U. S. Space and Rocket Center, NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center and many key government, military. The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory in Tallahassee, Florida is the largest laboratory in the devoted to the study of magnetism. There are a number of universities, with several large research universities which exert influence beyond the region. These include the oldest public universities in the country, the University of Alabama, the region is home to the most historically black colleges and universities in the nation. The three largest in the region are North Carolina A&T University, Florida A&M University, and Jackson State University, on this list New Orleans Refers to the Orleans Parish Population. Therefore the population given is for the entire city excluding other incorporated places lying within the county limits, five Major League Baseball teams play in the Southeast, Washington Nationals, Miami Marlins, Atlanta Braves, Tampa Bay Rays and Baltimore Orioles. The Braves, Nationals and Marlins play in the NL East,4 Major League Lacrosse teams play in the southeast, Chesapeake Bayhawks, Florida Launch, Charlotte Hounds, and the Atlanta Blaze. Seven National Basketball Association teams play in the Southeast, Washington Wizards, Charlotte Hornets, Atlanta Hawks, Memphis Grizzlies, Miami Heat, Orlando Magic and New Orleans Pelicans. The Wizards, Heat, Hornets, Magic and Hawks are in the Eastern Conference, the Sugar Bowl, Orange Bowl, Peach Bowl, and Citrus Bowl are notable college football bowls held in Southeastern cities
19.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
20.
Greater Downtown Miami
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Downtown Miami is an urban city center, based around the Central Business District of Miami, Florida, United States. In addition to the business district, the area also consists of the Brickell Financial District, Historic District, Government Center, Omni. The neighborhood is divided by the Miami River and is bordered by Midtown to the north, Biscayne Bay to the east, Civic Center and Overtown to the west, Brickell Avenue and Biscayne Boulevard are the main north-south roads, and Flagler Street is the main east-west road. Locally known as Downtown, the area is a cultural, financial, greater Downtown is home to many major museums, parks, education centers, banks, company headquarters, courthouses, government offices, theaters, shops and many of the oldest buildings in the city. Downtown Miami is the heart of Miami, and along with Coconut Grove, is the oldest settled area of Miami. Urban development began in the 1890s with the construction of the Florida East Coast Railway by Standard Oil industrialist Henry Flagler down to Miami at the insistence of Julia Tuttle, after New York City and Chicago. Along with Brickell, Downtown has grown from 40,000 residents in 2000, to over 70,000 in 2009 and it was estimated in February 2010, that about 550 new residents move to the Downtown area every month. As of 2009, over 190,000 office employees work in Downtown, Downtown is served by the Miami Metrorail at Historic Overtown/Lyric Theatre, Government Center, and Brickell stations, accessible from Broward and Palm Beach counties via Tri-Rail transfer station. The Metro connects to the Downtown Metromover, which encompasses 22 stations on the clockwise Inner loop and counterclockwise Brickell, Government Center station is Downtowns main station and allows for transfers to all Metromover loops, Metrorail trains, and Metrobus lines at the Stephen P. Clark Government Center. Downtown Miami is centered on the Central business district, best known by local Miamians as simply Downtown, Downtown is bound by NE 6th St to the north, Biscayne Bay to the east, the Miami River to the west and south. Miami Historic District and Government Center are also located within the CBD, Downtown is directly served by the Miami Metrorail at, Government Center Station, and by 13 Metromover stations on the Downtown, Brickell, and Omni Loops. Brickell is south of the Miami River, and is a mixed upper-class residential neighborhood as well as Miamis major financial district along Brickell Avenue, the Shops at Mary Brickell Village and Simpson Park are located within Brickell. Brickell is directly served by the Miami Metrorail at, Brickell Station, Omni is an urban neighborhood with numerous hotels, and high-rise residential buildings. The neighborhoods name comes from the Omni International Mall on Biscayne Boulevard, Omni borders Biscayne Bay the east, NE 2nd Ave to the west, NE 21st St to the north and I-395 to the south. Pace Park, Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, Omni is served by the Miami Metrorail at, Government Center Station, and by two Metromover stations on the Omni Loop. Park West is directly served by the Miami Metrorail at, Historic Overtown/Lyric Theatre Station, the Miami Jewelry District is a sub-neighborhood of Downtown within the Central Business District historically known for its numerous jewelry stores, jewelers and gem dealers. It is where a variety of jeweled products are sold and is one of the three districts in the United States. The Jewelry District can be accessed by public transportation through the Metromover, as of 2010, the population of Downtown Miami was 65,696 people, with a population density of 27,487 per square mile
21.
Little Havana
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Little Havana is a neighborhood of Miami, Florida, United States. Home to many Cuban immigrant residents, as well as residents from Central and South America, Little Havana is named after Havana. Little Havana is noted as a center of social, cultural and its festivals, including the Calle Ocho Festival, Viernes Culturales/Cultural Fridays, the Three Kings Parade and others, have been televised to millions of people every year on different continents. John Bosco Catholic Church, Municipio de Santiago de Cuba and others, Little Havana is the best known neighborhood for Cuban exiles in the world. It is characterized by its life, with restaurants, music and other cultural activities, mom and pop enterprises, political passion. In 2015, Little Havana was included in the National Trust for Historic Preservation’s annual list of 11 Most Endangered Places, in 2017, the Trust declared it a national treasure. Originally a lower-middle-class Southern and a thriving Jewish neighborhood in the 1930s, the name Little Havana emerged in the 1960s as the concentration of Cubans in the area grew sharply. Little Havana is the affixed to a sprawling neighborhood lying immediately west of Downtown Miami. It stretches west from the Miami River for several miles and this sobriquet was applied to the Shenandoah and Riverside neighborhoods in the 1960s, following the beginnings of a vast influx of Cuban refugees there. Little Havana is famous as the cultural and political capital of Cuban Americans, as of 2011, Little Havana has the highest concentration of Hispanics in Miami. The median household income was $15,213.16, the ethnic makeup of the neighborhood was 85. 08% Hispanic or Latino of any race,3. 79% Black or African American,10. 14% Non-Hispanic White, and 0. 96% of other races. The district includes 428,438 Southwest 1st Street,437 Southwest 2nd Street,104,109,118 Southwest South River Drive, free walking tours, led by Miami historian Dr. Paul George leave from the Tower Theater at 7pm each festival. St. John Bosco Catholic Church St. Michael the Archangel Catholic Church St. Raymond of Peñafort Catholic Church St. Llanes Elementary A and it is a free street festival with a Caribbean carnival feel sponsored by the Kiwanis Club of Little Havana. Calle Ocho is where different ethnic communities wear colors or flags representing pride in their heritage, flags from Colombia to Nicaragua to Puerto Rico to Costa Rica and even Ireland flood the streets. Foods from different countries are sold, and popular music like reggaeton, salsa, bachata. In 1977 tensions among Miami’s different ethnic groups were running high, eight Cuban-Americans, mostly from the Kiwanis of Little Havana, were trying to come up with ideas to address the situation. They considered a race on SW Eighth Street. It was turned down because the organizers feared that it would pit one ethnic group against another, willy Bermello came up with the idea of doing something similar to the block parties and street festivals of Philadelphia
22.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
23.
Hard Rock Stadium
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Hard Rock Stadium is a multipurpose football stadium located in Miami Gardens, Florida, a suburb north of Miami. It is the stadium of the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League. The facility also hosts the Orange Bowl, a college football bowl game. It was the home to the Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball from 1993 to 2011. The stadium has hosted five Super Bowls, the 2010 Pro Bowl, two World Series, four BCS National Championship Games, the round of the 2009 World Baseball Classic. The stadium will host Super Bowl LIV in 2020, for their first 21 seasons, the Miami Dolphins played at the Orange Bowl. Joe Robbie, the founder, led the financing campaign to build a new home for the team. He believed it was only a matter of time before a Major League Baseball team came to South Florida, at his request, the stadium was built so only minimal renovations would be necessary to ready it for a baseball team. Most notably, the field was somewhat wider than is normally the case for an NFL stadium. The wide field makes it fairly easy to convert the stadium for soccer. Because of this decision, the first row of seats is 90 ft from the sideline in a football configuration. This resulted in an intimate venue for football compared to other football facilities built around this time. At the time it opened in 1987, the stadium was located in an area within Miami-Dade County. Miami Gardens was incorporated on May 13,2003, the first preseason game for the Dolphins was played on August 16,1987 against the Chicago Bears. The first regular game was scheduled for September 27, a week 3 game against the New York Giants. The first regular season NFL game played there was a 42–0 Dolphins victory over the Kansas City Chiefs on October 11,1987, the game was in the middle of the 1987 NFL strike, and was played with replacement players. The stadium hosted its first Monday Night Football game on December 7 of that year, in addition to the Super Bowl, several other playoff games have been played in the stadium, including the 1992 AFC Championship Game, which the Dolphins lost to the Buffalo Bills, 29–10. The Dolphins are 5–3 in playoff games held here, losing the most recent one in January 2009, the team is unbeaten here against the Minnesota Vikings, San Diego Chargers, Los Angeles/St
24.
Miami Gardens, Florida
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Miami Gardens is a suburban city located in north-central Miami-Dade County, Florida. Its boundaries stretch from I-95 and NE 2nd Avenue on the east, to NW 47th and NW 57th Avenues on the west, the city name comes from one of the major roadways through the area, Miami Gardens Drive. According to a 2011 estimate from the US Census Bureau, the city had a population of 109,680 and it is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census. Miami Gardens was incorporated on May 13,2003, the citys neighborhoods of Andover, Bunche Park, Carol City, Lake Lucerne, Norland, Opa-locka North, and Scott Lake were previously unincorporated areas within Miami-Dade County. Around that time the tax revenues dropped to being the third lowest in Miami-Dade County. In 2012, Oliver Gilbert, only the mayor the city has had. Once inaugurated, Mayor Gilbert expressed confidence that a CRA would have the effect of stimulating growth in Miami Gardens. The city was incorporated in 2003, but various parts of the city appear as designated places in the 2000 census and previous censuses. They now make up the neighborhoods of Andover, Bunche Park, Carol City, Lake Lucerne, Norwood, Opa-locka North, and Scott Lake. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Miami Gardens was 109,680 on July 1,2011, in 2010, there were 34,284 housing units of which 6. 0% are vacant. The population is 46. 8% male and 53. 2% female, family households made up 78. 4%, while 21. 6% were non-family households. The average household size was 3.28 members, and the city covered 20 square miles, as of 2000, the Bunche Park neighborhood of Miami Gardens had the ninth highest percentage of African-American and black residents in the US, with 96. 5% of the populace. It had the nineteenth highest percentage of Jamaican residents in the US, at 5. 80% and it also had the fifty-sixth most Haitians in the US, at 2. 50% while it had the twentieth highest percentage of Nicaraguans, at 2. 20% of all residents. The Carol City neighborhood of Miami Gardens is also home to the seventieth highest percentage of Colombian residents in the US, according to City Rating, Miami Gardens crime statistics have decreased in the past 7 years. The crimes that have decreased the most are property crimes and violent crimes, the crime rate for Miami Gardens for 2012 is expected to be lower than in 2010. Miami Gardens city violent crime rate was 138. 67% higher than the violent crime rate. City property crime rate was 66. 98% higher than the property crime rate. In 2010 Miami Gardens city violent crime rate was higher than the violent crime rate in Florida by 77. 64%, Miami Gardens is home to the Miami Dolphins, who play in Hard Rock Stadium on land that was part of the Lake Lucerne CDP
25.
FIU Panthers football
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FIU Panthers football program represents Florida International University in the sport of American football. The Panthers compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and they will be coached by Butch Davis for the start of the 2017 season. FIU has produced an Sun Belt Conference co-championship team in 2010, the Panthers play their home games at FIU Stadium which has a seating capacity of 23,500. On 1 September 1999, when several years of contemplating the commencement of a football team. One year later, Don Strock was named Head Coach with plans to lay the foundations for a football team. QB David Tabor was the first FIU football recruit, in February 2002, FIU found its star QB in highly touted Jamie Burke from Cardinal Mooney High, Sarasota, Florida. Burke was the player to ever throw for over 500 yards in a single game in Florida as well as led the state in touchdown passes in a season with 34. Burke was being recruited by the University of Florida but opted instead for FIU when Steve Spurrier left to coach the Washington Redskins, FIU had everything it needed to begin competing in NCAA Football. FIU was placed in the Division I-AA level as an Independent team, FIU won its inaugural game on August 29,2002 against Saint Peters College, 27–3. The team fared well against the competition that season and managed to finish with a 5-6 record. The Golden Panthers then hoped to build on that in the coming 2003 season, FIU signed to play more challenging teams of the division in hopes to get more recognition as a solid football team. The opening game of the season started with a loss to Indiana State. They failed to reach the set the season before and fell to a 2–10 season. The next season followed with similar results, finishing with a 3–7 record, after the 2004 season, FIU moved up to Division I FBS, formerly known as Division I-A, despite their relative lack of success in their first three seasons in Division I FCS. FIU became the fastest school in the history of football to reach the highest level. This has since eclipsed by multiple schools during the conference movement in 2012. The Panthers moved to Division I-A in 2005, many of the seasons players were from the 2003 recruiting class. Keyonvis Bouie, FIUs linebacker recorded 118 tackles in nine games,11 for a loss, a second linebacker, Antwan Barnes recorded 15 tackles for a loss and added 11 sacks to his statistics
26.
Riccardo Silva Stadium
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Riccardo Silva Stadium is a college football and soccer stadium on the campus of Florida International University in Miami, Florida and the home stadium of the FIU Panthers football team and Miami FC. The stadium opened in 1995 and has a capacity of 20,000. FIU Community Stadium was the first dedicated sports facility at the school, Construction officially began on July 24,1994 and the facility opened on September 24,1995, as a 7, 500-seat football and track stadium. It was built as a joint venture between FIU, Miami-Dade County Public Schools, Miami-Dade Parks, and the Miami-Dade County Youth Fair, in 2007, the university announced a major expansion and redesign for FIU Stadium. The redesign of FIU Stadium would increase the capacity to 45,000 fans. For the first phase of the expansion, the school demolished a large portion of the original 1995 stadium, the west, south and east sides of FIU Stadium were taken down and construction began on the new, permanent stadium. The expansion was completed in September 2008 for the 2008 football season, phase one increased the stadiums capacity from 17,000 fans to 18,000, including 1,500 club seats. During construction, the 2007 FIU Golden Panthers football team played its games in the Miami Orange Bowl. The new facility opened for the first home game of the 2008 football season against the South Florida Bulls on September 20, the Golden Panthers lost 17–9 in front of a crowd of 16,717. The team won its first game in the new stadium on October 11,2008 against Sun Belt Conference rival the Middle Tennessee State Blue Raiders, the team finished its first season in the new stadium with three wins and two losses. In 2009, the university began the phase of the stadium expansion. Renovations were completed in 2012 and the capacity increased to 20,00 seats, in 2017, the university agreed to a five year deal to rename the stadium after Riccardo Silva, part owner of Miami FC, which also plays at the stadium. Before the deal, Silva had donated $3.76 million for improvements to the stadium including a new playing surface. On October 1,2011 FIU Stadium drew its largest attendance in school history, a crowd of 22,268 came to watch the Panthers play the Duke Blue Devils football team for the teams 2011 homecoming game. During the game, the Goodyear Blimp made its first appearance at FIU Stadium, the Miami Tower in Downtown Miami was also lit in blue and gold from September 26 to October 1,2011 in honor of the game. On April 3,2017 FIU stadium was renamed Riccardo Silva Stadium, the decision to rename the stadium is in recognition of the support given by Riccardo Silva to the FIU Department of Intercollegiate Athletics since 2015. Seating includes chairback seats and bench seating, all with backrests, Panther fans shout Rattle the Cage. and fans will stomp and jump in unison on the bleachers creating a very loud reverberation throughout the steel and aluminum stadium. The Rattling of the Cage is done throughout the game, notably while the team is on defense, in April 2017 Riccardo Silva Stadium has also seen significant improvements made to the facility over the last two months, with completion of two major projects
27.
2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season
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For just the second time in the BCS era, no teams finished the season undefeated, and only one AQ-conference team finished with 1 loss. No teams upgraded from Division I-AA, leaving the number of Division I-A schools fixed at 119, there was only one conference change in 2007, with Temple leaving the Independent ranks to become the 13th member of the MAC. Many publications release their predictions of the top prior to the beginning of the season. For 2007, numerous publications chose the University of Southern California as the top ranked team, Real Football 365, ESPN, Rivals. com and they were also ranked first in the Coaches Poll and AP Poll. The Coaches Poll plays an important part in the season because the final ballot represents one-third of the ranking to determine which two teams play in the BCS National Championship Game. Rounding out the top five in the Coaches Poll were LSU, defending BCS National Champion Florida, Texas, on change of possession, the clock will not start until the snap. The attempt to reduce the time of games sought by those rules was successful, however, the reduced game time also reduced the average number of plays in a game by 13,66 fewer offensive yards per game and average points per game by 5. Paring the 25-second play clock to 15 seconds after TV timeouts, team time-outs for televised games are shortened from 60 seconds to 30 seconds. Allowing penalties against the team on kickoffs to be assessed at the end of the runback, avoiding a re-kick. Once the umpire gives the ball to the kicker, the 25 second play clock starts, kickoffs out of bounds are now penalized 35 yards from the spot of the kick or a re-kick with a five-yard penalty. Defenders cannot use any part of a teammate to jump over an opponent to block a kick, the media has dubbed this season as the Year of the Upset. An unranked or lower-ranked opponent defeated a higher-ranked team 59 times over the course of the regular season and this list does not include other upsets involving two unranked teams. A record-setting 13 unranked teams defeated top 5 teams during the regular season, the No.2 ranked team lost 7 times throughout the year, as of December 1. Games in which the lower-ranked or unranked team was the betting favorite are in italics, a particularly telling statistic was pointed out by ESPN on November 10. At that point of the season, nine teams ranked in the top five of the AP Poll had lost to unranked teams. This had never happened in the history of the AP Poll, the only other season to see more such upsets was 1967, which was one of seven seasons when the AP Poll ranked only 10 teams. Arizona added to the total on November 15 against Oregon, the day after Thanksgiving saw unranked Arkansas beat LSU, bringing the total to 12. On December 1, Pitt defeated WVU 13–9, making the total 13, the Curse of the #2 was apparent this season
28.
Dolphin
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Dolphins are a widely distributed and diverse group of aquatic mammals. They are a grouping within the order Cetacea, excluding whales and porpoises. The dolphins comprise the extant families Delphinidae, Platanistidae, Iniidae, and Pontoporiidae, there are 40 extant species of dolphins. Dolphins, alongside other cetaceans, belong to the clade Cetartiodactyla with even-toed ungulates and their closest living relatives are the hippopotamuses, having diverged about 40 million years ago. Dolphins range in size from the 1.7 m long and 50 kg Mauis dolphin to the 9.5 m and 10 t killer whale, several species exhibit sexual dimorphism, in that the males are larger than females. They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers, though not quite as flexible as seals, some dolphins can travel at 55.5 km/h. Dolphins use their conical shaped teeth to capture fast moving prey and they have well-developed hearing which is adapted for both air and water and is so well developed that some can survive even if they are blind. Some species are adapted for diving to great depths. They have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water, although dolphins are widespread, most species prefer the warmer waters of the tropic zones, but some, like the right whale dolphin, prefer colder climates. Dolphins feed largely on fish and squid, but a few, like the killer whale, feed on large mammals, male dolphins typically mate with multiple females every year, but females only mate every two to three years. Calves are typically born in the spring and summer months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them, mothers of some species fast and nurse their young for a relatively long period of time. Dolphins produce a variety of vocalizations, usually in the form of clicks, Dolphins are sometimes hunted in places like Japan, in an activity known as dolphin drive hunting. Besides drive hunting, they face threats from bycatch, habitat loss. Dolphins have been depicted in cultures worldwide. Dolphins occasionally feature in literature and film, as in the film series Free Willy, Dolphins are sometimes kept in captivity and trained to perform tricks, but breeding success has been poor and the animals often die within a few months of capture. The most common dolphins kept are killer whales and bottlenose dolphins, the name is originally from Greek δελφίς, dolphin, which was related to the Greek δελφύς, womb. The animals name can therefore be interpreted as meaning a fish with a womb, the name was transmitted via the Latin delphinus, which in Medieval Latin became dolfinus and in Old French daulphin, which reintroduced the ph into the word. The term mereswine has also historically been used, the term dolphin can be used to refer to, under the parvorder Odontoceti, all the species in the family Delphinidae and the river dolphin families Iniidae, Pontoporiidae, Lipotidae and Platanistidae
29.
Ace Ventura: Pet Detective
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Ace Ventura, Pet Detective is a 1994 American comedy detective film directed by Tom Shadyac, and co-written by and starring Jim Carrey. It was developed by the original writer, Jack Bernstein. The film co-stars Courteney Cox, Tone Lōc, Sean Young, in the film, Carrey plays Ace Ventura, an animal detective who is tasked with finding the Miami Dolphins mascot that was abducted. Despite receiving mixed reviews critics, Ace Ventura, Pet Detective was a box office success. It spawned a sequel, Ace Ventura, When Nature Calls, a direct-to-video spin-off Ace Ventura, Jr. Pet Detective, Ace Ventura is a Miami private investigator who specializes in the retrieval of tamed or captive animals. Despite the occasional successes, he struggles to pay rent and repair his battered 1970s Chevrolet Monte Carlo and he keeps dozens of different animals in his apartment, and his eccentricities make him the laughing stock of the Miami-Dade Police Department. Two weeks before the Miami Dolphins football team is due to play in the Super Bowl, the team mascot, besides notifying the police, Melissa Robinson, the teams Chief Publicist, also hires Ace to find Snowflake. Ace discovers a rare triangular-cut orange amber stone, which he speculates to be part of a 1984 AFC Championship ring, Ace tracks down the players in the team photo and sees their ring, but is dismayed to find every ring intact. Roger Podacter, Miami Dolphins Head of Operations, mysteriously falls to his death from his apartment, at the crime scene, Miami Police Lieutenant Lois Einhorn concludes the death to be a suicide. However, Ace proves it was a murder, embarrassing and infuriating Einhorn, Ace learns of a former Dolphins player named Ray Finkle, who also owned a ring but did not appear in the team photo, as he was added later in the season. Finkle missed the goal kick at the end of Super Bowl XIX. Ace visits Finkles parents and discovers that he blames Dan Marino for taking the snap incorrectly, Finkle became so obsessed with the loss and Marino that he became insane and was admitted to a mental hospital. However, despite Ace warning Melissa to send extra protection, Marino is still kidnapped, Ace visits Einhorn and explains his theory, Finkle kidnapped Marino out of revenge due to blaming him for his career having failed. Also, he took offense to the Dolphins giving Snowflake his number and teaching it to kick a field goal, Einhorn compliments him on his finding, and tells him to let the police finish the job. Ace declines, saying it is his job to find Snowflake, Ace and Robinson go to the mental hospital where Finkle was committed. Ace searches Finkles belongings and discovers an article about a missing woman named Lois Einhorn. Studying this, Ace realizes that Lieutenant Lois Einhorn is, indeed, soon after, Ace makes himself vomit and sets his clothes on fire, feeling disgusted that he made out with Finkle. On Super Bowl Sunday, Ace follows Finkle to a yacht storage facility
30.
Dan Marino
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Daniel Constantine Marino Jr. is a former American football player who was a quarterback for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League. The last quarterback of the class of 1983 to be taken in the first round. Despite never being on a Super Bowl-winning team, he is recognized as one of the greatest quarterbacks in American football history, best remembered for his quick release and powerful arm, Marino led the Dolphins to the playoffs ten times in his seventeen-season career. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2005 and he led the Miami Dolphins to an AFC championship in the 1984 season, only his second season in the NFL. During that year, he threw a then-NFL record 48 touchdown passes, despite the 14–2 season and Marinos touchdown record, the Dolphins lost Super Bowl XIX 38–16 to the 15–1 San Francisco 49ers. Marinos career record as a quarterback in the postseason was 8–10, Marino was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, of Italian and Polish ancestry. He is the eldest child of Daniel and Veronica Marino, and has two sisters, Cindi and Debbie. His father delivered newspapers for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Marino grew up on Parkview Avenue in the South Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, and attended St. Regis Catholic Elementary School. He attended Central Catholic High School in Pittsburgh, where he started in baseball and he was drafted in the 4th round by the Kansas City Royals in the 1979 amateur draft, but decided to play college football instead. Marino attended the University of Pittsburgh, and played for the universitys Pittsburgh Panthers football team from 1979 to 1982, as a freshman in 1979, Marino led the Panthers in a 24–17 triumph over West Virginia in the Backyard Brawl and a 29−14 win over longtime rival Penn State. Pitts 1980 Marino-led team finished No.2 in the season ending rankings, overall, during the three seasons from 1979 thru 1981, Pitt garnered 33 wins with only 3 losses and was constantly ranked in the Top 5 of both major media polls. Marino finished ninth in voting for the Heisman Trophy in 1982, Marino finished his four college seasons with 7,905 passing yards and 74 touchdowns, with 64 interceptions. Marinos selection status in the 1983 NFL Draft plummeted after his senior season at Pitt. Five other quarterbacks—Ken OBrien, Tony Eason, Todd Blackledge, and Hall of Famers Jim Kelly, Bill Hillgrove, who was with the Marino family on draft day, later recalled that when the New York Jets selected OBrien, Marino became visibly ill. The Miami Dolphins chose Marino as the 27th pick in the first round, shula later said that being passed up by so many teams motivated to show everybody else what a mistake that they had made. Marino was the first draft pick in the history of the United States Football League and he did not sign with the team, choosing instead to sign with the Dolphins. After starting the season as a backup to incumbent starter David Woodley, Marino and Miami lost that game 38–35 in overtime. The Dolphins finished the season with a 12-4 record and advanced to the AFC divisional playoffs, however, he also threw two interceptions as the team lost to the upstart 9-7 Seattle Seahawks, 27-20
31.
Bowl game
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In North America, a bowl game is one of a number of post-season college football games that are primarily played by teams belonging to the NCAAs Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. Prior to 2002, bowl game statistics were not included in career totals. The term bowl originated from the Rose Bowl stadium, site of the first post-season college football games, the Rose Bowl Stadium, in turn, takes its name and bowl-shaped design from the Yale Bowl, the prototype of many football stadiums in the United States. The term has become almost synonymous with any major American football event. In professional football, the names of the National Football League s Super Bowl, the use of the term has crossed over into professional and collegiate Canadian football. A notable example is the annual Banjo Bowl between the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League, U Sports plays two semi-final bowl games before the Vanier Cup national championship game, the Uteck Bowl and the Mitchell Bowl. The matchups are determined on a rotation basis, with the Uteck Bowl being played at the easternmost host team. The history of the game began with the 1902 Tournament East-West football game. The Tournament of Roses eventually sponsored an annual contest starting with the 1916 Tournament East-West Football Game, with the 1923 Rose Bowl it began to be played at the newly completed Rose Bowl stadium, and thus the contest itself became known as the Rose Bowl game. The name bowl to describe the games comes from the Rose Bowl stadium. Other cities saw the value for tourism that the Tournament of Roses parade and Rose Bowl carried. The label bowl was attached to the name, even though the games were not always played in bowl-shaped stadiums. The historic timing of bowl games, around the new year, is the result of two factors—warm climate and ease of travel. The original bowls began in warm climates such as Southern California, Louisiana, Florida and Texas as a way to promote the area for tourism and business. Since commercial air travel was either non-existent or very limited, the games were scheduled well after the end of the season to allow fans to travel to the game site. As the number of games has increased, the number of games a team would need to win to be invited to a bowl game has decreased. With a 12-game schedule, a number of teams with only 5 wins have been invited to a bowl game, as of the completion of the 2016 season, the University of Alabama has played in more bowl games than any other school, with 64 appearances. Alabama also holds the record for most bowl victories with 37, the Florida State Seminoles have the longest active streak of consecutive bowl appearances with 35
32.
Minor League Baseball
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All of the minor leagues are operated as independent businesses. Most are members of the organization known as Minor League Baseball. Several leagues, known as independent baseball leagues, do not have any links to Major League Baseball. Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball teams may enter into a PDC for a two- or four-year term. At the expiration of a PDC term, teams may renew their affiliation, or sign new PDCs with different clubs, though many relationships are renewed and endure for extended time periods. Minor League teams that are owned directly by the major league club do not have PDCs with each other and are not part of the reaffiliation shuffles that occur every other year, several more independent leagues operate in the United States and Canada. The earliest professional baseball association, the National Association of 1871 to 1875 and this system proved unworkable, however, as there was no way to ensure competitive balance, and financially unsound clubs often failed in midseason. This problem was solved in 1876 with the formation of the National League, with a membership which excluded less competitive. Professional clubs outside the National League responded by forming regional associations of their own, there was a series of ad hoc groupings, such as the New England Association of 1877 and the Eastern Championship Association of 1881. These were loose groups of independent clubs which agreed to play a series of games for a championship pennant, the first minor league is traditionally considered to be the Northwestern League of 1883 to 1884. Unlike the earlier minor associations, it was conceived as a permanent organization and it also, along with the National League and the American Association, was a party to the National Agreement of 1883. Included in this was the agreement to respect the reserve lists of clubs in each league, teams in the National League and the American Association could only reserve players who had been paid at least $1000. Northwest League teams could reserve players paid merely $750, implicitly establishing the division into major and minor leagues, over the next two decades, more minor leagues signed various versions of the National Agreement. Eventually, the minor leagues joined together to negotiate jointly, in the late 1890s, the Western League run by the fiery Ban Johnson decided to challenge the National Leagues position. Representatives of the different minor leagues met at the Leland Hotel in Chicago on September 5,1901, in response to the National–American battle, they agreed to form the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, called the NAPBL, or NA for short. The purpose of the NA at the time was to maintain the independence of the leagues involved, several did not sign the agreement and continued to work independently. Powers was made the first president of the NAPBL, whose offices were established in Auburn, in 1903, the conflict between the American and National Leagues ended in the National Agreement of 1903. The NAPBL became involved in the stages of the negotiations to develop rules for the acquisition of players from their leagues by the National
33.
Marlins Park
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Marlins Park is a baseball park located in Miami, Florida. It is the current home of the Miami Marlins, the citys Major League Baseball franchise and it is located on 17 acres of the former Miami Orange Bowl site in Little Havana, about 2 miles west of Downtown. Construction was completed in March 2012, in time for the 2012 season, the stadium is designed in a neomodern form of baseball architecture. Marlins Park was also LEED certified as the greenest MLB park in 2012, the building is the sixth MLB stadium to have a retractable roof. With a seating capacity of 37,442, it is the third-smallest stadium in Major League Baseball by official capacity, the stadiums public-funding plan led to a protracted lawsuit, largely contributed to the ouster of several local politicians, and triggered an SEC investigation. As revelations of the finances and their handling of payroll seemed to contradict some of the premises on which the tax-funded-stadium deal were based. The park also hosts soccer matches, fundraising galas and other events during the winter and it also hosts the Miami Beach Bowl. The Marlins arrived in 1993 and during their time at the stadium, the stadium continues to be home to the Dolphins, and since 2008, the Miami Hurricanes from the University of Miami. Despite such preparation and pockets of success, the stadium was less than adequate as a baseball venue, although its design was meant to accommodate baseball, it was primarily a football stadium. There were plenty of reminders of that even in the stadiums baseball configuration. The stadiums color scheme matched that of the Dolphins, when the football season overlapped, cleat marks, as well as silhouettes of hashmarks and logos of the Dolphins or Hurricanes, were visible on the baseball diamond. The Marlins reduced capacity to 47,662, mainly to create an intimate atmosphere for baseball. However, capacity would have likely been reduced in any event, even with the reduced capacity, the sight lines were less than optimal for baseball. Most seats were pointed toward the 50-yard line—where center field was located in the baseball configuration, lights were not angled for optimum baseball visibility. Players had to walk through tunnels to get to dugouts that were designed with low ceiling joists. Some of these issues were showcased on national television during the two World Series held there, when capacity was expanded to over 67,000. These issues became more pronounced over the years, as a wave of baseball-only parks left Sun Life Stadium as the only National League park that played host to both an MLB and an NFL team. For most of the run as a baseball venue, it was the hottest stadium in the majors
34.
Baseball park
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A baseball park, also known as a ballpark or diamond, is a venue where baseball is played. A baseball park consists of the field and the surrounding spectator seating. While the diamond and the areas denoted by white painted lines adhere to rules, guidelines for the rest of the field are flexible. The term ballpark sometimes refers either to the structure, or sometimes to just the playing field. A home run where the player makes it around the bases, sometimes a home run over the fence is called out of the ballpark, but that phrase more often means a home run that clears the stands and lands outside the building. The playing field is most often called the ballfield, though the term is used interchangeably with ballpark when referring to a small local or youth league facility. A baseball field can be referred to as a diamond, the infield is a rigidly structured diamond of dirt containing the three bases, home plate, and the pitchers mound. The space between the bases and home is normally a grass surface, save for the mound in the center. Some ballparks, like Torontos Rogers Centre, have grass or artificial turf between the bases, and dirt only around the bases and pitchers mound, others, such as Koshien Stadium in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, have an entirely dirt infield. Two white lines run out from the plate area, aligned with first. These are the lines or base lines, usually differentiated by referring to them as the first base line. If a ball hit by the lands outside of the space between these two lines, or rolls out of this space before reaching first or third base, the ball is foul. If it lands between or on the lines, it is fair, at the end of the lines are two foul poles, which help the umpires judge whether a ball is fair or foul. These foul poles are actually in fair territory, so a ball hits them on the fly is a home run. On either side of plate are the two batters boxes This is where the batter stands when at bat. Behind home is the box, where the catcher and the home plate umpire stand. Next to first and third base are two boxes, where the first and third base coaches guide the baserunners, generally with gestures or shouts. As the baserunner faces away from the outfield when running from second base to third, they see where the ball is
35.
Miami Marlins
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The Miami Marlins are an American professional baseball team based in Miami, Florida. The Marlins compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League East division. Their home park is Marlins Park, though one of only two MLB franchises to have never won a division title, the Marlins have won two World Series championships as a wild card team. The stadium was later called Pro Player Park, Pro Player Stadium, Dolphin Stadium, Dolphins Stadium, Land Shark Stadium, since the 2012 season, they have played at Marlins Park in downtown Miami, on the site of the former Orange Bowl in Little Havana, Florida. The new park, unlike Sun Life Stadium, was designed foremost as a baseball park, the new parks name is a temporary one until naming rights are purchased. Per agreement with the city and Miami-Dade County, the Marlins officially changed their name to the Miami Marlins on November 11,2011 and they also adopted a new logo, color scheme, and uniforms. The 2003 season was notable for the firing of manager Jeff Torborg after 38 games, the Marlins were in last place in the NL East with a 16–22 record at the time. Torborgs successor, 72-year-old Jack McKeon, led them to the NL wild card berth in the postseason, the Marlins moved into their new ballpark, Marlins Park in 2012, which coincided with a change in the team colors/uniforms and name to the Miami Marlins. No-Hitters, Marlins pitchers have pitched five no-hitters in team history, four coming against teams in the NL West. Hitting for the cycle, No Marlins player has hit for the cycle in franchise history. See also, List of Major League Baseball retired numbers § Alternative methods of recognition, from 1993 until 2011, the Marlins had retired the number 5 in honor of Carl Barger, the first president of the Florida Marlins who died prior to the teams inaugural season. Bargers favorite player was Joe DiMaggio, thus the selection of number 5, with the move to the new ballpark, the team opted to honor Barger with a plaque. Logan Morrison, a Kansas City native and fan of Royals Hall-of-Famer George Brett, after José Fernández death as a result of a boating accident on September 25,2016, the Miami Marlins announced plans to build a memorial at Marlins Park in his honor. However, Fernández number 16 has yet to be officially retired, the Marlins began construction of a new, state-of-the-art stadium at the Miami Orange Bowl site on July 18,2009. The now approved stadium was the subject of a legal battle. A lawsuit by local automobile franchise mogul and former Philadelphia Eagles owner Norman Braman contested the legality of the deal with Miami-Dade County, however, Miami-Dade County Judge Beth Cohen dismissed all the charges in Bramans lawsuit. The seating capacity for Marlins Park is 36,742, making it the third smallest stadium in the MLB and its first regular season game was April 4,2012, against the St. Until a naming-rights deal is reached, the park will be known as Marlins Park, the Marlins flagship radio station from their inception in 1993 through 2007 was WQAM560 AM
36.
Bird's-eye view
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A birds-eye view is an elevated view of an object from above, with a perspective as though the observer were a bird, often used in the making of blueprints, floor plans and maps. It can be a photograph, but also a drawing. Before manned flight was common, the birds eye was used to distinguish views drawn from direct observation at high locations. Birds eye views as a genre have existed since classical times, the last great flourishing of them was in the mid-to-late 19th century, when birds eye view prints were popular in the United States and Europe. The terms aerial view and aerial viewpoint are also sometimes used synonymous with birds-eye view, the term aerial view can refer to any view from a great height, even at a wide angle, as for example when looking sideways from an airplane window or from a mountain top. Overhead view is fairly synonymous with birds-eye view but tends to imply a less lofty vantage point than the latter term, for example, in computer and video games, an overhead view of a character or situation often places the vantage point only a few feet above human height. Recent technological and networking developments have made satellite images more accessible, microsoft Bing Maps offers direct overhead satellite photos of the entire planet but also offers a feature named Birds eye view in some locations. The Birds Eye photos are angled at 40 degrees rather than being straight down, satellite imaging programs and photos have been described as offering a viewer the opportunity to fly over and observe the world from this specific angle. In filmmaking and video production, a birds-eye shot refers to a shot looking directly down on the subject, the perspective is very foreshortened, making the subject appear short and squat. This shot can be used to give an overall establishing shot of a scene and these shots are normally used for battle scenes or establishing where the character is. It is shot by lifting the camera up by hands or by hanging it off something strong enough to support it, when a scene needs a large area shot, it is a crane shot. A distinction is drawn between a birds-eye view and a birds-flight view, or view-plan in isometrical projection. The technique was popular among local surveyors and cartographers of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries
37.
High school football
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High school football is gridiron football played by high school teams in the United States and Canada. It ranks among the most popular sports in both countries. It is also popular amongst American High school teams in Europe, High school football began in the late 19th century, concurrent with the start of many college football programs. In the late 19th and early 20th century, many college, other traditions of high school football such as pep rallies, marching bands, mascots, and homecomings are mirrored from college football. No true minor league farm organizations exist in American football, therefore, high school football is generally considered to be the third tier of American football in the United States, behind professional and college competition. The National Federation of State High School Associations establishes the rules of high school football in the United States, two states, Texas and Massachusetts, use NCAA playing rules except as shown below. Kickoffs take place at the kicking teams 40-yard line, as opposed to the 35 in college, if an attempted field goal is missed it is treated as a punt, normally it would be a touchback and the opposing team will start at the 20-yard line. However, if it not enter the end zone, it can be downed or returned as a normal punt. Any kick crossing the line is automatically a touchback, kicks cannot be returned out of the end zone. Pass interference by the results in a 15-yard penalty. Pass interference by the results in a 15-yard penalty, from the previous spot. The defense cannot return an extra-point attempt for a score, any defensive player that encroaches the neutral zone, regardless of whether the ball was snapped or not, commits a dead ball foul for encroachment. 5-yard penalty from the previous spot, prior to 2013, offensive pass interference resulted in a 15-yard penalty AND a loss of down. The loss of down provision has been deleted from the rules starting in 2013, in college and the NFL, offensive pass interference is only 10 yards. The use of overtime, and the type of overtime used, is up to the state association. The NFHS offers a suggested overtime procedure based on the Kansas Playoff, intentional grounding may be called even if the quarterback is outside the tackle box. The home team must wear dark-colored jerseys, and the team must wear white jerseys. In the NFL, the team has choice of jersey color, and in the NCAA
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