1.
Order of the British Empire
–
There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
Order of the British Empire
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Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
Order of the British Empire
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MBE as awarded in 1918
Order of the British Empire
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Close up of an MBE from 1945 showing the "For God and the Empire"
Order of the British Empire
–
Lieutenant General Sir
Robert Fulton, KBE
2.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
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Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
3.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
–
Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
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Flag
England
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Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
4.
Stowe School
–
Stowe School is an independent school in Stowe, Buckinghamshire. It was opened on 11 May 1923, initially with 99 schoolboys, the school is a member of the Rugby Group, the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference, and the G20 Schools Group. The present headmaster, Dr Anthony Wallersteiner, was recognised as Tatlers Headmaster of the Year in 2007, the school was shortlisted for the most beautiful school of the Year award in 2009 and in 2013 was listed as outstanding in several categories by The Week magazine. Originally for boys only, the school is now coeducational, with some 550 boys and 220 girls, the school has been based since its beginnings at Stowe House, formerly the country seat of the Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos. Along with many of the buildings on the schools estate. The schools cricket ground is used as a first class ground by Northamptonshire CCC, the Stowe Corner of Silverstone Circuit is named after the school. A Southern Railway Schools Class steam locomotive, No,928, which was built in 1934 was named after the school, and is preserved at the Bluebell Railway in East Sussex. Stowe School opened with its first 99 pupils, mainly aged 13, there were two boarding Houses, Bruce and Temple, then both in the western part of the mansion. Chatham was the first purpose-built house, designed by the school’s first architect and he had been instrumental in developing a vision for saving Stowe as a new centre of learning to match its crucial role in national culture and politics of the 18th Century. He had personally bought Stowe Avenue in 1922 before old Etonians presented it as gift to the new school in 1924. Helped by Harry Shaw, who had bought the estate the previous year, the school boasted a double foundation. Edward Montauban chaired the school committee seeking to found a new leading public school after the First World War and was the first to envisage the new school at Stowe. The finance came later through the Rev. Percy Warrington and the Martyrs Memorial Trust, J. F. Roxburgh was Stowe’s founding Headmaster. His aim was to produce a public school concentrating on the individual. Pupils and staff would relate in a civilized and open way, showing confidence, such was Roxburgh’s success in developing this vision that he was recognized as a formative figure in 20th Century English education, “greater than Arnold” in Gavin Maxwell’s words. Stowe’s early success led to its rapid expansion, walpole House was added in 1934 and the school reached 500 pupils by 1935. The art school, sports pavilion, and staff housing date from this period too, white, author of The Once and Future King. The Second World War saw 270 Old Stoics killed in active service and these included the Victoria Cross for two former contemporaries in Chatham House, Major Jack Anderson and Wing Commander Leonard Cheshire, the later founder of the Cheshire Homes
Stowe School
–
Stowe School
Stowe School
Stowe School
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Cricket pavilion and pitch
5.
Camelot Group
–
Camelot Group are the operators of the UK National Lottery. Camelot Group was awarded the National Lottery franchise in May 1994 and was re-awarded the franchise in 2001, the current franchise period started in 2009 and runs until 2019, with a possible extension of up to five years. The governmental body the National Lottery Commission is responsible for deciding who is awarded the franchise, the way the franchise was awarded to Camelot in 2001 caused some controversy because state owned Royal Mail held a 20% stake in the Camelot Group. In March 2010, Ontario Teachers Pension Plan from Canada announced that it was buying Camelot for £389m, Camelot was formed as a consortium to bid for the National Lottery project. De La Rue brought knowledge of printing technology, and GTECH Corporation were brought in as the selected supplier of applications software. Staff were seconded from the companies, transferring to Camelot Group when the bid was won. Senior executives such as Tim Holley were enticed to join the project by the promise of large bonuses if the bid was successful. The Camelot name is reflected in the actual lottery machines used in the National Lottery draw, which are named for characters, places, and objects in Arthurian Legend. There were two competing for the National Lottery franchise in 2001, Camelot, the incumbent operator. During the 2000 franchise bidding process, a problem with lottery terminals supplied by American company GTECH Corporation came to light. It was discovered that this problem may have inadvertently caused winners to be paid incorrect amounts. Because of this problem and the relationship between Camelot and GTECH, the National Lottery Commission recommended that the franchise be awarded to the Peoples Lottery. GTECH had been a shareholder in Camelot Group but they sold their shareholding to Camelot Group, although neither bid met the statutory requirements, the Commission still tried to award the franchise to the Peoples Lottery. By September 2000 it was clear that neither party met the statutory requirements to run the lottery. Camelot initiated legal action, taking the Commission to the court for a judicial review. The High Court judges sided with Camelot, describing the decision as conspicuously unfair. The National Lottery Commission responded by dismissing the UK Treasury legal team who had been advising them, dame Helena resigned shortly afterwards and was replaced by Lord Burns. During November, the National Lottery Commission reopened the bidding process, on 19 December 2000 the commission announced that Camelot would be awarded the franchise, with voting 4-1 in favour of Camelot
Camelot Group
–
Camelot Group
6.
Charlton Athletic F.C.
–
Charlton Athletic Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Charlton, south-east London. They play in League One, the tier of English football. The club was founded on 9 June 1905 when a number of clubs in south-east London, including East Street Mission and Blundell Mission. The clubs traditional kit consists of red shirts, white shorts and red socks, Charlton turned professional in 1920 and first entered the Football League in 1921. Since then they have had four periods in the top flight of English football, 1936–1957, 1986–1990, 1998–1999. Historically, Charltons most successful period was the 1930s, when the clubs highest league finishes were recorded, after World War II, the club reached the FA Cup Final twice, losing in 1946 and winning in 1947. Charlton Athletic F. C. were formed on 9 June 1905 by a group of 15- to 17-year-olds in East Street, Charlton which is now known as Eastmoor Street, Charlton spent most of the years before the First World War playing in youth leagues. They became a side in 1913 the same year that nearby Woolwich Arsenal relocated to North London. After the war, they joined the Kent League for one season before becoming professional and they were accepted by the Southern League and played just a single season before being voted into the Football League. Charltons first Football League match was against Exeter City in August 1921, later that year it was proposed that Charlton merge with Catford Southend to create a larger team with bigger support. In the 1923–24 season Charlton played in Catford at The Mount stadium and wore the colours of The Enders, light, however, the move fell through and the Addicks returned to the Charlton area in 1924, returning to the traditional red and white colours in the process. Charlton finished second bottom in the Football League in 1926 and were forced to apply for re-election which was successful, Three years later the Addicks won the Division Three championship in 1929 and they remained at the Division Two level for four years. Seed, an ex-miner who had made a career as a footballer despite suffering the effects of gas in the First World War. He is commemorated in the name of a stand at the Valley, Seed was an innovative thinker about the game at a time when tactical formations were still relatively unsophisticated. In 1937, Charlton finished runners up in the First Division and they were the most consistent team in the top flight of English football over the three seasons immediately before the Second World War. This continued during the war years and they won the war cup, Charlton reached the 1946 FA Cup Final, but lost 4–1 to Derby County at Wembley. This time they were successful, beating Burnley 1–0, with Chris Duffy scoring the goal of the day. In this period of renewed football attendances, Charlton became one of only thirteen English football teams to average over 40,000 as their attendance during a full season, the Valley was the largest football ground in the League, drawing crowds in excess of 70,000
Charlton Athletic F.C.
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One of Charlton's early grounds, Siemens Meadow
Charlton Athletic F.C.
–
Charlton Athletic
Charlton Athletic F.C.
–
Alan Curbishley managed Charlton between 1991 and 2006
Charlton Athletic F.C.
–
Charlton's top appearance maker,
Sam Bartram
7.
BBC1
–
BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot
BBC1
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Replica of an Emitron camera used to make the earliest 405-line programmes broadcast on the channel
BBC1
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BBC One
BBC1
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The BBC One 'Hippos' ident
8.
Channel 4
–
Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4
Channel 4
–
Channel 4
9.
BBC
–
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, the BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own. Thus the BBC was granted sufficient leeway to pursue the Governments objectives largely in a manner of its own choosing, supporters of the strike nicknamed the BBC the BFC for British Falsehood Company. Reith personally announced the end of the strike which he marked by reciting from Blakes Jerusalem signifying that England had been saved, Reith argued that trust gained by authentic impartial news could then be used
BBC
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BBC Television Centre at
White City, West London, which opened in 1960 and closed in 2013
BBC
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BBC Pacific Quay in
Glasgow, which was opened in 2007
BBC
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BBC New Broadcasting House, London which came into use during 2012–13.
BBC
–
The headquarters of the BBC at
Broadcasting House in
Portland Place, London, England. This section of the building is called 'Old Broadcasting House'.
10.
Ocado
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Ocado is a British online supermarket. In contrast to its competitors, the company has no chain of stores and does all home deliveries from its warehouses. Ocado has been voted the best online supermarket in the UK by Which, the company was floated on the London Stock Exchange on 21 July 2010 and is currently a member of the FTSE250 Index. Ocado was founded in April 2000 by Jonathan Faiman, Jason Gissing, Ocado was launched in January 2000 as a concept and started trading as a business in partnership with Waitrose in January 2002. When the company first started, Faiman, Gissing and Steiner ran every part of the business themselves, in November 2008, the John Lewis Partnership transferred its shareholding of 29% into its staff pension fund. It also agreed a five-year supply deal with the business, replacing its previous one-year rolling deal and this deal was replaced in May 2010 with a 10-year branding and supply agreement. Procter & Gamble took a 1% stake in the company the same year, in February 2011, the John Lewis pension fund sold off its entire Ocado shareholding. On 13 July 2009 Ocado released their first app for the iPhone, the app, called Ocado on the Go, allows users to do their grocery shopping without the need of a PC. On 19 April 2010 the company extended the app to Android devices, the Android app has a number of features that the iPhone app does not have, including the ability to control the app using only the voice. In 2015, Ocado launched the first grocery app for the Apple Watch, in July 2010 Ocado, following considerable speculation, undertook a stock market Initial public offering. A range of Carrefours products are sold via Ocado. Morrisons made an initial payment of up to £170m to Ocado to acquire Dordon and associated mechanical handling equipment, as well as a licence. A further £46m was invested to expand Dordon in order to accommodate Morrisons range, integrate with Morrisons systems, on an annual basis, Morrisons pay service costs and a contribution to R&D expenditure. Jez Frampton, CEO of Interbrand and non-executive director of Ocado, claims the name Ocado is a made-up word, webvan List of online grocers Official website
Ocado
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An Ocado delivery in progress
Ocado
–
Ocado Group plc
Ocado
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Ocado's warehouse in Hatfield
11.
ITV plc
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The network, which is branded ITV by ITV plc, has vied with the British Broadcasting Corporations BBC One for the status of the UKs most watched channel since the 1950s. The company was formed by a takeover by Granada plc of Carlton Communications. Granada acquired a 68% controlling interest of the newly formed company whilst Carlton retained the 32% remaining shares and it began trading on 2 February 2004. This was the most recent stage in a process of mergers between the original ITV regional franchises. It acquired the remaining 25% of the Breakfast franchise holder, GMTV, from The Walt Disney Company in 2009, on 19 October 2015, ITV announced it would buy UTV for £100 million, with ownership transferring to ITV on 29 February 2016. ITV plc is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, the first wave of mergers began with Yorkshire Television acquiring Tyne Tees Television in 1992, forming a parent group called Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television Holdings. Later that year, Granada acquired London Weekend Television through a hostile takeover worth in the region of £750 million, MAI, which controlled Meridian Broadcasting, acquired Anglia Television, MAI became United News & Media after merging with United Newspapers – owners of The Daily Express in 1996. The idiosyncrasies and business model of the future ITV plc operation can be found in the way these new conglomerates operated their franchises, Carlton re-branded all of its stations with its own name, creating a single identity across the whole expanse of its territory. By contrast, Granada and United, while keeping the names, centralised their continuity departments – Granada in Leeds. All three, however, merged the network operations of their franchises, creating Carlton Productions, Granada Content. By the end of the 1990s, there were three dominating owners of the ITV franchises in England and Wales, Carlton Communications, Granada plc and United News and Media. It kept the production arm of HTV, however, renaming it Granada Bristol and moving it out of Bath Road to a new and this arm of the company closed in 2006, following later rationalisation of ITVs production operations. In 2004, Granada and Carlton merged, creating a company for all ITV franchises in England. One of the consequences of the merger was an over-capacity of studio facilities and production units around the country, which had previously been rivals, in order to make cost savings, several large regional headquarters, studio sites and programme departments closed and merged. Among the casualties were network production and studio facilities of Tyne Tees in Newcastle upon Tyne, Meridian in Southampton, Carlton Central in Nottingham and Anglia in Norwich. In all cases, ITV moved the regional franchisee to a new complete with hi-tech facilities for news production, but with a minimal number of studios. They also owned the digital channel ITV2, which had launched on December 1998, as well as consolidating its shareholding in ITN itself, the newly merged company was able to buy the final 35% stake in the ITV News Channel from ITNs original partners NTL in April 2004. A year later they launched ITV4, on 27 April 2005, ITV plc bought SDN, the digital terrestrial franchise holder of Multiplex A from its shareholders, S4C and UBM for £134 million
ITV plc
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ITV plc
12.
Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
Conservative Party (UK)
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Sir Robert Peel, twice
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and founder of the Conservative Party, as well as the 'most considered' first Prime Minister of the UK.
Conservative Party (UK)
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Conservative Party
Conservative Party (UK)
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Sir Winston Churchill, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Conservative Party (UK)
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1929 poster attacking the
Labour Party
13.
Sarah Lawson (producer)
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Sarah Lawson was an English film producer. She is known for her work on The Dawning, starring Anthony Hopkins, Jean Simmons, Trevor Howard, Hugh Grant, Rebecca Pidgeon and Adrian Dunbar and several television films and she also founded a production company, Lawson Productions, through which she produced most of her projects. She took a hiatus in the late 1990s to start a family, at the end of her life in 2008 she was working with Anne Chambers, author of the biography Granuaile, Irelands Pirate Queen, on a film about Grace OMalley. The project is slated for release in 2010, and is backed by the Irish Film Board, Lawson also wrote and produced extensively for radio. She developed and executive produced the Baldi series, starring David Threlfall which aired its season in 2008. Lawson Productions was, from 1985 to 1988, with Taft Entertainment, from 1988 it joined up with Universal Studios, with offices in London and Los Angeles. It became independent later in 1988, with its first project being Life After Life and it is now primarily based in London and Dublin. Lawson was the daughter of Lt. -Col, sir William Edward Harry Lawson, 5th Baron Burnham and Anne Petherick. Educated at Heathfield School in Ascot, Berkshire, she was a solicitor, from 1982 to 1991 she was married to Michael Grade, the current Executive Chairman of ITV, theatrical agent Anita Land introduced them. After their divorce she remarried, and had two children, Lawson was also a Governor at St. Patricks Hospital, Dublin. During her hiatus from her work, she spent time renovating the historic property Ardbraccan. She lived in Dublin and London, Lawson died on 8 November 2008 after a long battle with cancer
Sarah Lawson (producer)
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Lawson Productions Logo
14.
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
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Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
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MBE as awarded in 1918
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
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Close up of an MBE from 1945 showing the "For God and the Empire"
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
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Lieutenant General Sir
Robert Fulton, KBE
15.
Media proprietor
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Those with significant control, ownership, and influence of a large company in the mass media may also be called a tycoon, baron, or business magnate. Social media creators and founders can also be considered media moguls, in the United States, newspaper proprietors first became prominent in the 19th century with the development of mass circulation newspapers. Reflecting this, the press baron was replaced by media baron. In modern relevance, social media sites need to be taken into account such as Facebook in relation to Mark Zuckerberg who is an extremely important Media proprietor, Media and technology play a significant role in mass media production
Media proprietor
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Journalism
16.
Businessperson
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An entrepreneur is an example of a businessperson. The term may mean someone who is involved in an upper-level management role in a corporation, company, enterprise, firm, organization. This can especially apply to the founder, an owner, a manager, since a businessman can mean anyone in industry or commerce, businessmen have existed as long as industry and commerce have existed. Commerce can simply mean trade, and trade has existed through all of recorded history, the first businessmen were traders, or merchants. Merchants emerged as a class in medieval Italy, between 1300 and 1500, modern accounting, the bill of exchange, and limited liability were invented, and thus the world saw the first true bankers, who are certainly businessmen. Around the same time, Europe saw the emergence of rich merchants and this rise of the merchant class came as Europe needed a middleman for the first time, and these burghers or bourgeois were the people who played this role. Europe became the dominant global power in the 16th century. In this period, Europe developed and used paper money, checks, developments in actuarial science led to insurance. Together, these new tools were used by a new kind of businessman and these people owned or financed businesses as bankers, but they were not merchants of goods. These capitalists were a force in the Industrial Revolution. The newest kind of businessperson is the manager, one of the first true managers was Robert Owen, an industrialist in Scotland. He studied the problems of productivity and motivation, and was followed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, after World War I, management became popular due to the example of Herbert Hoover and the Harvard Business School, which offered degrees in business administration. There are no prescribed educational qualifications, rules or guidelines which one may follow, a person owning a small gas station in a local market is as much as a businessperson as a person who owns and leads a large Silicon Valley technology giant. There are many paths to becoming a businessperson, hence, no rigid formal educational qualification requirements can be stated for becoming a businessperson. However, there are attributes that successful businessmen must possess, Tact financial and business savvy, courage, leadership, vision, creativity, imagination. Among these components include branding, advertising, and public relations, well-balanced consistency in their business approach. Interest in giving back to society through philanthropy or venture capitalism for future socioeconomic development, hence, a businessperson should have the ability to take prompt decisions. Determination, courage and perseverance, They must have strong power and determination
Businessperson
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Marissa Mayer, the current president and
CEO of
Yahoo!, is a businessperson, ranked the 16th most-powerful businesswoman in the world in 2014 by
Fortune magazine.
17.
House of Lords
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The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, referred to ceremonially as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Unlike the elected House of Commons, all members of the House of Lords are appointed, the membership of the House of Lords is drawn from the peerage and is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England, of the Lords Temporal, the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. However, they include some hereditary peers including four dukes. Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men, while the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently 805 sitting Lords, the House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its respective lower house. The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have approved by the House of Commons. It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons, while it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law, except in certain limited circumstances, it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions. In this capacity, the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process, Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. Members of the Lords may also take on roles as government ministers, the House of Lords has its own support services, separate from the Commons, including the House of Lords Library. The Queens Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, the House also has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland, the Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium, the Great Council that advised the King during medieval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, the first English Parliament is often considered to be the Model Parliament, which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined, for example, during much of the reign of Edward II, the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter, further developments occurred during the reign of Edward IIs successor, Edward III. It was during this Kings reign that Parliament clearly separated into two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and, during the fifteenth century
House of Lords
House of Lords
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Queen
Anne addressing the House of Lords, c. 1708–14, by
Peter Tillemans
House of Lords
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An early 19th-century illustration showing the east wall of the House of Lords in the centre.
House of Lords
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The rejection of the
People's Budget, proposed by
David Lloyd George (above), precipitated a political crisis in 1909.
18.
Jewish
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
Jewish
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Baruch Spinoza
Jewish
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David Ben-Gurion
Jewish
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George Gershwin
Jewish
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Map of
Canaan
19.
Buckinghamshire
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Development in this region is restricted by the Metropolitan Green Belt. Other large settlements include the county town of Aylesbury, Marlow in the south near the Thames and Princes Risborough in the west near Oxford. Some areas without rail links to London, such as around the old county town of Buckingham. The largest town is Milton Keynes in the northeast, which with the area is administered as a unitary authority separately to the rest of Buckinghamshire. The remainder of the county is administered by Buckinghamshire County Council as a non-metropolitan county, in national elections, Buckinghamshire is considered a reliable supporter of the Conservative Party. A large part of the Chiltern Hills, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, runs through the south of the county and attracts many walkers, in this area older buildings are often made from local flint and red brick. Chequers, an estate owned by the government, is the country retreat of the incumbent Prime Minister. To the north of the county lies rolling countryside in the Vale of Aylesbury, the Thames forms part of the county’s southwestern boundary. Notable service amenities in the county are Pinewood Film Studios, Dorney rowing lake, many national companies have offices in Milton Keynes. Heavy industry and quarrying is limited, with agriculture predominating after service industries, the name Buckinghamshire is Anglo-Saxon in origin and means The district of Buccas home. Buccas home refers to Buckingham in the north of the county, the county has been so named since about the 12th century, however, the county has existed since it was a subdivision of the kingdom of Mercia. Historically, the biggest change to the county came in the 19th century, Buckinghamshire is a popular home for London commuters, leading to greater local affluence, however, some pockets of relative deprivation remain. As a result, most county institutions are now based in the south of the county or Milton Keynes, the county can be split into two sections geographically. The county includes parts of two of the four longest rivers in England, the River Thames forms the southern boundary with Berkshire, which has crept over the border at Eton and Slough so that the river is no longer the sole boundary between the two counties. The River Great Ouse rises just outside the county in Northamptonshire and flows east through Buckingham, Milton Keynes, the main branch of the Grand Union Canal passes through the county as do its arms to Slough, Aylesbury, Wendover and Buckingham. The canal has been incorporated into the landscaping of Milton Keynes, the southern part of the county is dominated by the Chiltern Hills. The two highest points in Buckinghamshire are Haddington Hill in Wendover Woods at 267 metres above sea level, quarrying has taken place for chalk, clay for brickmaking and gravel and sand in the river valleys. Flint, also extracted from quarries, was used to build older local buildings
Buckinghamshire
Buckinghamshire
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Buckinghamshire shown within England
Buckinghamshire
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Map of Bucks (1904)
Buckinghamshire
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The River Thames at Medmenham
20.
Daily Mirror
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The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903. It is owned by parent company Trinity Mirror, from 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply The Mirror. It had a daily print circulation of 716,923 in December 2016. Its Sunday sister paper is the Sunday Mirror, originally pitched to the middle class reader, it was transformed into a working-class newspaper after 1934, in order to reach a large, lowbrow audience. The Mirror has had a number of owners and it was founded by Alfred Harmsworth, who sold it to his brother Harold Harmsworth in 1913. In 1963 a restructuring of the interests of the Harmsworth family led to the Mirror becoming a part of International Publishing Corporation. The Mirror was owned by Robert Maxwell between 1984 and 1991, the paper went through a protracted period of crisis after his death before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity in 1999 to form Trinity Mirror. The paper has supported the Labour Party since the 1945 general election. The Daily Mirror was launched on 2 November 1903 by Alfred Harmsworth as a newspaper for women, hence the name, he said, I intend it to be really a mirror of feminine life as well on its grave as on its lighter sides. To be entertaining without being frivolous, and serious without being dull and it was not an immediate success and in 1904 Harmsworth decided to turn it into a pictorial newspaper with a broader focus. Harmsworth appointed Hamilton Fyfe as editor and all of the female journalists were fired. The masthead was changed to The Daily Illustrated Mirror, which ran from 26 January to 27 April 1904, when it reverted to The Daily Mirror. The first issue of the paper did not have advertisements on the front page as previously. Two days later, the price was dropped to one halfpenny and to the masthead was added, circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second-largest morning newspaper. Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth in 1913, in 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow, in 1919, some issues more than a million copies a day. Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, the Mirror was the first British paper to adopt the appearance of the New York tabloids. By 1939, the publication was selling 1.4 million copies a day, in 1937, Hugh McClelland introduced his wild Western comic strip Beelzebub Jones in the Daily Mirror
Daily Mirror
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Daily Mirror
Daily Mirror
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Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe), founder of the Daily Mirror
Daily Mirror
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Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere
Daily Mirror
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Front page of the Mirror 24 June 1996, with headline "ACHTUNG! SURRENDER For you Fritz, ze Euro 96 Championship is over", and accompanying contribution from the editor, "Mirror declares football war on Germany"
21.
Clive James
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He has lived and worked in the United Kingdom since 1962. James was born Vivian Leopold James in Kogarah, a suburb of Sydney. He was allowed to change his name as a child because after Vivien Leigh played Scarlett OHara the name became irrevocably a girls name no matter how you spelled it and he chose Clive, the name of Tyrone Powers character in the 1942 film This Above All. Jamess father was taken prisoner by the Japanese during World War II, although he survived the prisoner of war camp, he died when the aeroplane returning him to Australia crashed in Manila Bay, he was buried at Sai Wan War Cemetery in Hong Kong. James, who was a child, was brought up by his mother. In Unreliable Memoirs, James says an IQ test taken in childhood put his IQ at 140, at the university, he edited the student newspaper, Honi Soit, and directed the annual Union Revue. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with Honours in English in 1961, after graduating, James worked for a year as an assistant editor for The Sydney Morning Herald. In early 1962, James moved to England, where he made his home, James later gained a place at Pembroke College, Cambridge, to read English literature. During one summer vacation, he worked as a roustabout to save enough money to travel to Italy. His contemporaries at Cambridge included Germaine Greer, Simon Schama and Eric Idle, having, he claims, scrupulously avoided reading any of the course material, James graduated with a 2, 1—better than he had expected—and began a Ph. D. thesis on Percy Bysshe Shelley. James became the critic for The Observer in 1972, remaining in the job until 1982. Selections from the column were published in three books—Visions Before Midnight, The Crystal Bucket and Glued to the Box—and finally in a compendium, John Gross included Jamess essay A Blizzard of Tiny Kisses in the Oxford Book of Essays. A defence of humanism, liberal democracy and literary clarity, the book was listed among the best of 2007 by The Village Voice, another volume of essays, The Revolt of the Pendulum, was published in June 2009. He has also published Flying Visits, a collection of writing for The Observer. For many years, until mid-2014, he wrote the weekly television critique page in the Review section of the Saturday edition of The Daily Telegraph. This was followed by Midnight Voices, an album of remakes of the best Atkin/James songs from the albums, and, in 2015, by The Colours of the Night. James acknowledged the importance of the Midnight Voices group in bringing to wider attention the lyric-writing aspect of his career. He wrote in November 1997, That one of the voices of my own fate should be the music of Pete Atkin continues to rank high among the blessings of my life
Clive James
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Clive James, 2012
Clive James
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Visions Before Midnight, by Clive James
22.
Morecambe and Wise
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Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise, known as Morecambe and Wise, were an iconic British comic double act, working in variety, radio, film and most successfully in television. Their partnership lasted from 1941 until Morecambes death in 1984, the show was a significant part of British popular culture, and they have been described as the most illustrious, and the best-loved, double-act that Britain has ever produced. In a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000, voted for by industry professionals, The Morecambe and Wise Show was placed 14th. In September 2006, they were voted by the public as number 2 in a poll of TVs 50 Greatest Stars and in 2011 their early career was the subject of the television biopic Eric. In 2013, the two were honoured with a plaque at Teddington Studios where their last four series were recorded. Morecambe and Wises partnership began in 1941 when they were booked separately to appear in Jack Hyltons revue. War service broke up the act but they reunited by chance at the Swansea Empire Theatre in 1946 when they joined forces again and they made their name in variety, appearing in a variety circus, the Windmill Theatre, the Glasgow Empire and many venues around Britain. After this they made their name in radio, transferring to television in 1954. Their show, Running Wild, was not well received and led to a newspaper review, Definition of the week, TV set—the box in which they buried Morecambe. Eric apparently carried this review around with him ever after and from then on Eric, in 1956 they were offered a spot in the Winifred Atwell show with material written by Johnny Speight and this was a success. In 1959 they topped the bill in BBC TVs long running variety show The Good Old Days in a Boxing Day edition of the programme, in later years the pair would become a Christmas TV Institution in their own right. It is this period of their careers that is regarded as their glory days. The Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise Show The Morecambe & Wise Show from 1980 and Hills, the pair starred in three feature films during the 1960s—The Intelligence Men, That Riviera Touch, and The Magnificent Two. In 1983 they made their last film, Night Train To Murder, in 1976, they were both awarded the OBE. Together Morecambe, Wise and Braben were known as The Golden Triangle, Morecambe and Wise are considered by many to be one of the UKs all-time favourite comedy acts. John Ammonds was also central to the duos most successful period in the 1970s, as the producer of the BBC TV shows, it was his idea to involve celebrity guests. He also perfected the duos familiar dance, which was based on a dance performed by Groucho Marx in the film Horse Feathers, Ernest Maxin started choreographing the musical numbers in 1970, and succeeded John Ammonds as producer of the BBC TV shows in 1974. The other writers were Barry Cryer, John Junkin, Dick Hills and Sid Green during the ATV Two of a Kind series, Mike Craig, Morecambe and Wises comic style varied subtly throughout their career, depending on their writers
Morecambe and Wise
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Morecambe & Wise in their classic "skip dance" pose, performed to "Bring Me Sunshine"
23.
Associated Television
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This service started on Saturday,24 September 1955 and was extended until Sunday,28 July 1968. ATV was also awarded the franchise to provide the weekdays Independent Television service for the Midlands region and this service started on Friday,17 February 1956 and was extended until Monday,29 July 1968. Both companies had applied for a contract to one of the new ITV stations. By the time of the merger ABDC were well advanced with their plans whilst ITPC planned to operate as an independent producer selling their shows to the new network contractors. When financial problems hit ABDC, the Independent Television Authority, the body of ITV, invited Grade. This provided the required and put Littler and Grade in control of the new company. After ABC had been operating for three weeks the name was changed to Associated TeleVision Ltd, the logo, designed for ABC and tweaked for ATV, was a shadowed eye inspired by the CBS logo and reputedly designed by Lew Grade on a transatlantic flight back from the US. The logo is one of the most recognisable in broadcasting, ABC began broadcasting in its own right on Saturday 24 September 1955, after jointly presenting the networks opening night on Thursday 22 September. The name ATV was first seen in London on Saturday 8 October 1955, the company won two contracts, the weekend contract for London and the Monday–Friday contract for the Midlands. The latter service opened on 17 February 1956, with ABC providing the weekend programmes, the company ran into financial difficulty due to the staggering losses of the first two years of ITV and start-up costs. The London weekday contractor Associated-Rediffusion shouldered some of ATVs losses and further funding was achieved by selling shares to the Daily Mirror newspaper. The company structure was changed several times until 1966, when ATV and this marked the point where Lew Grade advanced from being the greatest influence over the company to taking control. ATVs main impact was in variety and light entertainment, at this point the company was renamed ATV Network Limited. During the 1970s, ATV received much criticism over its lack of programming, particularly for the east of its region. ATV Midlands Limited, a company created by ACC solely for the franchise process. ATV ceased broadcasting at 12. 34am on Friday 1 January 1982, the final closedown was marked by a brief tribute to ATV from original announcer Shaw Taylor before duty announcer Mike Prince signed off with the playing of the National Anthem. The newly reformed company, Central Independent Television plc, began broadcasting with a promo at 9. 25am that morning. Central inherited the studios at ATV Centre, Birmingham and ATV Elstree along with land that ATV Midlands had purchased for their new Nottingham studio centre
Associated Television
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Associated Television
24.
BBC2
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BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a range of subject matter, but tending towards more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream. Like the BBCs other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence and it is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide. Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched, a high-definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD. British television at the time of BBC2s launch consisted of two channels, the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITVs launch in 1955, the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC, prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service, the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots Hullabaloo, a mother kangaroo, however, at around 18,45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBCs behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22,00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning, there was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003. By 11,00 on 21 April, power had restored to the studios and programming began. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was successfully shown that evening. In reference to the cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy. To establish the new identity and draw viewers to it. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga, a adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More. Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system and this created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. On 1 July 1967, during the Wimbledon Championships, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin broadcasts in colour. The thirteen part series Civilisation was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology, BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985
BBC2
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A former ident from the 1991-2001 set. Several idents from the set were reinstated in July 2014.
BBC2
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BBC Two logo
BBC2
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The figure '2' became a character in 2001
BBC2
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The latest idents featuring the '2' to become the 'Window on the World' in 2007. They have since been phased out.
25.
Larry Grayson
–
Larry Grayson, born William Sulley White, was an English comedian and television presenter who was best known in the 1970s and early 80s. He is best remembered for hosting the BBCs popular series The Generation Game and for his high camp and his camp stand-up act consisted mainly of anecdotes about a cast of imaginary friends, the most frequently mentioned were Everard and Slack Alice. He is often cited as one of the first gay entertainers to have enjoyed mass appeal and he was devoted to his adopted home town of Nuneaton, where a museum display relating to his life and work and a memorial have been established. Grayson was born William Sulley White in Banbury, Oxfordshire, in 1923 and his parents were unmarried and he never met his father. When Grayson was ten days old, his mother, Ethel White, arranged for him to be adopted by Alice and Jim Hammonds in Nuneaton and he had two adoptive sisters, Flo and May. His adoptive mother Alice died when he was six years old and it has been reported that his mother stayed in touch with the family and was known to Grayson as Aunt Ethel throughout his childhood, until he discovered her true identity in later life. Grayson left school at the age of 14 and began working professionally as a drag act on the comedy club circuit. He initially used the stage-name Billy Breen, but changed it to Larry Grayson in the 1950s on the advice of his agent. BBC TVs The One Show reported on 27 November,2012 that the name Grayson was taken from the American singer Kathryn Grayson, but the origin of the name Larry is unknown. Over the next 30 years he toured the UK in male revues and drag shows, as well as in variety shows at venues including working mens clubs, regional theatres and he also added stand-up comedy to his act and developed a unique and very gentle anecdotal style of comedy. It was usually based around his various imaginary friends such as Everard, Apricot Lil, Slack Alice, a lot of his material was observational. In his early years, Graysons family had the telephone in the street. The imaginary friends were in fact based on characters, for example. An early TV appearance in the 1950s had led to complaints about his act being too outrageous, then in the early 1970s his club act was seen by Michael Grade, then an agent, who quickly signed him. Following several successful appearances in ATV variety shows, Lew Grade gave Grayson a contract to front a show, Shut That Door. and slightly later, in real life Grayson could not drive. He also made a number of guest appearances in variety shows, chat shows, Graysons popularity peaked when he was hired by the BBC to present the Saturday night show The Generation Game in 1978, as replacement for Bruce Forsyth. The show became successful, attracting audiences of up to 24 million each week. Grayson was assisted by his co-star Isla St Clair, whom he referred to as my lovely Isla
Larry Grayson
–
Larry Grayson on The Generation Game
26.
London Weekend Television
–
London Weekend Television was the ITV network franchise holder for Greater London and the Home Counties at weekends, broadcasting from Fridays at 5.15 pm to Monday mornings at 6, 00am. Like most ITV franchises, including Carltons, the London weekend franchise is operated by ITV plc. As of 2014, the franchise is still licensed, but unlike many other franchises. LWT is now managed with Carlton Television as an entity. London Weekend Television Ltd is, along with most other companies owned by ITV plc. The London Television Consortium was created and led by television presenter David Frost, the consortium also consisted of three ex-BBC members of staff, Michael Peacock, Frank Muir and Doreen Stephens. Frost had originally considered applying for the new Yorkshire region franchise, changes elsewhere in the system led Frost to believe that the existing Midlands weekday broadcaster ATV had a significant risk of losing its London weekend contract. The consortiums application promised a variety of arts and drama productions. It accordingly caught the attention of the regulator, the Independent Television Authority, so keen were the ITA that they were quoted at the time as saying the LTC had to have its chance, whatever the repercussions. The new company, renamed London Weekend Television, benefited from an extension in broadcasting hours. Having previously worked weekdays for Rediffusion, transmission staff now had to work at weekends and this led to threats of industrial action, and with the dispute still unresolved, fifteen seconds into their opening night of 2 August 1968, technicians went on strike and the screens went blank. An emergency service was provided by management from the centre of ATV at Foley Street. As a consequence viewers deserted their primetime offerings in favour of the more mainstream Saturday night viewing on BBC1, other ITV stations refused to show LWT productions because of the poor ratings. The situation came to a head during a meeting of the Network Programme Committee on 9 September 1968. The NPC was being chaired by Lew Grade, ATVs managing director, and I know I hate David Frost. Frost was present but no one else spoke out against LWTs programming policy, meanwhile, the £6.5 million they had initially put up for the franchise began to drain away more quickly than their audience figures. Michael Peacock, the architect in David Frosts vision for the future of television, ATV dropped Frosts major Saturday night slot altogether and replaced him with comedian Dave Allen, while Yorkshire and Granada relegated the show to the late evening. In September 1969, Michael Peacock was sacked by the board while six executives resigned from LWT in support, the ITA made it clear that LWTs franchise proposals must be retained
London Weekend Television
–
The former LWT ident
London Weekend Television
–
The London Studio (
ITV 's London HQ, and the home to LWT)
London Weekend Television
–
The London Studios, seen from across the
River Thames.
27.
Good Times
–
Good Times is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from February 8,1974, to August 1,1979. It was created by Eric Monte and Mike Evans, and developed by Norman Lear, Good Times is a spin-off of Maude, which is itself a spin-off of All in the Family. Florida and James Evans and their three children live at 921 N. Gilbert Ave. apartment 17C, in a project in a poor. The project is unnamed on the show, but is implicitly the infamous Cabrini–Green projects, Florida and James have three children, James Jr. also known as J. J. Thelma, and Michael, called the militant midget by his father due to his passionate activism, when the series begins, J. J. is seventeen years old, Thelma is sixteen, and Michael is eleven. Their exuberant neighbor, and Floridas best friend, is Willona Woods and their building superintendent is Nathan Bookman, who James, Willona and later J. J. refer to as Buffalo Butt, or, even more derisively, Booger. The characters originated on the sitcom Maude as Florida and Henry Evans, with Florida employed as Maude Findlays housekeeper in Tuckahoe, New York, and Henry employed as a firefighter. When producers decided to feature the Florida character in her own show, they changed the history, Henrys name became James, there was no mention of Maude. Episodes of Good Times deal with the attempts to overcome poverty living in a high rise project building in Chicago. James Evans often works at least two jobs, mostly manual labor such as dishwasher, construction laborer, etc, often he is unemployed, but he is a proud man who will not accept charity. When he has to, he hustles money playing pool, although Florida disapproves of this, Good Times was intended to be a good show for Esther Rolle and John Amos. Both expected the show to deal with topics in a comedic way while providing positive characters for viewers to identify with. However, Jimmie Walkers character of J. J. was a hit with audiences. J. J. s frequent use of the expression Dy-no-mite, credited to director John Rich, became a popular catchphrase. Rich insisted Walker say it in every episode, Walker and executive producer Norman Lear were skeptical of the idea, but the phrase and the J. J. Evans character caught on with the audience. As a result of the popularity, the writers focused more on J. J. s comedic antics instead of serious issues. Through seasons two and three, Rolle and Amos grew increasingly disillusioned with the direction of the show and especially with J. J. s antics, Rolle was vocal about her dislike of his character. In a 1975 interview with Ebony magazine she stated, Hes 18 and he doesnt work
Good Times
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Good Times
Good Times
–
John Amos and
Esther Rolle, 1974
Good Times
–
Florida and son J.J., 1974
Good Times
–
Louis Gossett, Jr. as Florida's brother, Wilbert
28.
The Fosters (1976 TV series)
–
The Fosters is a British television programme, produced by London Weekend Television which aired on ITV from 9 April 1976, until 9 July 1977. It was created and developed by Jon Watkins, who adapted the American sitcom, Good Times, developed by Norman Lear and it was the first British sitcom to have an entirely black cast. It was the predecessor to many future British television programmes that featured a black cast. The series starred Norman Beaton as Samuel Foster, a man trying to support his family in a South London multi-storey council flat. The Samuel character was based on the fictional character James Evans Sr. in Good Times, alongside Beaton was Isabelle Lucas, portraying Samuels wife, Pearl Foster, who gossips with her best friend, Vilma, played by Carmen Munroe. Vilma was originally the character Willona Woods, who in the American version, gossips with Florida on every one inside the housing projects, Munroe and Beaton would later star in Desmonds as married couple Shirley and Desmond Ambrose. Including in the shows cast was teenager Lenny Henry, in his first regular series, playing Sonny Foster, Pearl and Samuels oldest child and son, J. J. Evans was the American equivalent. Sharon Rosita played Sonnys younger sister, Shirley Foster, the daughter in the family. Samuel and Pearls younger son, Benjamin, was played by Lawrie Mark, in the American series, Michael Evans was Benjamins double. The series episodes were derived from scripts from the original Good Times episodes, the series produced 27 episodes and two series, ending its year-long run on 9 July 1977
The Fosters (1976 TV series)
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The Fosters cast
29.
Greg Dyke
–
Gregory Dyke is a British media executive, journalist and broadcaster. He is the chairman of The Football Association. Dyke is a panellist on Sky News The Pledge, since the 1960s, Dyke has had a long career in the UK in print and then broadcast journalism. He is credited with introducing tabloid television to British broadcasting, in the 1990s, he held chief executive positions at LWT Group, Pearson Television and Channel 5. He is the chairman of childrens television company HiT Entertainment, and was the Chancellor of the University of York from 2004 to 2015, Dyke was born in 1947, in Hayes, Middlesex, the youngest of three sons in a stable, lower middle class family. His father was an insurance salesman, the family lived at 17 Cerne Close until he was 9, then moved to Cedars Drive, Hillingdon. He was educated at Yeading Primary School and then Hayes Grammar School, after school he was briefly a trainee manager at Marks & Spencer before leaving to work as a trainee reporter for the Hillingdon Mirror, becoming chief reporter in eight months. He left the Mirror after attempting to stage a union-backed protest against poor pay conditions by the staff of the work on the paper. He then got a job at the Slough Evening Mail, amongst his colleagues was future music journalist Colin Irwin. He then went on to study for a degree at the University of York as a mature student, during his time at York, Dyke was active in student politics, and was part of a collective that produced a psychedelic underground student magazine called Nouse. He also met and married his first wife Christine Taylor whilst at the university, as he was a mature student with work experience, his politics were more of a traditional Labour supporter than some of the more radical far left students. His contemporaries and friends at York included future journalists Linda Grant and Peter Hitchens, Dyke was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University in 1999 and was Chancellor from 2004 to 2015. After university, Dyke followed his first wife to Newcastle and he had become disillusioned with newspaper journalism, and tried for a job as a junior reporter at BBC Radio Teesside. He was unsuccessful, apparently because the interviewers felt no-one would understand his accent, Dyke instead found work covering rural affairs for the Newcastle Journal. He moved back to London with Christine in 1974 to become campaign officer for the Wandsworth Community Relations Council and he hated the job and left to campaign to be elected GLC councillor for Putney. He was given assistance getting a job at London Weekend Television by fellow ex-Newcastle journalist Nicholas Evans, Dyke got a junior position on LWTs local politics programme, in the current affairs department. His bosses there were John Birt and Peter Jay and he attracted attention for trying to give the programmes he worked on a more populist edge. This led to him being given the chance to launch a new evening current affairs topical news programme
Greg Dyke
–
Greg Dyke (2011)
Greg Dyke
–
Greg Dyke at the
University of York, 1975
30.
Mind Your Language
–
Mind Your Language is a British sitcom that premiered on ITV in 1977. Three series were made by LWT between 1977–79, and the show was revived in 1986 with six of the original cast. The series was commissioned by Michael Grade, LWT Director of Programmes in 1977, although the series was attracting some 18 million viewers, the programme was cancelled in 1979 by Grade, who considered the stereotyping offensive. The series was sold to countries, including Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, India, Malaysia, Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana. It was also one of the first British TV programmes shown in South Africa after the end of the boycott by the British Actors Equity Association, various international television shows based on the premise of Mind Your Language have followed the original series. Among them are What a Country, the majority of recording sessions for the first three series took place on Tuesday evenings in Studio Two at the South Bank Television Centre. The 1986 series was filmed at Uxbridge Technical College in West London, Series 130 December 1977 –24 March 1978 · Fridays, 7pm. Series 25 October-23 November 1978 · Saturdays, mostly 6pm, Series 325 October-20 December 1979 · Saturdays, mostly 6. 45pm. Series 44 January-24 April 1986 · Saturday 2, 15pm Granada Television was the first of the ITV regions to show the 1986 series, other ITV stations which broadcast it were - Anglia, all episodes, from 9 January-1 April 1986. Central, all episodes, shown as one block of four, HTV West, all episodes over a period from 1 February 1986 to 6 March 1987. Tyne Tees, nine episodes from 1 February-29 March 1986, border, four episodes, from 1–22 February 1986. TSW, one episode, on Monday 22 December 1986, the series was released as a Best of 4-disc box set on Region 2 DVD in 2003, and on Region 1 DVD in 2004. However, these sets exclude the Series 1 episode Kill Or Cure, the Series 2 episode Dont Forget the Driver, another 4-disc box set, The Complete LWT Series, released by Network DVD in November 2007 contains all episodes of Series 1–3. Series 4 has release on the 29th of February on itunes, barry Evans as Mr Jeremy Brown - the English teacher and focal point of most of the series. He holds a degree from Oxford University and he is hired in the series pilot, in which he is warned that the previous teacher was driven insane by the students. Mr Brown is up to the challenge, however, he often has to put up with the students often literal, zara Nutley as Miss Dolores Courtney - the Headmistress of the school. Ms. Courtney holds a very eminent dislike for the sex and thinks of women as being superior to men. She at first hesitates to hire Mr. Jeremy Brown, and she often takes time to drop by the classroom to check up on the progress of Mr. Browns class, often getting disappointed
Mind Your Language
–
Title screen
31.
The Football League
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The English Football League is a league competition featuring professional football clubs from England and Wales. Founded in 1888 as the Football League, the league is the oldest such competition in world football and it was the top-level football league in England from its foundation in the 19th century until 1992, when the top 22 clubs split away to form the Premier League. The league has 72 clubs evenly divided into three divisions, which are known as the Championship, League One and League Two, with 24 clubs in each division, the Football League has been associated with a title sponsor between 1983 and 2016. As this sponsor changed over the years the league too has been known by various names, the English Football League is also the name of the governing body of the league competition, and this body also organises two knock-out cup competitions, the EFL Cup and the EFL Trophy. The operations centre of the Football League is in Preston, while its commercial office is in London, the commercial office was formerly based in Lytham St Annes, after its original spell in Preston. The Football League consists of 70 professional association football clubs in England and 2 in Wales and it runs the oldest professional football league competition in the world. It also organises two knockout cup competitions, the Football League Cup and Football League Trophy, the Football League was founded in 1888 by then Aston Villa director William McGregor, originally with 12 member clubs. Steady growth and the addition of more divisions meant that by 1950 the League had 92 clubs, the Football League therefore no longer includes the top 20 clubs who belong to this group, although promotion and relegation between the Football League and the Premier League continues. In total,136 teams have played in the Football League up to 2013, the Football Leagues 72 member clubs are grouped into three divisions, the Football League Championship, Football League One, and Football League Two. Each division has 24 clubs, and in any season a club plays each of the others in the same division twice, once at their home stadium. This makes for a total of 46 games played each season, clubs gain three points for a win, one for a draw, and none for a defeat. At the end of the season, clubs at the top of their division may win promotion to the higher division. At the top end of the competition, three Championship clubs win promotion from the Football League to the Premier League, with the bottom three Premier League clubs taking their places, reserve teams of Football League clubs usually play in the Central League or the Football Combination. Since the 2004–05 season, penalties have existed for clubs entering financial administration during the season and it is also required that a club exiting administration agree a Creditors Voluntary Agreement, and pay in full any other footballing creditors. Failure to do either of these result in a second. The other main situation in which is a club may lose points is by fielding an improperly registered or otherwise ineligible player. If a club is found to have done this, then any points earned from any match that player participated in will be deducted, the EFL organises two knock-out cup competitions, the EFL Cup and the EFL Trophy. The EFL Cup was established in 1960 and is open to all EFL and Premier League clubs, the EFL Trophy is for clubs belonging to EFL League One and EFL League Two
The Football League
–
William McGregor, founder of The Football League
The Football League
–
The Football League
The Football League
–
The trophy received by the winners of the Football League, on display at the stadium of 2014 winners
Leicester City
The Football League
–
Championship Play-off final, 2006. (Leeds United v. Watford,
Millennium Stadium)
32.
Office of Fair Trading
–
The OFTs goal was to make markets work well for consumers, ensuring vigorous competition between fair-dealing businesses and prohibiting unfair practices such as rogue trading, scams and cartels. Its role was modified and its powers changed with the Enterprise Act 2002, the Department for Business Innovation and Skills announced reforms to the UK consumer protection and competition regimes. Regulation for the credit industry passed from the OFT to the new Financial Conduct Authority from April 2014. The OFT investigated markets to see whether they were working well for consumers and customers, the OFT worked under a structure arranged by markets rather than legislation with a Services, Infrastructure and Public Markets group and a Goods and Consumer group. Officials specialising in the different legal and regulatory regimes worked closely together in each of two groups. This enabled the OFT to look more easily at whole markets, the OFT used consumer and competition enforcement, market studies and references, education and communication in appropriate combination. These market sector groups sat alongside other OFT groups - mergers, the OFT was situated off Fleet Street, near to Blackfriars station. It was next to St Brides Church, based on expanded powers granted under the Enterprise Act 2002, the OFT explored how different market sectors operate, in order to help markets work well. It sometimes researched one particular market in detail or, for example, the results of the research, which were published, helped the OFT to assess what action, if any, needed to be taken to protect consumers interests. They could recommend stronger enforcement, or a change in the regulations, in 2006, the OFT restructured in response to Treasury proposals for splitting the department into separate consumer and competition regulators. The OFT argued that to protect consumers effectively, it had to be able to use both consumer law and competition law approaches in a holistic fashion, moving away from division by legislative area, the OFT created divisions based on market sector. These officials are supported by a dedicated branch also including statisticians and financial analysts, a legal specialist. In 2006 the OFT investigated the charges being imposed on customers of credit card companies, in its report, the OFT confirmed these charges were unlawful as they amounted to a penalty, rather than the actual losses suffered by the companies. It said it would be prepared to investigate any charge over £12 indicating that £12 would not be a fair and acceptable charge itself. The OFT said it would be up to a court to determine such an amount based on the legal precedent that the only recoverable cost would be actual costs incurred. The credit card companies did not produce evidence of their costs to the OFT, instead insisting their charges are in line with clear policy. Charges have been as much as £38 per item, which campaigners argue is well beyond the cost of sending a computerised letter, two years later a consent decree required the companies to end those practices and represent their location honestly. On September 2010 the OFT sent warnings to 129 firms after its review of debt management companies found widespread problems, since it issued that warning,87 firms have surrendered their licenses
Office of Fair Trading
–
Office of Fair Trading
Welsh: Swyddfa Fasnachu Teg
33.
Bruce Forsyth
–
Sir Bruce Joseph Forsyth-Johnson CBE is an English television presenter and entertainer whose career has spanned more than 75 years. In 2012, Guinness World Records recognised Forsyth as having the longest television career for a male entertainer, Forsyth came to national attention from the mid-1950s through the ITV series Sunday Night at the London Palladium. Since then he has hosted game shows, including The Generation Game, Play Your Cards Right, The Price Is Right. He co-presented Strictly Come Dancing from 2004 to 2013, Forsyth is known for his catchphrases, Nice to see you, to see you nice and Didnt he do well. Forsyth was born in Victoria Road, Edmonton, Middlesex, the son of Florence Ada and his family owned a car repair garage in Victoria Road, Edmonton, and as members of the Salvation Army his parents played brass instruments and his mother was a singer. His great-grandfather Joseph Forsyth Johnson was an architect who worked in Russia, Ireland. His great-great-great-great-grandfather William Forsyth was a founder of the Royal Horticultural Society, after watching Fred Astaire in films at age eight, he trained in dance in Tottenham and then Brixton. He started in business aged 14, with a song, dance, and accordion act called Boy Bruce. His first appearance was at the Theatre Royal in Bilston, with The Great Marzo at the top of the bill. Forsyth made his debut in 1939 as a child, singing and dancing on a talent show introduced by Jasmine Bligh, probably an episode of Come and Be Televised. Forsyth continued to perform through the Second World War, during which his brother John and his act was interrupted by call-up papers for National Service when he was drafted into the Royal Air Force. In 1958 an appearance with the comedian Dickie Henderson led to his offered the job of compère of Val Parnells weekly TV variety show. He hosted the show for two years, followed by a break, then returned for another year. His schedule of performances, which continued throughout the 1960s. A biopic of stage actress Gertrude Lawrence, he played alongside lead performer Julie Andrews as Lawrences father. In January 1968 Pye Records issued as a single Im Backing Britain, supporting the campaign of the name, written by Tony Hatch and Jackie Trent. The chorus included The feeling is growing, so keep it going. All involved in making the single took cuts in their fees or royalties so that the single sold for 5s, instead of the going rate of 7s
Bruce Forsyth
–
Forsyth in 2007
34.
The Generation Game
–
The Generation Game is a British game show produced by the BBC in which four teams of two people from the same family, but different generations, competed to win prizes. The show was based on the Dutch TV show Één van de acht, mies Bouwman, a Dutch talk show host and presenter of the show, came up with the idea of the conveyor belt. She had seen it on a German programme and wanted to incorporate it into the show. Another antecedent for the show was Sunday Night at the London Palladium on ATV. It featured married couples playing silly games within a time to win prize money. This was hosted by Bruce Forsyth from 1958, and he took the idea with him when he went over to the BBC, during the 1970s, game shows became more popular and started to replace expensive variety shows. Creating new studio shows was cheaper than hiring a theatre and paying for long rehearsals and a large orchestra, with less money for their own productions, a game show seemed the obvious idea for ITV. As a result, many variety performers were recruited for game shows, the BBC, suffering poor ratings, decided to make its own game show. Bill Cotton, the BBCs Head of Light Entertainment, believed that Forsyth was best for the job, however, things were about to change. Desperate to end the BBCs long-running ratings success on a Saturday night, alan Boyd, producer of The Generation Game at the time, remembers that there were many proposals as to who should take over. It worked, as The Big Night failed to beat The Generation Game and was off the air three months. The show reached its peak under Grayson and it attracted an audience of 25 million on one occasion, when a strike blacked out the ITV network, meaning the two BBC channels were the only ones the public could watch. Graysons apparent incompetence and inability to remember what was going on was carefully contrived, a special edition of The Generation Game with Vernon Kay hosting aired on 5 March 2011 in aid of Comic Relief during the BBCs 24 Hour Panel People. David Walliams competed with his mother Kathleen, the other team consisted of Miranda Hart and Patricia Hodge, who play mother and daughter in the sitcom Miranda. There were eight competitors, hence the catchphrase Lets meet the eight who are going to generate used in series by Bruce Forsyth. In the first two rounds, two couples would compete against each other in two games, one game usually involved first seeing a skilled professional construct or perform something, such as pottery or dancing. The contestants would attempt to do the same, and a score would be given by the professional. The other game usually involved more of an element, such as identifying pieces of music
The Generation Game
–
The Generation Game
35.
Dennis Potter
–
Dennis Christopher George Potter was an English television dramatist, screenwriter and journalist. After standing for parliament as a Labour candidate at the 1964 general election and he initially worked in journalism before making the transition to television drama. His new career began with contributions to the BBCs Wednesday Play anthology series in 1965 and he is best known for his BBC TV serials Pennies from Heaven, The Singing Detective, and the television plays Blue Remembered Hills and Brimstone and Treacle. His television dramas mixed fantasy and reality, the personal and the social, Potter is widely regarded as one of the most influential and innovative dramatists to have worked in British television. Dennis Potter was born in Berry Hill, Forest of Dean and his father, Walter Edward Potter, was a coal miner in this rural mining area between Gloucester and Wales, his mother was Margaret Constance, née Wale. Potter has a sister named June, in 1946, Potter passed the eleven-plus and attended Bells Grammar School at Coleford. The ten-year-old Potter was sexually abused by his uncle, an experience he would later allude to many times in his writing. Why, why, why, the same desperately repeated question I asked myself without any sort of an answer, or any ability to tell my mother or my father, day, I was trapped by an adults sexual appetite and abused out of innocence. Between 1953 and 1955, Potter did his National Service and learnt Russian at the Joint Services School for Linguists, on 10 January 1959 he married at the Christchurch parish church Margaret Amy Morgan, a local girl he met at a dance. Potters first non-fiction work, The Glittering Coffin, was published by the Gollancz Press in 1960, the book was a rumination on the changing face of England in the prosperity following the end of the war years. It was followed by The Changing Forest, Life in the Forest of Dean Today and this book is a study of class and social mobility that demonstrates an early fascination with the effects of the mass media on British cultural life. Daily Herald journalist David Nathan persuaded Potter to collaborate with him on sketches for That Was The Week That Was and their first piece was used in the edition of 5 January 1963. Potter stood as the Labour Party candidate for Hertfordshire East, a safe Conservative Party seat, by the end of the unsuccessful campaign, he claimed that he was so disillusioned with party politics he did not even vote for himself. In 1962 Potter had begun to suffer from a form of psoriasis known as psoriatic arthropathy that affected his skin. It also made attempts to follow a career path futile. Potter embarked on work as a television playwright, Potters career as a television playwright began with The Confidence Course which Potter had begun as a novel. An exposé of the Dale Carnegie Institute, it drew threats of litigation from that organisation, although Potter effectively disowned the play, excluding it from his Whos Who entry, it used non-naturalistic dramatic devices which would become hallmarks of Potters subsequent work. The Confidence Course script was liked by Wednesday Play script editor Roger Smith who then commissioned Potter to write became the second Nigel Barton play for the new anthology series
Dennis Potter
–
Cover of The Life and Work of Dennis Potter
36.
The Professionals (TV series)
–
The Professionals is a British crime-action television drama series produced by Avengers Mk1 Productions for London Weekend Television that aired on the ITV network from 1977 to 1983. In all,57 episodes were produced, filmed between 1977 and 1981 and it starred Martin Shaw, Lewis Collins and Gordon Jackson as agents of the fictional CI5. The Professionals was created by Brian Clemens, who had one of the driving forces behind The Avengers. The show was originally to have been called The A-Squad, Clemens and Albert Fennell were executive producers, with business partner Laurie Johnson providing the theme music. Sidney Hayers produced the first series in 1977, and Raymond Menmuir the remainder, the choice of name CI5 is possibly inspired by Criminal Investigation Department and MI5. The premise allowed the programme-makers to involve a variety of villains including terrorists, hit-men, racist groups and espionage suspects. Led by the formidable George Cowley, CI5 is known for using unconventional and sometimes illegal methods to beat criminals, the use of a fictitious force in this context was somewhat less controversial than the portrayal of the real flying squad on The Sweeney. Cowleys two best agents are Ray Doyle and William Bodie, Doyle is an ex-detective constable who has worked the seedier parts of London, while Bodie is an ex-paratrooper, mercenary and SAS sergeant. Of the two, Doyle is the softer, compassionate and more character, while Bodie is ruthless. That said, Doyle is more hot-headed and tended to rush in, while polar opposites, Bodie and Doyle have a deep and enduring friendship, and are almost inseparable. Although their loyalty to Cowley is beyond question, they have no qualms about disobeying orders if it means getting the right result, initially, Anthony Andrews was contracted to play Bodie, but he and Shaw did not have the chemistry that Clemens was looking for. As Shaw was deemed to have more screen presence Andrews was dropped, Shaw and Collins had played villains in an episode of The New Avengers together, and reportedly had not got on with each other. The Collins character had signed off in the 1977 New Avengers episode with Maybe we should work together again, the first Professionals episode was produced later the same year. Clemens intended to write two or three establishing episodes and then hand over to writers, but their scripts were uneven and lacked the energy. Clemens re-wrote nearly 10 scripts for the first series episodes and took a direct approach to the filming. In later series, with the established and the writers and directors familiar with the show. While episodes were broadcast until 1983, episodes were filmed between 1977 and 1981. George Cowley – Nicknamed Morris after the car of the same name and his operatives sometimes call him The Cow, though not to his face
The Professionals (TV series)
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Opening titles.
The Professionals (TV series)
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Series 1 opening titles.
37.
The South Bank Show
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The South Bank Show is a television arts magazine show. It was originally produced by London Weekend Television and broadcast on ITV between 1978 and 2010, a new version of the series began on Sky Arts from 27 May 2012. Conceived, written and presented by former BBC arts broadcaster Melvyn Bragg, the programme was a replacement for Aquarius, the arts series which had been running since 1970. Presenter Melvyn Bragg was already known for his arts broadcasting on BBC television, notably Monitor. It first aired on 14 January 1978, covering many subjects, including Germaine Greer, Gerald Scarfe and it is the longest continuously running arts programme on UK television. From the beginning the intent was to mix high art. This has remained, and the programme has focused predominantly on art of the 20th. For much of its life, the show was produced by London Weekend Television for the ITV network, in May 2009, ITV announced that the show was to come to an end. On Monday 28 December 2009 the final edition of The South Bank Show was broadcast featuring The Royal Shakespeare Company as its subject, the show resumed airing in 2012. The programme has been awarded more than 110 awards, pat Gavins animated title sequences have won two BAFTAs. This is based on the theme from Paganinis 24th Caprice, the brand image of the programme is an animated version of a detail from Michelangelos Sistine Chapel ceiling painting, specifically the image of the Hand of God giving life to Adam. It shows the two hands meeting, generating a lightning bolt, the comedy series Dead Ringers often parodied The South Bank Show. It does this in a series of sketches called South Bank, in these sketches, Melvyn Bragg is Stan Marsh, Alan Yentob is Kyle Broflovski, Mark Lawson is Eric Cartman and Kenneth Branagh is Kenny McCormick. A sketch in The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer featured Vic Reeves as Melvyn Bragg presenting a feature on fictional folk singers Mulligan, Reeves depicts Bragg as an unlikely A-Team obsessive. Harry Enfields TV film Norbert Smith - a Life is an edition of The South Bank Show. Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchants second series of Extras featured a reference to an episode of The South Bank Show focused on madcap childrens television presenters Dick. Private Eye tends to parody Melvyn Braggs name, and Spitting Image would rather accentuate his nasal accent, Benny Hill once parodied Bragg in a 1978 episode of The Benny Hill Show as Melvyn Dragg. The name of the show was parodied, and it was called The South Blank Show
The South Bank Show
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The South Bank Show
The South Bank Show
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The iconic image of the Hand of God giving life to Adam, used since the series' inception.
38.
Embassy Television
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ELP Communications was an American television production company that originally began in 1974. The company remains as an in-name only unit of Sony Pictures Television, ELP Communications was first known as T. A. T. Communications Company when it was formed in 1974 when Norman Lear joined up with talent agent Jerry Perenchio. Stood for a Yiddish phrase pronounced Tuches Ahfen Tisch, which meant Putting ones butt on the line, the first sitcom to be produced by T. A. T. Communications was The Jeffersons, that was spun off from the groundbreaking sitcom All in the Family in 1975. A. T, Communications Co. was renamed to Embassy Communications, Inc. Lear decided to launch Embassy Television, a name for his shows by the former T. A. T. Communications such as The Jeffersons, One Day at a Time, more shows were produced by Embassy Television such as the first two under the name, Square Pegs and Silver Spoons. The latter show ran five seasons, while the former ran one, whos the Boss. was piloted later in 1983 until airing in 1984. Embassy Television also produced Diffrent Strokess final season from Tandem Productions, Embassy also held the TV rights to a majority of the Embassy theatrical library. Embassy Telecommunications, was the distribution arm of Embassy Television. They distributed off syndicated shows by Embassy Television and those by Tandem Productions, in 1985, CBS canceled The Jeffersons and NBC canceled Diffrent Strokes, the latter of which then moved to ABC. Lear and Perenchio sold Embassy Communications to The Coca-Cola Company for $485 million on June 18, after the sale, Lear, Perenchio, nor Bud Yorkin were no longer involved with Embassy or Tandem. A. T. When ABC canceled Diffrent Strokes, the brand name Tandem Productions was abandoned but renamed active as an in-name-only division, during that formation, Coke took Columbia and Embassy out of the first-run syndication business and had them to focus on first-run network and off-net syndication programming. With Children was the successful sitcom by Embassy Communications in 1987. Still-running Embassy shows would bear the Columbia Pictures Television logo in January 1988 for the rest of their runs, columbia/Embassy Television merged with Tri-Star Television to reform Columbia Pictures Television. Embassy Communications then became ELP Communications the same time, but would have its name to appear in the credits by February 1988 under the banner of Columbia Pictures Television. On November 8,1989, Columbia Pictures Entertainment was sold to Sony Corporation, the final surviving show to be produced by Embassy Television was Beakmans World in 1992. In February 1994, SPE merged Columbia Pictures Television and TriStar Television to become Columbia TriStar Television, All series by CPT, TriStar, ELP, and Merv Griffin were produced under the banner
Embassy Television
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Embassy Television logo, used from 1982-1984
39.
Kane and Abel (novel)
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Kane and Abel is a 1979 novel by British author Jeffrey Archer. Released in the United Kingdom in 1979 and in the United States in February 1980 and it reached No.1 on the New York Times best-seller list. The sequel to Kane and Abel is The Prodigal Daughter, in which Florentyna Kane is the protagonist. Kane & Abel is among the top 100 list of best-selling books in the world, with a number of copies sold as To Kill a Mockingbird. In 2003, Kane and Abel was listed at number 96 on the BBCs survey The Big Read, the book tells the stories of two men born worlds apart. They have nothing in common except the date of birth. William Lowell Kane is a wealthy and powerful Boston Brahmin while Abel Rosnovski is a Pole who was born in a situation of great poverty, William follows the steps of his father, Richard Kane, to become a successful banker. When William was still a child, Richard dies in the Titanic disaster, leaving William fatherless, William displays extraordinary discipline and intelligence as a young man at St. Pauls School and later at Harvard. His mother, Anne, marries Henry Osborne, who turns out to be interested in gambling, William hates Henry from the beginning and spends most of the time at Harvard and at his best friend Mathew Lesters home. William dreams of becoming the chairman of Lesters bank one day, Henry spends every last penny of Kanes mothers money on the pretext of speculation. Anonymous notes warn Anne about her husband whose real name is Victor Togna and she hires a detective to find out the truth, and miscarries fatally from the shock -- after which Kane ejects Henry from his home. Wladek Koskiewicz is born in a forest and raised by a trapper family, when he grows up and is found to have exceptional intelligence, Baron Rosnovski asks him to become a companion to his son Leon so Wladek might prove to be a competition to him. Wladek agrees to go to the Barons castle on the condition that he can bring along his elder sister Florentyna, soon afterwards, World War I breaks out. Germans attack Poland and capture the Baron, his staff and son in his castle, Leon dies by the hand of a soldier. Before dying, the Baron hands Wladek his silver band of authority, Wladek realises that the Baron was his father when he finds that, like him, the Baron also had a missing nipple. Florentyna is raped and killed in front of young Wladek by Russian soldiers, Wladek was then moved to Siberia from where he manages to escape to Turkey after facing many hardships. There he nearly loses his hand for stealing food but is rescued by two British diplomats and they transfer him to the Polish consulate from where, with their help, he migrates to America and assumes the name Abel Rosnovski. He starts his life as a waiter in the Hotel Plaza, while Abel is working there, Davis Leroy, owner of the Richmond group of hotels, is impressed by his work and appoints him manager of his flagship hotel
Kane and Abel (novel)
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First edition
40.
Jeffrey Archer
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Jeffrey Howard Archer, Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare is an English author and former politician. Before becoming an author, Archer was a Member of Parliament and he was made a life peer in 1992. His political career ended with his conviction and subsequent imprisonment for perjury and perverting the course of justice and his books have sold around 330 million copies worldwide. Jeffrey Howard Archer was born in the City of London Maternity Hospital and he was two weeks old when his family moved to Somerset, eventually settling in the seaside town of Weston-super-Mare, where Archer spent most of his early life. His father, William, was 64 years old when Jeffrey Archer was born, early in his career, Archer gave conflicting accounts to the press of his fathers supposed, but non-existent, military career. William Archer was, in fact, a bigamist, fraudster and conman, who impersonated another William Archer and he was at different times employed as a chewing gum salesman and mortgage broker, in the latter capacity being charged at the Old Bailey for a series of fraud offences. On being allowed bail, he absconded to America under the name William Grimwood, as a boy Archer dreamt about being Bristol Rovers Football Clubs captain, and still remains a fan of the club. In 1951, Archer won a scholarship to Wellington School, in Somerset, not Wellington College in Berkshire, at this time his mother, Lola, was employed as a journalist on Westons local newspaper, the Weston Mercury. She wrote a column entitled Over the Teacups, and frequently wrote about Jeffrey. Although Archer enjoyed the local fame this brought him, it caused him to be the victim of bullying while at Wellington School. Archer left school with O-levels in English Literature, Art, and he then spent a few years in a variety of different jobs, including training with the army and a short period with the Metropolitan Police Service. He later worked as a physical education teacher, first at Vicars Hill, a school in Hampshire. In 1963 Archer was offered a place at the Oxford University Department for Continuing Education to study for a Diploma of Education, the course was based in the Department, and Archer became a member of Brasenose College. It has also been alleged Archer provided false statements about three non-existent A-level passes and a U. S. university degree, although the Diploma course only lasted a year, Archer spent a total of three years at Oxford. Whilst at Oxford Archer was successful in athletics, competing in sprinting and hurdling, Television coverage survives of him making false starts in a 1964 sprint race, but he was not disqualified. He gained a blue in athletics and went on to run for England, Archer raised money for the charity Oxfam, obtaining the support of The Beatles in a charity fundraising drive. The band accepted his invitation to visit the Principals lodge at Brasenose College, the critic Sheridan Morley, then a student at Merton, was present and recalled the occasion, At the interval I went to the toilet, and there beside me was Ringo Starr. He asked if I knew this Jeffrey Archer bloke, I said everyone in Oxford was trying to work out who he was
Jeffrey Archer
–
Archer in March 1998
41.
The Jewish Chronicle
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The Jewish Chronicle is a London-based Jewish weekly newspaper. Founded in 1841, it is the oldest continuously published Jewish newspaper in the world, the newspaper is published every Friday providing news, views, social, cultural and sports reports, as well as editorials and a spectrum of readers opinions on the letter page. It is independent and owned by the Kessler Foundation, a charitable trust in the United Kingdom which has control of the newspaper. In 1881 the leaders of the Jewish community in London were being criticised for not campaigning against the pogroms that were taking place in the Russian Empire, public meetings were then held across the country and Jewish and Christian leaders in Britain spoke out against the atrocities. The average number of copies sold per week is estimated to be in the region of 32,000, the newspapers website includes paid-for searchable archives of all editions from the first issue to the present, making it valuable for Anglo-Jewish genealogists and historians. The website was launched in 2000 and has won three successive Weekly Newspaper on the Web awards, the JC sponsors the Jewish Sunday league system in London, known as the Maccabi Football League. The newspaper has seen as a firm and influential champion of Zionism. In 2014 the paper published an advertisement for the Disasters Emergency Committees Gaza appeal, the editorial stated that Almost alone in the British media the JC has stressed Israels right to defend herself and sought to explain why Israel was faced with no choice but to take action in Gaza. In 1981, the published an interview with then Prime Minister. Thatcher was questioned regarding the state of Israel and how Conservative policy affected the Jewish community, in September 1999, it was the first non-Israeli newspaper to conduct an interview with Ehud Barak during his term as Prime Minister of Israel. In December 2007, the published an interview with the Labour Party donor. In July 2013, The Jewish Chronicle hosted an audience with UKIP leader Nigel Farage, Farage was interviewed by editor Stephen Pollard, and took questions from the audience. An apology was published in the newspaper on 31 May and on its website on 30 May
The Jewish Chronicle
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Front page, 17 January 1896, showing article by
Theodor Herzl (the father of political
Zionism)
The Jewish Chronicle
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The former Jewish Chronicle offices in Furnival Street, central London
42.
BBC Television
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BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927 and it produced television programmes from its own studios since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. The BBCs domestic television channels have no advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence, the BBC operates several television networks, television stations, and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a number of its own programmes in-house. The simultaneous transmission of sound and pictures was achieved on 30 March 1930, by late 1930, thirty minutes of morning programmes were broadcast from Monday to Friday, and thirty minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays after BBC radio went off the air. Bairds broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. Ally Pally housed two studios, various stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself. BBC television initially used two systems on alternate weeks, the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system. The use of both made the BBCs service the worlds first regular high-definition television service, it broadcast from Monday to Saturday between 15,00 and 16,00, and 21,00 and 22,00. The two systems were to run on a basis for six months, early television sets supported both resolutions. Television production was switched from Bairds company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932, regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from Alexandra Palace in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel – was Opening of the BBC Television Service at 15,00, the first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25, 000–40,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. Also, many of the services technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort. According to figures from Britains Radio Manufacturers Association,18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the announcers, made the first announcement, saying. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later
BBC Television
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A special ident was created in 1982 to celebrate 60 years of the BBC.
43.
BBC One
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BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot
BBC One
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Replica of an Emitron camera used to make the earliest 405-line programmes broadcast on the channel
BBC One
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Logo of BBC1 from 16 February 1991 to 4 October 1997
BBC One
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The BBC One 'Hippos' ident
44.
Dallas (1978 TV series)
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Dallas is an American prime time television soap opera that aired on CBS from April 2,1978, to May 3,1991. The series revolves around a wealthy and feuding Texan family, the Ewings, who own the independent oil company Ewing Oil, the series originally focused on the marriage of Bobby Ewing and Pamela Barnes, whose families were sworn enemies with each other. As the series progressed, oil tycoon J. R. Ewing grew to be the main character, whose schemes. When the show ended in May 1991, J. R. was the character to have appeared in every episode. The show was famous for its cliffhangers, including the Who shot J. R. mystery, the 1980 episode Who Done It remains the second highest rated prime-time telecast ever. The show also featured a Dream Season, in which the entirety of the season was revealed to have been a dream of Pam Ewing. After 14 seasons, the series finale Conundrum aired in 1991, the show had a relatively ensemble cast. The series won four Emmy Awards, including a 1980 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series win for Bel Geddes. With its 357 episodes, Dallas remains one of the longest lasting full-hour primetime dramas in American TV history, behind Law & Order, Special Victims Unit, Bonanza, Law & Order, in 2007 Dallas was included in TIME magazines list of 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME. Dallas also spawned the spin-off series Knots Landing in 1979 which also lasted 14 seasons, in 2010, TNT announced it had ordered a new, updated continuation of Dallas. The revival series, continuing the story of the Ewing family, premiered on TNT on June 13,2012, Dallas debuted on April 2,1978, as a five-part miniseries on the CBS network. The first five episodes, originally considered a miniseries, are now referred to as season one—making fourteen seasons in total, the show is known for its portrayal of wealth, sex, intrigue, and power struggles. Ellies family were—in contrast to Jock—ranchers, with love for the land. Following the marriage of Ellie and Jock, the Southworth family ranch, Southfork, became the Ewings home, where Jock and Miss Ellie raised three sons, J. R. Gary and Bobby. Middle son Gary was Ellies favorite as he displayed Southworth traits, however, while still young, Gary had married waitress Valene Clements, who produced the first heir, the petite and saucy Lucy. Years prior to the beginning, J. R. had driven Gary and Valene off Southfork. During the first episodes of the series, the teenaged Lucy is seen sleeping with ranch foreman Ray Krebbs. Later, in four, Ray would be revealed as Lucys uncle
Dallas (1978 TV series)
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Dallas
Dallas (1978 TV series)
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The
Southfork Ranch, home of the Ewing family
Dallas (1978 TV series)
–
The original Ewing family. From left:
Ray Krebbs,
Bobby Ewing,
Pamela Barnes Ewing,
Miss Ellie Ewing,
Jock Ewing,
Lucy Ewing,
J. R. Ewing and
Sue Ellen Ewing.
Dallas (1978 TV series)
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The Barnes-Wentworth family. Clockwise from top right:
Cliff Barnes,
Pamela Barnes Ewing,
Rebecca Barnes Wentworth, and
Katherine Wentworth.
45.
Thames Television
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Thames Television was a franchise holder for a region of the British ITV television network serving London and surrounding area on weekdays from 30 July 1968 until the night of 31 December 1992. Formed as a joint company, it merged the interests of British Electric Traction owning 49%. It was both a broadcaster and a producer of programmes, making shows both for the local region it covered and for networking nationally across the ITV regions. Thames covered a broad spectrum of commercial television, with a strong mix of drama, current affairs. Consequently, ABC applied for both the Midlands seven-day operation and the contract to serve London at the weekend, preferring the latter and it was widely expected that the company would be awarded the weekend franchise. After an impressive application, it was awarded to what became London Weekend Television in a consortium led by David Frost and this led to a serious problem for the ITA as ABC was a popular station, whose productions earned vital foreign currency. Its station management and presentation style were well-admired, and it could have been controversial to dismiss that as a result of administrative changes. Rediffusion had believed that its renewal was a formality, and its application reflected this complacency. In the early days of ITV, the company had worked hard to keep the network on-air during financial crises that threatened the collapse of other companies, particularly Granada Television. It was reported that Rediffusions chairman Sir John Spencer Wills felt the ITA owed his company a debt of gratitude for this, the outcome proposed by the ITA was a shotgun marriage between ABC and Rediffusion. The combination of two companies, announced ITA Chairman Lord Hill, seemed to the Authority to offer the possibility of a programme company of real excellence. The resultant company was awarded the contract to serve London on weekdays, control of the new company would be given to ABC, a move unpopular with Rediffusion. Questioning the ITAs decision, Rediffusion attempted to slow down the merger, the structure of the new company was also a problem. The answer was found to be a new holding company, Thames Television Ltd, ABC had majority control of the new company and the make-up of its board predominantly came from ABC. The use of ABCs old studios at Teddington meant the workforce was predominantly ex-ABC and this name had been previously considered and rejected by London Weekend Television. On 30 July 1968 Thames began broadcasting to London, from the start of broadcasting on Monday until its handover to London Weekend Television at 19,00 GMT on Friday, the former ABC studios at Teddington became Thames main production base. When Thames was formed the new company acquired other properties of the former franchise holders. Rediffusions main studio complex at Wembley was leased to London Weekend Television by order of the ITA before being sold to Lee International in 1977, ABCs Midlands base in Aston, Birmingham, co-owned with ATV, was sold in 1971 when ATV moved to new colour television facilities
Thames Television
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The Thames Television ident featuring London landmarks
Thames Television
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Thames' main studio complex at Teddington
Thames Television
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Start of Thames ITV generic ident
46.
Samuel Youd
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He won the Guardian Prize in 1971 and the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1976. Youd also wrote under variations of his own name and under the pseudonyms Stanley Winchester, Hilary Ford, William Godfrey, William Vine, Peter Graaf, Peter Nichols, Sam Youd was born in Huyton, Lancashire. He adopted the name Christopher Samuel Youd for his writings, leading to the widespread. Throughout his life he was simply as Sam to his friends. Youd was educated at Peter Symonds School in Winchester, Hampshire, a scholarship from the Rockefeller Foundation made it possible for him to pursue a writing career, beginning with The Winter Swan, published under the name Christopher Youd. He wrote science fiction stories as John Christopher from 1951 and his first book under that name was a science fiction novel, Year of the Comet. John Christophers second novel, The Death of Grass was Youds first major success as a writer and it was published in the United States the following year as No Blade of Grass. An American magazine published Year of the Comet later that year, Youd continued to use the pen name John Christopher for the majority of his writing and all of his science fiction. The Death of Grass has been reissued many times, most recently in the Penguin Modern Classics, in 1966 Youd started writing science fiction for adolescents, using the name John Christopher in every case. The Tripods trilogy, The Lotus Caves, The Guardians and the Sword of the Spirits trilogy were all well received and he won the annual Guardian Childrens Fiction Prize for The Guardians. In 1976 he won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, youth fiction category, for the novel in its German translation. Youd lived for years in Rye, East Sussex but died in Bath, Somerset. The Death of Grass was adapted as a film by Cornel Wilde under its American title, the Tripods was partially developed into a British TV series. It is in development as a film, empty World was developed into a 1987 TV movie in Germany, Leere Welt. The Guardians was made into a 1986 TV series in Germany, the Lotus Caves was in development in 2007, as a film from Walden Media, to have been directed by Rpin Suwannath. Later, in 2013, a TV pilot based loosely on the Lotus Caves was developed by Bryan Fuller, the pilot did not ultimately get picked up as a series, but the pilot was released on SyFy and Netflix in 2014. Except where explained otherwise, all listings are novels and novellas published as books, P. Dutton, ISBN 0-525-29738-3 New Found Land, Dutton, ISBN 0-525-44049-6. S. Caves of Night was serialized in John Bull Magazine in 1958,2 The Best Science Fiction Stories Third Series edited by Everett F. Bleiler and T. E. Dikty The Tenth Pan Book of Horror Stories, edited by Herbert Van Thal Young Winter’s Tales No
Samuel Youd
–
John Christopher
47.
Blackadder
–
Blackadder is a series of four BBC1 period British sitcoms, along with several one-off installments. All television episodes starred Rowan Atkinson as the anti-hero Edmund Blackadder, the first series, The Black Adder, was written by Richard Curtis and Rowan Atkinson, while subsequent episodes were written by Curtis and Ben Elton. The shows were produced by John Lloyd, in 2000, the fourth series, Blackadder Goes Forth, ranked at 16 in the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes, a list created by the British Film Institute. Also in the 2004 TV poll to find Britains Best Sitcom, Blackadder was voted the second-best British sitcom of all time, topped by Only Fools and it was also ranked as the 20th-best TV show of all time by Empire magazine. It is implied in each series that the Blackadder character is a descendant of the previous one, as the generations progress, each Blackadder becomes increasingly clever and perceptive, while the familys social status steadily erodes. However, each Blackadder remains a cynical, cowardly opportunist, maintaining and increasing his own status and fortunes, the life of each Blackadder is also entwined with his servant, each from the Baldrick family line. Each generation acts as the dogsbody to his respective Blackadder and they decrease in intelligence as their masters intellect increases. Each Blackadder and Baldrick is also saddled with tolerating the presence of a dim-witted aristocrat, each series was set in a different period of British history, beginning in 1485 and ending in 1917, and comprised six half-hour episodes. The first series, made in 1983, was called The Black Adder and was set in the reign of Richard IV. The second series, Blackadder II, was set during the reign of Elizabeth I, Blackadder the Third was set during the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the reign of George III, and Blackadder Goes Forth was set in 1917 in the trenches of the Great War. The Black Adder, the first series of Blackadder, was written by Richard Curtis and Rowan Atkinson and it originally aired on BBC1 from 15 June 1983 to 20 July 1983, and was a joint production with the Australian Seven Network. Along with the history, many historical events portrayed in the series were anachronistic. The filming of the series was highly ambitious, with a large cast, the series also featured Shakespearean dialogue, often adapted for comic effect, the end credits featured the words Additional Dialogue by William Shakespeare. Blackadder II is set in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the principal character is Edmund, Lord Blackadder, the great-grandson of the original Black Adder. During the series, he deals with the Queen, her obsequious Lord Chamberlain Lord Melchett —his rival—and the Queens demented former nanny Nursie. Following the BBCs request for improvements, several changes were made, the second series was the first to establish the familiar Blackadder character, cunning, shrewd, and witty, in sharp contrast to the first series bumbling Prince Edmund. To make the show more cost-effective, it was shot with virtually no outdoor scenes and several frequently used indoor sets, such as the Queens throne room. Blackadder the Third is set in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, in the series, Edmund Blackadder Esquire is the butler to the Prince Regent, the Prince of Wales
Blackadder
–
Left to right: (back) Tim McInnerny, Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie, (front) Rowan Atkinson and Tony Robinson in
Blackadder Goes Forth
48.
The Singing Detective
–
The Singing Detective is a BBC television serial drama, written by Dennis Potter, which stars Michael Gambon and was directed by Jon Amiel. The six episodes were Skin, Heat, Lovely Days, Clues, Pitter Patter, the serial was broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC1 in 1986 on Sunday nights from 16 November to 21 December with later PBS and cable television showings in the United States. It won a Peabody Award in 1989 and it ranks 20th on the British Film Institutes list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes, as voted by industry professionals in 2000. It was included in the 1992 Dennis Potter retrospective at the Museum of Television & Radio and became a permanent addition to the Museums collections in New York, there was co-production funding from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. It was released on DVD in the US on 15 April 2003, mystery writer Philip E. Dennis Potter suffered from this disease himself, and he wrote with a pen tied to his fist in much the same fashion Marlow does in the last episode. Although severe, Marlows condition was intentionally understated compared to Potters whose skin would sometimes crack, the real Marlow also experiences flashbacks to his childhood in rural England, and his mothers life in wartime London. The rural location is presumably the Forest of Dean, Potters birthplace and the location for filming, but this is never stated explicitly. The suicide of his mother is one of recurring images in the series, Marlow uses it in his murder mystery. This perhaps reflects Marlows view that fiction should be all clues, the use of Binney as a villain stems from the fact that Binney committed fornication with Marlows mum and simultaneously cuckolded Marlows dad, who Marlow loved. The innocent Binney is brutally beaten in front of the classroom, all of these events haunt Marlow, and one of the shadowy villains who apparently is determined to kill Marlow looks very much like an adult version of the real child, Mark Binney. The real Mark Binney eventually ends up in a mental institution, the villainous Binney/Finney character is killed off in both realities. However, in the end, Marlow chooses a killer, who looks more like adult Binney, to live, janet Henfrey has previously played the same character in Potters earlier TV play Stand Up, Nigel Barton. Some members of the cast play multiple roles, Marlow and his alter-ego, the singing detective, are both played by Gambon. Marlow as a boy is played by Lyndon Davies, Mark Binney is played by William Speakman. Davies and Speakman were contemporaries at Chosen Hill school in Gloucestershire, steadman plays both Marlows mother, and the mysterious Lili, one of the murder victims. At the end of the serial Marlow and Nicola appear to have repaired their relationship, in Potters original script, the hospital scenes and noir scenes were to be shot with television and film cameras respectively, with the period material filmed in black-and-white. However, all scenes were shot on film, over Potters objections. Potter wanted the scenes to maintain the sensibility of sitcom conventions
The Singing Detective
–
The Singing Detective
49.
Mary Whitehouse
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She was the founder and first president of the National Viewers and Listeners Association, through which she led a longstanding campaign against the BBC. A staunch social conservative, she was termed a reactionary by her socially liberal opponents. Her motivation derived from her traditional Christian beliefs, her aversion to the social and political changes in British society of the 1960s. Born in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, Whitehouse became an art teacher, at the time becoming involved in evangelical Christian groups such as the Student Christian Movement. She became a public figure via the Clean-Up TV pressure group, established in 1964, as a result, she became an object of mockery in the media. During the 1970s she broadened her activities, and was a figure in the Nationwide Festival of Light. She initiated a private prosecution against Gay News on the grounds of blasphemous libel. Whitehouses campaigns continue to divide opinion, others see her more positively and believe she was attempting to halt a decline in what they perceived as Britains moral standards. According to Ben Thompson, the editor of an anthology of Whitehouse-related letters published in 2012, born in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, Whitehouse was the second of four children of a less than successful businessman and a necessarily resourceful mother. At the Cheshire County Teacher Training College in Crewe, Cheshire, specialising in school art teaching. She became an art teacher at Lichfield Road School in Lichfield, Staffordshire and she joined the Wolverhampton branch of the Oxford Group, later known as Moral Re-Armament, in 1935. At MRA meetings, she met Ernest Raymond Whitehouse, they married in 1940 and remained married until he died in Colchester, Essex, aged 87, the couple had five sons, two of whom died in infancy. After raising her sons in their earliest years, Whitehouse returned to teaching in 1953 and that year she broadcast on Womans Hour on the day before the coronation of Elizabeth II as a loyal housewife and subject and wrote an extensive article on homosexuality for The Sunday Times. According to Thompson this concerned how a mother might best avoid inadvertently pressuring her sons towards that particular orientation and she taught art at Madeley Modern School in Madeley, Shropshire from 1960, taking responsibility for sex education. Shocked at the moral beliefs of her pupils, she became concerned about what she and many others perceived as declining moral standards in the British media, Whitehouse began her activism in 1963 with a letter to the BBC requesting to see Hugh Greene, the BBCs Director General. Greene was out of the country at the time, so she accepted an invitation to meet Harman Grisewood, his deputy, over the next few months though, she continued to be dissatisfied with what she saw on television. With Norah Buckland, the wife of a vicar, she launched the Clean Up TV Campaign in January 1964 with an appealing to the women of Britain. The campaigns first public meeting on 5 May 1964 was held in Birminghams Town Hall, Richard Whitehouse, one of her sons, recalled in 2008, Coaches arrived from all over the country
Mary Whitehouse
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Mary Whitehouse in 1981
50.
Soap opera
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A soap opera, soap, or soapie, is a serial drama on television or radio that examines the lives of many characters, usually focusing on emotional relationships to the point of melodrama. The term soap opera originated from such dramas being typically sponsored by soap manufacturers in the past, the first serial considered to be a soap opera was Painted Dreams, which debuted on October 20,1930 on Chicago radio station WGN. The first nationally broadcast radio soap opera was Clara, Lu, and Em, a crucial element that defines the soap opera is the open-ended serial nature of the narrative, with stories spanning several episodes. One of the features that makes a television program a soap opera. While Spanish language telenovelas are sometimes called soap operas, telenovelas have conflicts that get resolved, but with soap operas each episode ends with a promise that the storyline is to be continued in another episode. You spend more time even with the characters, the apparent villains grow less apparently villainous. Soap opera storylines run concurrently, intersect and lead into further developments, each episode may feature some of the shows current storylines, but not always all of them. Soap operas rarely bring all the current storylines to a conclusion at the same time, when one storyline ends, there are several other story threads at differing stages of development. Soap opera episodes typically end on some sort of cliffhanger, evening soap operas and those that air at a rate of one episode per week are more likely to feature the entire cast in each episode, and to represent all current storylines in each episode. Evening soap operas and serials that run for only part of the year tend to bring things to a dramatic end-of-season cliffhanger, the article explained that at that time, many prime time series lost money, while daytime serials earned profits several times more than their production costs. Fitting in with these characteristics, most soap operas follow the lives of a group of characters who live or work in a particular place, the storylines follow the day-to-day activities and personal relationships of these characters. These elements may be found across the gamut of soap operas, Due to the prominence of English-language television, most soap-operas are completely English. In many soap operas, in particular daytime serials in the US, Soap operas from the United Kingdom and Australia tend to focus on more everyday characters and situations, and are frequently set in working class environments. Many of the soaps produced in two countries explore social realist storylines such as family discord, marriage breakdown or financial problems. This diverges from US soap operas where such comedy is rare, UK soap operas frequently make a claim to presenting reality or purport to have a realistic style. Romance, secret relationships, extramarital affairs, and genuine hate have been the basis for many soap opera storylines, in US daytime serials, the most popular soap opera characters, and the most popular storylines, often involved a romance of the sort presented in paperback romance novels. Crimes such as kidnapping, rape, and even murder may go unpunished if the perpetrator is to be retained in the ongoing story, Australian and UK soap operas also feature a significant proportion of romance storylines. In Russia, most popular serials explore the romantic quality of criminal and/or oligarch life, in soap opera storylines, previously unknown children, siblings and twins of established characters often emerge to upset and reinvigorate the set of relationships examined by the series
Soap opera
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Publicity photo of
Rosemary Prinz as
Penny Hughes from
As the World Turns.
Soap opera
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A scene from EastEnders on Christmas Day 1986, watched by 30.15 million viewers. The story, in which
Den Watts served his wife
Angie with
divorce papers, was the highest-rated soap episode in British history, and the highest-rated program in the UK during the 1980s.
Soap opera
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Leah Thys, actress in the Belgian soap
Thuis. At the back Peter Rouffaer is visible.
