1.
Indianapolis
–
Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
Indianapolis
–
The
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument looms over the intersection of
Washington and
Meridian streets (1904).
Indianapolis
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Indianapolis skyline, as seen from
IUPUI, the
Indiana Statehouse,
Lucas Oil Stadium,
Indianapolis Motor Speedway, the
Indiana World War Memorial Plaza, and the
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument.
Indianapolis
–
The inaugural Indy 500 (1911).
Indianapolis
–
Athletes at Pan American Games X (1987).
2.
Indiana
–
Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
Indiana
–
State sign,
Interstate 65
Indiana
–
Flag
Indiana
–
Native Americans guide French explorers through Indiana, as depicted by
Maurice Thompson in Stories of Indiana.
Indiana
–
Child laborers in glassworks, by
Lewis Hine. Indiana, August 1908.
3.
Princeton, New Jersey
–
As of the 2010 United States Census, the municipalitys population was 28,572, reflecting the former townships population of 16,265, along with the 12,307 in the former borough. Princeton was founded before the American Revolution and is best known as the location of Princeton University, Princeton is roughly equidistant from New York City and Philadelphia. It is close to major highways that serve both cities, and receives major television and radio broadcasts from each. It is also close to Trenton, New Jerseys capital city, the governor of New Jerseys official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in the borough became the first Governors mansion. It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a mansion located in the former Township. Morven became a property of the New Jersey Historical Society. Princeton was ranked 15th of the top 100 towns in the United States to Live, although residents of Princeton traditionally have a strong community-wide identity, the community had been composed of two separate municipalities, a township and a borough. The central borough was completely surrounded by the township, the Borough contained Nassau Street, the main commercial street, most of the University campus, and incorporated most of the urban area until the postwar suburbanization. The Borough and Township had roughly equal populations, the Lenni Lenape Native Americans were the earliest identifiable inhabitants of the Princeton area. Europeans founded their settlement in the part of the 17th century. The first European to find his home in the boundaries of the town was Henry Greenland. He built his house in 1683 along with a tavern, in this drinking hole representatives of West Jersey and East Jersey met to set boundaries for the location of the township. Originally, Princeton was known only as part of nearby Stony Brook, James Leonard first referred to the town as Princetown, when describing the location of his large estate in his diary. The town bore a variety of names subsequently, including, Princetown, Princes Town, although there is no official documentary backing, the town is considered to be named after King William III, Prince William of Orange of the House of Nassau. Another theory suggests that the name came from a large land-owner named Henry Prince, a royal prince seems a more likely eponym for the settlement, as three nearby towns had similar names, Kingston, Queenstown and Princessville. When Richard Stockton, one of the founders of the township, died in 1709 he left his estate to his sons, who helped to expand property, based on the 1880 United States Census, the population of the town comprised 3,209 persons. Local population has expanded from the nineteenth century, according to the 2010 Census, Princeton Borough had 12,307 inhabitants, while Princeton Township had 16,265. Aside from housing the university of the name, the settlement suffered the revolutionary Battle of Princeton on its soil
Princeton, New Jersey
–
Nassau Street, Princeton's main street
Princeton, New Jersey
–
Princeton highlighted in Mercer County. Inset map: Mercer County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.
Princeton, New Jersey
–
Nassau Hall, which briefly served as the capital of the United States of America in 1783
Princeton, New Jersey
–
Battle of Princeton, 1777
4.
New Jersey
–
New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
New Jersey
–
The New Jersey Botanical Garden at Skylands in
Ringwood State Park,
Passaic and
Bergen Counties
New Jersey
–
Flag
New Jersey
–
Washington Crossing the Delaware during the
New York and New Jersey campaign, winter 1777
New Jersey
–
George Washington rallying his troops at the
Battle of Princeton
5.
Driehaus Architecture Prize
–
The Driehaus Architecture Prize, fully named The Richard H. The Driehaus Prize was conceived as an alternative to the predominantly modernist Pritzker Prize and it was initiated by fund manager and philanthropist Richard Driehaus and established in 2003 by the Richard H. Driehaus Charitable Lead Trust. It is presented annually through the the school of architecture at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, the most recent winner is 2017 laureate Robert Adam of ADAM Architecture, who was officially presented the prize March 25,2017 in Chicago. The award itself is a miniature of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. The award includes a prize of US$200,000. The award jury annually selects an architect who has influenced the field of traditional and classical architecture. The jury travels together to a city of architectural significance, exploring it together, the jury has included notable architects and educators such as Adele Chatfield-Taylor, Robert S. Davis, Paul Goldberger, Léon Krier, and Witold Rybczynski. In 2007, Driehaus announced that he would increase the prize given out annually through the Driehaus Prize. The two prizes represent the most significant recognition for classicism in the built environment. The following architects have been awarded the Driehaus Prize since 2003, list of architecture prizes Notre Dame School of Architecture The Richard H. Driehaus Prize. Richard H. Driehaus Prize official site, abdel-Wahed El-Wakil Wins 2009 Driehaus Prize. Duany and Plater-Zyberk Donate Driehaus Winnings, the designer of which of these buildings just won the USs richest architecture prize. The shape of things to come, pragmatic idealist, Jaquelin Robertson, Clem Labines Traditional Building, pp. 10–14, ISSN 0898-0284 Yee, Roger, Classicism vs. modernism,92,9, Architecture, pp
Driehaus Architecture Prize
–
Driehaus Architecture Prize
Driehaus Architecture Prize
Driehaus Architecture Prize
Driehaus Architecture Prize
6.
Portland Building
–
The Portland Building, alternatively referenced as the Portland Municipal Services Building, is a 15-story municipal office building located at 1120 SW 5th Avenue in downtown Portland, Oregon. Built at a cost of US$29 million, it opened in 1982 and was considered groundbreaking at the time. The building houses offices of the City of Portland and is located adjacent to Portland City Hall and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011. Graves design was selected in a design competition, with Johnson as one of the three members of the selection committee. Graves was added into the competition after Johnson threw out the entry from architect Gunnar Birkerts for having not been Postmodern enough, Birkerts went on to design the Detroit Institute of Arts South Wing, which was re-clad by Graves in 2007. Among architects, reaction was mixed, with many criticizing the design while others embraced it as a welcome departure, in 1985, the hammered-copper statue Portlandia was added above the front entrance. Beyond questions of style, many structural flaws came to light shortly after the buildings completion, the buildings failings are the subject of much humor and contempt by the civil servants who work there, who describe it as cheaply built and difficult to work in. In 1990, only eight years after it was built, the lobby, four firms, including Michael Graves, were bidding for the job. Karen Nichols of Michael Gravess firm said Michael feels like he owes the city one and we have done a lot of public buildings since then. I do know we talk about the Portland Building all the time and it suffers from extensive water infiltration and structural issues. In 2014, some city commissioners expressed the view that it should be demolished, one calling it a white elephant, in 2015, city officials were considering spending $175 million to fully renovate the building. The roof of the Portland Building is covered with a green roof, the roof was proposed in 2005, part of an experiment through Oregon State University to test Sedum spathulifolium as a water-absorbing plant for the northwest. The new roof will help the buildings heating, cooling, the Portland Building is located across the street from Portland City Hall. In May 1983, the building won an American Institute of Architects honor award, the buildings style remains controversial among Portlanders as well as the entire architecture field. In 1990, The Oregonian stated its hard to find anyone who doesnt like Pioneer Courthouse Square and its even harder to find anyone who admits to liking the Portland Building. These laypersons appraisals were bolstered by Italian-born modernist architect Pietro Belluschi, I said at the time that there were only two good things about it, It will put Portland on the map, architecturally, and it will never be repeated. Not all commentary has been negative, in the estimation of architectural critic Paul Goldberger, For better or for worse, the Portland Building overshadows other things. It is more significant for what it did than how well it does it and it had a profound effect on American architecture and brought a return to classicism that brought us better buildings
Portland Building
–
The Portland Building
7.
Denver Public Library
–
Denver Public Library is the public library system of the City and County of Denver, Colorado. The system includes the Denver Central Library, located in the Golden Triangle District of Downtown Denver, as well as 25 branch locations, the library’s collection totals more than 2 million items, including books, reference materials, movies, music, and photographs. The library was established in June 1889 by City Librarian John Cotton Dana in a wing of Denver High School, in 1910, the library acquired a building of its own, a Greek revival design funded by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie that was located in Civic Center Park in downtown. Between 1913 and 1920, Carnegie also underwrote construction of the librarys first eight branches, previously the city relied on traveling trunks of books. In the 1950s the city commissioned the architectural firm Fisher & Fisher and designer Burnham Hoyt to build a new Central Library to be located on Broadway and West 14th Avenue. The property had previously been an auto dealership for the Ford Model T, Model A, the Fisher/Hoyt Central Library in the citys Golden Triangle opened in 1955 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. In the 1990s Denver voters approved a $91, the quality of its collection of oil paintings rivals that of the Denver Art Museum next door. The librarys collection includes western landscape paintings by Albert Bierstadt and Otto Kuhler, as well as a portrait of Colorado historian and Denver Post writer Caroline Bancroft. The Western History Department holds the Otto Perry collection of railroad photographs, the Western History and Genealogy departments merged in 1995 and are located on the fifth floor. The Genealogy department includes 60,000 books,75,000 pieces of microform, webb, and rotating exhibits which highlight historical periods, notable individuals and local Denver history. Denver Public Library Digital collections site Childrens site Teen site Genealogy, African American & Western History site Spanish language site Volume site, digital project for local music
Denver Public Library
–
Denver Public Library
Denver Public Library
–
The 1995 portion of building design by
Michael Graves is an example of
postmodern architecture
Denver Public Library
–
The library interior includes an abstract panorama representing Denver and the nearby mountains.
Denver Public Library
–
The original 1910 Denver Carnegie library.
8.
Walt Disney World Swan
–
The Swan, which opened January 13,1990 on Disney property, is a joint venture between the Walt Disney Company, Tishman Hotel Corporation, MetLife and Starwood Hotels and Resorts. The Dolphin and Swan share similar elements, but each has a distinctive appearance, the colored facade is adorned with turquoise waves similar to the Dolphins banana-leaf motif. In 2008, The Walt Disney Swan Resort was awarded a One Palm Designation through the Florida Green Lodging Program established by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. In the late 1980s, Disney saw that they were losing business to hotels that catered to conventions and large meetings. Eisner had used Graves for other projects and wanted to continue to build striking. Tishman and MetLife own the buildings, but has a 99-year lease on the land from Disney, Disney also receives a share of the hotels revenues, and has a say in any design or architecture changes to the interior or exterior of the buildings. The Walt Disney Swan Resort is located near many Disney hotspots, walking paths or Disney boats are available from the resort to both Epcot and Disneys Hollywood Studios. Disney Transport Buses bring guests to all other Walt Disney World attractions, the resort, along with the Walt Disney World Dolphin Resort, has two lap pools and one grotto pool with a waterslide and waterfall. Drinks can be ordered by guests near the pools through a nearby cabana bar, Resort guests have access to a spa, arcade, day care program, along with multiple Disney gift shops. Walt Disney World Swan guests are provided complimentary transportation to all Walt Disney World theme parks and attractions on the Disney Transportation System, via boat, length-of-stay park passes are available, as is package delivery from Disney theme park shops to the resort. There is a Walt Disney World guest services desk located in the lobby of each resort, Walt Disney World Swan guests can also use Extra Magic Hours, and Disneys Fastpass+ service, guests can select time slots for attractions 60 days prior to their arrival at the resort. However, room charging is not available and hotel restaurants only participate in the Tables in Wonderland Dining Plan, there is onsite Disney Character Dining nightly and on weekend mornings, and reservations for all restaurants can by made through Disney. Room charging within the Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin Resort Complex is available, also, guests staying at the Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin have free theme park parking and priority access to the Disney theme parks during sell out situations. Photo Gallery of Swan & Dolphin Hotel by Michael Graves Swan & Dolphin official website Walt Disney World Swan page at Westin Hotels website Swan Resorts page at Walt Disney World website
Walt Disney World Swan
–
Swan Hotel
Walt Disney World Swan
–
Walt Disney World Swan
Walt Disney World Swan
–
Swan Hotel Lobby
9.
Walt Disney World Dolphin
–
It opened on June 1,1990 and is joined to its sister hotel, the Walt Disney World Swan by a palm-tree lined covered walkway crossing a lagoon. The Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin is a joint venture between the Walt Disney Company, Tishman Hotel Corporation, MetLife and Starwood Hotels and Resorts, the Dolphin and Swan share similar elements, but each has a distinctive appearance. The Dolphin is composed of a 257-foot tall triangular tower bisecting a 12-story rectangular mass with four 9-story wings on the Swan-side of the structure, the roof of each half of the main mass is adorned with a 56-foot tall Dolphin statue. On the main colored facade there is a turquoise banana-leaf pattern echoed by a wave pattern on the Swan. The statues on top of the Dolphin hotel are not mammalian dolphins, but a version of a nautical dolphin. The design of the creatures is based on Triton Fountain in Rome, in 2008, The Walt Disney Dolphin Resort was awarded a One Palm Designation through the Florida Green Lodging Program established by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Walt Disney World Swan guests are provided complimentary transportation to all Walt Disney World theme parks and attractions on the Disney Transportation System, via boat, length-of-stay park passes are available, as is package delivery from Disney theme park shops to the resort. There is a Walt Disney World guest services desk located in the lobby of each resort, Walt Disney World Swan guests can also use Extra Magic Hours, and Disneys Fastpass+ service, guests can select time slots for attractions 60 days prior to their arrival at the resort. However, room charging is not available and hotel restaurants only participate in the Tables in Wonderland Dining Plan, there is onsite Disney Character Dining nightly and on weekend mornings, and reservations for all restaurants can by made through Disney. Room charging within the Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin Resort Complex is available, also, guests staying at the Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin have free theme park parking and priority access to the Disney theme parks during sell out situations. Swan & Dolphin official website Dolphin resort page at Sheraton website Dolphin Resort page at Walt Disney website
Walt Disney World Dolphin
–
Dolphin hotel panorama
Walt Disney World Dolphin
–
Walt Disney World Dolphin
Walt Disney World Dolphin
–
Dolphin on top of the hotel, February 2009
10.
Memphis Group
–
On December 11,1980, Ettore Sottsass organised a meeting with designers, and in 1981 formed a design collaborative named Memphis. The name was taken after the Bob Dylan song Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again which had been played throughout the evenings meeting. They drew inspiration from such movements as Art Deco and Pop Art, including such as the 1950s Kitsch. The group produced and exhibited furniture and design objects, annually from 1981 until 1988, the result was a highly acclaimed debut at the 1981 Salone del Mobile of Milan, the worlds most prestigious furniture fair. Sottsass left the movement in 1985, and it disbanded in 1991, the groups colourful furniture has been described as bizarre, misunderstood, loathed, and a shotgun wedding between Bauhaus and Fisher-Price. While created in the 1980s, the geometric style became most popular and widely accepted in the 1990s, where it had an impact on the design of furniture, architecture. Italian Design,1870 to the Present, ISBN 0-500-23531-7 Martine Bedin at Pierre Marie Giraud, Brussels Memphis-Milano Collection site Memphis-Milano Design Collection Memphis Design Group official site Rawsthorn, Alice. Love it or loathe it, Memphis style with its color and kitsch is back
Memphis Group
–
A collection of objects by Memphis
Memphis Group
–
The group was inspired by Pop Art
11.
Postmodern architecture
–
The movement was given a doctrine by the architect and architectural theorist Robert Venturi in his 1966 book Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. The style flourished from the 1980s through the 1990s, particularly in the work of Venturi, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, in the late 1990s it divided into a multitude of new tendencies, including high-tech architecture, neo-classicism and deconstructivism. The architect and architectural historian Robert Venturi led the attack in 1966 in his book, Complexity, … I welcome the problems and exploit the uncertainties. … I like elements which are rather than pure, compromising rather than clean. … I am for messy vitality over obvious unity, … I prefer both-and to either-or, black and white, and sometimes gray, to black or white. … An architecture of complexity and contradiction must embody the difficult unity of inclusion rather than the easy unity of exclusion, Venturis second book, Learning from Las Vegas, co-authored with his wife, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour, further developed his argument against modernism. He urged architects take into consideration and to celebrate the architecture in a place. He argued that ornamental and decorative elements accommodate existing needs for variety, Rossi insisted that cities be rebuilt in ways that preserved their historical fabric and local traditions. Similar ideas were and projects were put forward at the Venice Biennale in 1980, the call for a post-modern style was joined by Christian de Portzamparc in France and Ricardo Bofill in Spain, and in Japan by Arata Isozaki. Robert Venturi was both a prominent theorist of postmodernism and an architect who buildings illustrated his ideas, after studying at the American Academy in Rome, he worked in the offices of the modernists Eero Saarinen Louis Kahn until 1958, and then became a professor architecture at Yale University. One of his first buildings was the Guild House in Philadelphia and these two houses became symbols of the postmodern movement. He went on to design, in the 1960s and 1970s, Michael Graves designed two of the most prominent buildings in the postmodern style, the Portland Building and the Denver Public Library. The building has since added to the National Register of Historic Places. The most famous work of architect Charles Moore is the Piazza dItalia in New Orleans, drawing upon the Spanish Revival architecture of the city hall, Moore designed the Beverly Hills Civic Center in a mixture of Spanish Revival, Art Deco and Post-Modern styles. It includes courtyards, colonnades, promenades, and buildings, with open and semi-enclosed spaces, stairways and balconies. Philip Johnson began his career as a pure modernist, in 1935 he co-authored the famous catalog of the Museum of Modern Art exposition on the International Style, and studied with Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer at Harvard. His Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, inspired b a similar house by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became an icon of the modernist movement and he worked with Mies on another iconic modernist project, the Seagrams Building in New York City. However, his buildings in the 1970, such as IDS Center in Minneapolis and Pennzoil Place in Houston were massive, sober
Postmodern architecture
–
The
Sony Building (formerly AT&T building) in New York City, 1984, by
Philip Johnson, illustrating a "Postmodern" spin with the inclusion of a classical broken
pediment on the top which diverged from the boxy functional office towers common in
Modern Architecture.
Postmodern architecture
–
San Antonio Public Library,
Texas
Postmodern architecture
–
Ancient
ruyi symbol adorning
Taipei 101,
Taiwan
Postmodern architecture
–
125 London Wall (1992) by
Terry Farrell and Partners aimed to "repair the urban fabric" of the district, dominated by post-
Blitz modernist schemes.
12.
Alessi (Italian company)
–
Alessi is a housewares and kitchen utensil company in Italy, producing everyday items from plastic and metal, created by famous designers. Alessi was founded in 1921 by Giovanni Alessi, the firm began as a workshop in Valle Strona near Lake Orta in the Italian Alps near Switzerland. An area known for its tradition in making objects of wood or metal for in the house. Alessi started with producing a range of tableware items in nickel, chromium. The company’s intention was to produce hand-crafted items with the aid of machines, Design in the current sense of the term began when Carlo Alessi, son of Giovanni, was named chief designer. Carlo was trained as an industrial designer, between 1935 and 1945 he developed virtually all of the products Alessi produced. In 1945 he ascended to chief executive and designed the coffee service, in the 1950s the company was under the leadership of Carlo Alessi. It was his brother Ettore Alessi who introduced the collaboration with designers in 1955. With some architects, he designed a number of items which were created for the hotel needs, through his intervention caused many individual objects, which were best-sellers, such as the historical series of wire baskets. One of the key designs of this period is the shaker from 1957 by Luigi Massoni and this was designed in a series with an Ice bucket and Ice tongs as part of the Program 4 for the 11 triennale in Milan. This was the first time that the Alessi products got shown with manufactured goods, the 1950s were a difficult time to sell designer objects, as it was only a few years after World War II, and many people could not afford designer objects. In 1970 Alberto Alessi was responsible for the transformation of the company. Alessi was considered one of the Italian Design Factories, in this decade under the leadership of Alberto Alessi the company collaborated with some design maestros like Achille Castiglioni, Richard Sapper, Alessandro Mendini and Ettore Sottsass. In the 70s Alessi produced the Condiment set by Ettore Sottsass, the 1980s marked a period in which Italian design factories had to compete with mass production. Also in the 1980s, they changed their image from factory to industrial research lab, meaning that it is a place for research. For Alessi the 80s are marked with designs like the Two tone kettle by Sapper. In the 1990s Alessi started to work more with plastics, at the request of designers who found it a material to work with than metal, offering more design freedom. The 1990s were marked by the theme Family Follows Fiction with playful, artists designing for this theme included Stefano Giovannoni and Alessandro Mendini, who designed Fruit Mama and the bestseller Anna G
Alessi (Italian company)
–
Alessi flagship store, New York City
Alessi (Italian company)
–
Interior of an Alessi store in
Omegna, Italy
Alessi (Italian company)
–
Oval breadbasket, 1955
Alessi (Italian company)
–
Sapper kettle, 1983
13.
Target Corporation
–
Target Corporation is the second-largest discount store retailer in the United States, behind Walmart, and a component of the S&P500 Index. The first Target store opened in Roseville, Minnesota in 1962 while the parent company was renamed the Dayton Corporation in 1967, the company has found success as a cheap-chic player in the industry. The parent company was renamed the Target Corporation in 2000 and divested itself of its last department store chains in 2004, as of 2017, Target operates 1,806 locations throughout the United States. Target is often recognized for its emphasis on the needs of its younger, image-conscious shoppers, the Westminster Presbyterian Church from downtown Minneapolis burned down during the Panic of 1893. Without insurance coverage to cover the loss, the congregation found itself unable to rebuild. The store was renamed the Dayton Dry Goods Company in 1903, Dayton died in 1938 and was succeeded by his son Nelson as the president of the $14 million business. Nelson died in 1950 and was replaced by his own son Donald, the company acquired the Lipmans department store company during the 1950s and operated it as a separate division. John F. Geisse developed the concept of upscale discount retailing while working for the Dayton Company. Using his concepts, the company opened its first Target discount store at 1515 West County Road B in the Saint Paul suburb of Roseville, Minnesota, Douglas Dayton was its first president. The name Target originated from publicity director Stewart K. Widdess and it opened three additional units in the first year, and reported its first gain in 1965 with sales reaching $39 million. Later that decade, B. Dalton Bookseller was formed as a subsidiary of the Dayton Company, the parent company acquired the jewelers Shreve & Co. and J. E. Caldwell, the Pickwick Book Shops, and the electronics and appliances chain Lechmere. It also went public with its first offering of common stock, in 1969, the Dayton Company itself merged with the Detroit-based J. L. Hudson Company, and together formed the Dayton-Hudson Corporation. The new company, at the time the 14th-largest retailer in the United States, consisted of Target and the department stores Daytons, Diamonds, Hudsons, John A. Brown, Target reached $200 million in sales while Dayton-Hudson acquired Team Electronics and the jewelers C. D. Peacock, Inc. and Jessop and Sons in the 1970s, Target reported a decrease in profits in 1972, due to the rapid pace of expansion with the purchase and conversion of several former Arlans department store locations. New management marked down merchandise to reduce its overstock and only opened one new location that year, Dayton-Hudson was established as the seventh-largest general merchandise retailer in the United States with its acquisition of Mervyns in 1978. It sold the Dayton-Hudson Jewelers subsidiary to Henry Birks & Sons of Montreal, Target was established as the dominant retailer in southern California after purchasing fifty Gemco stores in the state in 1986, that year, Dayton-Hudson sold B. Dalton Bookseller to Barnes & Noble. The acquisition of several Gold Circle and Richway stores assisted its expansion into northwestern and southeastern United States, later that year, Dayton-Hudson sold Lechmere to a group of investors. In 1990, Dayton-Hudson acquired Marshall Fields and opened its first Target Greatland store in Apple Valley and it started the Everyday Hero clothing specialty store with two locations in Minneapolis in 1992, although they were closed in 1997
Target Corporation
–
A Target store in
Lexington, Kentucky.
Target Corporation
–
A typical Target store in
Charlotte, North Carolina.
Target Corporation
–
A newer Target store in
Overland Park, Kansas.
Target Corporation
–
The exterior of a typical SuperTarget in
Charlotte, North Carolina.
14.
J. C. Penney
–
J. C. Penney Company, Inc. is a department store with 1,014 locations in 49 U. S. states and Puerto Rico. Most JCPenney stores are located in shopping malls. Before 1966, most of its stores were located in downtown areas, as shopping malls became more popular during the latter half of the 20th century, JCPenney followed the trend by relocating and developing stores to anchor the malls. In more recent years, the chain has continued to follow consumer traffic, echoing the retailing trend of opening some freestanding stores, certain stores are located in power centers. The company has been an Internet retailer since 1998 and it has streamlined its catalog and distribution while undergoing renovation improvements at store level. James Cash Penney was born in Hamilton, Missouri, after graduating from high school, Penney worked for a local retailer. He relocated to Colorado at the advice of a doctor, hoping that a better climate would improve his health, in 1898, Penney went to work for Thomas Callahan and Guy Johnson, who owned dry goods stores called Golden Rule stores in Colorado and Wyoming. In 1899, Callahan sent Penney to Evanston, Wyoming, to work with Johnson in another Golden Rule store, Callahan and Johnson asked Penney to join them in opening a new Golden Rule store. Using money from savings and a loan, Penney joined the partnership and moved with his wife and infant son to Kemmerer, Wyoming, Penney opened the store on April 14,1902. He participated in the creation of two stores, and purchased full interest in all three locations when Callahan and Johnson dissolved their partnership in 1907. In 1909, Penney moved his headquarters to Salt Lake City, Utah to be closer to banks. By 1912, Penney had 34 stores in the Rocky Mountain States, in 1913, all stores were consolidated under the J. C. Penney banner. The so-called mother store, in Kemmerer, opened as the second location in 1904. It still operates, as of 2011, albeit with shorter hours than other locations. In 1913, the company was incorporated under the new name, J. C. Penney Company, in 1914, the headquarters was moved to New York City to simplify buying, financing, and transportation of goods. By 1917, the company operated 175 stores in 22 states in the United States, J. C. Penney acquired The Crescent Corset Company in 1920, the companys first wholly owned subsidiary. In 1922, the companys oldest active private brand, Big Mac work clothes, was launched, the company opened its 500th store in 1924 in Hamilton, Missouri, James Cash Penneys hometown. By the opening of the 1, 000th store in 1928, in 1940, Sam Walton began working at a J. C. Penney in Des Moines, Iowa
J. C. Penney
–
J.C. Penney mother store in
Kemmerer, Wyoming in September 2007.
J. C. Penney
–
The Penney Building in Anchorage in 1964, following the earthquake.
J. C. Penney
–
The former
Downtown Seattle store in 1982, with signage from the period when the chain was branded as Penneys and used a more stylized font in its logo.
Pike Place Market is in the background.
J. C. Penney
–
JCPenney in
Aventura Mall in
Aventura, Florida in February 2006.
15.
New Urbanism
–
New Urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types. It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and has influenced many aspects of real estate development, urban planning. These ideas can all be circled back to two concepts, building a sense of community and the development of ecological practices, the organizing body for New Urbanism is the Congress for the New Urbanism, founded in 1993. They believe their strategies can reduce congestion by encouraging the population to ride bikes, walk. They also hope that this set up will increase the supply of affordable housing, the Charter of the New Urbanism also covers issues such as historic preservation, safe streets, green building, and the re-development of brownfield land. The ten Principles of Intelligent Urbanism also phrase guidelines for new urbanist approaches, architecturally, new urbanist developments are often accompanied by New Classical, postmodern, or vernacular styles, although that is not always the case. Until the mid 20th century, cities were generally organized into, but with the advent of cheap automobiles and favorable government policies, attention began to shift away from cities and towards ways of growth more focused on the needs of the car. This new system of development, with its rigorous separation of uses, arose after World War II, the majority of U. S. citizens now live in suburban communities built in the last fifty years, and automobile use per capita has soared. Although New Urbanism as a movement would only arise later. Social philosopher and historian Lewis Mumford criticized the development of post-war America. The French architect François Spoerry has developed in the 60s the concept of architecture that he applied to Port Grimaud. The success of project had a considerable influence and led to many new projects of soft architecture like Port Liberté in New Jersey or Le Plessis Robisson in France. The term new urbanism itself started being used in context in the mid-1980s. Named the Ahwahnee Principles, the presented the principles to about one hundred government officials in the fall of 1991. Calthorpe, Duany, Moule, Plater-Zyberk, Polyzoides, and Solomon founded the Chicago-based Congress for the New Urbanism in 1993, the CNU has grown to more than three thousand members, and is the leading international organization promoting New Urbanist design principles. It holds annual Congresses in various U. S. cities, the Canons are a set of operating principles for human settlement that reestablish the relationship between the art of building, the making of community, and the conservation of our natural world. They promote the use of heating and cooling solutions, the use of locally obtained materials, and in general. New Urbanism is a movement that spans a number of different disciplines
New Urbanism
–
Seaside, Florida
New Urbanism
–
Market Street,
Celebration, Florida
New Urbanism
–
New Broad Street, Baldwin Park, Florida
New Urbanism
–
Beach Drive,
St. Petersburg, Florida
16.
New Classical Architecture
–
New Classical architecture is a contemporary movement in architecture that continues the practice of classical and traditional architecture. At the beginning of the 20th century, historicism and Jugendstil were still dominant styles in Germany, as early as the first major modernist movements like Werkbund and Bauhaus gained momentum in Germany, the desire to continue and develop classical styles sprouted. From 1904 until around 1955 the Heimatschutz style prospered in Germany, examples of this early new classical style are the Hamburg Museum, the Prinzipalmarkt in Münster and the market square of Freudenstadt. In Britain, architect Raymond Erith continued to design classical houses into the late 1960s, quinlan Terry, a New Classical Architect who continues to practice, was an employee, later a partner and now the successor of the late Raymond Erith. In the late 1970s several young architects in Europe began challenging modernist proposals in architecture and it received a boost from the sponsorship of Charles, Prince of Wales, especially with The Princes Foundation for Building Community. In the US, MIT and Cornell were the first, created in the mid-1970s, followed by Columbia, Berkeley, in these years postmodern architecture developed a critique of modernist architectural aesthetics. A broad spectrum of more than two dozen architects, theorists, and historians presented other alternatives to modernism. M, Stern, who practice both in post modern as well as classical modes. Some postmodernist firms, such as Stern and Albert, Righter, & Tittman, thomas Gordon Smith, the 1979 Rome Prize laureate from the American Academy in Rome, was a devotee of Charles Moore. Alongside these academic and scholarly developments, a populist and professional manifestation of new classicism has existed and continues to develop. The 1963 demolition of McKim, Meade and Whites Pennsylvania Railroad Station in New York City provoked the formation of Classical America and its chapters, led by Henry Hope Reed. In 2002, the then-named Institute of Classical Architecture merged with Classical America to form the Institute of Classical Architecture & Classical America. The ICAA publishes The Classicist, a peer-reviewed journal exclusively dedicated to the theory and practice of contemporary classicism in architecture, urbanism, the ICAA offers educational programs to architecture and design professionals, many of which follow the methodologies of the École des Beaux-Arts. In 2003, Chicago philanthropist Richard H. Awarded by the University of Notre Dame School of Architecture, Classical buildings also always account for the differences between the public and the private realms in addressing the urban and rural conditions where they are built. New classical architects also emphasize the awareness of sustainability, the aim is to create long-lasting, well-crafted buildings of great quality, some of these are, In India Tirumala S. V. Previously, this was taught in the undegraduate program, a Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture. Architecture in America, A Battle of Styles, Classical Architecture, An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms. The Art of Classical Details, Theory, Design and Craftsmanship, New Classicism, The Rebirth of Traditional Architecture. Classical Architecture for the Twenty-first Century, An Introduction to Design, matrana, Marc R. Lost Plantations of the South
New Classical Architecture
–
Schermerhorn Symphony Center in
Nashville - opened in 2006
New Classical Architecture
–
Böttcherstraße in
Bremen, Germany — a 1920s/30s
expressionist take on the regional
Brick Gothic architecture.
New Classical Architecture
–
Richmond Riverside in
London by
Quinlan Terry (1984–87).
New Classical Architecture
–
Delaware State Capitol (E. William Martin, 1933), an example of
Colonial Revival architecture, continuing "vernacular" classical architecture of the United States.
17.
Indianapolis, Indiana
–
Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
Indianapolis, Indiana
–
The
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument looms over the intersection of
Washington and
Meridian streets (1904).
Indianapolis, Indiana
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Indianapolis skyline, as seen from
IUPUI, the
Indiana Statehouse,
Lucas Oil Stadium,
Indianapolis Motor Speedway, the
Indiana World War Memorial Plaza, and the
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument.
Indianapolis, Indiana
–
The inaugural Indy 500 (1911).
Indianapolis, Indiana
–
Athletes at Pan American Games X (1987).
18.
Broad Ripple High School
–
Broad Ripple Magnet High School for the Arts & Humanities, established in 1886, is a magnet school of the Indianapolis Public Schools. Originally built in 1886 in the town of Broad Ripple, the school started with seven students, the campus was destroyed by fire near the start of the 20th century but was rebuilt. In 1923, the joined the Indianapolis Public Schools when the town of Broad Ripple was annexed into Indianapolis. Through the 1930s and 1940s, the continued to grow. In 1961, the became a haven for high school education in Indianapolis. In 1976, the Center for Performing & Visual Arts was created within the school, two years later, the Center for Humanities became the second magnet program offered at Broad Ripple High School. The Center for Performing & Visual Arts and Center for Humanities at Broad Ripple High School offer students the opportunity for specialized study in the areas of arts and humanities. Both magnet programs provide college preparatory and individualized instruction designed to develop the skills and knowledge necessary to compete, additions, renovations, and annexations took place in 1896,1913,1935,1939,1949,1960,1970,1988,1991, and 2003. Enrollment reached its peak at 2,500 in 1995 after the closure of Washington, the campus consists of four buildings attached to each other. The official mascot of the school is the rocket, the colors are orange. The school is accredited by the North Central Association, along with the Marching Rockets, Broad Ripple High School also has an extensive dance department where students learn both the fundamentals and extreme forms of dance. Another longstanding department involved in Broad Ripples Center for Performing Arts is the theatre department, with their past performances of Othello, Chicago, and the like, the Gene Poston Auditorium and the Studio 55 blackbox theatre is home to hundreds of curious, dedicated, theatre students. The theatre department offers a well-rounded theatrical education, ranging from acting, directing, stage design and technology, Broad Ripple High Schools longest standing tradition, Ripples Acts, stems from the theatre department. Every year for over 70 years Broad Ripple High School has had a theater event in which a student or groups of students write a script with at least three musical numbers. Three of the scripts submitted are picked by a panel of teachers to be performed, the student writers are given a small budget and are responsible for to producing and directing the show. Sports offered students at Broad Ripple include, Abraham Benrubi - Actor Rosevelt Colvin - Former Purdue Boilermakers All-American football player, stacey Toran - Former Notre Dame Fighting Irish football All-American. Former coaching positions include time with the New York Knicks, Atlanta Hawks, Detroit Pistons, Philadelphia 76ers, Cleveland Cavaliers, Former NBA player for the Cleveland Cavaliers, Houston Rockets, Los Angeles Clippers, Sacramento Kings, New Jersey Nets and New York Knicks. List of high schools in Indiana School website School district website
Broad Ripple High School
Broad Ripple High School
–
Broad Ripple High School
19.
University of Cincinnati
–
The University of Cincinnati is a comprehensive public research university in Cincinnati, in the U. S. state of Ohio, and a part of the University System of Ohio. In the 2010 survey by Times Higher Education, the university was ranked in the top 100 universities in North America, beginning with the 2011 edition of the U. S. This includes being the number 3 ranked university in the nation in the Up-and-Coming National Universities section of the 2014 edition, in 2014, U. S. News & World Report ranked UC in the top 200 of universities worldwide. The university garners roughly $400 million per annum in research funding, ranking 22nd among public universities in the United States. The school offers over 100 bachelors degrees, over 300 degree-granting programs, with an economic impact of over $3.5 billion per year, it is the largest single employer in Greater Cincinnati. In 1819, Cincinnati College and the Medical College of Ohio were founded in Cincinnati, local benefactor Dr. Daniel Drake founded and funded the Medical College of Ohio. William Lytle of the Lytle family donated the land, funded the Cincinnati College and Law College, the college survived only six years before financial difficulties forced it to close. In 1835, Daniel Drake reestablished the institution, which joined with the Cincinnati Law School. In 1858, Charles McMicken died of pneumonia and in his will he allocated most of his estate to the City of Cincinnati to found a university, the universitys board of rectors changed the institutions name to the University of Cincinnati. By 1893, the University expanded beyond its primary location on Clifton Avenue, as the university expanded, the rectors merged the institution with Cincinnati Law School, establishing the University of Cincinnati College of Law. In 1896, the Ohio Medical College joined Miami Medical College to form the Ohio-Miami Medical Department of the University of Cincinnati in 1909. As political movements for temperance and suffrage grew, the university established Teachers College in 1905, the Queen City College of Pharmacy, acquired from Wilmington College, became the present James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy. In 1962, the Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music was acquired by the university, the Ohio legislature in Columbus declared the university a municipally-sponsored, state-affiliated institution in 1968. During this time, the University of Cincinnati was the second oldest and second-largest municipal university in the United States, by an act of the legislature, the University of Cincinnati became a state institution in 1977. In 1989, President Joseph A. Steger released a Master Plan for a stronger academy, over this time, the university invested nearly $2 billion in campus construction, renovation, and expansion ranging from the student union to a new recreation center to the medical school. It included renovation and construction of buildings, a campus forest. Upon her inauguration in 2005, President Nancy L. Zimpher developed the UC|21 plan, in addition, it includes putting liberal arts education at the center, increasing research funding, and expanding involvement in the city. In 2009, Gregory H. Williams was named the 27th president of the University of Cincinnati and his presidency expanded the accreditation and property of the institution to regions throughout Ohio to compete with private and specialized state institutions, such as Ohio State University
University of Cincinnati
–
Second home of the University of Cincinnati, 1874
University of Cincinnati
–
University of Cincinnati
University of Cincinnati
–
University of Cincinnati, Ohio, ca. 1904
University of Cincinnati
–
MainStreet looking past the Steger Student Life Center towards the student union and McMicken Hall
20.
Sigma Chi
–
Sigma Chi is a social fraternity in North America. The fraternity has 244 active chapters across the United States and Canada and has initiated more than 300,000 members, the fraternity was founded on June 28,1855 at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio by members who split from the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Sigma Chi is divided into five entities, the Sigma Chi Fraternity, the Sigma Chi Foundation. Like all fraternities, Sigma Chi has its own colors, insignia, according to the fraternitys constitution, the purpose of this fraternity shall be to cultivate and maintain the high ideals of friendship, justice, and learning upon which Sigma Chi was founded. Sigma Chi was founded in 1855 by Benjamin Piatt Runkle, Thomas Cowan Bell, William Lewis Lockwood, several members of Miami Universitys Delta Kappa Epsilon chapter were also members of the Erodelphian Literary Society. In the fall of 1854 the literary society was to elect its Poet and he was supported by five of his brothers, but four others supported another man who was not a member of the fraternity. Although Thomas Bell and Daniel Cooper were not members of Erodelphian they had aligned themselves with the four dissenting members, the chapter had twelve members total and were evenly divided on the issue. Both sides saw this as a matter of principle and over the few months their friendships became distanced. In February 1855 Runkle and his companions planned a dinner for their brothers in an attempt to seal the rift, whitelaw Reid, one of the other brothers who supported the Delta Kappa Epsilon member as poet, was the only one to arrive. Reid brought a Delta Kappa Epsilon alumnus named Minor Millikin from a nearby town, Reid had told Millikin his side of the dispute and they had arrived to punish the group for not supporting their Delta Kappa Epsilon brother. The leaders of the rebellion, Runkle and Scobey, were to be expelled from the fraternity, the other four would be allowed to stay in the fraternity. Runkle resigned, and after the parent chapter at Yale University was contacted, the six men decided to form their own fraternity along with William Lewis Lockwood, a student from New York who had not joined a fraternity. On June 28,1855, the organization was founded under the name Sigma Phi Fraternity, Lockwood used his business training to help organize the fraternity in its early years. The eventual theft of Sigma Phis constitution, rituals, seals and it is possible this action could have been forced upon the group as there was already a Sigma Phi Society. Much of Sigma Chis heraldry was inspired by the story of the Emperor Constantine from the Battle of Milvian Bridge against Maxentius. The White Cross and the motto In Hoc Signo Vinces are examples of the Constantine link, although many of the symbols of Sigma Chi relate to Christianity, Sigma Chi is not a Christian fraternity. Benjamin Piatt Runkle was born in West Liberty, Ohio, Runkle helped design the badge of Sigma Chi based on the story of Constantine and the vision of the Cross. Runkle was known for having a fierce pride and was suspended from Miami University when he fought a member of Beta Theta Pi for sneering at his badge, when the Civil War began Runkle joined the Union Army
Sigma Chi
–
Postcard of Sigma Chi House in Ann Arbor, Michigan, c. 1906 – 1909
Sigma Chi
–
Sigma Chi
Sigma Chi
–
Infirmary and Sigma Chi Chapter House, University of Mississippi
21.
Harvard University
–
Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
Harvard University
–
Engraving of
Harvard College by
Paul Revere, 1767
Harvard University
–
Harvard University
Harvard University
–
John Harvard statue,
Harvard Yard
Harvard University
–
Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor landscape view, facing northeast.
22.
Rome Prize
–
The Rome Prize is an American award made annually by the American Academy in Rome, selected via a national competition. The prize is awarded to 15 emerging artists and to 15 scholars, the winners are announced annually in New York City. The first residential scholarships, for architecture and the arts, were awarded in 1906. Following a merger with the School of Classical Studies in 1912 the latters classical study scholarships were added to the range, landscape architecture scholarships were added in 1915 and music scholarships in 1921. Musicians, for instance, would benefit from the advice of the composers-in-residence - established composers who stayed at the academy for short periods in turn. The Academy offers the opportunity to examine at first hand the source of Western humanistic heritage, the Academy has extensive gardens and additional buildings. All Fellows and most Residents are listed by year of residency in the four pages below, académie de France Rome American Academy in Rome American School of Classical Studies at Athens American Schools of Oriental Research British School at Rome Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom
Rome Prize
–
Baldric of the American Academy in Rome
Rome Prize
–
American Academy in Rome where prizewinners stay
23.
American Academy in Rome
–
The American Academy in Rome is a research and arts institution located on the Gianicolo in Rome. The academy is a member of the Council of American Overseas Research Centers, in 1893, a group of American architects, painters and sculptors met regularly while planning the fine arts section of the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The group discussed the idea of forming an American school for artists in Europe as a place for American artists to study, the program began with institutions such as Columbia University and University of Pennsylvania, who would provide scholarships to artists to fund their travel to Rome. In October 1894 the American School of Architecture opened temporarily at the Palazzo Torlonia, directed by Austin W. Lord, in July 1895, the program moved into the larger Villa Aurora. Renting space out to the American School of Classical Studies and the British & American Archeological Society Library, in 1895, the American School of Architecture in Rome was incorporated in New York state and 10 shares of capital stock were issued. Despite fund-raising efforts and the American School of Classical Studies pulling out of Villa Aurora, McKim made up for the financial loss with his personal funds. These struggles would cause the American School of Architecture to restructure, in June 1897, the institution dissolved itself and formed the American Academy in Rome. Among its incorporators was Charles Moore, the Academy introduced bills to the U. S. Congress to make it a national institution, which was successful. In 1904, the Academy moved into Villa Mirafiore, which was purchased and renovated. They formed an endowment, which raised over a million dollars and these founders included, McKim, Harvard College, The Carnegie Foundation, J. P. Morgan, J. P. Morgan, Jr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. The Rockefeller Foundation, William K. Vanderbilt, Henry Walters, ever since, the American Academy has always been primarily privately financed. Today, financing comes from donations as well as grants from the National Endowment for the Arts. In 1912, the American School of Classical Studies in Rome merged with the Academy, women were a part of the School of Classical Studies, but were not permitted participation in the School of Fine Arts until after World War II. From 1970 to 1973, art historian Bartlett H. Hayes Jr. was director of the Academy, classicist John H. DArms was both the resident director of the American Academy and a professor in its School of Classical Studies from 1977 to 1980. Between 1980 and 1984, director Sophie Consagra strengthened the Academys ties with the Roman community, mark Robbins became president and CEO of the Academy in January 2014. The Academy serves as a home to visiting U. S. scholars, the Rome Prize includes terms that range from six months to two years fellowships at the academy, a stipend, and work and living space at the 11-acre campus. In addition to Rome Prize Fellows, visiting scholars and artists live and/or work at the Academy for varying periods, the Academy is housed in several buildings. The main building was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead, located under the floor of the basement of the main building lies a segment of the Aqua Traiana that was discovered in 1912-1913
American Academy in Rome
–
American Academy in Rome
24.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
25.
Peter Eisenman
–
Peter Eisenman is an American architect. Considered one of the New York Five, Eisenman is known for his writing and speaking about architecture as well as his designs, Peter Eisenman was born on August 11,1932, in Newark, New Jersey. As a child, he attended Columbia High School located in Maplewood and he transferred in to the architecture school as an undergraduate at Cornell University and gave up his position on the swimming team in order to commit full-time to his studies. He received a degree from Syracuse University School of Architecture in 2007. He first rose to prominence as a member of the New York Five, five architects some of work was presented at a CASE Studies conference in 1969. Eisenman received a number of grants from the Graham Foundation for work done in this period and these architects work at the time was often considered a reworking of the ideas of Le Corbusier. Subsequently, the five architects each developed unique styles and ideologies and he currently teaches theory seminars and advanced design studios at the Yale School of Architecture. He is Professor Emeritus at the Cooper Union School of Architecture, previously, he taught at the University of Cambridge, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and the Ohio State University. Peter Eisenman founded the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in 1967 and his professional work is often referred to as formalist, deconstructive, late avant-garde, late or high modernist, etc. The heading also refers to the relationship and collaborations between Peter Eisenman and post-structuralist thinker Jacques Derrida. While his apathy towards the recent green movement is considered polarizing or out-of-touch, Eisenman employed fledgling innovators such as Greg Lynn and Ingeborg Rocker as early as 1989. Despite these claims of polarity and autonomization, Eisenman has famously pursued dialogues with important cultural figures internationally and these include his English mentor Colin Rowe, the Italian historian Manfredo Tafuri, George Baird, Fredric Jameson, Laurie Olin, Rosalind Krauss and Jacques Derrida. His focus on liberating architectural form was notable from an academic and theoretical standpoint, the Wexner Center, hotly anticipated as the first major public deconstructivist building, has required extensive and expensive retrofitting because of elementary design flaws. In the words of Andrew Ballantyne, By some scale of values he was actually enhancing the reputation of his building by letting it be known that it was hostile to humanity. His House VI, designed for clients Richard and Suzanne Frank in the mid 1970s, confounds expectations of structure, Suzanne Frank was initially sympathetic and patient with Eisenmans theories and demands. His largest project to date is the City of Culture of Galicia in Santiago de Compostela, in 2001, he won the National Design Award for Architecture from the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum. Falk House, Hardwick, Vermont,1969 House VI, Cornwall, Connecticut, New York, Oxford University Press,1987. ISBN 0-19-505130-0 Peter Eisenman, Diagram Diaries, Thames and Hudson,1999
Peter Eisenman
–
© Peter Eisenman, Andrew Lazaris, Panayotis Pangalos, Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 2013
Peter Eisenman
Peter Eisenman
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The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe at the site of the gardens of the former Reich Chancellery in Berlin.
Peter Eisenman
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Another view of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
26.
Charles Gwathmey
–
Charles Gwathmey was an American architect. He was a principal at Gwathmey Siegel & Associates Architects, as well as one of the five identified as The New York Five in 1969. One of Gwathmeys most famous designs is the 1992 renovation of Frank Lloyd Wrights Guggenheim Museum in New York City, born in Charlotte, North Carolina, he was the son of the American painter Robert Gwathmey and photographer Rosalie Gwathmey. He attended the High School of Music and Art, in New York City, while at Yale, he studied under Paul Rudolph. Gwathmey served as President of the Board of Trustees for The Institute for Architecture, in 1965, while not yet a licensed architect, he designed a house and studio for his parents in Amagansett, NY, that became famous and revolutionized beach house design. When he did take the licensing exam, he was surprised to see a multiple-choice question on the test that asked Which of these is the organic house. The choices included the house he designed for his parents and he wanted to answer that the organic house was his, but in order to pass the exam he chose Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater House. He knew that was the answer they wanted, by 1977, Gwathmey had designed 21 houses and renovations while still under 40 years old and ten years of practice. He was Davenport Professor and Bishop Professor at Yale, and the Eliot Noyes Visiting Professor at Harvard University, Gwathmey was the Spring 2005 William A. In 2011 the Ron Brown Building would serve as the new home of the United States Mission to the United Nations for which he was the lead architect, the building was dedicated to him. In her remarks, Ambassador Susan Rice thanked Gwathmey posthumously and his first marriage to Emily Margolin, a writer, ended in divorce. He has one child from that marriage, Annie Gwathmey, in 1974 Gwathmey married Bette-Ann Damson. Gwathmey died of cancer on August 3,2009. In 1983, he won the Medal of Honor from the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects and in 1985, he received the first Yale Alumni Arts Award from the Yale School of Architecture. In 1988 the Guild Hall Academy of Arts awarded Gwathmey its Lifetime Achievement Medal in Visual Arts, Gwathmey was the only architect named in the Leadership in America issue of Time Magazine
Charles Gwathmey
–
Gwathmey designed this condominium tower at 445
Lafayette Street where Lafayette,
Cooper Square and
Astor Place come together.
27.
John Hejduk
–
John Quentin Hejduk was an American architect, artist and educator of Czech origin who spent much of his life in New York City, United States. Hejduk is noted for having had a profound interest in the issues of shape, organization, representation. Hejduk studied at the Cooper Union School of Art and Architecture, the University of Cincinnati, and he worked in several offices in New York including that of I. M. Pei and Partners and the office of A. M. He established his own practice in New York City in 1965, Hejduk was Professor of Architecture at The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, School of Architecture from 1964 to 2000 and Dean of the School of Architecture from 1975 to 2000. To aid his research he was awarded a grant from the Graham Foundation in 1967, the relationship between Hejduks shape/objects and their surroundings is a controversial subject, raising questions similar to those raised by the early houses of Peter Eisenman. Hejduk is associated with schools, including the New York Five. Contemporary theorists, researchers, and academics publishing work and research by and about John Hejduk include K. Michael Hays, Mark Linder, somol, Anthony Vidler and Renata Hejduk. A large portion of his work is archived at the Canadian Centre for Architecture in Montreal
John Hejduk
–
John Hejduk during a lecture,
Prague, 6 September 1991.
John Hejduk
–
Kreuzberg Tower and Wings (Berlin, Germany, 1988).
John Hejduk
–
Wall House II design from the 1970s, built posthumously (Groningen, The Netherlands, 2001).
John Hejduk
–
In
Santiago de Compostela,
Spain.
28.
Richard Meier
–
Richard Meier is an American abstract artist and architect, whose geometric designs make prominent use of the color white. A winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1984, Meier has designed several buildings including the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art. Meier was born to a Jewish family, the oldest of three sons of Jerome Meier, wholesale wine and liquor salesman, and Carolyn Kaltenbacher in Newark and he grew up in nearby Maplewood, where he attended Columbia High School. He earned a Bachelor of Architecture degree from Cornell University in 1957, after graduation, Meier traveled to Israel, Greece, Germany, France, Denmark, Finland, and Italy, among other places, to network with architects. Meier is also the cousin of Peter Eisenman, an architect, theorist. In New York City, Meier worked for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill briefly in 1959, in 1972, he was identified as one of The New York Five, a group of modernist architects, Meier, Peter Eisenman, Michael Graves, Charles Gwathmey, and John Hejduk. Early in his career, Meier worked with such as painter Frank Stella and favored structures that were white. Meier first gained significant recognition for his designs of various residences in addition to The Atheneum in New Harmony, Indiana, today, Richard Meier & Partners Architects has offices in New York and Los Angeles with current projects ranging from China and Tel Aviv to Paris and Hamburg. Much of Meiers work builds on the work of architects of the early to mid-20th century, especially that of Le Corbusier and, in particular, Meier has built more using Corbusiers ideas than anyone, including Le Corbusier himself. Meier expanded many ideas evident in Le Corbusiers work, particularly the Villa Savoye and his work also reflects the influences of other designers such as Mies Van der Rohe and, in some instances, Frank Lloyd Wright and Luis Barragán. White has been used in many landmark buildings throughout history, including cathedrals. The Mayor of Rome Gianni Alemanno included in his campaign platform a promise to tear down the big wall of Meiers Ara Pacis. The city plans to build a pedestrian area along the river. Its an improvement, says Meier, adding that the reason that wall was there has to do with traffic, once that is eliminated, the idea of opening the piazza to the river is a good one. The mayor’s office said Alemanno hopes to complete the project before the end of his term in 2013, in 1984, Meier was awarded the Pritzker Prize. The jury citation declared that Meier has created structures which are personal, vigorous, in 2008, he won the gold medal in architecture from the Academy of Arts and Letters and his work Jesolo Lido Village was awarded the Dedalo Minosse International Prize for commissioning a building. Meier is a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council and he was awarded the AIA Gold Medal in 1997. In 2013 Richard Meier was awarded the A+ Lifetime Achievement Award In 2010, paying tribute Meier on the occasion of his firms 50th anniversary, the Fondazione Bisazza presented the exhibition Richard Meier, Architecture and Design in Vicenza, Italy
Richard Meier
–
Meier in New York City, April 2009
Richard Meier
–
Getty Center
Richard Meier
–
Richard Meier (1986)
Richard Meier
–
Getty Center.
29.
Modernism
–
Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by reactions of horror to World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief, the poet Ezra Pounds 1934 injunction to Make it new. Was the touchstone of the approach towards what it saw as the now obsolete culture of the past. In this spirit, its innovations, like the novel, atonal and twelve-tone music, divisionist painting and abstract art. Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism and makes use of the works of the past by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision, others focus on modernism as an aesthetic introspection. While J. M. W. Art critic Clement Greenberg describes the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood as proto-Modernists, There the proto-Modernists were, of all people, the Pre-Raphaelites actually foreshadowed Manet, with whom Modernist painting most definitely begins. They acted on a dissatisfaction with painting as practiced in their time, rationalism has also had opponents in the philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and later Friedrich Nietzsche, both of whom had significant influence on existentialism. A major 19th-century engineering achievement was The Crystal Palace, the huge cast-iron, Glass and iron were used in a similar monumental style in the construction of major railway terminals in London, such as Paddington Station and Kings Cross Station. These technological advances led to the building of structures like the Brooklyn Bridge. The latter broke all previous limitations on how tall man-made objects could be and these engineering marvels radically altered the 19th-century urban environment and the daily lives of people. Arguments arose that the values of the artist and those of society were not merely different, but that Society was antithetical to Progress, the philosopher Schopenhauer called into question the previous optimism, and his ideas had an important influence on later thinkers, including Nietzsche. Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection undermined religious certainty and the idea of human uniqueness, in particular, the notion that human beings were driven by the same impulses as lower animals proved to be difficult to reconcile with the idea of an ennobling spirituality. Karl Marx argued that there were fundamental contradictions within the capitalist system, historians, and writers in different disciplines, have suggested various dates as starting points for modernism. Everdell also thinks modernism in painting began in 1885–86 with Seurats Divisionism, the poet Baudelaires Les Fleurs du mal, and Flauberts novel Madame Bovary were both published in 1857. In the arts and letters, two important approaches developed separately in France, the first was Impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors. Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, the school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners, and became increasingly influential. A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. While most were in standard styles, but by artists, the work of Manet attracted tremendous attention
Modernism
Modernism
–
Eugène Delacroix 's
Liberty Leading the People, 1830, a
Romantic work of art
Modernism
–
A
Realist portrait of
Otto von Bismarck
Modernism
–
Odilon Redon, Guardian Spirit of the Waters, 1878, charcoal on paper,
The Art Institute of Chicago
30.
New urbanism
–
New Urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types. It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and has influenced many aspects of real estate development, urban planning. These ideas can all be circled back to two concepts, building a sense of community and the development of ecological practices, the organizing body for New Urbanism is the Congress for the New Urbanism, founded in 1993. They believe their strategies can reduce congestion by encouraging the population to ride bikes, walk. They also hope that this set up will increase the supply of affordable housing, the Charter of the New Urbanism also covers issues such as historic preservation, safe streets, green building, and the re-development of brownfield land. The ten Principles of Intelligent Urbanism also phrase guidelines for new urbanist approaches, architecturally, new urbanist developments are often accompanied by New Classical, postmodern, or vernacular styles, although that is not always the case. Until the mid 20th century, cities were generally organized into, but with the advent of cheap automobiles and favorable government policies, attention began to shift away from cities and towards ways of growth more focused on the needs of the car. This new system of development, with its rigorous separation of uses, arose after World War II, the majority of U. S. citizens now live in suburban communities built in the last fifty years, and automobile use per capita has soared. Although New Urbanism as a movement would only arise later. Social philosopher and historian Lewis Mumford criticized the development of post-war America. The French architect François Spoerry has developed in the 60s the concept of architecture that he applied to Port Grimaud. The success of project had a considerable influence and led to many new projects of soft architecture like Port Liberté in New Jersey or Le Plessis Robisson in France. The term new urbanism itself started being used in context in the mid-1980s. Named the Ahwahnee Principles, the presented the principles to about one hundred government officials in the fall of 1991. Calthorpe, Duany, Moule, Plater-Zyberk, Polyzoides, and Solomon founded the Chicago-based Congress for the New Urbanism in 1993, the CNU has grown to more than three thousand members, and is the leading international organization promoting New Urbanist design principles. It holds annual Congresses in various U. S. cities, the Canons are a set of operating principles for human settlement that reestablish the relationship between the art of building, the making of community, and the conservation of our natural world. They promote the use of heating and cooling solutions, the use of locally obtained materials, and in general. New Urbanism is a movement that spans a number of different disciplines
New urbanism
–
Seaside, Florida
New urbanism
–
Market Street,
Celebration, Florida
New urbanism
–
New Broad Street, Baldwin Park, Florida
New urbanism
–
Beach Drive,
St. Petersburg, Florida
