1.
Washington State Senate
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The Washington State Senate is the upper house of the Washington State Legislature. The body consists of 49 members, each representing a district with a population of nearly 140,000, the State Senate meets at the Legislative Building in Olympia. As with the lower House of Representatives, state senators serve without term limits, senators are elected from the same legislative districts as House members, with each district electing two representatives but only one senator. The Lieutenant Governor of Washington serves as the President of the Senate, in his or her absence, the President Pro Tempore presides over the Senate. The President Pro Tempore is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the entire Senate through a Senate Resolution, the President Pro Tempore is the chief leadership position in the Senate after the Lieutenant Governor. The other Senate leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders are elected by their party caucuses. The current President of the Senate is Cyrus Habib, the current President Pro Tempore is Tim Sheldon following the election of Pam Roach to the Pierce County Council. Roach had previously ousted Sheldon from the role with the support of the Democratic Caucus
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Pullman, Washington
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Pullman is the largest city in Whitman County, located in southeastern Washington state within the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest. The population was 29,799 at the 2010 census, estimated to have reached 31,682 in 2014, originally incorporated as Three Forks, the city was later renamed after industrialist George Pullman. Pullman is noted as a fertile agricultural area known for its many miles of rolling hills. It is best known as the home to Washington State University, Pullman is located eight miles from Moscow, Idaho, home to the University of Idaho, and is served by the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport. In 2011 Bloomberg Businessweek selected Pullman as the Best Place to Raise Kids in Washington, factors included affordability, safety, a family-friendly lifestyle, the quality of Pullman High School, the presence of Washington State University, and the natural beauty of the area. Within the year, Dan McKenzie and William Ellsworth arrived to stake claims for adjoining land and they named the first post office located here as Three Forks. In the spring of 1881, Orville Stewart opened a general store, Pullman was incorporated 131 years ago in 1886 with a population of about 200 people. It was originally named Three Forks, after the three rivers that converge there, Missouri Flat Creek, Dry Fork, and the South Fork of the Palouse River. In 1884, Dan McKenzie and Charles Moore replatted the site, on March 28,1890, the Washington State Legislature established the states land grant college, but did not designate a location. Pullman leaders were determined to secure the new college and offered 160 acres of land for its campus, Idaho Territory had established its land grant college in 1889, the University of Idaho was to be located in neighboring Moscow. On April 18,1891, the site selection commission appointed by Washingtons governor chose Pullman, on January 13,1892, the institution opened with 59 students under the name Washington Agricultural College and School of Science. It was renamed the State College of Washington in 1905, more known as Washington State College. In 1961, Pullman became a code city under the Mayor-Council form of government. The city has a mayor with an elected seven-member council and an appointed administrative officer. The WSU campus is located on College Hill, and part of the area is a district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The historic character of College Hill is manifest in its many early-twentieth century craftsman-style bungalows, see Red Brick Roads of Pullman, Washington. Companies associated with an expanding high-tech industry are located at the end of the city. The lab company was founded by Edmund Schweitzer, a Ph. D. graduate of WSU, SEL and other firms are located within the 107-acre Pullman Industrial Park, run by the Port of Whitman County
3.
Washington (state)
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It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, the Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. The area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president. To distinguish it from the U. S. capital, which is named for George Washington, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State, or, in more formal contexts. Washingtonians and other residents of the Pacific Northwest refer to the state simply as Washington, calling the nations capital Washington, D. C. or, often, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state
4.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
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Washington State University
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Washington State University is a public research university located in Pullman, Washington, in the Palouse region of the northwest United States. It is ranked in the top 140 universities in America with high research activity, with an undergraduate enrollment of 24,470 and a total enrollment of 29,686, it is the second largest institution of higher education in Washington state behind the University of Washington. The university also operates campuses across Washington known as WSU Spokane, WSU Tri-Cities, in 2012, WSU launched an Internet-based Global Campus, which includes its online degree program, WSU Online. These campuses award primarily bachelors and masters degrees, freshmen and sophomores were first admitted to the Vancouver campus in 2006 and to the Tri-Cities campus in 2007. Total enrollment for the four campuses and WSU Online exceeds 29,686 students, WSUs athletic teams are called the Cougars and the school colors are crimson and gray. Six mens and nine womens varsity teams compete in NCAA Division I in the Pac-12 Conference, both mens and womens indoor track teams compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. Washington State College was established by the Washington Legislature on March 28,1890, the institution was one of the land-grant colleges created under the 1862 federal Morrill Act signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. The federal land grants for the new institution included 90,000 acres of land for an agricultural college and 100,000 acres for a school of science. After an extended search for a location, the states new land-grant college opened in Pullman on January 13,1892, the year 1897 saw the first graduating class of seven men and women. The school changed its name from Washington Agricultural College and School of Science to State College of Washington in 1905, the name was changed by the state legislature to Washington State University 58 years ago in 1959. Prior to Bryans arrival, the university suffered through significant organizational instability. Bryan guided WSU toward respectability and is arguably the most influential figure in the history of the university, the landmark clock tower in the center of campus is his namesake. WSUs role as an institution became clear in 1894 with the launch of its first Agricultural Experiment Station west of the Cascade Mountains near Puyallup. WSU has subsequently established extension offices and research centers in all regions of the state, with research facilities in Prosser, Mount Vernon. In 1989, WSU officially gained branch campuses in Spokane, the Tri-Cities, overall, the Federal Government and the State of Washington have entrusted 190,000 acres of land to WSU for agricultural and scientific research throughout the Pacific Northwest. The veterinary school was elevated to status in 1916, becoming the College of Veterinary Medicine in 1925. Graduate education began in the years and, in 1902, the first masters degree was conferred. In 1917, the institution was organized into five colleges and four schools, in 1922 a Graduate School was created
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Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
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Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
8.
Master of Public Administration
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Instruction includes the roles, development, and principles of public administration, public policy management and implementation. More recently, Governance Network management has emerged as an approach to public administration. S. Other notable MPA graduates include Bill OReilly, in recent years, there has been a gradual convergence between the MPA and the Master of Public Policy degrees. Many educational institutions are now offering MPA degrees via online instruction, there are also Executive MPA programs for professionals who have prior work and management experience. However, some MPA programs in the United States are housed in Business schools, in other cases, they bring together multidisciplinary approaches and methodologies as to give their students a more comprehensive overview of the current challenges of public administration. A Master of Public Administration can be acquired at various institutions, see List of schools offering MPA degrees. S
9.
United States Senate election in Washington, 2012
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Senator Maria Cantwell won re-election to a third term in a landslide. Maria Cantwell won re-election to serve a term with 56. 85% of the vote against Mike McGavick in the 2006 Washingtonian U. S. senatorial election. Senator Timothy Wilson Michael Baumgartner, State Senator Art Coday, physician Chuck Jackson, representative John Koster, Snohomish County Councilman and candidate for the 2nd congressional district in 2010 Cathy McMorris Rodgers, U. S
10.
Maria Cantwell
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Maria Elaine Cantwell /ˈkæntˌwɛl/ is the junior United States Senator from Washington, serving since 2001. She is Washingtons second female senator, after Patty Murray and she serves as the Ranking Member on the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Upon the February 2017 resignation of Jeff Sessions, Cantwell became the most senior junior Senator, Cantwell was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. She was raised in a predominantly Irish-American neighborhood on the side of Indianapolis. Her father, Paul F. Cantwell, served as county commissioner, city councilman, state legislator and her mother, Rose M. was an administrative assistant. Her ancestry includes Irish and German and she attended Emmerich Manual High School and was inducted into the Indianapolis Public Schools Hall of Fame in 2006. After high school, Cantwell went to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio and she moved to Seattle, Washington in 1983 to campaign for U. S. Senator Alan Cranston in his bid for the 1984 Democratic Presidential nomination. She then moved to the Seattle suburb of Mountlake Terrace because it reminded her of Indianapolis, Cantwell now lives in Edmonds, Washington. In 1986, Cantwell was elected to the Washington State House of Representatives at the age of 28, in her campaign, she embarked on an extensive door-knocking effort in her district. In 1988, she won re-election to a term with 66% of the vote. In 1990, she won re-election to a term with 61% of the vote. As a state representative, she helped write Washingtons Growth Management Act of 1990, which required cities to develop comprehensive growth plans and she also worked on legislation regulating nursing homes. Growth Strategies Commission 1992 In the November election, Cantwell defeated Republican State Senator Gary Nelson 55%–42% and she became the first Democrat elected to the United States House of Representatives from Washingtons first congressional district in 40 years. 1994 Republican Rick White defeated Cantwell 52%–48% in the Republican landslide of 1994 and she was called a savvy, pro-business Democrat. She supported President Clintons 1993 budget, which raised taxes and passed despite receiving No votes from many of her Democratic colleagues, during her only term, she helped convince the Clinton administration to drop its support of the Clipper chip. She wrote a letter to Vice President Al Gore and staunchly opposed it because Microsoft Inc. was in her district and she voted in support of the North American Free Trade Agreement. U. S. House Public Works Committee After her defeat, political ally Rob Glaser offered her a job as vice president of marketing for RealNetworks
11.
Kindergarten
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Kindergarten is a preschool educational approach traditionally based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school. The first such institutions were created in the late 18th century in Bavaria, the term was coined by the German Friedrich Fröbel, whose approach globally influenced early-years education. In 1779, Johann Friedrich Oberlin and Louise Scheppler founded in Strasbourg an early establishment for caring for, at about the same time, in 1780, similar infant establishments were established in Bavaria. In 1802, Princess Pauline zur Lippe established a center in Detmold. In 1816, Robert Owen, a philosopher and pedagogue, opened the first British and probably globally the first infants school in New Lanark, Scotland. In conjunction with his venture for cooperative mills Owen wanted the children to be given a moral education so that they would be fit for work. His system was successful in producing obedient children with basic literacy and numeracy, samuel Wilderspin opened his first infant school in London in 1819, and went on to establish hundreds more. He published many works on the subject, and his became the model for infant schools throughout England. Play was an important part of Wilderspins system of education and he is credited with inventing the playground. In 1823, Wilderspin published On the Importance of Educating the Infant Poor and he began working for the Infant School Society the next year, informing others about his views. He also wrote The Infant System, for developing the physical, intellectual, in 1836 she established an institute for the foundation of preschool centers. The idea became popular among the nobility and the class and was copied throughout the Kingdom of Hungary. He renamed his institute Kindergarten on June 28,1840, reflecting his belief that children should be nurtured and nourished like plants in a garden, women trained by Fröbel opened kindergartens throughout Europe and around the world. The first kindergarten in the US was founded in Watertown, Wisconsin in 1856 and was conducted in German, elizabeth Peabody founded the first English-language kindergarten in the US in 1860. The first free kindergarten in the US was founded in 1870 by Conrad Poppenhusen, a German industrialist and philanthropist, the first publicly-financed kindergarten in the US was established in St. Louis in 1873 by Susan Blow. Canadas first private kindergarten was opened by the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, by the end of the decade, they were common in large Canadian towns and cities. The countrys first public-school kindergartens were established in Berlin, Ontario, in 1885, the Toronto Normal School opened a department for kindergarten teaching. In Afghanistan, children between the age of 3 and 6 attend kindergartens, which though not part of the system are often run by the government
12.
Forestry
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Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving, and repairing forests and associated resources to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human and environment benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands, the science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester, other terms are used a verderer and a silviculturalist being common ones. Silviculture is narrower than forestry, being concerned only with forest plants, Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as the most important component of the biosphere, and forestry has emerged as a vital applied science, craft, and technology. Forestry is an important economic segment in various industrial countries, the preindustrial age has been dubbed by Werner Sombart and others as the wooden age, as timber and firewood were the basic resources for energy, construction and housing. The development of forestry is closely connected with the rise of capitalism, economy as a science and varying notions of land use. Roman Latifundiae, large estates, were quite successful in maintaining the large supply of wood that was necessary for the Roman Empire. Large deforestations came with respectively after the decline of the Romans, however already in the 5th century, monks in the then Byzantine Romagna on the Adriatic coast, were able to establish stone pine plantations to provide fuelwood and food. This was the beginning of the massive forest mentioned by Dante Alighieri in his 1308 poem Divine Comedy, the use and management of many forest resources has a long history in China as well, dating back to the Han Dynasty and taking place under the landowning gentry. A similar approach was used in Japan and it was also later written about by the Ming Dynasty Chinese scholar Xu Guangqi. In Europe, land rights in medieval and early modern times allowed different users to access forests. The notion of commons refers to the traditional legal term of common land. The idea of enclosed private property came about during modern times, however, most hunting rights were retained by members of the nobility which preserved the right of the nobility to access and use common land for recreation, like fox hunting. Systematic management of forests for a yield of timber is said to have begun in the German states in the 14th century, e. g. in Nuremberg. Typically, a forest was divided into sections and mapped. Large firs in the black forest were called „Holländer“, as they were traded to the Dutch ship yards, large timber rafts on the Rhine were 200 to 400m in length, 40m in width and consisted of several thousand logs. The crew consisted of 400 to 500 men, including shelter, bakeries, ovens, timber rafting infrastructure allowed for large interconnected networks all over continental Europe and is still of importance in Finland. The notion of Nachhaltigkeit, sustainability in forestry, is connected to the work of Hans Carl von Carlowitz
13.
Natural resource economics
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Natural resource economics deals with the supply, demand, and allocation of the Earths natural resources. Resource economists study interactions between economic and natural systems, with the goal of developing a sustainable and efficient economy, natural resource economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research within economics that aims to address the connections and interdependence between human economies and natural ecosystems. Its focus is how to operate an economy within the constraints of earths natural resources. Resource economics brings together and connects different disciplines within the natural and social sciences connected to areas of earth science, human economics. Economic models must be adapted to accommodate the special features of natural resource inputs, the traditional curriculum of natural resource economics emphasized fisheries models, forestry models, and minerals extraction models. In recent years, however, other resources, notably air, water, the global climate, academic and policy interest has now moved beyond simply the optimal commercial exploitation of the standard trio of resources to encompass management for other objectives. For example, natural resources more broadly defined have recreational, as well as commercial values and they may also contribute to overall social welfare levels, by their mere existence. The economics and policy area focuses on the aspects of environmental problems. Hotellings rule is a 1931 economic model of non-renewable resource management by Harold Hotelling and it shows that efficient exploitation of a nonrenewable and nonaugmentable resource would, under otherwise stable economic conditions, lead to a depletion of the resource. The rule states that this would lead to a net price or Hotelling rent for it that rose annually at an equal to the rate of interest. Nonaugmentable resources of inorganic materials are uncommon, most resources can be augmented by recycling and by the existence, vogely has stated that the development of a mineral resource occurs in five stages, The current operating margin governed by the proportion of the reserve already depleted. The intensive development margin governed by the trade-off between the necessary investment and quicker realization of revenue. The extensive development margin in which extraction is begun of known, the technology margin which interacts with the first four stages. The Gray-Hotelling theory is a case, since it covers only Stages 1–3. Furthermore, Hartwicks rule provides insight to the sustainability of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable resources. The perpetual resource concept is a complex one because the concept of resource is complex and changes with the advent of new technology, new needs and this was the worst case for resource availability, becoming a strategic and critical material. In the longer term, scarcity of tin led to completely substituting aluminum foil for tin foil and polymer lined steel cans. Resources change over time with technology and economics, more efficient recovery leads to a drop in the ore grade needed
14.
Economics
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Economics is a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work, consistent with this focus, textbooks often distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behaviour of elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy and issues affecting it, including unemployment of resources, inflation, economic growth, and the public policies that address these issues. Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, as in business, finance, health care, Economic analyses may also be applied to such diverse subjects as crime, education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, science, and the environment. At the turn of the 21st century, the domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism. The ultimate goal of economics is to improve the conditions of people in their everyday life. There are a variety of definitions of economics. Some of the differences may reflect evolving views of the subject or different views among economists, to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services. Say, distinguishing the subject from its uses, defines it as the science of production, distribution. On the satirical side, Thomas Carlyle coined the dismal science as an epithet for classical economics, in this context and it enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on the one side, the study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man. He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth, how wealth is created, distributed, and consumed, but he said that economics can be used to study other things, such as war, that are outside its usual focus. This is because war has as the goal winning it, generates both cost and benefits, and, resources are used to attain the goal. If the war is not winnable or if the costs outweigh the benefits. Some subsequent comments criticized the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets, there are other criticisms as well, such as in scarcity not accounting for the macroeconomics of high unemployment. The same source reviews a range of included in principles of economics textbooks. Among economists more generally, it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving, microeconomics examines how entities, forming a market structure, interact within a market to create a market system
15.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
16.
Mathematics
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Mathematics is the study of topics such as quantity, structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope, Mathematicians seek out patterns and use them to formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proof, when mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, then mathematical reasoning can provide insight or predictions about nature. Through the use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, practical mathematics has been a human activity from as far back as written records exist. The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry, rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclids Elements. Galileo Galilei said, The universe cannot be read until we have learned the language and it is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word. Without these, one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth, carl Friedrich Gauss referred to mathematics as the Queen of the Sciences. Benjamin Peirce called mathematics the science that draws necessary conclusions, David Hilbert said of mathematics, We are not speaking here of arbitrariness in any sense. Mathematics is not like a game whose tasks are determined by arbitrarily stipulated rules, rather, it is a conceptual system possessing internal necessity that can only be so and by no means otherwise. Albert Einstein stated that as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, Mathematics is essential in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, finance and the social sciences. Applied mathematics has led to entirely new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics, Mathematicians also engage in pure mathematics, or mathematics for its own sake, without having any application in mind. There is no clear line separating pure and applied mathematics, the history of mathematics can be seen as an ever-increasing series of abstractions. The earliest uses of mathematics were in trading, land measurement, painting and weaving patterns, in Babylonian mathematics elementary arithmetic first appears in the archaeological record. Numeracy pre-dated writing and numeral systems have many and diverse. Between 600 and 300 BC the Ancient Greeks began a study of mathematics in its own right with Greek mathematics. Mathematics has since been extended, and there has been a fruitful interaction between mathematics and science, to the benefit of both. Mathematical discoveries continue to be made today, the overwhelming majority of works in this ocean contain new mathematical theorems and their proofs. The word máthēma is derived from μανθάνω, while the modern Greek equivalent is μαθαίνω, in Greece, the word for mathematics came to have the narrower and more technical meaning mathematical study even in Classical times
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Public administration
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Public administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service. As a field of inquiry with a diverse scope its fundamental goal, is to advance management and policies so that government can function. Public administrators are public servants working in departments and agencies. In the US, civil servants and academics such as Woodrow Wilson promoted American civil service reform in the 1880s, however, until the mid-20th century and the dissemination of the German sociologist Max Webers theory of bureaucracy there was not much interest in a theory of public administration. In 1947 Paul H. Appleby defined public administration as public leadership of public affairs directly responsible for executive action. In a democracy, it has to do with such leadership and executive action in terms that respect and contribute to the dignity, the worth, and the potentials of the citizen. One year later, Gordon Clapp, then Chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority defined public administration as a public instrument whereby democratic society may be completely realized. This implies that it must relate itself to concepts of justice, liberty, and fuller economic opportunity for human beings and is concerned with people, with ideas. The key term product refers to items that are constructed or produced such as prisons, roads, laws, schools. As implementors, public managers engage these products and they participate in the doing and making of the living democracy. A living democracy is an environment that is changing, organic, imperfect, inconsistent, more recently scholars claim that public administration has no generally accepted definition, because the scope of the subject is so great and so debatable that it is easier to explain than define. Public administration is a field of study and an occupation, scholar Donald Kettl is among those who view public administration as a subfield within political science. The moral purpose of administration, implicit in its acceptance of its role, is the maximisation of the opportunities of the public to satisfy its wants. The North American Industry Classification System definition of the Public Administration sector states that public administration, dating back to Antiquity, Pharaohs, kings and emperors have required pages, treasurers, and tax collectors to administer the practical business of government. Prior to the 19th century, staffing of most public administrations was rife with nepotism, favoritism, and political patronage, Public administrators have long been the eyes and ears of rulers. In medieval times, the abilities to read and write, add, as the European Imperialist age progressed and the militarily powers extended their hold over other continents and people, the need for a sophisticated public administration grew. Far in advance of the rest of the world until almost the end of the eighteenth century, the eighteenth-century noble, King Frederick William I of Prussia, created professorates in Cameralism in an effort to train a new class of public administrators. The universities of Frankfurt an der Oder and University of Halle were Prussian institutions emphasizing economic and social disciplines, johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi was the most well-known professor of Cameralism
18.
Iraq War
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The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that toppled the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict and it became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition, the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion began on 20 March 2003, with the U. S. joined by the United Kingdom and several allies, launching a shock. Iraqi forces were overwhelmed as U. S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Baathist government, President Hussein was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year, the United States responded with a troop surge in 2007. The winding down of U. S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama, the U. S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011. Select U. S. officials accused Saddam of harboring and supporting al-Qaeda, while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship, after the invasion, no substantial evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs. The rationale and misrepresentation of pre-war intelligence faced heavy criticism within the U. S. in the aftermath of the invasion, Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005. Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006 and remained in office until 2014, the al-Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the countrys Sunni minority and worsening sectarian tensions. The Iraq War caused hundreds of thousands of civilian, and thousands of military casualties, the majority of casualties occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007. A1990 Frontline report on The arming of Iraq said, Officially, most Western nations participated in an arms embargo against Iraq during the 1980s. Western companies, primarily in Germany and Great Britain, but also in the United States, sold Iraq the key technology for its chemical, missile, any Western governments seemed remarkably indifferent, if not enthusiastic, about those deals. N Washington, the government consistently followed a policy which allowed and perhaps encouraged the growth of Saddam Husseins arsenal. The Western arming of Iraq took place in the context of the Iran-Iraq War, prior to September 2002, the CIA was the George W. Bush administrations main provider of intelligence on Iraq. The agency was out to disprove linkage between Iraq and terrorism the Pentagon adviser told me, the U. N. had prohibited Iraq from developing or possessing such weapons after the Gulf War and required Iraq to permit inspections confirming compliance. This was confirmed by The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, during 2002, Bush repeatedly warned of military action against Iraq unless inspections were allowed to progress unfettered. In accordance with U. N. Security Council Resolution 1441, Iraq agreed to new inspections under United Nations Monitoring, as part of its weapons inspection obligations, Iraq was required to supply a full declaration of its current weapons capabilities and manufacturing
19.
Embassy of the United States, Baghdad
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The Embassy of the United States of America in Baghdad is the diplomatic mission of United States of America in the Republic of Iraq. Ambassador Stuart E. Jones is currently the Chief of Mission, at 104 acres, it is the largest and most expensive embassy in the world, and is nearly as large as Vatican City. The Embassy opened in January 2009 following a series of construction delays and it replaced the previous embassy, which opened July 1,2004 in Baghdads Green Zone in a former Palace of Saddam Hussein. The embassy complex cost $750 million to build and reached a staffing of 16,000 employees. The United States established diplomatic relations with Iraq in 1930 and opened a legation in Baghdad, the legation was upgraded to an embassy in 1946. A new building was designed by Josep Lluís Sert in 1955 and completed in 1957 and this building remained the embassy until the Six-Day War of 1967, when the Arab countries broke off diplomatic relations with the United States. In 1972, the became the U. S. Interests Section of the Belgian Embassy to Iraq, as Belgium was the power for the United States in Iraq. Interests Section was again upgraded to an embassy in 1984 after the resumption of U. S. -Iraqi diplomatic relations, the building lost its embassy status just before the Gulf War, which caused a second breach of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Interests Section was then re-established with Poland as the protecting power, in 2003, the United States invaded Iraq and overthrew the government of Saddam Hussein. The U. S. then established diplomatic relations with the new Iraqi government, because the old U. S. embassy was located outside of the Green Zone, it was deemed unsafe for American diplomats and remained deserted. A temporary embassy was established in the Republican Palace, a new embassy was constructed along the Tigris River, west of the Arbataash Tamuz Bridge, and facing Al-Kindi street to the north. The embassy is a permanent structure which has provided a new base for the 5,500 Americans currently living and working in Baghdad. During construction, the US government kept many aspects of the project under wraps, apart from the 1,000 regular employees, up to 3,000 additional staff members have been hired, including security personnel. With construction beginning in mid-2005, the target completion date was September 2007. A week after submitting his FY2006 budget to Congress, the President sent Congress an FY2005 emergency supplemental funding request, included in the supplemental is more than $1.3 billion for the embassy in Iraq. An emergency supplemental appropriation, which included $592 million for construction, was signed into law on May 11,2005. According to the Department of State, this funding was all that was needed for construction of the U. S. Embassy in Baghdad, the Obama administration requested more than $100 million for a massive upgrade to the embassy compound in 2012
20.
Federal government of Iraq
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The federal government of Iraq is defined under the current Constitution, approved in 2005, as an Islamic, democratic, federal parliamentary republic. The federal government is composed of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, article 114 of the Constitution of Iraq provided that no new region may be created before the Iraqi National Assembly has passed a law which provides the procedures for forming the region. A law was passed in October 2006 after an agreement was reached with the Iraqi Accord Front to form the constitutional review committee, legislators from the Iraqi Accord Front, Sadrist Movement and Islamic Virtue Party all opposed the bill. Under the Federalism Law a region can be created out of one or more existing governorates or two or more existing regions, a governorate can also join an existing region to create a new region. There is no limit to the number of governorates that can form a region, a new region can be proposed by one third or more of the council members in each affected governorate plus 500 voters or by one tenth or more voters in each affected governorate. A referendum must then be held three months, which requires a simple majority in favour to pass. In the event of competing proposals, the proposals are put to a ballot. The President, Prime Minister and Ministers of the region are elected by simple majority, the executive branch is composed of the President and the Council of Ministers. The President is elected by the Council of Representatives by a two-thirds majority, there was also a Vice President which assumed the office of the President in case of his absence or removal. The Council of Ministers is composed of the Prime Minister as head of government, the President of Iraq names the nominee of the Council of Representatives bloc with the largest number to form the Cabinet. As of August 2012, the Federation Council had not yet come into existence, the Council of Representatives is the main elected body of Iraq. The Constitution defines the number of members at a ratio of one representative per 100,000 Iraqi persons representing the entire Iraqi people, the members are elected for terms of 4 years. The Federation Council will be composed of representatives from the regions, the council is to be regulated by law by the Council of Representatives. As of August 2012, the Federation Council had not yet come into existence, one such court is the Central Criminal Court. The Higher Judicial Council manages and supervises the affairs of the federal judiciary, the Supreme Court is an independent judicial body that interprets the constitution and determines the constitutionality of laws and regulations. It also ratifies the final results of the elections for the Council of Representatives. The Central Criminal Court of Iraq is the criminal court of Iraq. The CCCI is based on a system and consists of two chambers, an investigative court, and a criminal court
21.
Operation Imposing Law
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Operation Imposing Law, also known as Operation Law and Order, Operation Fardh al-Qanoon or Baghdad Security Plan, was a joint Coalition-Iraqi security plan conducted throughout Baghdad. The U. S. military commander in Iraq, David Petraeus, numerous members of Congress stated the plan was a critical period for the U. S. presence in Iraq. In mid-October 2006, al-Qaeda announced the creation of Islamic state of Iraq, replacing the Mujahideen Shura Council, the operation was led by Iraqi General Abboud Qanbar, a veteran of the Iran-Iraq and Gulf wars. General Qanbar was a choice because General Mohan al-Furayji, the first choice of the Iraqi Prime Minister, Nouri al-Maliki. On the first day of the operation new checkpoints were erected and increased vehicle inspections, the operation was billed as a major neighborhood-to-neighborhood sweep to quell sectarian violence in the city of 6 million. The first objective within each of the security districts in the Iraqi capital is to clear out extremist elements neighborhood by neighborhood in an effort to protect the population, and after an area is cleared, we’re moving to what we call the control operation. Together with our Iraqi counterparts, we’ll maintain a presence on the streets. This effort to re-establish the joint security stations is well under way, the number of stations in each district will be determined by the commanders on the ground who control that area. An area moves into the phase when the Iraqi security forces are fully responsible for the day-to-day security mission. At this point, coalition forces begin to move out of the neighborhood, during these three phrases, efforts will be ongoing to stimulate local economies by creating employment opportunities, initiating reconstruction projects and improving the infrastructure. These efforts will be spearheaded by neighborhood councils, district advisory councils. The Joint Security Sites were occupied by both the Iraqi Security Forces and Provincial Police, in some cases, Combat Outposts were enlarged to become JSS. On 12 April 2007, MG William Caldwell IV announced that fifty-four of the 75 outposts and stations were operating in the capital, mushada JSS Yusufiyah JSS JSS Arvanitis-Sigua in Bayji 130 miles north of Baghdad, being completed May 2007. In two incidents, car-bombs blew up as U. S. and Iraqi patrols passed and there were at least four civilian casualties, the operation began with very little resistance, and was hailed by Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki as a brilliant success. On 17 February, Iraqi Army spokesman Qasim al-Musawi announced that attacks and he also added that the Baghdad morgue usually received 40-50 bodies per day but had received only 20 in the past 48 hours. On 18 February, car bombings in a market killed 63. The insurgent counterattack continued the day as bombs continued to go off in Baghdad. On the same day the Prime Minister gave the statement, insurgents stormed a checkpoint near Baghdad International Airport, also, two suicide bombers struck in Baghdad, one in the southern part killing one person and another outside the SCIRI compound killing three
22.
David Petraeus
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David Howell Petraeus AO is a retired American military officer and public official. He served as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from September 6,2011, prior to his assuming the directorship of the CIA, Petraeus was a highly decorated four-star general, serving over 37 years in the United States Army. His last assignments in the Army were as commander of the International Security Assistance Force and Commander, Forces Afghanistan from July 4,2010, to July 18,2011. His other four-star assignments include serving as the 10th Commander, U. S, Central Command from October 13,2008, to June 30,2010, and as Commanding General, Multi-National Force – Iraq from February 10,2007, to September 16,2008. As commander of MNF-I, Petraeus oversaw all coalition forces in Iraq, Petraeus has a B. S. degree from the United States Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1974 as a distinguished cadet. In his class were three other future generals, Martin Dempsey, Walter L. Sharp and Keith B. Alexander. He was the General George C. Marshall Award winner as the top graduate of the U. S. Army Command and General Staff College class of 1983. He subsequently earned an M. P. A. in 1985 and he later served as Assistant Professor of International Relations at the United States Military Academy and also completed a fellowship at Georgetown University. Petraeus has repeatedly stated that he has no plans to run for elected political office, on June 30,2011, Petraeus was unanimously confirmed as the Director of the CIA by the U. S. Senate 94–0. Petraeus relinquished command of U. S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan on July 18,2011, and retired from the U. S. Army on August 31,2011. On November 9,2012, General Petraeus resigned from his position as Director of the CIA, citing his extramarital affair, eventually, Petraeus pleaded guilty to one misdemeanor charge of mishandling classified information. Petraeus was born in Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York, the son of Miriam, a librarian, and Sixtus Petraeus and his mother was American, a resident of Brooklyn, New York. His father had sailed to the United States from the Netherlands at the start of World War II and they met at the Seamens Church Institute of New York and New Jersey and married. Sixtus Petraeus commanded a Liberty ship for the U. S. A. for the duration of World War II, the family moved after the war, settling in Cornwall-on-Hudson, where David Petraeus grew up and graduated from Cornwall Central High School in 1970. Petraeus went on to the United States Military Academy at West Point, Petraeus was on the intercollegiate soccer and ski teams, was a cadet captain on the brigade staff, and was a distinguished cadet academically, graduating in the top 5% of the Class of 1974. In the class yearbook, Petraeus was remembered as always going for it in sports, academics, leadership, while a cadet, Petraeus started dating the daughter of Army General William A. Knowlton, Hollister Holly Knowlton. Two months after graduation, Petraeus married her, Holly, who is multi-lingual, was a National Merit Scholar in high school, and graduated summa cum laude from Dickinson College. They have a daughter and son, Anne and Stephen, Petraeus administered the oath of office at his sons 2009 commissioning into the Army after his sons graduation from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
23.
Ryan Crocker
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Ryan Clark Crocker is a former career ambassador within the United States Foreign Service and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He has served as United States Ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, in January 2010, he became Dean of Texas A&M Universitys George Bush School of Government and Public Service. Former Secretary of State Colin Powell called Crocker one of our very best foreign service officers, President George W. Bush called him Americas Lawrence of Arabia and noted that General David Petraeus had said that it was a great honor for me to be his military wingman. Crocker was born in Spokane, Washington, growing up, he had family members in the U. S. Air Force and in Turkey. He lived in Morocco, Canada and Turkey, Crocker attended University College Dublin and Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington, where he received a B. A. in English literature in 1971 and was a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. After Persian language training, he was assigned to the American Consulate in Khorramshahr, Iran and he completed the 20-month program at the Foreign Service Institutes Arabic School in Tunis in June 1978. Crocker was then assigned as chief of the section at the U. S. Crocker served in Beirut, Lebanon, as chief of the section from 1981 to 1984. On September 18,1982, he reported back to the Department of State about the Sabra and he also survived the 1983 United States Embassy bombing. He spent the 1984–85 academic year at Princeton University under State Department auspices and he served as deputy director of the Office of Israel and Arab–Israeli affairs from 1985 to 1987 and was political counselor at the American Embassy in Cairo from 1987 to 1990. Following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, Crocker became the Director of the Iraq-Kuwait Task Force, in 1998, as the Ambassador to Syria, his residence was plundered by an angry mob. In the days after the 9/11 attacks, Crocker and other senior U. S. State Department officials flew to Geneva to meet secretly with representatives of the government of Iran. For several months, Crocker and his Iranian counterparts cooperated on capturing Al Qaeda operatives in the region and these meetings stopped after the Axis of Evil speech hardened Iranian attitudes toward cooperating with the U. S. In January 2002, he was appointed interim chargé daffaires to the new government of Afghanistan, in September 2004, President Bush conferred on him the diplomatic rank of Career Ambassador, the highest rank in the Foreign Service, equivalent to a four-star officer in the military. The appointment was confirmed by the United States Senate by unanimous consent on June 30,2011, in July 2012 he stepped down, as announced in May due to unspecified health reasons. On August 14,2012, he was arrested for driving while intoxicated, in November he pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of reckless driving. During court proceedings, it was stated that Crocker had been administered two blood alcohol tests after the accident, with the results of.160 and.152 percent both exceeding the limit of.08. Crocker was sentenced to a 30 day suspension of his drivers license, a $1,000 fine, in addition, he was required to make restitution for the damage he caused to the other vehicle involved in the accident
24.
Helmand Province
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Helmand or Hillmand The ancient names of of Helmand were is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, in the south of the country. It is the largest province by area, covering 58,584 square kilometres area, the province contains 13 districts, encompassing over 1,000 villages, and roughly 879,500 settled people. Lashkar Gah serves as the provincial capital, Helmand was part of the Greater Kandahar region until made into a separate province by the Afghan government in the 20th century. The province has an airport, in the city of Lashkar Gah. The British Camp Bastion and U. S, Camp Leatherneck are a short distance southwest of Lashkar Gah. The Helmand River flows through the desert region of the province. The Kajaki Dam, which is one of Afghanistans major reservoirs, is located in the Kajaki district, Helmand is believed to be one of the worlds largest opium-producing regions, responsible for around 42% of the worlds total production. This is believed to be more than the whole of Burma, which is the second largest producing nation after Afghanistan. The region also produces tobacco, sugar beets, cotton, sesame, wheat, mung beans, maize, nuts, sunflowers, onions, potato, tomato, cauliflower, peanut, apricot, grape, and melon. Helmand culture of western Afghanistan was a Bronze Age culture of the 3rd millennium BC and it is exemplified by such major sites as Shahr-i Sokhta, Mundigak, and Bampur. The term Helmand civilization was proposed by M. Tosi and this civilization flourished between 2500 BC and 1900 BC, and may have coincided with the great flourishing of the Indus Valley Civilisation. This was also the phase of Periods III and IV of Shahr-i Sokhta. Jiroft culture is related to Helmand culture. Jiroft culture flourished in the eastern Iran, and the Helmand culture in western Afghanistan at the same time, in fact, they may represent the same cultural area. Mehrgarh culture, on the hand, is far earlier. Some Vedic scholars also believe the Helmand valley corresponds to the Sarasvati area mentioned in the Rig Veda as the homeland for the Indo-Aryan migrations into India, helmland was inhabited by ancient peoples and governed by the Medes before falling to the Achaemenids. Later, the area was part of the ancient Arachosia polity, and a frequent target for conquest because of its location in Asia. The Helmand river valley is mentioned by name in the Avesta as Haetumant, one of the centers of the Zoroastrian faith
25.
Middle East
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The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeris constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Assyrians and other Arameans, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Lurs, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, in the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Franco-Levantines. Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Pakistanis, the history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Most of the countries border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil. The term Middle East may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office, however, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to designate the area between Arabia and India. During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. Mahan first used the term in his article The Persian Gulf and International Relations, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar, it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, mahans article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled The Middle Eastern Question, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term, in the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term Middle East gained broader usage in Europe, the description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The first official use of the term Middle East by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, the Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous
26.
Eastern Washington University
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A fifth college, The College of Health Science & Public Health, is set to open in the fall of 2014 and will be based at EWU Spokane on the Riverpoint Campus. As of fall 2014, Eastern Washington University enrolled over 13,000 graduate and undergraduate students at both its Cheney and Spokane campuses. Eastern Washington University was established in 1882 by a $10,000 grant from expressman Benjamin Pierce Cheney, in 1889 the school was renamed State Normal School at Cheney and in 1937 to Eastern Washington College of Education. The campus was almost totally destroyed twice by fire in 1891 and 1912, but was each time. The school became Eastern Washington State College, during this era, Eastern added various graduate and undergraduate degree programs. In 1977, the name was changed for the final time to Eastern Washington University by the Washington State Legislature. In 1992, the core of the campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Washington State Normal School at Cheney Historic District, the main campus of Eastern Washington University is located in Cheney. A branch campus, known as the Riverpoint Campus is located in Spokane, a masters in social work is offered in Everett, Vancouver, and Yakima, and a masters in education is available in Kent. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching classifies the university as Inclusive, the average incoming freshman had a combined SAT score of 970 and a high-school weighted grade-point average of 3.17 in 2010. 86% of freshmen in 2010 were from Washington, consumers Digest has ranked Eastern as a national Top 50 Best Value school. Eastern has also three consecutive appearances in 201 Best Colleges For the Real World. Womens & Gender Studies Center—Womens Studies programs at EWU empower women to achieve dignity and justice education, scholarship. Eisenhower Center/International Field Study—A program designed for students to travel abroad while earning college credit, english Language Institute—ELI is committed to enabling qualified international students who have chosen to come to this program to integrate into the mainstream of higher education. Center for Farm Health & Safety—Conducts research and demonstration programs involving Health, many reports written by the FRC can be found on the Bonneville Power Administration Website for reports, http, //www. cbfish. org/Report. mvc/SearchPublications/SearchByTextAndAuthorAndDate. The Pence Union Building, or PUB, has served as the community center for Eastern Washington University, in the past, Its mission was to provide the student-centered facilities and services required by the University Community. Now, the PUB is undergoing a $40M renovation, the renovation will use the footprint of the original building and will address areas of greatest need for students. As of March,2017, it is in the process of being deconstructed to its skeleton to be back up. The PUB Computer Lab was split into two areas of concentration in JFK Library and Patterson Hall, the University Recreation Center, or URC, is a Three-Level 117, 699-square-foot Recreational Facility that was opened on campus in 2008
27.
Spokane County, Washington
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Spokane County is a county located in the U. S. state of Washington. As of the 2010 census the population was 471,221, the largest city and county seat is Spokane, the second largest city in the state, behind Seattle. Spokane County was formed on January 29,1858 and it was annexed by Stevens County on January 19,1864, and re-created on October 30,1879. It is named after the Spokane tribe, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,781 square miles, of which 1,764 square miles is land and 17 square miles is water. The lowest point in the county is the Spokane River behind Long Lake Dam at 1538 feet above sea level, the highest point in the county is the summit of Mount Spokane at 5883 feet. The population density was 237 inhabitants per square mile, there were 175,005 housing units at an average density of 99 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 88. 62% White,2. 00% Black or African American,1. 40% Native American,1. 88% Asian,0. 16% Pacific Islander,0. 82% from other races, and 2. 76% from two or more races. 2. 77% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,22. 0% were of German,10. 7% Irish,9. 9% English,7. 6% United States or American and 6. 4% Norwegian ancestry. 28. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.02. In the county, the population was out with 25. 70% under the age of 18,10. 60% from 18 to 24,28. 90% from 25 to 44,22. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 96.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.60 males, the median income for a household in the county was $37,308, and the median income for a family was $46,463. Males had an income of $35,097 versus $25,526 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,233, about 8. 30% of families and 12. 30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14. 20% of those under age 18 and 8. 10% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 471,221 people,187,167 households, the population density was 267.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 201,434 housing units at a density of 114.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 89. 2% white,2. 1% Asian,1. 7% black or African American,1. 5% American Indian,0. 4% Pacific islander,1. 2% from other races, and 3. 8% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4. 5% of the population, in terms of ancestry,27. 0% were German,15. 4% were Irish,13. 5% were English,6. 9% were Norwegian, and 4. 4% were American
28.
Social Security (United States)
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In the United States, Social Security is the commonly used term for the federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance program. Social Security is funded primarily through taxes called Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax or Self Employed Contributions Act Tax. With a few exceptions, all salaried income, up to an amount specifically determined by law, is subject to the Social Security payroll tax, all income over said amount is not taxed. In 2017, the amount of taxable earnings was $127,200. With few exceptions, all legal residents working in the United States now have an individual Social Security number. Indeed, nearly all working residents since Social Securitys 1935 inception have had a Social Security number because it is required to do a range of things, e. g. paying the IRS. In 2015, Social Security expenditures totaled $750.5 billion for OASDI, Social Security Timeline 1935 The 37-page Social Security Act signed August 14 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Landmark U. S. Supreme Court ruling that gave Congress the power to amend, the Court also ruled that recipients have no contractual right to receive payments. 1961 Early retirement age lowered to age 62 at reduced benefits 1965 Medicare health care benefits added to Social security—20 million joined in three years 1966 Medicare tax of 0, the Earnings limit doubled exemption amount for retired Social Security beneficiaries. The Act was an attempt to limit unforeseen and unprepared for dangers in the life, including old age, disability, poverty, unemployment. Opponents, however, decried the proposal as socialism, in a Senate Finance Committee hearing, Senator Thomas Gore asked Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, Isnt this socialism. She said that it was not, but he continued, Isnt this a bit of socialism. By 1950, debates moved away from which occupational groups should be included to get enough taxpayers to fund Social Security to how to provide more benefits, changes in Social Security have reflected a balance between promoting equality and efforts to provide adequate and affordable protection for low wage workers. These retirement benefits are a form of insurance that is heavily biased toward lower paid workers to make sure they do not have to retire in relative poverty. The OASI accounts plus trust funds are the only Social Security funding source that brings in more than it sends out, Social Security revenues exceeded expenditures, between 1983 and 2009. The disability insurance taxes of 1. 4% are included in the OASDI rate of 6. 2% for workers and employers or 12. 4% for the self-employed, the additional retirees expected under the baby boom bulge will hasten this trust fund depletion. Medicare expenses, tied to medical costs growth rates, have traditionally increased much faster than GDP growth rates, for workers the Social Security tax rate is 6. 2% on income under $127,200 through the end of 2017. The worker Medicare tax rate is 1. 45% of all income—employers pay another 1. 45%, employers pay 6. 2% up to the wage ceiling and the Medicare tax of 1.45 percent on all income
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United States Department of Education
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The United States Department of Education, also referred to as the ED for Education Department, is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government. Recreated by the Department of Education Organization Act and signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 17,1979, the Department of Education Organization Act divided the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services. The Department of Education is administered by the United States Secretary of Education and it has approximately 4,400 employees and an annual budget of $68 billion. The agencys official abbreviation is ED, because DOE instead refers to the United States Department of Energy and it is also often abbreviated informally as DoEd. The Department of Education does not establish schools or colleges and this has been left to state and local school districts. The Departments mission is, to student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence. For 2006, the ED discretionary budget was $56 billion and the mandatory budget contained $23 billion, in 2009 it received additional ARRA funding of $102 billion. As of 2011, the budget is $70 billion. A previous Department of Education was created in 1867 but was demoted to an Office in 1868. As an agency not represented in the cabinet, it quickly became a relatively minor bureau in the Department of the Interior. In 1939, the bureau was transferred to the Federal Security Agency, in 1953, the Federal Security Agency was upgraded to cabinet-level status as the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. In 1979, President Carter advocated for creating a cabinet-level Department of Education, carters plan was to transfer most of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfares education-related functions to the Department of Education. Carter also planned to transfer the education-related functions of the departments of Defense, Justice, Housing and Urban Development, however, many see the department as constitutional under the Commerce Clause, and that the funding role of the Department is constitutional under the Taxing and Spending Clause. The National Education Association supported the bill, while the American Federation of Teachers opposed it, as of 1979, the Office of Education had 3,000 employees and an annual budget of $12 billion. Congress appropriated to the Department of Education an annual budget of $14 billion and 17,000 employees when establishing the Department of Education, once in office, President Reagan succeeded significantly to reduce the budget. In the 1982 State of the Union Address, he pledged, after the Newt Gingrich-led revolution in 1994 had taken control of both Houses of Congress, federal control of and spending on education soared. The GOP platform read, The Federal government has no authority to be involved in school curricula or to control jobs in the market place. This is why we will abolish the Department of Education, end federal meddling in our schools, during his 1996 presidential run, Senator Bob Dole promised, Were going to cut out the Department of Education
30.
United Nations
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The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict, at its founding, the UN had 51 member states, there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, the UNs mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization participated in actions in Korea and the Congo. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military, the UN has six principal organs, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Trusteeship Council. UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, the UNs most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by Portuguese António Guterres since 2017. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UNs work, the organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UNs effectiveness have been mixed, some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased. Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War, the earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France, four Policemen was coined to refer to four major Allied countries, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China, which emerged in the Declaration by United Nations. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries, the term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, by 1 March 1945,21 additional states had signed. Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto, the foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism. During the war, the United Nations became the term for the Allies. To join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis, at the later meetings, Lord Halifax deputized for Mr. Eden, Wellington Koo for T. V. Soong, and Mr Gromyko for Mr. Molotov. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, the General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory, the Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General
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World Trade Organization
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The World Trade Organization is an intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round. The WTO is attempting to complete negotiations on the Doha Development Round, as of June 2012, the future of the Doha Round remained uncertain, the work programme lists 21 subjects in which the original deadline of 1 January 2005 was missed, and the round is still incomplete. This impasse has made it impossible to launch new WTO negotiations beyond the Doha Development Round, as a result, there have been an increasing number of bilateral free trade agreements between governments. As of July 2012, there were various groups in the WTO system for the current agricultural trade negotiation which is in the condition of stalemate. The WTOs current Director-General is Roberto Azevêdo, who leads a staff of over 600 people in Geneva, a trade facilitation agreement, part of the Bali Package of decisions, was agreed by all members on 7 December 2013, the first comprehensive agreement in the organizations history. Seven rounds of negotiations occurred under GATT, the first real GATT trade rounds concentrated on further reducing tariffs. Then, the Kennedy Round in the mid-sixties brought about a GATT anti-dumping Agreement, because these plurilateral agreements were not accepted by the full GATT membership, they were often informally called codes. Several of these codes were amended in the Uruguay Round, only four remained plurilateral, but in 1997 WTO members agreed to terminate the bovine meat and dairy agreements, leaving only two. Well before GATTs 40th anniversary, its members concluded that the GATT system was straining to adapt to a new globalizing world economy. In response to the problems identified in the 1982 Ministerial Declaration, the GATT still exists as the WTOs umbrella treaty for trade in goods, updated as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations. GATT1994 is not however the only legally binding agreement included via the Final Act at Marrakesh, the highest decision-making body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which usually meets every two years. It brings together all members of the WTO, all of which are countries or customs unions, the Ministerial Conference can take decisions on all matters under any of the multilateral trade agreements. When agricultural export subsidies were agreed to be phased out and adoption of the European Unions Everything, the WTO launched the current round of negotiations, the Doha Development Round, at the fourth ministerial conference in Doha, Qatar in November 2001. This was to be an effort to make globalization more inclusive and help the worlds poor, particularly by slashing barriers. The initial agenda comprised both further trade liberalization and new rule-making, underpinned by commitments to strengthen substantial assistance to developing countries. Among the various functions of the WTO, these are regarded by analysts as the most important and it provides a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes. Another priority of the WTO is the assistance of developing, least-developed and low-income countries in transition to adjust to WTO rules and disciplines through technical cooperation and training
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Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
33.
Washington Initiative 502
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When the legislature adjourned without action in April, Initiative 502 automatically advanced to the November 2012 general ballot. It was approved by vote on November 6, and took effect over the course of a year. Along with a similar Colorado measure, Initiative 502 was credited for encouraging voter turnout of 81%, the highest in the nation. As noted at RCW69.50.101, cannabis is still classified as a schedule I controlled substance under federal law, possession by anyone younger than 21, possession of larger amounts, and the growing of unlicensed or unregulated marijuana remains illegal under state law. Laws prohibiting driving under the influence would be amended to include maximum thresholds for THC blood concentration, after approval, Initiative 502 implements over a period of a year or more. Legal possession and DUI limits went into effect on December 9,2012, until rules are established and licenses issued, retail sales to the general public are not allowed. Such future businesses must be located 1,000 feet or further from public schools, the initiative shall legalize use of marijuana products for adults 21 and over and focus law enforcement resources on DUI prosecution as well as violent and property crimes. Personal grows in ones own home, except for medical cannabis as regulated under RCW69. 51A, Part II establishes various definitions, including one which distinguishes marijuana from hemp and other parts of the cannabis plant based on its THC content. Part III establishes a system for marijuana producers, processors. Initial licenses shall be $250 with a renewal fee of $1000. Rules prohibit producers and processors from having any financial interest in retailers and this section also makes it clear that selling or distributing unlicensed marijuana remains illegal, setting limits on the maximum amount one may possess. The part also authorizes Liquor Enforcement Officers of the Washington State Liquor Control Board to enforce RCW69.50, previous to this Liquor Enforcement Officers could only enforce alcohol and tobacco laws. A March 2012 analysis by the state Office of Financial Management estimated annual revenues above $560 million for the first full year, february 2011 analysis of the similar Washington House Bill 1550 estimated annual state and county law-enforcement savings of approximately $22 million. OFMs final, official analysis did not include law-enforcement savings, proponents of I-502 have posted a pie chart showing annual dollar-per-purpose earmarks, based on these projections. Part V on driving under the influence of marijuana sets a per se DUI limit of delta-9 THC levels at greater than or equal to 5 nanograms per milliliter of blood, the metabolite THC-COOH, also known as carboxy-THC is explicitly excluded from consideration. Registered sponsors for the measure include, John McKay, former U. S. Attorney for the Western District of Washington, Seattle City Attorney Pete Holmes, Kim Marie Thorburn, former director of the Spokane Regional Health District, and travel writer Rick Steves. As per RCW42. 17A on campaign disclosure and contribution, statements for and against each ballot measure are also available online as part of the official online voters guide. Many groups which might traditionally be expected to take a stance on the issue have been silent, including business, education, law-enforcement, early supporters of the measure included Dominic Holden of The Stranger
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Marijuana
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Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization
35.
The Spokesman-Review
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The Spokesman-Review is a daily broadsheet newspaper based in Spokane, Washington, where it is the citys only daily publication. It has the third highest readership among daily newspapers in Washington, the Spokesman-Review was formed from the merger of the Spokane Falls Review and the Spokesman in 1893 and first published under the present name on June 29,1894. It later absorbed the competing paper, the Spokane Chronicle. The newspaper formerly published three editions, a metro edition covering Spokane and the areas, a Spokane Valley edition. After a large downsizing of the staff in November 2007. The Voices section still caters to the three original edition, publishing a Valley Voices, a North Spokane Voices and a South Spokane Voices, Cowles set the Chronicle on a course to be independent and The Spokesman-Review to support Republican Party causes. Time magazine related the papers success gaining lowered rates for freight carried to the Northwest United States and a park system. Increasing its reputation for local news and by opposing gambling, liquor and prostitution. The Scripps Leagues Press closed in 1939, making Cowles the only publisher in Spokane. Cowles created four weeklies, the Idaho Farmer, Washington Farmer, Oregon Farmer, when William H. Cowles Jr. succeeded his father as publisher, James Bracken received much more news and editorial control as managing editor. Despite its hometown feel, The Spokesman-Review has been known to take a moderate-to-liberal stance when it comes to opinions ranging from tackling city hall to hate groups in the region and those groups have threatened to attack the paper, and at times have made good on that promise. In 1997, three militants were tried and eventually convicted of bombing the office of The Spokesman-Review as well as an abortion clinic. The Spokesman-Review is also one of the few remaining family-owned newspapers in the United States and it is owned by Cowles Company, which also owns KHQ-TV/Spokane and The KHQ Television Group. While the newspaper wins awards, it is burdened with local critics. In particular, a issue regarding a public-private partnership wherein the Cowles family may have profited, some claim and this is referred to as the River Park Square Parking Garage issue. The newspaper underwent an independent review by the Washington News Council regarding its River Park Square coverage and was found to be at fault for its news bias, in 2004, Spokane mayor James E. West became the target of an operation conducted by The Spokesman-Review. Some journalists and academics criticized the paper for what they saw as a form of entrapment, West was later cleared of criminal charges by the FBI but not before the mayor lost a recall vote by the citizens of Spokane in December 2005
36.
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
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The Seattle Post-Intelligencer is an online newspaper and former print newspaper covering Seattle, Washington, United States, and the surrounding metropolitan area. The newspaper was founded in 1863 as the weekly Seattle Gazette and it was long one of the citys two daily newspapers, along with The Seattle Times, until it became an online-only publication on March 18,2009. J. R. Watson founded the P-I, Seattles first newspaper, on December 10,1863, the paper failed after a few years and was renamed the Weekly Intelligencer in 1867 by the new owner, Sam Maxwell. In 1878, after publishing the Intelligencer as a morning daily, Hanford also acquired the daily Puget Sound Dispatch and the weekly Pacific Tribune and folded both papers into the Intelligencer. In 1881, the Intelligencer merged with the Seattle Post, the names were combined to form the present-day name. In 1886, Indiana businessman Leigh S. J. Hunt came to Seattle and purchased the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, circulation stood at 31,000 in 1911. In 1912, editor Eric W. Allen left the paper to found the University of Oregon School of Journalism, William Randolph Hearst took over the paper in 1921, and the Hearst Corporation owns the P-I to this day. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt had a relationship with the P-I. In 1936,35 P-I writers and members of The Newspaper Guild went on strike against arbitrary dismissals and assignment changes. The International Brotherhood of Teamsters joined the strike in solidarity, Roger Simpson and William Ames co-wrote their book Unionism or Hearst, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer Strike of 1936 on the topic. Also in 1936, their son-in-law Clarence John Boettiger took over as publisher and he brought his wife Anna, the Roosevelts daughter, to also work at the paper. Anna became editor of the womens page, Boettiger left Seattle to enter the U. S. Army in April 1943, while Anna stayed at the paper to help keep a liberal voice in the running of the paper. After Boettigers absence, the paper increasingly turned conservative with Hearsts new acting publisher, Anna left Seattle in December 1943 to live in the White House with her youngest child, Johnny. This effectively ended the Roosevelt-Boettiger ties with the P-I, on December 15,2006, no copies were printed as a result of a power outage caused by the December 2006 Pacific Northwest storms. It was the first time in 70 years that publication had been suspended, on January 9,2009, the Hearst Corporation announced that after losing money on it every year since 2000, Hearst was putting the P-I up for sale. Analysts did not expect a buyer to be found, in view of declining circulation in the U. S. newspaper industry and other newspapers on the market going unsold. Five days before the 60-day deadline, the P-I reported that the Hearst Corporation had given several P-I reporters provisional job offers for an edition of the P-I. On March 16,2009, the posted a headline on its front page, followed shortly after by a short news story
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C-SPAN
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C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service. C-SPAN televises many proceedings of the United States federal government, as well as public affairs programming. Its coverage of political and policy events is unedited, thereby providing viewers with unfiltered information about politics, non-political coverage includes historical programming, programs dedicated to non-fiction books, and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy. The network operates independently, and neither the cable industry nor Congress has control of the content of its programming, Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979 and John D. Evans who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19,1979, in time for the first televised session made available by the House of Representatives, upon its debut, only 3.5 million homes were wired for C-SPAN, and the network had just three employees. The second C-SPAN channel, C-SPAN2, followed on June 2,1986 when the U. S. Senate permitted itself to be televised, C-SPAN Radio began operations on October 9,1997, covering similar events as the television networks and often simulcasting their programming. The station broadcasts on WCSP in Washington, D. C. is also available on XM Satellite Radio channel 120 and is streamed live at c-span. org and it was formerly available on Sirius Satellite Radio from 2002 to 2006. Lamb semi-retired in March 2012, coinciding with the channels 33rd anniversary, on January 12,2017, the online feed for C-SPAN1 was interrupted and replaced by a feed from the Russian television network RT for approximately 10 minutes. C-SPAN announced that they were troubleshooting the incident and were operating under the assumption that it was an internal routing issue, C-SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary in 1989 with a three-hour retrospective, featuring Lamb recalling the development of the network. Five years later, the series American Presidents, Life Portraits, in 2004, C-SPAN celebrated its 25th anniversary, by which time the flagship network was viewed in 86 million homes, C-SPAN2 was in 70 million homes and C-SPAN3 was in eight million homes. Also included in the 25th anniversary was an essay contest for viewers to write in about how C-SPAN has influenced their life regarding community service. For example, one essay contest winner wrote about how C-SPANs non-fiction book programming serves as a resource in his mission to record non-fiction audio books for people who are blind. The network also had an essay contest, the winner of which was invited to host an hour of the broadcast from C-SPANs Capitol Hill studios. C-SPAN continues to expand its coverage of government proceedings, with a history of requests to government officials for greater access, in December 2009, Lamb wrote to leaders in the House and Senate, requesting that negotiations for health care reform be televised by C-SPAN. Committee meetings on health care were broadcast subsequently by C-SPAN and may be viewed on the C-SPAN website, in November 2010, Lamb wrote to incoming House Speaker John Boehner requesting changes to restrictions on cameras in the House. In particular, C-SPAN asked to add some of its own robotically operated cameras to the existing government-controlled cameras in the House chamber, in February 2011, Boehner denied the request
38.
Center for Responsive Politics
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The Center for Responsive Politics is a non-profit, nonpartisan research group based in Washington, D. C. that tracks the effects of money and lobbying on elections and public policy. It maintains an online database of its information. Its website, OpenSecrets. org, allows users to track federal campaign contributions and lobbying by lobbying firms, individual lobbyists, industry, federal agency, and bills. Other resources include the financial disclosures of all members of the U. S. Congress, the president. Users can also search by ZIP codes to learn how their neighbors are allocating their political contributions, CRP was founded in 1983 by retired U. S. Senators Frank Church of Idaho, a Democrat, and Hugh Scott of Pennsylvania, in the 1980s, Church and Scott launched a money-in-politics project, whose outcome consisted of large, printed books. Their first book, published in 1988, analyzed spending patterns in congressional elections from 1974 through 1986 and it was titled Spending in Congressional Elections, A Never-Ending Spiral. In 1996, CRP launched its online counterpart, OpenSecrets. org, the website is a clearinghouse for data and analysis regarding money in politics. CRP hosts a Revolving Door database which documents the individuals who have passed between the sector and K Street. At the end of 2013, the organization reported $1.56 million in annual revenue, sheila Krumholz has been the CRPs executive director since December 2006, having previously served for eight years as the CRPs research director. She first joined the organization in 1989 and served as the assistant editor of the first edition of the printed volume Open Secrets
39.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
40.
Classes of United States Senators
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The three classes of United States Senators are made up of 33 or 34 Senate seats each. The purpose of the classes is to determine which Senate seats will be up for election in a given year, the three groups are staggered so that one of them is up for election every two years, rather than having all 100 seats up for election at once. For example, the 33 Senate seats of Class 1 were elected in 2012, the 33 seats of Class 2 were up for election in 2014, the three classes were established by Article I, Section 3, Clause 2 of the U. S. Constitution. The actual division was performed by the Senate in May 1789 by lot. A senators description as junior or senior senator is not related to his or her class, rather, a states senior senator is the one with the greater seniority in the Senate. This is mostly based on length of service, when the Founding Fathers agreed to give six-year terms to Senators, they also decided to stagger the elections, so that a third of the Senate was up for election every two years. At the same time, they wanted more frequent elections, as opposed to waiting every six years and this was achieved in May 1789, several weeks after the first Senate assembled. To decide on how to implement this, on May 11 the Senate appointed a committee consisting of Senators Ellsworth, Carroll, in accordance with their recommendation, on May 14 the Senate divided the members into three classes, Thursday, May 14,1789. That three papers of a size, numbered 1,2, and 3, be, by the Secretary, rolled up and put into a box, and drawn by Mr. Langdon, Mr. Wingate. On the following day, May 15, the expiration of each class was determined by drawing lots. Upon the expiration of a term of any length, someone starts a new six-year term as senator. Because each state is represented by two Senators, regardless of population, each Senate class collectively represents a different number of people than each other Senate class. When a new state is admitted to the Union, its two senators have terms that correspond to those of two different classes, among the three classes defined below, a coin toss determines which new senator enters which of the classes selected to be expanded. This means at least one of any new states first pair of senators has a term of less than six years, when the last state, Hawaii, was admitted in 1959, candidates for the Senate ran either for seat A or seat B. The new Senators, in a process managed by the Secretary of the Senate, should a 51st state be admitted, it would receive senators in Classes 1 and 2, at which point all three Classes would have 34 senators. US Senate class page Current Class 1, Current Class 2, Current Class 3, A2013 analysis of the partisan leanings of each class
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Washington State Legislature
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The Washington State Legislature is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Washington. The state is divided into 49 legislative districts, each of which elect one senator, the State Legislature meets in the Legislative Building at the Washington State Capitol in Olympia. Currently the Washington State Legislature has split majorities, with Democrats controlling the House of Representatives, Democrats hold a 50-48 majority in the House of Representatives. Although Democrats outnumber Republicans 25-24 in the Senate, one Independent Democrat senator caucuses with Republicans, the Washington Territorial Assembly, as the newly created areas bicameral legislature, convened the following year. The legislature represented settlers from the Strait of Juan de Fuca to modern Montana, from nearly the start of the territory, arguments over giving women the right to vote dogged legislative proceedings. In 1854, only six years after the Seneca Falls Convention, womens suffrage was defeated by a single vote. A decade later, the Wyoming Legislature would become the first body in the United States to grant womens suffrage in 1869, the issue over female suffrage did not diminish. Anthony and Thurston County Representative Daniel Bigelow addressed the legislature on the issue, in 1883, the issue returned to the floor, this time with the Territorial Assembly successfully passing universal suffrage for women. It quickly became one of the most liberal voting laws in the nation, however, in 1887, the territorial Washington Supreme Court ruled the 1883 universal suffrage act as unconstitutional in Harland v. Washington. Another attempt by the legislature to regrant universal female suffrage was again overturned in 1888, after two failed voter referendums in 1889 and 1898, the now-Washington State Legislature approved full female voting rights in 1910. The Territorial Assembly set out to convene a convention to write a state constitution. Following its successful passage by the legislature, Washington voters approved the new document on October 1, on November 11,1889, President Benjamin Harrison authorized Washington to become the 42nd state of United States. It was the last West Coast state of the Continental U. S. to achieve statehood, the modern Washington State Legislature was created. The bicameral body is composed of legislators, beginning the legislative session annually on the second Monday in January, in odd-numbered years, when the state budget is debated upon, the State Legislature meets for 105 days, and in even-numbered years for 60 days. The Governor of Washington, if necessary, can call legislators in for a session for a 30-day period at any time in the year. Legislators also can call themselves into special session by a vote by both the House of Representatives and the State Senate. Debates can also be found on the web at TVW. org, unlike some state legislatures, the Washington State Legislature does not hold special elections if a seat becomes vacant between regular elections. Instead, the board of county commissioners for the county or counties where the vacant district is located are given the responsibility of choosing the successor
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Cyrus Habib
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Cyrus Habib is an American politician, lawyer, and professor. He is the 16th and current Lieutenant Governor of Washington, as such, he also serves as President of the Washington State Senate. He has been blind since he lost his eyesight to cancer at age eight. He is currently the only Millennial member of the Democratic Party to hold office in the United States. Habib was born in Baltimore County, Maryland, to parents who had immigrated to the U. S. from Iran. A three-time cancer survivor, he lost his eyesight and became blind at age eight. Shortly afterwards, his family moved to Bellevue, Washington, where Habib graduated from the Bellevue International School in 1999, Habib is a Rhodes Scholar, a Truman Scholar, and a Soros Fellow. He received his B. A. in Comparative Literature from Columbia University and he studied with leading cultural theorists Jacques Derrida, Edward Said, and Gayatri Spivak. While an undergraduate, Habib worked in the New York City office of then Senator Hillary Clinton, while at Yale, Habib was a member of the universitys exclusive Grand Strategy program, led by John Lewis Gaddis, Charles Hill, and Paul Kennedy. In 2012, Habib won a seat in the Washington House of Representatives, defeating two-term Redmond City Councilman Hank Myers and he was elected to represent Washingtons 48th Legislative District, which includes Bellevue, Clyde Hill, Hunts Point, Kirkland, Medina, Redmond, and Yarrow Point. Habib set a record for the most money raised in a State House race in Washington. In the House of Representatives, Habib was selected by his peers to serve as Vice Chair of the House Committee on Technology and Economic Development. In 2014, Habib was elected to the Washington State Senate with 65% of the vote to succeed controversial Senate Majority Leader Rodney Tom as State Senator from the 48th Legislative District. Immediately after his election to the State Senate, Habib was elected Senate Democratic Whip by his fellow Democrats, shortly before the 2016 legislative session, Habib announced his campaign for Lieutenant Governor of Washington, challenging embattled twenty-year incumbent Brad Owen. Several months later, Owen, who had previously filed campaign paperwork, Habib went on to win the primary election against ten other candidates, including long-time State Senators Karen Fraser and Steve Hobbs. Another senior legislator, Speaker pro tem of the Washington House of Representatives Jim Moeller was also a candidate, Habib defeated Republican Marty McClendon by a nine-point margin in the November,2016 general election. He raised over 1.1 million dollars, and was supported in his campaign by President Barack Obama, Habib is the author of a number of laws related to technology and the innovation economy. He authored the Washington Jobs Act of 2014, which allows investor crowdfunding for the first time in Washington, so that entrepreneurs, Habib has been a strong voice for using technology and other reforms to make the legislative process more accessible to the public
