1.
Order of the British Empire
–
There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
Order of the British Empire
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Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
Order of the British Empire
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MBE as awarded in 1918
Order of the British Empire
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Close up of an MBE from 1945 showing the "For God and the Empire"
Order of the British Empire
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Lieutenant General Sir
Robert Fulton, KBE
2.
Allan Warren
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Michael Allan Warren is an English portrait photographer, primarily known for his images of members of high society. After growing up in post-war London with his mother, Warren attended Terrys Juveniles and it was during this period that he attended auditions through which he received several assignments. Warren started his career at the age of 17 when he was acting in Alan Bennetts play Forty Years On with John Gielgud in the West End at the Apollo Theatre. Around this time Warren bought his first second-hand camera and began to take photographs of his fellow actors and his first major assignment was when his friend Mickey Deans asked him to cover his wedding to Judy Garland, which marked the beginning of Warrens work as a professional photographer. When in New York for personal reasons, he attended an audition for the Broadway production of Minnies Boys, however, he later declined the role offered to him in favour of returning to London and pursuing photography as his vocation. In the early 1980s Warren embarked on a quest to photograph all 26 non-royal, together with the 12th Duke of Manchester he set up the Dukes Trust, a charity for children in need. Warren has uploaded many pictures from his archive to Wikimedia Commons, in the early 90s Warren embarked on writing plays. One of his works, The Lady of Phillimore Walk, was directed by Frank Dunlop and critics went as far as comparing it to Sleuth, the cast of The Lady of Phillimore Walk consisted of Zena Walker and Philip Lowrie, and saw productions in the United States. Warren invented the Hankybreathe, a handkerchief which allows the user to inhale air through a filter at the mouth. The invention, which is meant to be dabbed in eucalyptus oil, harks back to the nosegay and stems from Warrens experience with asthma in heavily polluted London
Allan Warren
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Warren in 2012
Allan Warren
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Warren's portrait of
Roger Moore from 1973
3.
Bristol
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Bristol is a city and county in South West England with a population of 449,300 in 2016. The district has the 10th largest population in England, while the Bristol metropolitan area is the 12th largest in the United Kingdom, the city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively. Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon, Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373, when it became a county of itself. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities after London in tax receipts, Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham in the Industrial Revolution. Bristol was a place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, in 1499 William Weston, a Bristol merchant, was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, the Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock. Bristols modern economy is built on the media, electronics and aerospace industries. The city has the largest circulating community currency in the U. K. - the Bristol pound, which is pegged to the Pound sterling. It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road, rail, sea and air by the M5 and M4, Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations, and Bristol Airport. The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live in 2014 and 2017, the most ancient recorded name for Bristol is the archaic Welsh Caer Odor, which is consistent with modern understanding that early Bristol developed between the River Frome and Avon Gorge. It is most commonly stated that the Saxon name Bricstow was a calque of the existing Celtic name, with Bric a literal translation of Odor. Alternative etymologies are supported with the numerous variations in Medieval documents with Samuel Seyer enumerating 47 alternative forms. The Old English form Brycgstow is commonly used to derive the meaning place at the bridge, utilizing another form, Brastuile, Rev. Dr. Shaw derived the name from the Celtic words bras, or braos and tuile. The poet Thomas Chatterton popularised a derivation from Brictricstow linking the town to Brictric and it appears that the form Bricstow prevailed until 1204, and the Bristolian L is what eventually changed the name to Bristol. Iron Age hill forts near the city are at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down, on the side of the Avon Gorge, a Roman settlement, Abona, existed at what is now Sea Mills, another was at the present-day Inns Court. Isolated Roman villas and small forts and settlements were scattered throughout the area. Bristol was founded by 1000, by about 1020, it was a centre with a mint producing silver pennies bearing its name
Bristol
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Bristol
Bristol
Bristol
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Black and white etching showing the towers of
St Stephen's Church,
St Augustine the Less Church and
Bristol Cathedral, published c.1850
Bristol
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West front of Bristol Cathedral
4.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
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Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
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Flag
England
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Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
5.
Denham, Buckinghamshire
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Denham is a village and civil parish in the South Bucks district of Buckinghamshire, England. It is north west of Uxbridge and north of junction 1 of the M40 motorway, Denham contains the Buckinghamshire Golf Club. The village name is derived from the Old English for homestead in a valley and it was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Deneham. The Church of England parish church of Saint Mary has a flint and stone Norman tower, the tree-lined Village Road includes several old red brick houses with mature Wisteria on them, and has been used as a location in British films and television. Southlands Manor is a Grade II listed building and its entry on the English Heritage website states that it was built in the 16th century, with a variety of later changes including the addition of four chimney stacks in the early 17th-century. Denham Film Studios were near the village, housing growth has over the years created new parts to Denham. Modern-day Denham consists of, Denham Village, as above, the original settlement Denham Garden Village, Denham Green grew up around the shops beside the railway station. Alexander Kordas Denham Film Studios used the Broadwater Park land between the junction of the road to Rickmansworth and Moor Hall Road towards Harefield, after the War, the camp land was sold off piecemeal for housing, following a similar trend all over Metro-land. Denham railway station has services to London Marylebone and High Wycombe and limited services to Princes Risborough. Connecting services link to Birmingham Snow Hill, Stratford-on-Avon and Kidderminster, the 331 bus service between Uxbridge and Ruislip stations calls at the Station Parade shops in Denham Green. The 724 Green Line bus service between Harlow and Heathrow passes through Denham Green to Uxbridge and onwards to Heathrow Airport, terminating at the Bus Station at Heathrow Central, the 581 circular bus service provides a link between the various areas of Denham and Uxbridge bus station. The Saturdays-only 582 service links the various Denhams with Iver, Slough, the R21 bus service between Uxbridge and Mount Vernon Hospital in Northwood stops twice daily at Denham Station every day except Sunday. This service is run by Red Rose Travel and forms part of a regular service between Northwood and Maple Cross. Denham Aerodrome was established during the 1930s and is sited on land to the north of the village. It is the base of private and executive aircraft and helicopters and has several hangars. InterContinental Hotels Group has its headquarters and European head office in Denham. Denham Village Infant School, in Cheapside Lane, was the school for Denham. The school building dates from 1832 and is listed, Denham Green E-ACT Primary Academy is located on Nightingale Way, Denham Green
Denham, Buckinghamshire
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St. Mary's parish church
Denham, Buckinghamshire
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Village road Denham is part of the architectural
conservation area of Denham's
nucleus.
6.
Buckinghamshire
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Development in this region is restricted by the Metropolitan Green Belt. Other large settlements include the county town of Aylesbury, Marlow in the south near the Thames and Princes Risborough in the west near Oxford. Some areas without rail links to London, such as around the old county town of Buckingham. The largest town is Milton Keynes in the northeast, which with the area is administered as a unitary authority separately to the rest of Buckinghamshire. The remainder of the county is administered by Buckinghamshire County Council as a non-metropolitan county, in national elections, Buckinghamshire is considered a reliable supporter of the Conservative Party. A large part of the Chiltern Hills, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, runs through the south of the county and attracts many walkers, in this area older buildings are often made from local flint and red brick. Chequers, an estate owned by the government, is the country retreat of the incumbent Prime Minister. To the north of the county lies rolling countryside in the Vale of Aylesbury, the Thames forms part of the county’s southwestern boundary. Notable service amenities in the county are Pinewood Film Studios, Dorney rowing lake, many national companies have offices in Milton Keynes. Heavy industry and quarrying is limited, with agriculture predominating after service industries, the name Buckinghamshire is Anglo-Saxon in origin and means The district of Buccas home. Buccas home refers to Buckingham in the north of the county, the county has been so named since about the 12th century, however, the county has existed since it was a subdivision of the kingdom of Mercia. Historically, the biggest change to the county came in the 19th century, Buckinghamshire is a popular home for London commuters, leading to greater local affluence, however, some pockets of relative deprivation remain. As a result, most county institutions are now based in the south of the county or Milton Keynes, the county can be split into two sections geographically. The county includes parts of two of the four longest rivers in England, the River Thames forms the southern boundary with Berkshire, which has crept over the border at Eton and Slough so that the river is no longer the sole boundary between the two counties. The River Great Ouse rises just outside the county in Northamptonshire and flows east through Buckingham, Milton Keynes, the main branch of the Grand Union Canal passes through the county as do its arms to Slough, Aylesbury, Wendover and Buckingham. The canal has been incorporated into the landscaping of Milton Keynes, the southern part of the county is dominated by the Chiltern Hills. The two highest points in Buckinghamshire are Haddington Hill in Wendover Woods at 267 metres above sea level, quarrying has taken place for chalk, clay for brickmaking and gravel and sand in the river valleys. Flint, also extracted from quarries, was used to build older local buildings
Buckinghamshire
Buckinghamshire
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Buckinghamshire shown within England
Buckinghamshire
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Map of Bucks (1904)
Buckinghamshire
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The River Thames at Medmenham
7.
Magdalene College, Cambridge
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Magdalene College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge. The college was founded in 1428 as a Benedictine hostel, in coming to be known as Buckingham College. Magdalene College has some of the grandest benefactors including Britains premier noble the Duke of Norfolk, however the refoundation was largely the work of Thomas Audley, Lord Chancellor under Henry VIII. Audley also gave the college its motto—garde ta foy, audleys successors in the Mastership and as benefactors of the College were, however, prone to dire ends, several benefactors were arraigned at various stages on charges of high treason and executed. The colleges most famous alumnus is Samuel Pepys, whose papers and books were donated to the college upon his death, the college boasts a portrait of the famous diarist by Peter Lely, which hangs in the Hall. Magdalene is noted for its style, it boasts a well-regarded candlelit formal hall and was the last all-male college in Oxford or Cambridge to admit women in 1988. This change resulted in protests by some undergraduates, including the wearing of black armbands. Magdalenes old buildings are representative of the colleges ramshackle growth from a monks foundation into a centre of education and it is also distinctive in that most of the old buildings are in brick rather than stone. Magdalene Street divides the most ancient courts from more recent developments, one of the accommodation blocks in the newer part of the college was built by Edwin Lutyens in the early 1930s. Opened in 2005, Cripps Court, on Chesterton Road, features new undergraduate rooms, Magdalene remains, despite this 20th-century expansion, one of the smaller colleges within the University, numbering some 300 undergraduates and an expanding postgraduate community. Magdalene College was first founded in 1428 as Monks Hostel, which hosted Benedictine student monks, the secluded location of the hostel was chosen because it was separated from the town centre by the River Cam and protected by the Cambridge Castle. The main buildings of the college were first constructed in the 1470s under the leadership of John de Wisbech, under the patronage of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, the institution was renamed Buckingham College. In the 16th century, the Church of England broke away from the Papacy, with the subsequent Dissolution of the Monasteries, the parent abbey of Buckingham College, Crowland Abbey, was dissolved. However, the college remained in operation, walden Abbey, one of the Benedictine abbeys associated with Buckingham College, came into the possession of Thomas Audley after the Dissolution of the Monasteries. In 1542, Audley refounded Buckingham College as the College of Saint Mary Magdalene, derived from Audley were the arms of Magdalene, including the motto Garde Ta Foy, and the wyvern as the crest. Thomas Audley died in 1544 aged 56, only two years after he re-founded the college and he donated to the college seven acres of property at Aldgate in London, which was his reward from Henry VIII for disposing of Anne Boleyn. This property would have brought enormous income had it been retained by the college, however, under the conspiracy of the Elizabethan banker Benedict Spinola, the property was permanently alienated to the Crown in 1574. The transaction involved Spinola luring the master and fellows of the time to accept an increase in the rental from £9 to £15 a year in exchange for the property
Magdalene College, Cambridge
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Colleges of the
University of Cambridge Magdalene College
Magdalene College, Cambridge
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The mound on
Castle Hill
Magdalene College, Cambridge
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Street front of Magdalene College porter's lodge, with its 16th-century architecture retained
Magdalene College, Cambridge
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The gargoyle of Spinola in the Quayside site
8.
Rachel Kempson
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Rachel, Lady Redgrave, known primarily by her birth name Rachel Kempson, was an English actress. She married Sir Michael Redgrave, and was the matriarch of the famous acting dynasty, Kempson trained at RADA before joining the Royal Shakespeare Company. She married Michael Redgrave in 1935 and the couple appeared together many times on stage and she made three films with her daughter Lynn, and two films with her other daughter Vanessa. Her 1986 autobiography, Life Among the Redgraves was published by Dutton, Kempson was born in Dartmouth, Devon, the daughter of Beatrice Hamilton and Eric William Edward Kempson, a headmaster. Kempson married fellow actor Michael Redgrave in 1935, and became the daughter-in-law of Roy Redgrave, Clark, Kelly B. Clark and Annabel Lucy Clark. In 1959 her husband was knighted, and she became, formally and she never used this title professionally. In 2003, four days before what would have been her 93rd birthday, she died of a stroke at the home of her granddaughter, Natasha Richardson, in Millbrook, Richardson died on 18 March 2009 in a skiing accident and was buried near Kempson. Kempsons youngest daughter, Lynn Redgrave was also buried in the cemetery on 8 May 2010. When Rachel died she was survived by 10 grandchildren and 11 great-grandchildren
Rachel Kempson
–
Rachel Kempson
9.
Vanessa Redgrave
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Vanessa Redgrave, CBE is an English actress of stage, screen and television, as well as a political activist. She is a 2003 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee, and she also received Tony nominations for The Year of Magical Thinking and Driving Miss Daisy. On screen, she has starred in scores of films and is a six-time Oscar nominee and her other nominations were for Morgan, A Suitable Case for Treatment, Isadora, Mary, Queen of Scots, The Bostonians and Howards End. Among her other films are A Man for All Seasons, Blowup, Camelot, The Devils, Murder on the Orient Express, Prick Up Your Ears, Mission, Impossible, Atonement, Coriolanus and The Butler. Redgrave was born in Greenwich, London, the daughter of actors Sir Michael Redgrave, laurence Olivier announced her birth to the audience at a performance of Hamlet at the Old Vic, when he said that Laertes had a daughter. She was educated at the Alice Ottley School, Worcester, and Queens Gate School, London and her siblings, Lynn Redgrave and Corin Redgrave, were also acclaimed actors. Vanessa Redgrave entered the Central School of Speech and Drama in 1954 and she first appeared in the West End, playing opposite her brother, in 1958. In 1960, Redgrave had her first starring role in Robert Bolts The Tiger, in 1961, she played Rosalind in As You Like It for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In 1962, she played Imogen in William Gaskills production of Cymbeline for the RSC. In 1966, Redgrave created the role of Jean Brodie in the Donald Albery production of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and she won four Evening Standard Awards for Best Actress in four decades. In 2003 she won a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance in the Broadway revival of Eugene ONeills Long Days Journey Into Night. In January 2006, Redgrave was presented the Ibsen Centennial Award for her work in interpreting many of Henrik Ibsens works over the last decades. Previous recipients of the award include Liv Ullmann, Glenda Jackson, for this, she won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play. She reprised the role at the Lyttelton Theatre at the Royal National Theatre in London to mixed reviews and she also spent a week performing the work at the Theatre Royal in Bath in September 2008. She once again performed the role of Joan Didion for a benefit at New Yorks Cathedral of Saint John the Divine on 26 October 2009. The performance was originally slated to debut on 27 April, but was pushed due to the death of Redgraves daughter Natasha, the proceeds for the benefit were donated to the United Nations Childrens Fund and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency. Both charities work to help for the children of Gaza. In October 2010, she starred in the Broadway premiere of Driving Miss Daisy starring in the role opposite James Earl Jones
Vanessa Redgrave
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Redgrave at the
Berlin International Film Festival, 2011
10.
Corin Redgrave
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Corin William Redgrave was an English actor and far-left political activist. Redgrave was born on 16 July 1939 in Marylebone, London and he was educated at Westminster School and Kings College, Cambridge. Redgrave played a range of character roles on film, television. On stage, he was noted for performances by Shakespeare and Noël Coward, two years later he starred in the original London production of The General from America as Benedict Arnold. When the play transferred to Broadway the following season Redgrave switched roles, in 2005, Redgrave had just finished an engagement playing the lead in King Lear with the Royal Shakespeare Company in London when he suffered a severe heart attack. In 2008, he returned to the stage in a highly praised portrayal of Oscar Wilde in the one-man-play De Profundis, in 2009, he starred in Trumbo, which opened only hours after the death of his niece, Natasha Richardson. He took the part of Sir George Grey in the New Zealand TV miniseries The Governor. He wrote a play called Blunt Speaking, in which he performed at the Minerva Theatre between 23 July -10 August 2002, Redgrave was a lifelong activist in far-left politics. With his elder sister Vanessa, he was a prominent member of the Workers Revolutionary Party, later, after the collapse of the WRP, he was involved with the Marxist Party, which the two siblings founded. Both Redgrave and his wife, Kika Markham, expressed support for activist group Viva Palestina, led by British MP George Galloway. He was also a defender of the interests of the Romani people, Corin Redgrave was part of the third generation of a theatrical dynasty spanning four generations. His parents were Sir Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson, Vanessa and his first marriage was to Deirdre Deline Hamilton-Hill. They had a daughter, actress Jemma Redgrave, and a son, Luke, Redgrave and Hamilton-Hill divorced in 1975. Redgrave and Kika Markham married in 1985 in Wandsworth, London, the couple had two sons, Harvey and Arden. He wrote a memoir about his relationship with his father entitled Michael Redgrave - My Father. It also revealed his fathers bisexuality, Redgrave was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2000, which continued to affect him until he died in 2010. In June 2005, he was described by his family as being in a critical but stable condition in hospital following a heart attack at a public meeting in Basildon. In March 2009, Redgrave returned to the London stage playing the role in Trumbo
Corin Redgrave
–
Corin Redgrave
Corin Redgrave
–
The grave of Corin Redgrave in
Highgate Cemetery
11.
Lynn Redgrave
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Lynn Redgrave, OBE was an English actress. A member of the Redgrave family, Lynn trained in London before making her debut in 1962. By the mid-1960s, she had appeared in films, including Tom Jones and Georgy Girl which won her a New York Film Critics Award and nominations for an Academy Award. In 1967, she made her Broadway debut and performed in stage productions in New York while making frequent returns to Londons West End. She performed with her sister Vanessa in Three Sisters in London and she made a return to films in the late 1990s in films such as Shine and Gods and Monsters for which she received another Academy Award nomination. Redgrave is the person to have been nominated for all of the Big Four American entertainment awards without winning any of them. Redgrave was born in Marylebone, London, to actors Sir Michael Redgrave and her sister is actress Vanessa Redgrave, her brother was actor and political activist Corin Redgrave. Her grandfather was silent screen leading man Roy Redgrave, after training in Londons Central School of Speech and Drama, Redgrave made her professional debut in a 1962 production of A Midsummer Nights Dream at the Royal Court Theatre. Following a tour of Billy Liar and repertory work in Dundee, she made her West End debut at the Haymarket, hunters The Tulip Tree with Celia Johnson and John Clements. During that time, she appeared in such as Tom Jones, Girl with Green Eyes, The Deadly Affair. For the last of these roles, she gained the New York Film Critics Award, the Golden Globe, in 1967, she made her Broadway debut in Black Comedy with Michael Crawford and Geraldine Page. London appearances included Michael Frayns The Two of Us with Richard Briers at the Garrick, David Hares Slag at the Royal Court, in 1974, she returned to Broadway in My Fat Friend. There soon followed Knock Knock with Charles Durning, Mrs. Warrens Profession with Ruth Gordon, and Saint Joan. In the 1985-86 season, she appeared with Rex Harrison, Claudette Colbert, in 1983, she played Cleopatra in an American television version of Antony and Cleopatra opposite Timothy Dalton. In 1988, she narrated a television documentary, Silent Mouse. In the early winter of 1991, she starred with Stewart Granger, highlights of her early film career also include The National Health, Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex*, The Happy Hooker, and Getting It Right. In the United States, she was seen on television series as Teachers Only, House Calls, Centennial. She also starred in BBC productions such as The Faint-Hearted Feminist, A Woman Alone, Death of a Son, Calling the Shots, and Fighting Back
Lynn Redgrave
–
Redgrave at the
2009 Toronto International Film Festival
Lynn Redgrave
12.
Roy Redgrave
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George Ellsworthy Roy Redgrave was an English stage and silent film actor. Redgrave is considered to be the first member of the Redgrave acting dynasty, by 1897, he was professionally known as Roy Redgrave apparently in the belief that he was descended from Rob Roy. The Redgrave family originated in the Northamptonshire village of Crick, Redgrave also assumed the middle name Elsworthy from his mother, and his sister took the stage name Dolly Elsworthy. Redgrave was the eldest of five including, Zoe Adelina Dolly Elsworthy, Cornelius, Christopher. His first wife was actress Ellen Maud Pratt, the daughter of prosperous Devon farmer and her stage name was Judith Kyrle. They were married in Littleham-cum-Exmouth, Devon on 1 September 1894 and their careers reached a high point at their joint debut at the Britannia Theatre, Hoxton in April 1900 with Roy billed as The Dramatic Cock o the North. They had three children, John Kyrle born in 1895, Robin Roy born in 1897 and Nellie Maud born in 1898, about this time Redgrave fell in love with a young actress named Esther Mary Cooke, daughter of Victor Cooke, huntsman and riding master. Ellen discovered the affair and Ettie fled Britain for South Africa, Redgrave followed her to South Africa. Ettie married Clayton Parrett by special licence between 28 October and 10 November 1903, on a Sunday at St. Georges Cathedral in Cape Town, Redgrave arrived two days later on the Tuesday. Ettie then left Clayton Parrett and went with Redgrave to Australia where she bore him a son, Victor Redgrave Parrett. At some point after initial Australian theatre work, Redgrave left for England alone, Roy toured with her on the J. C. Williamson circuit. According to Corin Redgrave, Ellen pursued Roy to Australia, arriving in time to pay his hotel bills. Ellen remarried Frederick John Nettlefold, a landed gentleman, in Brighton. However Redgrave did return to Britain, appearing in repertory at the Grand Theatre, Brighton and she eventually adopted the stage name Margaret Scudamore. Six months after Michaels birth, Redgrave left Daisy and returned to Australia again, william Anderson, a Melbourne producer, had just built the Kings Theatre, and needed actors. His name appears in June 1909, when he performed in the play The Bank of England, the following year, Anderson, known for his fondness of the lurid and sensational, had Roy collaborate with him on a play about the just ended Dr. Crippen case. Crippen was hanged in November 1910, the play was called By Wireless Telegraphy, which was staged by Anderson at the Kings Theatre, Melbourne, from 22 October 1910. Although he claimed he did not like motion picture acting he appeared in silent films
Roy Redgrave
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Roy Redgrave and Miss
Minnie Tittell Brune appearing in
Leah Kleschna circa 1907.
13.
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
–
There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
–
Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
–
MBE as awarded in 1918
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
–
Close up of an MBE from 1945 showing the "For God and the Empire"
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
–
Lieutenant General Sir
Robert Fulton, KBE
14.
Silent film
–
A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound, especially with no spoken dialogue. The silent film era lasted from 1895 to 1936, in silent films for entertainment, the dialogue is transmitted through muted gestures, mime and title cards which contain a written indication of the plot or key dialogue. During silent films, a pianist, theatre organist, or, in large cities, pianists and organists would either play from sheet music or improvise, an orchestra would play from sheet music. The term silent film is therefore a retronym—that is, a term created to distinguish something retroactively, the early films with sound, starting with The Jazz Singer in 1927, were referred to as talkies, sound films, or talking pictures. A September 2013 report by the United States Library of Congress announced that a total of 70% of American silent feature films are believed to be completely lost, the earliest precursors of film began with image projection through the use of a device known as the magic lantern. This utilized a glass lens, a shutter and a persistent light source, such as a powerful lantern and these slides were originally hand-painted, but still photographs were used later on after the technological advent of photography in the nineteenth century. The invention of a practical photography apparatus preceded cinema by only fifty years, the next significant step towards film creation was the development of an understanding of image movement. Simulations of movement date as far back as to 1828 and only four years after Paul Roget discovered the phenomenon he called Persistence of Vision. This experience was further demonstrated through Rogets introduction of the thaumatrope, the first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge between 1877 and 1880. Muybridge set up a row of cameras along a racetrack and timed image exposures to capture the many stages of a horses gallop, the oldest surviving film was created by Louis Le Prince in 1888. It was a film of people walking in Oakwood streets garden. Edison also made a business of selling Kinetograph and Kinetoscope equipment, due to Edisons lack of securing an international patent on his film inventions, similar devices were invented around the world. The Lumière brothers, for example, created the Cinématographe in France, the Cinématographe proved to be a more portable and practical device than both of Edisons as it combined a camera, film processor and projector in one unit. In contrast to Edisons peepshow-style kinetoscope, which one person could watch through a viewer. Their first film, Sortie de lusine Lumière de Lyon, shot in 1894, is considered the first true motion picture, the invention of celluloid film, which was strong and flexible, greatly facilitated the making of motion pictures. This film was 35 mm wide and pulled using four sprocket holes and this doomed the cinematograph, which could only use film with just one sprocket hole. From the very beginnings of film production, the art of motion pictures grew into maturity in the silent era. Silent filmmakers pioneered the art form to the extent that virtually every style, the silent era was also pioneering era from a technical point of view
Silent film
–
Scene from
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921), one of the highest-grossing silent films.
Silent film
–
The iconic clock scene from
Safety Last! (1923)
Silent film
–
Lillian Gish, the "First Lady of the American Cinema", was a leading star in the silent era with one of the longest careers, working from 1912 to 1987
Silent film
–
Cinématographe Lumière at the
Institut Lumière, France. Such cameras had no audio recording devices built into the cameras.
15.
Clifton College
–
Clifton College is a co-educational independent school in the suburb of Clifton in the port city of Bristol in South West England, founded in 1862. Having linked its General Studies classes with Badminton School since 1738, the dedicated Jewish boarding house closed in 1738 It was at Clifton that the second-highest cricket score ever recorded was made by 13 year-old A. E. J. Collins in June 1899. Collinss 628 not out stood as the record score till January 2016 when Pranav Dhanawade,15 years old, of Mumbai, India, Collins was killed in World War I. The school was also the headquarters of the US army in Britain for part of the Second World War, Clifton is one of the original 26 English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Yearbook of 1889. The school takes boys and girls aged between 13 and 18, to distinguish it from the junior schools, Clifton College proper is referred to as the Upper School. There are around 720 children in the Upper School of whom about a third are girls, at the start of the 2004 -2005 school year, a new boarding/day house for girls was opened. During World War II the heavy bombing of Bristol caused the students to be evacuated to Bude, in February 1941 the buildings were used by the Royal Army Service Corps as an Officer Cadet Training Unit. In 1942 they were replaced by the United States Army who established it as the headquarters of V Corps, staff were involved in preparations for the Normandy landings under General Omar Bradley. After D-Day the college was taken over as headquarters of the Ninth Army under General William Hood Simpson, to enable rapid travel and communications between the headquarters and dispersed units extensive use was made of light aircraft for travel. Before 1987, Clifton was a school with seven boarding houses. In each of the current seven boarding Houses live the Housemaster or Housemistress and family, an Assistant, in addition, each House has up to four non-residential Tutors. There are also houses in Clifton College Preparatory School that are not listed below, several other houses have existed during the schools history. In WW2, while the school was evacuated to Bude, United House was created from pupils of houses placed in temporary abeyance, dakyns House and Browns House were closed in 1993, and Polacks House, which took Jewish boys only, was closed in 2005. List of Victoria Crosses by School Clifton College Register 1862 -1962 - Published by the Old Cliftonian Society Clifton College website
Clifton College
–
Clifton College Crest
Clifton College
–
Clifton College Upper School seen from the Close. Left - the Dining Hall, centre - the Chapel, right - the science block
Clifton College
–
Students at Clifton College in 2009
Clifton College
–
Big School (right) soon after it was built - 1860s
16.
University of Cambridge
–
The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s
University of Cambridge
–
Emmanuel College Chapel
University of Cambridge
–
University of Cambridge coat of arms
University of Cambridge
–
Sir Isaac Newton was a student of the University of Cambridge
University of Cambridge
–
Trinity Lane in the snow, with
King's College Chapel (centre),
Clare College Chapel (right), and the
Old Schools (left)
17.
Cranleigh School
–
Cranleigh School is an independent English boarding school in the village of Cranleigh, Surrey. The Good Schools Guide described the school as a Hugely popular school with loads on offer, improving academia, ideal for the sporty, energetic, sociable, independent and lovely child. It grew rapidly and by the 1880s had more than 300 pupils although, as many similar schools, it declined over the next 30 years. Two powerful headmasters - Herbert Rhodes and David Loveday restored Cranleighs fortunes, Cranleigh started to admit girls in the early 1970s and became fully co-educational in 1999. The current headmaster is Martin Reader with former East Housemaster, Simon Bird, the schools Trevor Abbott Sports Centre was opened by Sir Richard Branson and the West House was opened by Baroness Greenfield. New building projects include the completed extension onto Cubitt House as well as an environmentally friendly Woodland Workshop]. Named after David Emms, this was opened by Lord Patten of Barnes in 2009, the building includes new facilities for Science and Modern Languages as well as a lecture theatre. A £2 million renovation of the chapel in 2009 included the installation of a £500,000 Mander organ, about 6,500 past pupils are currently members. The Old Cranleighan Sports Club in Thames Ditton in Surrey is owned by the Society, the thirty seventh steam locomotive in the Southern Railways Class V, built in 1934 was named Cranleigh after the school
Cranleigh School
–
Cranleigh School
18.
Hamlet
–
The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet, is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602. Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatises the revenge Prince Hamlet is called to wreak upon his uncle, Claudius, by the ghost of Hamlets father, Claudius had murdered his own brother and seized the throne, also marrying his deceased brothers widow. It has inspired many other writers—from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charles Dickens to James Joyce and he almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor, Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeares time. In the 400 years since its inception, the role has been performed by highly acclaimed actors in each successive century. Three different early versions of the play are extant, the First Quarto, the Second Quarto, each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others. The plays structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny, the protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark, son of the recently deceased King Hamlet, and nephew of King Claudius, his fathers brother and successor. Claudius hastily married King Hamlets widow, Gertrude, Hamlets mother, Denmark has a long-standing feud with neighboring Norway, which culminated when King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle years ago. Although Denmark defeated Norway, and the Norwegian throne fell to King Fortinbrass infirm brother, Denmark fears that an invasion led by the dead Norwegian kings son, Prince Fortinbras, is imminent. On a cold night on the ramparts of Elsinore, the Danish royal castle and they vow to tell Prince Hamlet what they have witnessed. As the court gathers the next day, while King Claudius and Queen Gertrude discuss affairs of state with their elderly adviser Polonius, after the court exits, Hamlet despairs of his fathers death and his mothers hasty remarriage. Learning of the ghost from Horatio, Hamlet resolves to see it himself, as Poloniuss son Laertes prepares to depart for a visit to France, Polonius gives him contradictory advice that culminates in the ironic maxim to thine own self be true. Poloniuss daughter, Ophelia, admits her interest in Hamlet, and that night on the rampart, the ghost appears to Hamlet, telling the prince that he was murdered by Claudius and demanding that Hamlet avenge him. Hamlet agrees and the ghost vanishes, the prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to put an antic disposition on and forces them to swear to keep his plans for revenge secret. Privately, however, he remains uncertain of the ghosts reliability, soon thereafter, Ophelia rushes to her father, telling him that Hamlet arrived at her door the prior night half-undressed and behaving crazily. Polonius blames love for Hamlets madness and resolves to inform Claudius, as he enters to do so, the king and queen finish welcoming Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two student acquaintances of Hamlet, to Elsinore. The royal couple has requested that the students investigate the cause of Hamlets mood, additional news requires that Polonius wait to be heard, messengers from Norway inform Claudius that the King of Norway has rebuked Prince Fortinbras for attempting to re-fight his fathers battles. The forces that Fortinbras conscripted to march against Denmark will instead be sent against Poland, Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlets behavior, and speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to uncover more information. Hamlet feigns madness but subtly insults Polonius all the while, when Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive, Hamlet greets his friends warmly, but quickly discerns that they are spies
Hamlet
–
The American actor
Edwin Booth as
Hamlet, ca. 1870
Hamlet
–
Hamlet mistakenly stabs Polonius (Artist: Coke Smyth, 19th century).
Hamlet
–
The "gravedigger scene" (Artist:
Eugène Delacroix, 1839)
Hamlet
–
A facsimile of
Gesta Danorum by
Saxo Grammaticus, which contains the legend of Amleth
19.
King Lear
–
King Lear is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. The Tragedy of King Lear, a more theatrical revision, was included in the 1623 First Folio, Modern editors usually conflate the two, though some insist that each version has its own individual integrity that should be preserved. The tragedy is particularly noted for its probing observations on the nature of human suffering, george Bernard Shaw wrote, No man will ever write a better tragedy than Lear. The eldest, Goneril, speaks first, declaring her love for her father in fulsome terms, moved by her flattery Lear proceeds to grant to Goneril her share as soon as she has finished her declaration, before Regan and Cordelia have a chance to speak. He then awards to Regan her share as soon as she has spoken, in his anger he disinherits Cordelia and divides her share between Regan and Goneril. Kent objects to Lears unfair treatment of Cordelia, enraged by Kents protests, Lear then summons the Duke of Burgundy and the King of France, who have both proposed marriage to Cordelia. Learning that Cordelia has been disinherited, the Duke of Burgundy withdraws his suit, the King of France is shocked by Lears decision because up until this time Lear has only praised and favored Cordelia. Meanwhile, Gloucester has introduced his illegitimate son Edmund to Kent, Lear announces he will live alternately with Goneril and Regan, and their husbands. He reserves to himself a retinue of one hundred knights, to be supported by his daughters, Goneril and Regan speak privately, revealing that their declarations of love were fake, and that they view Lear as a foolish old man. Edmund resents his illegitimate status, and plots to dispose of his older brother Edgar. He tricks their father Gloucester with a letter, making him think Edgar plans to usurp the estate. Kent returns from exile in disguise under the name of Caius, Lear and Caius quarrel with Oswald, Gonerils steward. Lear discovers that now that Goneril has power, she no longer respects him and she orders him to behave better and reduces his retinue. Enraged, Lear departs for Regans home, Edmund learns from Curan, a courtier, that there is likely to be war between Albany and Cornwall, and that Regan and Cornwall are to arrive at Gloucesters house that evening. Taking advantage of the arrival of the duke and Regan, Edmund fakes an attack by Edgar and he disinherits Edgar and proclaims him an outlaw. Bearing Lears message to Regan, Caius meets Oswald again at Gloucesters home, quarrels with him again, when Lear arrives, he objects to the mistreatment of his messenger, but Regan is as dismissive of her father as Goneril was. Goneril arrives and supports Regans argument against him, Lear yields completely to his rage. He rushes out into a storm to rant against his ungrateful daughters, Kent later follows to protect him
King Lear
–
"King Lear and the Fool in the Storm" by
William Dyce (1806–1864)
King Lear
–
Cordelia in the Court of King Lear (1873) by
Sir John Gilbert
King Lear
–
A watercolour of King Lear and the Fool in the storm from Act III, Scene ii of King Lear
King Lear
–
King Lear: Cordelia's Farewell by
Edwin Austin Abbey
20.
The Tempest
–
The Tempest is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1610–11, and thought by many critics to be the last play that Shakespeare wrote alone. It is set on an island, where the sorcerer Prospero, rightful Duke of Milan, plots to restore his daughter Miranda to her rightful place using illusion. He conjures up a storm, the eponymous tempest, to lure his usurping brother Antonio, there, his machinations bring about the revelation of Antonios lowly nature, the redemption of the King, and the marriage of Miranda to Alonsos son, Ferdinand. In addition, one of Gonzalos speeches is derived from Montaignes essay Of the Canibales, the masque in Act 4 may have been a later addition, possibly in honour of the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V in 1613. The play was first published in the First Folio of 1623, the story draws heavily on the tradition of the romance, and it was influenced by tragicomedy, the courtly masque and perhaps the commedia dellarte. It differs from Shakespeares other plays in its observation of a stricter, H. Gonzalo, Alonsos counselor, had secretly supplied their boat with some food, fresh water, rich garments, linens, stuffs and necessaries, and volumes that Prospero prizes. Prospero maintains Ariels loyalty by promising to release the airy spirit from servitude. Sycorax had been exiled from Algiers to the island for wreaking havoc with her magic, Sycorax son, Caliban, a deformed monster and the only non-spiritual inhabitant before the arrival of Prospero, was initially adopted and raised by him. He taught Prospero how to survive on the island, while Prospero and Miranda taught Caliban religion, in slavery, Caliban has come to view Prospero as a usurper and has grown to resent him and his daughter. Prospero and Miranda in turn view Caliban with disappointment, contempt, Prospero only performs one act of magic himself directly on stage, he disarms Ferdinand, causing his nerves to become in their infancy again. The rest of his magic is through controlling spirits, which is how magicians of the time were believed to operate, Prospero, having divined that his brother Antonio is on a nearby ship, has raised a tempest that causes the passengers to believe they are shipwrecked and marooned. Also on the ship are Antonios friend and fellow conspirator, King Alonso of Naples, Alonsos brother and son and Alonsos trusted counselor, all these passengers are returning from the wedding of Alonsos daughter Claribel and the King of Tunis. Prospero contrives to separate the shipwreck survivors into several groups by his spells, three plots then alternate through the play. In one, Caliban falls in with Stephano and Trinculo, two drunkards, believing Stephano to be a god who bears celestial liquor. They attempt to raise a coup against Prospero, which ultimately fails, in the third subplot, Antonio and Sebastian conspire to kill Alonso and Gonzalo so that Sebastian can become King. Ariel thwarts them, at Prosperos command, Ariel appears to the three men of sin as a harpy, reprimanding them for their betrayal of Prospero. Prospero, who has witnessed this, leaves to visit Ferdinand, the three guilty nobles run off, distracted and in a frenzy, and Gonzalo and the attendant lords chase after to prevent them from doing what this ecstasy may now provoke them to. Prospero then explains that he tested Ferdinand, and betroths a willing Miranda to him and he then asks Ariel to bring some other spirits and create a masque to entertain the young couple
The Tempest
–
The shipwreck in Act I, Scene 1, in a 1797 engraving by
Benjamin Smith after a painting by
George Romney
The Tempest
–
Prospero and Miranda from a painting by
William Maw Egley; ca. 1850
The Tempest
–
Miranda by
John William Waterhouse
The Tempest
–
A depiction from
Nicholas Rowe's 1709 edition of Shakespeare's plays of the stage direction of the opening of the 1674 adaptation
21.
Guildford School of Acting
–
Guildford School of Acting is a drama school in Guildford, Surrey, England. It is a school in the University of Surrey with accreditation from Drama UK for its professional training degrees. As of 2014, it is the top scoring Drama UK accredited school for student satisfaction, Guildford School of Acting, originally known as the Grant-Bellairs School of Dance and Drama, was founded in London in 1935 by Pauline Grant and Bice Bellairs. The school moved to Guildford in 1945 as a result of World War II, in 1964, the school became a charitable organisation and was renamed Guildford School of Acting & Dance. In the early 1990s the & Dance was dropped, today the school is part of the University of Surreys Stag Hill Campus, Guildford, Surrey. The school offers training and academic degrees in theatre, dance, acting, musical theatre and production skills such as stage management, lighting. Following a re-structure in 2016, GSA now includes the academic programmes in Theatre & Performance and Dance which had previously been part of the universitys School of Arts. Surrey has an association with dance having been the first university in the UK to validate a single honours dance degree. The university also hosts the National Resource Centre for Dance established in 1982, all full-time courses lead towards further and higher education qualifications validated by either the University of Surrey or Trinity College London. A leading performing arts school, GSA is recognised as a centre of excellence for Musical Theatre training alongside research specialisms in performance philosophy and contemporary theatre practice. The Centre for Performance Philosophy, led by Dr. Laura Cull Ó Maoilearca, was founded in 2016 as part of the schools Institute of Performance. As part of its merger with the University of Surrey, the school has moved to a new building which houses all faculties of the school on one site on the university campus. Peter Barlow, GSA Director, was handed the keys by project manager David Austin on 13 November 2009, marking a new era for GSA, the relocation was completed in late 2011 with the opening of the Ivy Performing Arts Centre. The school stages regular private and public performances at both The Ivy Arts Centre and other venues in Guildford and in the UK, in 2015 the school added a course in Actor-Musicianship which will produce its first graduates in 2018. Current management staff, Sean McNamara, Dr. Patrick Duggan, Anna McNamara, Dr. Jaq Bessell, Dr. Trevor Rawlins, Phyllida Crowley-Smith, Joanne Franklin, and Julian Woolford. Industry experts include, Steven Luke Walker, Chris Palmer, Andy Sullivan, Samantha Lloyd and the longest serving acting coach at a UK drama school Ian Ricketts. Andy Lavender, Dr. Adam Alston, Dr. Stuart Andrews, Dr. Laura Cull Ó Maoilearca, Dr. Shantel Ehrenberg, Dr. Rachel Hann, Dr. Sabine Sorgel, and Dr. Matthew Wagner. The school runs regular summer schools and Easter schools and has two foundation courses one in Acting and the other in Musical Theatre
Guildford School of Acting
–
People
Guildford School of Acting
–
Guildford School of Acting
22.
Liverpool Playhouse
–
The Liverpool Playhouse is a theatre in Williamson Square in the city of Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It originated in 1866 as a hall, and in 1911 developed into a repertory theatre. As such it nurtured the careers of many actors and actresses. Architectural changes have made to the building over the years. In 1999 a trust was formed, joining the management of the Playhouse with that of the Everyman Theatre, the present theatre on the site was designed by Edward Davies, and opened in 1866. It replaced a theatre called the Star Concert Hall. The present theatre was named the Star Music Hall. In 1895 its name was changed to the Star Theatre of Varieties, the theatre was improved in 1898 by Harry Percival with a new auditorium and foyer, and electricity was installed. In 1911 the Liverpool Repertory Theatre Limited was established, with Basil Dean as its controller and producer, the company could not afford to build a new theatre, and bought the Star Theatre for £28,000 equivalent to £2,570,000 in 2015). This made it the first repertory in Britain to own the freehold of a theatre, the company spent a further £4,000 on redesigning and modernising the theatre. The auditorium and the basement foyer were redesigned by Stanley Adshead, the theatre was for many years managed by Maud Carpenter. The theatre was renamed the Liverpool Repertory Theatre, and in 1916 renamed again, minor structural alterations were made to the theatre in 1961 and in 1966. In 1968 a modern-style extension was added to the north of the theatre to accommodate new foyers, bars, dressing rooms, in the 1990s the theatre company went into liquidation. In 1999 the Liverpool and Merseyside Theatres Trust Limited was established as a charity, and it is managed jointly with the Everyman Theatre by Liverpool City Council. As a repertory company, the theatre has been involved in the careers of actors, noël Coward and Gertrude Lawrence worked with the company as child actors. Other artistes who gained experience at the theatre include Robert Donat, Lilian Braithwaite, Cecil Parker, John Gregson, Clive Brook, aubrey Smith, Richard Burton, Michael Redgrave, Diana Wynyard, Rex Harrison, Patricia Routledge, Anthony Hopkins, and Richard Briers. The exterior of the part of the theatre is stuccoed. Its entrance front faces Williamson Square and it has seven bays and is in three storeys
Liverpool Playhouse
–
Liverpool Playhouse
Liverpool Playhouse
–
Skyscrapers and highrises (over 60m)
Liverpool Playhouse
Liverpool Playhouse
23.
Elmer Rice
–
Elmer Rice was an American playwright. He is best known for his plays The Adding Machine and his Pulitzer Prize-winning drama of New York tenement life, Rice was born Elmer Leopold Reizenstein at 127 East 90th Street in New York City, New York. His grandfather was a political activist in the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, after the failure of that political upheaval, he emigrated to the United States where he became a businessman. A staunch atheist, his grandfather may also have influenced Elmer in his feelings about religion as he refused to attend Hebrew school or to have a bar mitzvah, in contrast, Rices relationship with father was very distant. As he wrote in his autobiography, his grandfather and his Uncle Will, both of whom boarded with the family, made up for the affection and attention his father withheld. A child of the tenements, Rice spent much of his reading, to his familys consternation. Though he disliked legal studies and spent a deal of class time reading plays in class, Rice graduated from New York Law School in 1912. Courtroom dramas became a Rice specialty, needing to make a living, he decided to try writing full-time. His first play, On Trial, a murder mystery, was a great success. George M. Cohan offered to buy the rights for $30,000, co-authored with a friend, Frank Harris, the play was purportedly the first American drama to employ the technique of reverse-chronology, telling the story from its conclusion to its starting-point. The author ultimately earned $100,000 from his first work for the stage, none of his later plays earned him as much as On Trial. The play was adapted for the three times, in 1917,1928, and 1939. Political and social issues occupied Rices attention in this period as well, world War I and Woodrow Wilsons conservatism confirmed him in his criticism of the status quo. A satire about the growing regimentation of life in the machine age, when Mr. Zero, a mere cog in the corporate machine, discovers that he is to be replaced at work by an adding machine, he snaps and murders his boss. After his trial and execution, he enters the next life only to confront some of the issues and. Theatre critic Brooks Atkinson called it the most original and brilliant play any American had written up to that time. the harshest and most illuminating play about modern society, Dorothy Parker and Alexander Woollcott were enthusiastic. Other reviewers spoke of him, hyperbolically, as a writer who might become Americas Ibsen, ironically, it made its author no money at all. When Dorothy Parker was at work on her own play the year and needed a co-author, she approached Elmer Rice
Elmer Rice
–
Elmer Rice ca. 1920
Elmer Rice
–
L. to. R.:
Joseph P. Bickerton, Jr. (theatre producer), Elmer Rice (playwright) and
Carl Laemmle Jr. (Universal producer) sign a contract for the film version of Counsellor at Law
Elmer Rice
–
WPA poster,
California, 1938
24.
Tyrone Guthrie
–
Guthrie was born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England, the son of Dr Thomas Guthrie and Norah Power. His great-grandfather was the Irish actor Tyrone Power and he was also a second cousin of the Hollywood actor Tyrone Power. His sister, Susan Margaret, married his university friend. He received a degree in history at Oxford University, where he was active in student theatre, in 1924 Guthrie joined the BBC as a broadcaster and began to produce plays for radio. This led to a year directing for the stage with the Scottish National Players, during the period from 1929 to 1933 he directed at various theatres, including a production of Pirandellos Six Characters in Search of an Author in 1932. During 1933–1934, and 1936–1945 he was director of the Shakespeare Repertory Company, while in Montreal, Guthrie produced the Romance of Canada series of radio plays for recalling epic moments in Canadian history. The series was broadcast on the Canadian National Railway radio network, Butler translated the text for Guthries 1934 production of Anton Chekhovs Cherry Orchard, for perhaps its first English-language production. In the 1940s Guthrie began to direct operas, to acclaim, including a realistic Carmen at Sadlers Wells. Staged in the citys General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland on the Mound, specially adapted for the occasion, in 1953, he was invited to help launch the Stratford Festival of Canada. All performances in the first seasons took place in a tent on the banks of the Avon River. He remained as Artistic Director for three seasons, and his work at Stratford had an influence in the development of Canadian theatre. Guthrie produced Gilbert and Sullivans H. M. S, pinafore in 1960 and The Pirates of Penzance in 1961, which were televised in Canada and also brought to the Phoenix Theatre in New York and on tour in the US. In 1962, as soon as the Gilbert and Sullivan copyrights expired, he brought these productions to Britain and they were among the first Savoy opera productions in Britain not authorized by the DOyly Carte Opera Company. In 1963, he founded the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota, peter Hall wrote, Among the great originators in British Theatre. Guthrie was a towering figure in every sense. He blazed a trail for the theatre of the sixties. He showed how to run a company and administer a theatre, and he was a brilliant and at times great director. Guthrie wrote two books about the creation of effective drama, Theatre Prospect and A Life in the Theatre. He was Chancellor of Queens University Belfast, on 15 September 2010 a blue plaque in his memory was unveiled at the BBC in Belfast by the Ulster History Circle
Tyrone Guthrie
–
Sir Tyrone Guthrie
25.
Old Vic
–
The Old Vic is a theatre located just south-east of Waterloo station in London on the corner of The Cut and Waterloo Road. Established in 1818 as the Royal Coburg Theatre, and renamed in 1833 the Royal Victoria Theatre, in 1871 it was rebuilt and reopened as the Royal Victoria Palace. It was taken over by Emma Cons in 1880 and formally named the Royal Victoria Hall, in 1898, a niece of Cons, Lilian Baylis assumed management and began a series of Shakespeare productions in 1914. The building was damaged in 1940 during air raids and it became a Grade II* listed building in 1951 after it reopened. It was also the name of a company that was based at the theatre and formed the core of the National Theatre of Great Britain on its formation in 1963. The National Theatre remained at the Old Vic until new premises were constructed on the South Bank, the Old Vic then became the home of Prospect Theatre Company, at that time a highly successful touring company which staged such acclaimed productions as Derek Jacobis Hamlet. However, with the withdrawal of funding for the company by the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1980 for breaching its touring obligations, the theatre underwent complete refurbishment in 1985. In 2003, Kevin Spacey was appointed as new director of the Old Vic Theatre Company which received considerable media attention. In 2015, Matthew Warchus succeeded Spacey as artistic director, the theatre was a minor theatre and was thus technically forbidden to show serious drama. Nevertheless, when the theatre passed to George Bolwell Davidge in 1824 he succeeded in bringing legendary actor Edmund Kean south of the river to play six Shakespeare plays in six nights. More popular staples in the repertoire were sensational and violent melodramas demonstrating the evils of drink, churned out by the house dramatist, confirmed teetotaller Douglas Jerrold. On 1 July 1833, the theatre was renamed the Royal Victoria Theatre, under the protection and patronage of Victoria, Duchess of Kent, mother to Princess Victoria, the 14-year-old heir presumptive. The duchess and the princess visited only once, on 28 November of that year, the single visit scarcely justified the Old Vic its later billing as Queen Victorias Own Theayter. By 1835, the theatre was advertising itself simply as the Victoria Theatre, in 1841, David Osbaldiston took over as lessee, succeeded on his death in 1850 by his lover and the theatres leading lady, Eliza Vincent, until her death in 1856. Under their management, the theatre remained devoted to melodrama, in 1867, Joseph Arnold Cave took over as lessee. In 1871 he transferred the lease to Romaine Delatorre, who raised funds for the theatre to be rebuilt in the style of the Alhambra Music Hall, jethro Thomas Robinson was engaged as the architect. In September 1871 the old theatre closed, and the new building opened as the Royal Victoria Palace in December of the same year, by 1873, however, Cave had left and Delatorres venture failed. The penny lectures given in the led to the foundation of Morley College, an adult education college
Old Vic
–
The exterior of the Old Vic from the corner of
Baylis Road and
Waterloo Road
Old Vic
–
Royal Coburg Theatre in 1822
Old Vic
–
The theatre at night
Old Vic
–
Staircase of the Old Vic
26.
The Country Wife
–
The Country Wife is a Restoration comedy written in 1675 by William Wycherley. A product of the tolerant early Restoration period, the play reflects an aristocratic and anti-Puritan ideology, the title itself contains a lewd pun. The scandalous trick and the language have for much of the plays history kept it off the stage. The original play is again a stage favourite today, and is acclaimed by academic critics, who praise its linguistic energy, sharp social satire. After the 18-year Puritan stage ban was lifted at the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, in 1675, at age 35, he created a sensation with The Country Wife, greeted as the bawdiest and wittiest play yet seen on the English stage. A Restoration novelty of which Wycherley took advantage was the readiness of public opinion to accept women on stage, the Country Wife is more neatly constructed than most Restoration comedies, but is typical of its time and place in having three sources and three plots. The separate plots are interlinked but distinct, each projecting a different mood. They may be schematised as Horners impotence trick, the life of Pinchwife and Margery. Horners impotence trick provides the organising principle and the turning-points of the action. The trick, to pretend impotence to be allowed where no man may go, is based on the classic Roman comedy Eunuchus by Terence. He spreads a rumour of his own impotence, to convince married men that he can safely be allowed to socialise with their wives. This diagnostic trick, which invariably works perfectly, is one of The Country Wifes many running jokes at the expense of hypocritical upper-class women who are rakes at heart. The play is structured as a farce, driven by Horners secret and by a succession of near-discoveries of the truth, from which he extricates himself by aplomb and good luck. A final hair-raising threat of exposure comes in the last scene, Horner never becomes a reformed character but is assumed to go on reaping the fruits of his planted misinformation, past the last act and beyond. The married life of Pinchwife and Margery is based on Molières School For Husbands, Pinchwife is a middle-aged man who has married a naive country girl in the hope that she will not know to cuckold him. However, Horner teaches her, and Margery cuts a swath through the complexities of London upper-class marriage, Restoration comedies often contrast town and country for humorous effect, and this is one example of it. A running joke is the way Pinchwifes pathological jealousy always leads him into supplying Margery with the type of information he wishes her not to have. The courtship of Harcourt and Alithea is a love story without any direct source
The Country Wife
–
Thomas Macaulay abhorred Wycherley.
The Country Wife
–
The first edition of The Country Wife
The Country Wife
–
Leigh Hunt admired Wycherley.
The Country Wife
–
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick
27.
As You Like It
–
As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio,1623. The plays first performance is uncertain, though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility. As You Like It follows its heroine Rosalind as she flees persecution in her uncles court, accompanied by her cousin Celia to find safety and, eventually, love, in the Forest of Arden. In the forest, they encounter a variety of memorable characters, Jaques provides a sharp contrast to the other characters in the play, always observing and disputing the hardships of life in the country. Historically, critical response has varied, with critics finding the work of lesser quality than other Shakespearean works. The play remains a favourite among audiences and has adapted for radio, film. The play is set in a duchy in France, but most of the takes place in a location called the Forest of Arden. Frederick has usurped the Duchy and exiled his brother, Duke Senior. Duke Seniors daughter, Rosalind, has permitted to remain at court because she is the closest friend and cousin of Fredericks only child. Orlando, a gentleman of the kingdom who at first sight has fallen in love with Rosalind, is forced to flee his home after being persecuted by his older brother, Oliver. Frederick becomes angry and banishes Rosalind from court, Celia and Rosalind decide to flee together accompanied by the court fool, Touchstone, with Rosalind disguised as a young man and Celia disguised as a poor lady. Ganymede and Aliena do not immediately encounter the Duke and his companions, instead, they meet Corin, an impoverished tenant, and offer to buy his masters crude cottage. Orlando and his servant Adam, meanwhile, find the Duke and his men and are living with them. Rosalind, also in love with Orlando, meets him as Ganymede, Ganymede says that he will take Rosalinds place and that he and Orlando can act out their relationship. The shepherdess, Phoebe, with whom Silvius is in love, has fallen in love with Ganymede, Touchstone, meanwhile, has fallen in love with the dull-witted shepherdess, Audrey, and tries to woo her, but eventually is forced to be married first. William, another shepherd, attempts to marry Audrey as well, but is stopped by Touchstone, finally, Silvius, Phoebe, Ganymede, and Orlando are brought together in an argument with each other over who will get whom. Ganymede says he will solve the problem, having Orlando promise to marry Rosalind, Orlando sees Oliver in the forest and rescues him from a lioness, causing Oliver to repent for mistreating Orlando. Oliver meets Aliena and falls in love with her, and they agree to marry, Jaques, ever melancholic, declines their invitation to return to the court preferring to stay in the forest and to adopt a religious life as well
As You Like It
–
The first page of As You Like It from the
First Folio of Shakespeare's plays, published in 1623
As You Like It
–
The wrestling scene from As You Like It,
Francis Hayman, c. 1750
As You Like It
–
Audrey by
Philip Richard Morris
As You Like It
–
A watercolor illustration: Orlando pins love poems on the trees of the forest of Arden.
28.
The Witch of Edmonton
–
The Witch of Edmonton is an English Jacobean play, written by William Rowley, Thomas Dekker and John Ford in 1621. The play depicts Elizabeth Sawyer, an old woman shunned by her neighbours, who gets revenge by selling her soul to the Devil, in addition, there are two subplots. One depicts a bigamist who murders his wife at the devils prompting. Written and first acted in 1621, the play was not published until 1658 and it was entered into the Stationers Register on 21 May that year, the edition that followed was issued by the bookseller Edward Blackmore. The title page of the first edition attributes the play to divers well-esteemed Poets, William Rowley, Thomas Dekker, John Ford, while Goodcoles witch is simply a bad woman, the Sawyer of the play is treated more sympathetically. The play was first acted by Prince Charless Men at the Cockpit Theatre in 1621, a wealthy knight and the employer of Frank Thorney and Winifred. He has an affair with Winifred, and when she gets pregnant. He is a gentleman who has mortgaged all of his lands and he pushes his son to marry Susan Carter in order to escape his financial difficulties. The father of Susan Carter and Katherine Carter and he is a wealthy farmer who uses his daughters’ marriages as means to improve his social status. He beats Mother Sawyer at the beginning of the play for gathering sticks on his land and he becomes bitter when Susan chooses Frank Thorney over him. He makes friends with the Devil-Dog, but due to his innocence and ignorance, the husband of Anne Ratcliffe, a woman who is driven insane by the Devil-Dog at Mother Sawyer’s behest. The local Justice of the Peace and he passes judgment on Frank Thorney and Mother Sawyer at the end of the play. A devil or spirit who has assumed the form of a black dog and he performs mischievous acts for Mother Sawyer after she promises her soul to him. He can only be seen by Mother Sawyer and Cuddy Banks, at Mother Sawyer’s bequest, the Devil-Dog drives her insane and causes her to beat her own brains out. She chooses to marry Frank Thorney rather than Warbeck, Frank murders her when she tries to follow him as he escapes with the dowry money. She is wooed by and agrees to marry Somerton, while nursing Frank back to health, she finds the bloody knife he used to murder her sister Susan, thereby revealing Frank’s guilt. Sir Arthur Clarington’s maid and Frank Thorney’s first wife, sir Arthur gets her pregnant and offers Frank money to marry her. When Frank flees after his marriage, she travels with him disguised as his boy-servant
The Witch of Edmonton
–
Title page from a 1658 printed edition
29.
Laurence Olivier
–
Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM, was an English actor who, along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud, dominated the British stage of the mid-20th century. He also worked in films throughout his career, playing more than fifty cinema roles, late in his career, he had considerable success in television roles. His family had no connections, but Oliviers father, a clergyman. After attending a school in London, Olivier learned his craft in a succession of acting jobs during the late 1920s. In 1930 he had his first important West End success in Noël Cowards Private Lives, in 1935 he played in a celebrated production of Romeo and Juliet alongside Gielgud and Peggy Ashcroft, and by the end of the decade he was an established star. In the 1940s, together with Richardson and John Burrell, Olivier was the co-director of the Old Vic, there his most celebrated roles included Shakespeares Richard III and Sophocless Oedipus. From 1963 to 1973 he was the director of Britains National Theatre. His own parts there included the role in Othello and Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. Among Oliviers films are Wuthering Heights, Rebecca, and a trilogy of Shakespeare films as actor-director, Henry V, Hamlet and his later films included Sleuth, Marathon Man, and The Boys from Brazil. His television appearances included an adaptation of The Moon and Sixpence, Long Days Journey into Night, Love Among the Ruins, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Brideshead Revisited, Oliviers honours included a knighthood, a life peerage and the Order of Merit. For his on-screen work he received four Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, five Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards. The National Theatres largest auditorium is named in his honour, and he is commemorated in the Laurence Olivier Awards, given annually by the Society of London Theatre. He was married three times, to the actresses Jill Esmond from 1930 to 1940, Vivien Leigh from 1940 to 1960, Olivier was born in Dorking, Surrey, the youngest of the three children of the Revd Gerard Kerr Olivier and his wife Agnes Louise, née Crookenden. Their elder children were Sybille and Gerard Dacres Dickie and his great-great-grandfather was of French Huguenot descent, and Olivier came from a long line of Protestant clergymen. Gerard Olivier had begun a career as a schoolmaster, but in his thirties he discovered a strong religious vocation and was ordained as a priest of the Church of England and he practised extremely high church, ritualist Anglicanism and liked to be addressed as Father Olivier. This made him unacceptable to most Anglican congregations, and the church posts he was offered were temporary. This meant a nomadic existence, and for Laurences first few years, in 1912, when Olivier was five, his father secured a permanent appointment as assistant priest at St Saviours, Pimlico. He held the post for six years, and a family life was at last possible
Laurence Olivier
–
Olivier in 1973
Laurence Olivier
–
Interior of
All Saints, Margaret Street
Laurence Olivier
–
Peggy Ashcroft, a contemporary and friend of Olivier's at the
Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art, photographed in 1936
Laurence Olivier
–
Olivier, with his first wife
Jill Esmond (left), in 1932
30.
Edith Evans
–
Dame Edith Mary Evans, DBE was an English actress. She was best known for her work on the stage, but also appeared in films at the beginning, between 1964 and 1968, she was nominated for three Academy Awards. She created roles in two of Shaws plays, Orinthia in The Apple Cart, and Epifania in The Millionairess and was in the British premières of two others, Heartbreak House and Back to Methuselah. Evans was born in Pimlico, London, the daughter of Edward Evans, a civil servant in the General Post Office. She had one sibling, a brother who died at the age of four and she was educated at St Michaels Church of England School, Pimlico, before being apprenticed at the age of 15 in 1903 as a milliner. She commented in later years that she loved the rich and beautiful materials of the craft, poel then cast her as Cressida in Troilus and Cressida in London and subsequently at Stratford-upon-Avon. The critic of The Manchester Guardian found her diction inadequate, but otherwise approved, Miss Edith Evans, Evanss West End debut was in George Moores Elizabeth Cooper in 1913. The play received poor notices, but Evans was praised, In the very part of a maid Miss Edith Evans made the success of the afternoon. She put more into her few minutes than most of our approved stars can suggest in leading parts, in January 1914 she made her professional Shakespearian debut as Gertrude in Hamlet. In 1914, at Moores instigation, Evans was given a contract by the Royalty Theatre in Soho. She played character roles in comedies, as a member of casts that included Gladys Cooper. Over the next ten years she polished her craft in a range of parts. She played in a silent film called A Welsh Singer, directed by, for the same director she acted in East is East in 1917, but thereafter made no more films for over thirty years. In 1922 she made what J T Grein in The Illustrated London News called a triumph in Alfred Sutros comedy The Laughing Lady. Nigel Playfair cast her as the strong-willed and witty heroine in his revival of Congreves Restoration comedy at the Lyric Hammersmith, the critics resorted to superlatives, he main pleasure of the evening is due to Miss Edith Evanss Millamant, a part in which she definitely arrives. This actress imposes herself upon the audience first of all by her Rubens-like vitality and we have always known that she can fill the stage. It was delicious to hear her demand to be sole empress of her tea-table, James Agate wrote, Let me not mince matters. Miss Edith Evans is the most accomplished of living and practising English actresses, arnold Bennett noted in his journals that this Millamant was the finest comedy performance he had ever seen
Edith Evans
–
Dame Edith Evans in a 1973 portrait
Edith Evans
–
In The Laughing Lady, 1922
Edith Evans
–
Blue plaque at Evans's home
31.
Embassy Theatre (London)
–
The Embassy Theatre is a theatre at 64, Eton Avenue, Swiss Cottage, London. The Embassy Theatre was opened as a company in September 1928 on the initiative of Sybil Arundale. When the premises of Hampstead Conservatoire of Music were adapted by architect Andrew Mather, the following were some of its productions, The Yellow Streak, September 1928. This was the production, featuring Jeanne de Casalis, Martita Hunt. The play was praised by the writer Dorothy Richardson, the Seventh Guest, October 1928, a mystery melodrama with Cecil Parker and Margaret Rawlings From September 1930 to March 1932 the theatre was directed by Alec L. Rea and A. R. Whatmore. Productions included, Black Coffee, by Agatha Christie, December 1930, produced by André van Gyseghem, with Francis L. Sullivan as Poirot, carpet Slippers, December 1930, with Griffith Jones and Sebastian Shaw Mary Broome, by Allan Monkhouse, December 1931. With Robert Donat and Herbert Lomas, during that time he made over 150 new productions and revivals, of which over thirty were then transferred to various theatres in the West End. The Embassy school of acting was opened in the theatre in 1932, some of the more notable productions at the theatre were, Miracle at Verdun by Hans Chlumberg, September 1932, produced by André van Gyseghem, with Derrick de Marney, George Howe, Alan Wheatley. The production was transferred to the Comedy. Ten Minute Alibi, by Anthony Armstrong, January 1933, with Robert Douglas, the production then transferred to the Haymarket. The Glass Wall, by E. M. Delafield, February 1933, produced by André van Gyseghem, all Gods Chillun Got Wings, March 1933, produced by André van Gyseghem, with Paul Robeson and Flora Robson. The Dominant Sex, by Michael Egan, December 1934, with Diana Churchill, Richard Bird, the production then transferred to the Shaftesbury. Stevedore, by Paul Peters and George Sklar, May 1935, produced by André van Gyseghem, with Paul Robeson, Robert Adams and this Desirable Residence, by A. R. Rawlinson, May 1935, with Coral Browne. Close Quarters, by W. O. Somin and Gilbert Lennox, June 1935, with Oskar Homolka, the production then transferred to the Haymarket. Professor Bernhardi, June 1936, with Abraham Sofaer in the title role, and Max Adrian, Noel Howlett The production then transferred to the Phoenix. Judgment Day, by Elmer Rice, May 1937, with Glynis Johns, Catherine Lacey, after war damage, the building was reopened in 1945, with a capacity of 678. It was then run until 1954 by Anthony Hawtrey, the Gambler, adapted by Norman Ginsbury from Dostoevsky, November 1945, directed by Sebastian Shaw, with Hugh Burden, Ferdy Mayne, Gwendoline Watford. Red Roses for Me, by Seán OCasey, February 1946, with Kieron OHanrahan, mrs Danes Defence,1946, with Mary Ellis
Embassy Theatre (London)
–
Embassy Theatre
32.
Marius Goring
–
Marius Goring, CBE was an English stage and film actor. He is most often remembered for the four films he made with Powell & Pressburger, particularly as Conductor 71 in A Matter of Life and Death and he regularly performed French and German roles. Goring was born in Newport, Isle of Wight, England and he first performed professionally in 1927. His early stage career included appearances at the Old Vic, Sadlers Wells, Stratford and several European tours, he was fluent in French and he first worked in the West End in a 1934 revival of Granville-Barkers The Voysey Inheritance at the Shaftesbury Theatre. During the 1930s, he played a variety of Shakespearean roles, including Feste in Twelfth Night, Macbeth and Romeo, in addition to Trip in Sheridans The School for Scandal. In 1929, he became a member of British Equity, the actors union, and became its president from 1963 to 1965. Gorings relationship with his union was fraught with conflict, he took it to litigation on three occasions, in 1992 he unsuccessfully sought to end the block on the sale of radio and television programmes to apartheid South Africa. In 1941, he married his wife, the actress Lucie Mannheim. She died in 1976, and the next year Goring married television producer Prudence Fitzgerald, simpson, and The Old Men at the Zoo. Gorings voice provides the narration of the sound and light show performed regularly in the evening at the Blue Mosque in Istanbul and he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1979 and appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1991. He died from cancer in 1998 aged 86, * Powell and Pressburger productions The British Film Institute profile Marius Goring at the Internet Movie Database
Marius Goring
–
Goring as Julian Craster in
The Red Shoes (1948)
Marius Goring
–
Conductor 71 (Marius Goring, holding book) and Peter Carter (David Niven) in
A Matter of Life and Death.
33.
Henry V (play)
–
Henry V is a history play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1599. It tells the story of King Henry V of England, focusing on events immediately before, in the First Quarto text, it was entitled The Cronicle History of Henry the fift, which became The Life of Henry the Fifth in the First Folio text. The play is the part of a tetralogy, preceded by Richard II, Henry IV, Part 1. In Henry V, the prince has become a mature man. Elizabethan stages did not use scenery, acknowledging the difficulty of conveying great battles and shifts of location on a bare stage, the Chorus calls for a Muse of fire so that the actor playing King Henry can ssume the port of Mars. He asks, Can this cockpit hold / The vasty fields of France, and encourages the audience to use their imaginary forces to overcome the stages limitations, Piece out our imperfections with your thoughts. The early scenes deal with the embarkation of Henrys fleet for France, when the Chorus reappears, he describes the countrys dedication to the war effort – They sell the pasture now to buy the horse. The chorus tells the audience, Well not offend one stomach with our play, at the siege of Harfleur, Henry utters one of Shakespeares best-known speeches, beginning Once more unto the breach, dear friends. He agonizes about the burden of being king, noting that a king is only a man. Before the battle, Henry rallies his troops with the famous St Crispins Day Speech, referring to we few, we happy few, following the victory at Agincourt, Henry attempts to woo the French princess, Catherine of Valois. This is difficult because neither speaks the language well. As with all of Shakespeares serious plays, also a number of comic characters appear whose activities contrast with. In this case, they are mostly common soldiers in Henrys army, and they include Pistol, Nym, and Bardolph from the Henry IV plays. The army also includes a Scot, an Irishman, and an Englishman, and Fluellen, the play also deals briefly with the death of Falstaff, Henrys estranged friend from the Henry IV plays, whom Henry had rejected at the end of Henry IV, Part 2. An earlier play, the Famous Victories of Henry V is also believed to have been a model for the work. On the basis of an apparent allusion to Essexs mission to quell Tyrones Rebellion, Q1 of Henry V is a bad quarto, a shortened version of the play that might be an infringing copy or reported text. A second quarto, a reprint of Q1, was published in 1602 by Pavier, another reprint was issued as Q3 in 1619, the superior text first was printed in the First Folio in 1623. Readers and audiences have interpreted the play’s attitude to warfare in several different ways, on the one hand, it seems to celebrate Henrys invasion of France and valorises military might
Henry V (play)
–
Title page of the first
quarto (1600)
Henry V (play)
–
King Henry V
Henry V (play)
–
A print of Act III, Scene i: "Once more unto the breach, dear friends!"
Henry V (play)
–
Katharine learns English from her gentlewoman Alice in an 1888 lithograph by
Laura Alma-Tadema. Act III, Scene iv.
34.
John Gielgud
–
Sir Arthur John Gielgud OM CH was an English actor and theatre director whose career spanned eight decades. With Ralph Richardson and Laurence Olivier, he was one of the trio of actors who dominated the British stage for much of the 20th century. A member of the Terry family theatrical dynasty, he gained his first paid acting work as a member of his cousin Phyllis Neilson-Terrys company in 1922. After studying at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art he worked in repertory theatre, during the 1930s Gielgud was a stage star in the West End and on Broadway, appearing in new works and classics. He began a career as a director, and set up his own company at the Queens Theatre. He was regarded by many as the finest Hamlet of his era, in the 1950s Gielgud feared that his career was threatened when he was convicted and fined for a homosexual offence, but his colleagues and the public supported him loyally. From the late 1960s he found new plays that suited him, by authors including Alan Bennett, David Storey, during the first half of his career, Gielgud did not take the cinema seriously. Though he made his first film in 1924, and had successes with The Good Companions and Julius Caesar, Gielgud appeared in more than sixty films between Becket, for which he received his first Academy Award nomination, and Elizabeth. As the acid-tongued Hobson in Arthur he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and his film work further earned him a Golden Globe Award and two BAFTAs. Although largely indifferent to awards, Gielgud had the distinction of winning an Oscar, an Emmy, a Grammy. He was famous from the start of his career for his voice and he broadcast more than a hundred radio and television dramas, between 1929 and 1994, and made commercial recordings of many plays, including ten of Shakespeares. Among his honours, he was knighted in 1953 and the Gielgud Theatre was named after him, from 1977 to 1989, he was president of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Gielgud was born in South Kensington, London, the third of the four children and youngest of three sons of Frank Henry Gielgud and his second wife, Kate Terry-Gielgud, née Terry-Lewis. The two elder boys were Lewis, who became an official of the Red Cross and UNESCO. On his fathers side, Gielgud was of Lithuanian and Polish descent, the surname derives from Gelgaudiškis, a village in Lithuania. The Counts Gielgud had owned the Gielgudziszki Castle on the River Niemen, jan Gielgud took refuge in England with his family, one of his grandchildren was Frank Gielgud, whose maternal grandmother was a famous Polish actress, Aniela Aszpergerowa. Frank married into a family with wide theatrical connections, Frank had no theatrical ambitions and worked all his life as a stockbroker in the City of London. In 1912, aged eight, Gielgud went to Hillside preparatory school in Surrey as his brothers had done
John Gielgud
–
Gielgud as Benedick in
Much Ado About Nothing, 1959
John Gielgud
–
Centre:
Marion,
Kate and
Ellen Terry and, far right,
Fred Terry at Ellen's
Silver Jubilee matinée,
Drury Lane, 12 June 1906. Everyone shown was a member of the Terry family.
John Gielgud
–
Noël Coward with
Lilian Braithwaite, his, and later Gielgud's, co-star in
The Vortex
John Gielgud
–
Mrs Patrick Campbell and
Edith Evans, 1920s co-stars with Gielgud
35.
Richard II (play)
–
King Richard the Second is a history play by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in approximately 1595. Although the First Folio edition of Shakespeares works lists the play as a history play, the play spans only the last two years of Richards life, from 1398 to 1400. Bolingbrokes father, John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, meanwhile, the tournament scene is very formal with a long, ceremonial introduction, but as the combatants are about to fight, Richard interrupts and sentences both to banishment from England. Bolingbroke is originally sentenced to ten years banishment, but Richard changes this to six years, Mowbray predicts that the king will sooner or later fall at the hands of Bolingbroke. John of Gaunt dies and Richard II seizes all of his land and they then help Bolingbroke to return secretly to England, with a plan to overthrow Richard II. There remain, however, subjects who continue faithful to the King, among them Bushy, Bagot, Green, when King Richard leaves England to attend to the war in Ireland, Bolingbroke seizes the opportunity to assemble an army and invades the north coast of England. Executing both Bushy and Green, he wins over the Duke of York, whom Richard has left in charge of his government in his absence, upon Richards return, Bolingbroke not only reclaims his lands but lays claim to the very throne. Crowning himself King Henry IV, he has Richard taken prisoner to the castle of Pomfret, after interpreting King Henrys living fear as a reference to the still-living Richard, an ambitious nobleman goes to the prison and murders him. King Henry repudiates the murderer and vows to journey to Jerusalem to cleanse himself of his part in Richards death, a somewhat more complicated case is presented by the anonymous play sometimes known as The First Part of Richard II. This play, which exists in one manuscript copy is subtitled Thomas of Woodstock. This play treats the leading up to the start of Shakespeares play. The play was entered into the Register of the Stationers Company on 29 August 1597 by the bookseller Andrew Wise, the second and third quartos followed in 1598 – the only time a Shakespearean play was printed in three editions in two years. Q4 followed in 1608, and Q5 in 1615, the play was next published in the First Folio in 1623. Richard II exists in a number of variations, the quartos vary to some degree from one another, and the folio presents further differences. The first three quartos lack the deposition scene, the fourth quarto, published in 1608, includes a version of the deposition scene shorter than the one later printed, presumably from a prompt-book, in the 1623 First Folio. The scant evidence makes explaining these differences largely conjectural, there is no external evidence for this hypothesis, however, and the title page of the 1608 quarto refers to a lately acted deposition scene. The play is divided into five acts and its structure is as formal as its language and it has a double complementary plot describing the fall of Richard II and the rise of Bolingbroke, later known as Henry IV. Critic John R. Elliott Jr. notes that this particular play can be distinguished from the other history plays because it contains an ulterior political purpose
Richard II (play)
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The first page of Richard II, printed in the
First Folio of 1623
Richard II (play)
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A watercolor of Richard II in prison at Pomfret Castle.
Richard II (play)
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The 1587 edition of
Holinshed 's Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande
Richard II (play)
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The title page from the 1608 quarto edition of the play.
36.
The School for Scandal
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The School for Scandal is a play written by Richard Brinsley Sheridan. It was first performed in London at Drury Lane Theatre on 8 May 1777, scene I, Lady Sneerwell, a wealthy young widow, and her hireling Snake discuss her various scandal-spreading plots. Lady Sneerwell confides that Joseph wants Maria, who is an heiress, thus she and Joseph are plotting to alienate Maria from Charles by putting out rumors of an affair between Charles and Sir Peters new young wife, Lady Teazle. Joseph arrives to confer with Lady Sneerwell, Maria herself then enters, fleeing the attentions of Sir Benjamin Backbite and his uncle Crabtree. Mrs. Candour enters and ironically talks about how tale-bearers are as bad as the tale-makers, soon after that, Sir Benjamin and Crabtree also enter, bringing a good deal of gossip with them. One item is the imminent return of the Surface brothers rich uncle Sir Oliver from the East Indies, scene II, Sir Peter complains of Lady Teazles spendthrift ways. Rowley, the steward of the Surfaces late father, arrives. He also complains that Maria has refused Joseph, whom he calls a model for the men of the age, and seems attached to Charles. Rowley defends Charles, and then announces that Sir Oliver has just arrived from the East Indies, scene I, Sir Peter argues with his wife, Lady Teazle, refusing to be ruined by extravagance. He reminds her of her recent and far humbler country origins, Lady Teazle excuses herself by appealing to the fashion, and departs to visit Lady Sneerwell. Despite their quarrel, Sir Peter still finds himself charmed by his wife even when she is arguing with him, scene II, At Lady Sneerwells, the scandal-mongers have great fun at the expense of friends not present. Lady Teazle and Maria arrive, Lady Teazle joins in, so is Sir Peter, when he arrives, and rather breaks up the party with his comments. He departs, the others retire to the room, and Joseph seizes the opportunity to court Maria. Lady Teazle returns and dismisses Maria, and it is revealed that she is flirting with Joseph – who doesnt want her. Scene III, Sir Oliver calls on his old friend Sir Peter and he is amused by Sir Peters marriage to a young wife. Their talk turns to the Surface brothers, Sir Peter praises Josephs high morals but Sir Oliver suspects that he might be a hypocrite. Scene I, Sir Oliver describes his plan to each of the brothers incognito to test their characters. He will disguise himself as their needy relative Mr. Stanley, Rowley also brings in the friendly Jew Moses, a moneylender who has tried to help Charles, to explain Charles position
The School for Scandal
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Robert Baddeley as Moses (painting by
Johann Zoffany, c.1781)
The School for Scandal
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Miss Chester as Lady Teazle
The School for Scandal
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Playbill for the fourth performance of The School For Scandal (1777)
37.
Three Sisters (play)
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Three Sisters is a play by the Russian author and playwright Anton Chekhov. It was written in 1900 and first performed in 1901 at the Moscow Art Theatre, the play is sometimes included on the short list of Chekhovs outstanding plays, along with The Cherry Orchard, The Seagull and Uncle Vanya. Olga Sergeyevna Prozorova – The eldest of the three sisters, she is the figure of the Prozorov family though at the beginning of the play she is only 28 years old. Olga is a teacher at the school, where she frequently fills in for the headmistress whenever the latter is absent. Olga is a spinster and at one point tells Irina that she would have married any man, Olga is very motherly even to the elderly servants, keeping on the elderly nurse/retainer Anfisa, long after she has ceased to be useful. When Olga reluctantly takes the role of headmistress permanently, she takes Anfisa with her to escape the clutches of the heartless Natasha, Maria Sergeyevna Kulygina – The middle sister, she is 23 at the beginning of the play. She married her husband, Kulygin, when she was 18, when the play opens she has been disappointed in the marriage and falls completely in love with the idealistic Lieutenant-Colonel Vershinin. When he is transferred away, she is crushed, but returns to life with her husband and she has a short temper, which is seen frequently throughout the play, and is the sister who disapproves the most of Natasha. Onstage, her directness often serves as a tonic to the melodrama and her vitality provides most of the plays surprisingly plentiful humour. She was trained as a concert pianist, Irina Sergeyevna Prozorova – The youngest sister, she is 20 at the beginning of the play. It is her day at the beginning of the play. Her only desire is to go back to Moscow, which they left eleven years before the play begins. She believes she will find her love in Moscow, but when it becomes clear that they are not going to Moscow, she agrees to marry the Baron Tuzenbach. She gets her degree and plans to leave with the Baron. She decides to leave anyway and dedicate her life to work, Andrei Sergeyevich Prozorov – The brother of the three sisters. In Act I, he is a man on the fast track to being a Professor in Moscow. In Act III, his debts have grown to 35,000 rubles and he is forced to mortgage the house, Act IV finds Andrei a pathetic shell of his former self, now the father of two. He acknowledges he is a failure and laughed at in town for being a member of the council whose president
Three Sisters (play)
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Cover of first edition, published 1901 by
Adolf Marks
Three Sisters (play)
–
Chekhov in a 1905 illustration.
Three Sisters (play)
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Stanislavski as Vershinin
38.
Mikhail Bulgakov
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Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was a Russian writer, physician and playwright active in the first half of the 20th century. He is best known for his novel The Master and Margarita, published posthumously, Mikhail Bulgakov was born on 15 May 1891 in Kiev, Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire. His mother was Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova, a former teacher, both of his grandfathers were clergymen in the Russian Orthodox Church. Afanasiy Bulgakov was born in Bryansk Oblast, Russia, where his father was a priest, Varvara Bulgakova was born in Karachev, Russia. From childhood Bulgakov was drawn to theater, at home, he wrote comedies, which his brothers and sisters acted out. In 1901 Bulgakov joined the First Kiev Gymnasium, where he developed an interest in Russian and European literature, theatre, the teachers of the Gymnasium exerted a great influence on the formation of his literary taste. After the death of his father in 1907, Mikhails mother, after graduation from the Gymnasium in 1909, Bulgakov entered the Medical Faculty of Kiev University, which he finished with special commendation. He then took a position as a physician at the Kiev Military Hospital, in 1913, Bulgakov married Tatiana Lappa. At the outbreak of the First World War, he volunteered with the Red Cross as a doctor and was sent directly to the front. Bulgakovs suffering from these wounds had deleterious long-term effects, to suppress chronic pain, especially in the abdomen, he injected himself with morphine. Over the next year his addiction grew stronger, in 1918, he abandoned morphine and never used it again. Morphine, a released in 1926, is his account of that trying period. In 1916, Bulgakov graduated from the Medical Department of Kiev University and his life in those days is reflected in his A Country Doctors Notebook. In September 1917 Bulgakov was moved to the hospital in Vyazma, in February 1918, he returned to Kiev, Ukraine, where he opened a private practice at his home at Andreyevsky Descent,13. Here he lived through the Russian Civil War and witnessed ten coups, successive governments drafted the young doctor into their service while two of his brothers were serving in the White Army against the Bolsheviks. In February 1919 he was mobilised as a physician by the Ukrainian Peoples Army. There, he became ill with typhus and barely survived. That was when he last saw his family, after the Civil War, after illness Bulgakov abandoned his career as a doctor for that of a writer
Mikhail Bulgakov
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Mikhail Bulgakov
Mikhail Bulgakov
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Bulgakov, 1930 or earlier
Mikhail Bulgakov
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Gravestone of Mikhail Bulgakov and Yelena Bulgakova.
Mikhail Bulgakov
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Soviet postal stamp: prepaid postcard of 1991.
39.
Phoenix Theatre (London)
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The Phoenix Theatre is a West End theatre in the London Borough of Camden, located on Charing Cross Road. The entrances are in Phoenix Street and Charing Cross Road, Phoenix Theatre was built on the place where was a factory and then Music hall Alcazar before. The theatre was designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, Bertie Crewe and it has a restrained neoclassical exterior, but an interior designed in an Italianate style by director and designer Theodore Komisarjevsky. Vladimir Polunin copied works by Tintoretto, Titian, Pinturicchio and Giorgione, and also safety curtain that holds Jacopo del Sellaios The Triumph of Love. There are golden engravings in the auditorium, red seats, carpets and this look is based on traditional Italian theatres. There are decorated ceilings and sculpted wooden doors throughout the building and it opened on 24 September 1930 with the première of Private Lives by Noël Coward, who also appeared in the play, with Adrienne Allen, Gertrude Lawrence and Laurence Olivier. Coward returned to the theatre with Tonight at 8,30 in 1936, on 16 December 1969, the long association with Coward was celebrated with a midnight matinee in honour of his 70th birthday, and the foyer bar was renamed the Noel Coward Bar. The Phoenix has had a number of plays including John Gielguds Love for Love during the Second World War. Harlequinade and The Browning Version, two plays by Terence Rattigan, opened on 8 September 1948 at the theatre, in the mid-1950s, Paul Scofield and Peter Brook appeared at the theatre. In 1968, a version of Chaucers The Canterbury Tales opened. Night and Day, a 1978 play by Tom Stoppard, ran for two years, there were also a number of plays by William Shakespeare. Its first pantomime was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs starring Dana in 1983, following limited engagements of Goodnight Mr Tom and Midnight Tango. The theatre then played host to the original West End production of Broadway musical Once, bend it Like Beckham, The Musical, Guys and Dolls and The Last Tango played in 2016, with Dirty Dancing and Peppa Pigs Surprise comprising the 2016 Christmas season. The Girls, a new musical by Gary Barlow and Tim Firth based on The Calendar Girls film, is the current show playing at the Phoenix Theatre, the theatre is owned by the Ambassador Theatre Group. Since 1973 it has been a Grade II Listed Building, Phoenix Garden Guide to British Theatres 1750–1950, John Earl and Michael Sell pp.131 ISBN 0-7136-5688-3
Phoenix Theatre (London)
–
Phoenix Theatre, July 2007
40.
Twelfth Night
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Twelfth Night, or What You Will is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1601–02 as a Twelfth Nights entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian, who are separated in a shipwreck, Viola falls in love with Duke Orsino, who in turn is in love with the Countess Olivia. Upon meeting Viola, Countess Olivia falls in love with her thinking she is a man, the first recorded performance was on 2 February 1602, at Candlemas, the formal end of Christmastide in the years calendar. The play was not published until its inclusion in the 1623 First Folio, Illyria, the setting of Twelfth Night, is important to the plays romantic atmosphere. Illyria was an ancient region of the Western Balkans whose coast covered the coasts of modern-day Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and it included the city state of the Republic of Ragusa which has been proposed as the setting. Illyria may have suggested by the Roman comedy Menaechmi, the plot of which also involves twins who are mistaken for each other. Illyria is also referred to as a site of pirates in Shakespeares earlier play, Henry VI, the names of most of the characters are Italian but some of the comic characters have English names. Oddly, the Illyrian lady Olivia has an English uncle, Sir Toby Belch and it has been noted that the plays setting also has other English allusions such as Violas use of Westward ho. Viola is shipwrecked on the coast of Illyria and she comes ashore with the help of a captain and she loses contact with her twin brother, Sebastian, whom she believes to be drowned. Disguising herself as a man under the name Cesario, she enters the service of Duke Orsino through the help of the sea captain who rescues her. Duke Orsino then uses Cesario as an intermediary to profess his love before Olivia. Olivia, however, forgetting about the seven years in his case, falls in love with Cesario, in the comic subplot, several characters conspire to make Olivias pompous steward, Malvolio, believe that Olivia has fallen for him. This involves Olivias uncle, Sir Toby Belch, another suitor, a silly squire named Sir Andrew Aguecheek, her servants Maria and Fabian. Sir Toby and Sir Andrew engage themselves in drinking and revelry, thus disturbing the peace of Olivias house until late into the night, Sir Toby famously retorts, Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale. Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Maria are urged to plan revenge on Malvolio and they convince Malvolio that Olivia is secretly in love with him by planting a love letter, written by Maria in Olivias handwriting. It asks Malvolio to wear yellow stockings cross-gartered, to be rude to the rest of the servants, Malvolio finds the letter and reacts in surprised delight. He starts acting out the contents of the letter to show Olivia his positive response, Olivia is shocked by the changes in Malvolio and leaves him to the contrivances of his tormentors. Pretending that Malvolio is insane, they lock him up in a dark chamber, Feste visits him to mock his insanity, both disguised as a priest and as himself
Twelfth Night
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Malvolio courts a bemused
Olivia, while
Maria covers her amusement, in an engraving by R. Staines after a painting by
Daniel Maclise.
Twelfth Night
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Scene from Twelfth Night, by
Francis Wheatley (1771–72)
Twelfth Night
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A depiction of Olivia by
Edmund Leighton from The Graphic Gallery of Shakespeare's Heroines
Twelfth Night
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Sir Toby Belch coming to the assistance of Sir Andrew Aguecheek,
Arthur Boyd Houghton, c. 1854.
41.
The Family Reunion
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The Family Reunion is a play by T. S. Eliot. Written mostly in verse, it incorporates elements from Greek drama. The play was unsuccessful when first presented in 1939, and was regarded as unsatisfactory by its author. Some critics have thought aspects of the tormented hero reflect Eliots own difficulties with his estrangement from his first wife. The play was first performed on 21 March 1939 at the Westminster Theatre, London, with Michael Redgrave as Harry, Helen Haye as Lady Monchensey and it ran until 22 April 1939. The play is in two acts, set in Wishwood, a home in the north of England. At the beginning, the family of Amy, Dowager Lady Monchensey are assembling for her birthday party. She is, as her doctor later explains, clinging on to life by sheer willpower. I keep Wishwood alive To keep the family alive, to them together, To keep me alive. Lady Monchenseys two brothers-in-law and three sisters are present, and a relation, Mary, but none of Lady Monchenseys three sons. Among other things they discuss the sudden, and not to them wholly unwelcome, death at sea of the wife of the eldest son Harry, the present Lord Monchensey. Neither of the younger sons ever appears, both being injured in motoring accidents, but Harry soon arrives, his first appearance at Wishwood for eight years. He is haunted by the belief that he pushed his wife off the ship, in fact Harry has an alibi for the time, but whether he killed her or not he wished her dead and his feelings of guilt are the driving force in the rest of the play. Lady Monchensey decides that Harrys state warrants the discreet observation of the family doctor, far from being grateful, Amy resented and still resents Agathas depriving her of her husband. Harry, with Agathas encouragement, announces his intention to go away from Wishwood, Amy, despairing at Harrys renunciation of Wishwood, dies, An old woman alone in a damned house, and Harry and his faithful servant, Downing, leave. The play is partly in verse and partly in prose. Eliot had already experimented with verse drama in Murder in the Cathedral, critical reception after the première was cautious. The Manchester Guardian opened its review, The heart, even of the swarm of intelligence that gathered tonight at the Westminster to see Mr. T. S. The review added that apart from the chorus of baffled uncles and aunts, one looks elsewhere in vain for any articulate philosophy
The Family Reunion
–
Early poems
42.
Theatre Royal, Haymarket
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The Theatre Royal Haymarket is a West End theatre in the Haymarket in the City of Westminster which dates back to 1720, making it the third-oldest London playhouse still in use. Samuel Foote acquired the lease in 1747, and in 1766 he gained a patent to play legitimate drama in the summer months. The original building was a further north in the same street. It has been at its current location since 1821, when it was redesigned by John Nash and it is a Grade I listed building, with a seating capacity of 888. The freehold of the theatre is owned by the Crown Estate, the Haymarket has been the site of a significant innovation in theatre. In 1873, it was the venue for the first scheduled matinée performance, famous actors who débuted at the theatre included Robert William Elliston and John Liston. It was the public theatre opened in the West End. The theatre cost £1000 to build, with a further £500 expended on decorations, scenery and costumes. It opened on 29 December 1720, with a French play La Fille a la Morte, potters speculation was known as The New French Theatre. In 1730, the theatre was taken over by an English company, among the actors who appeared there before 1737 when the theatre was closed under the Licensing Act 1737 were Aaron Hill, Theophilus Cibber, and Henry Fielding. In the eight to ten years before the Act was passed, the Haymarket was an alternative to John Richs Theatre Royal, Covent Garden and the opera-dominated Drury Lane Theatre. Fielding himself was responsible for the instigation of the Act, having produced a play called The Historical Register that parodied prime minister Robert Walpole, as the caricature, in particular, it was an alternative to the pantomime and special-effects dominated stages, and it presented opposition satire. Henry Fielding staged his plays at the Haymarket, and so did Henry Carey, hurlothrumbo was just one of his plays in that series of anti-Walpolean satires, followed by Tom Thumb. Another, in 1734, was his mock-opera, The Dragon of Wantley and this work punctured the vacuous operatic conventions and pointed a satirical barb at Walpole and his taxation policies. The piece was a success, with a record-setting run of 69 performances in its first season. The burlesque itself is very brief on the page, as it relied extensively on absurd theatrics, dances, the Musical Entertainer from 1739 contains engravings showing how the staging was performed. Carey continued with Pasquin and others, the Theatrical Licensing Act, however, put an end to the anti-ministry satires, and it all but entirely shut down the theatre. In 1749 a hoaxer billed as The Bottle Conjuror was advertised to appear at the theatre, the conjurors publicity claimed that, while on stage, he would place his body inside an empty wine bottle, in full view of the audience
Theatre Royal, Haymarket
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The Theatre Royal, Haymarket in 2008. The production is
Edward Bond 's
The Sea.
Theatre Royal, Haymarket
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Haymarket Theatre, ca. 1900
Theatre Royal, Haymarket
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Playwright and
Poet Laureate Colley Cibber, the first actor-manager
Theatre Royal, Haymarket
–
Samuel Foote
43.
Thunder Rock (play)
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Thunder Rock is a 1939 play by Robert Ardrey. The initial Broadway production, put on by the Group Theater and directed by Elia Kazan, closed after a short run, Thunder Rock became a symbol of British resistance and was the most notable play of World War II. It was first produced in a theater in South Kensington but was transferred, with secret funding from Her Majestys Treasury. Thunder Rock has seen many adaptations, including a BBC radio version in 1940, in 1947 CBS broadcast a radio production, it was awarded a Peabody Award. The Dramatists Play Service gives the following synopsis of Thunder Rock, Charleston, the keeper, has taken a job there to flee from a detestable world. Opposing Charlestons pessimism, Streeter, his friend, says he is giving up his job to become a member of society again. Streeter believes our world can be out of its chaos if people do something about it. Filled with this determination, he leaves to become an aviator, Charleston retreats further into a fantastic world of his own building. The people of this world are half a dozen of the sixty who were shipwrecked ninety years ago, believing that Mankinds got one future—in the past, Charleston breathes life into these creatures of his imagination. They live again on the stage, as he talks to them we see passengers as they really were, each seeking sanctuary from a disturbed Europe, running away from life, yet needing the same hope and strength as Charleston himself. Charlestons sincerity convinces these creatures that he really has the courage to lead his men into a better world. Inspired by their confidence, the returns to useful work. The initial inspiration for Thunder Rock came in 1938 while the playwright, Robert Ardrey and he writes in his autobiography of being taken by the image of the lighthouse as Siansconset and by the drama of the frequent noreasters. At the same time, the conflict in Europe was escalating, Ardrey did not have the idea for the play, however, until he returned to New York. And within the course of the performance I had beheld Thunder Rock, I had the play from beginning to end, complete with the first, second, and third act curtains. I never had the experience again, and I must wonder how many authors have gone through a similar spell, Ardrey moved with his wife, Helen, to New Orleans, where he wrote the first draft. Having finished the first draft Ardrey showed it to his agent, Harold Freedman, and to his friend, the influential Broadway director and producer Elia Kazan, who had directed Casey Jones. Kazan engaged Harold Clurman to direct members of the theater collective The Group Theater, including Lee J. Cobb, Morris Carnovsky, the production was mounted at the Mansfield Theater
Thunder Rock (play)
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Thunder Rock
44.
Robert Ardrey
–
Robert Ardrey was an American playwright, screenwriter and science writer. After a Broadway and Hollywood career he returned to his training in anthropology. As a playwright and screenwriter Ardrey received many accolades and his most famous play, Thunder Rock, is widely considered an international classic. Ardreys scientific work played a role in overturning long-standing assumptions in the social sciences. His work was so popular that many prominent scientists cite it as inspiring them to enter their fields, Robert Ardrey was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Robert Leslie Ardrey and Marie Haswell. His father died in 1919 from pneumonia during the influenza epidemic and he grew up on the South Side of Chicago and attended the nearby University of Chicago, graduating Phi Beta Kappa. While in attendance, he studied writing with Thornton Wilder. His first play, Star Spangled, opened on Broadway in 1935 and lasted only a few days, the award granted Ardrey the financial independence to focus on writing plays. Several of his subsequent plays, including Casey Jones, How to Get Tough About It, in 1938 he moved to Hollywood to work as a screenwriter for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where he would eventually become MGMs highest paid writer. There he wrote screenplays, including those for adaptations such as The Three Musketeers, Madame Bovary, The Secret Garden. He also wrote screenplays, including the screenplay for Khartoum for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Writing, Story. During the 1950s Ardrey became increasingly disenchanted with Hollywood and what he saw as the role money had started to play in creative decisions. At the same time and largely by accident, he renewed his interest in origins and human behavior. In the summer of 1956 he moved with his wife and two sons to Geneva, subsequently, he went on to write a total of four books in his widely read Nature of Man Series, including his best known book The Territorial Imperative. In October 1960 he moved with his wife to Trastevere, Rome. In 1977 they moved to a town named Kalk Bay just outside Cape Town. He continued to publish works until his death on January 14,1980. His ashes, along with those of his wife, are interred in the Holy Trinity Church overlooking False Bay
Robert Ardrey
–
Robert Ardrey, c. 1960
45.
Globe Theatre
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The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. A second Globe Theatre was built on the site by June 1614. A modern reconstruction of the Globe, named Shakespeares Globe, opened in 1997 approximately 750 feet from the site of the original theatre, from 1909, the current Gielgud Theatre was called Globe Theatre, until it was renamed in 1994. The shape of the foundations is now replicated on the surface, as the majority of the foundations lies beneath 67—70 Anchor Terrace, a listed building, no further excavations have been permitted. The Globe was owned by actors who were shareholders in the Lord Chamberlains Men. 5%. These initial proportions changed over time as new sharers were added, Shakespeares share diminished from 1/8 to 1/14, or roughly 7%, over the course of his career. The Globe was built in 1599 using timber from a theatre, The Theatre. The Burbages originally had a 21-year lease of the site on which the theatre was built, however, the landlord, Giles Allen, claimed that the building had become his with the expiry of the lease. While only a hundred yards from the shore of the Thames. The new theatre was larger than the building it replaced, with the older timbers being reused as part of the new structure and he suggests that a Swiss tourists account of a performance of Julius Caesar witnessed on 21 September 1599 describes the more likely first production. The first performance for which a record remains was Jonsons Every Man out of His Humour—with its first scene welcoming the gracious. On 29 June 1613 the Globe Theatre went up in flames during a performance of Henry VIII, a theatrical cannon, set off during the performance, misfired, igniting the wooden beams and thatching. According to one of the few surviving documents of the event, no-one was severely injured in the event. It was rebuilt in the following year, like all the other theatres in London, the Globe was closed down by the Puritans in 1642. It was pulled down in 1644-45, the cited document dating the act to 15 April 1644 has been identified as a probable forgery—to make room for tenements. A modern reconstruction of the theatre, named Shakespeares Globe, opened in 1997 and it is an academic approximation of the original design, based on available evidence of the 1599 and 1614 buildings, and is located approximately 750 feet from the site of the original theatre. The Globes actual dimensions are unknown, but its shape and size can be approximated from scholarly inquiry over the last two centuries, the evidence suggests that it was a three-storey, open-air amphitheatre approximately 100 feet in diameter that could house up to 3,000 spectators. The Globe is shown as round on Wenceslas Hollars sketch of the building, however, in 1988–89, the uncovering of a small part of the Globes foundation suggested that it was a polygon of 20 sides
Globe Theatre
–
Site of the Globe Theatre, from Park Street; the dark line in the centre marks the foundation line. The white wall beyond is the rear of Anchor Terrace.
Globe Theatre
–
The second Globe, preliminary sketch (c. 1638) for
Hollar's 1647 Long View of London
Globe Theatre
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Conjectural reconstruction of the Globe theatre by C. Walter Hodges based on archeological and documentary evidence
46.
Boulting Brothers
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They produced many of their films through their own production company, Charter Film Productions, which they set up in 1937. The twin brothers were born to Arthur Boulting and his wife Rosetta née Bennett in Bray, Berkshire, John was the elder by half an hour. John was named Joseph Edward John Boulting and Roy was named Alfred Fitzroy Clarence Boulting and their elder brother Sydney Boulting became an actor and stage producer as Peter Cotes, he was the original director of The Mousetrap. A younger brother, Guy, died aged eight, both twins were educated at Reading School, where they formed a film society. They were extras in Anthony Asquiths 1931 film Tell England while still at school, during the Spanish Civil War, John served with the International Brigades as an ambulance driver. The brothers constitute one of those producer-director teams responsible for so much notable British cinema, for most of their careers, one produced while the other directed, but the product remained essentially a Boulting Brothers film. They were socialistically inclined, but despite a somewhat patrician demeanour, in 1937, they set up Charter Film Productions and made several short features, including Consider Your Verdict, which attracted critical and commercial attention. Once released, the film was well-received by the critics and the public and they followed it up with Thunder Rock, a passionate anti-isolationist allegory distinguished by imaginative cinematography and a theatrical but highly atmospheric lighthouse setting. In 1941 Roy joined the Army Film Unit, where he was responsible for the enormously influential Desert Victory - which won the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1944 and Burma Victory in 1945. John joined the RAF Film Unit, where he made Journey Together in 1945, the Boulting Brothers worked frequently with both Attenborough and Sellers, helping to establish them as leading actors. Attenborough was notably cast as Pinkie in Brighton Rock in, and Sellers as Fred Kite in the hugely successful satirical comedy I’m All Right, the brothers worked inseparably for their whole career. When John died of cancer in 1985, Roy stopped making films, when the National Film Theatre mounted its biggest retrospective to date of British cinema in the late 1980s, Roy who launched it, introduced Desert Victory. The Boulting Brother’s films are regarded by historians as a sensitive barometer of the changing times. John Boulting was married four times and had three sons and three daughters, John and his South African-born wife Anne had two daughters, one of whom is Lucy Boulting Hill, a successful casting director. Johns grandson Jordan Stephens is one half of uk hip hop duo Rizzle Kicks, Roy Boulting was married five times and had seven sons. In 1951 Roy married Enid Munnik, later known as Enid Boulting, ingrid Boulting is Enids daughter from a previous marriage. Together they had three children, Fitzroy, the eldest, then identical twins named Edmund and Rupert, in 1971, Roy married Hayley Mills,33 years his junior, whom he had met on the set of The Family Way. Their son is musician and filmmaker Crispian Mills, John Boulting died on 17 June 1985 at his home in Sunningdale, Berkshire, and Roy Boulting 16 years later on 5 November 2001 in the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, both died of cancer
Boulting Brothers
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Roy (left) and John (right) Boulting, 1952
Boulting Brothers
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Frank Capra (right) confers with Roy Boulting on the editing of the film
Tunisian Victory
47.
Thunder Rock (film)
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Thunder Rock is a 1942 British drama film based on Robert Ardreys 1939 play Thunder Rock. It was directed by Roy Boulting, and starred Michael Redgrave and Barbara Mullen, with James Mason, the film was however almost universally admired by North American critics and became a huge popular success. Ironically, it ran to packed houses in New York for over three months, where the play had folded in less than three weeks, during the late 1930s, David Charleston is an ambitious campaigning newspaper journalist, a fierce opponent of fascism and the British policy of appeasement. He wishes to alert his readers to the dangers of German rearmament and the folly of ignoring what is going on in Europe and he subsequently quits his job and sets off on a speaking tour around the country under the slogan Britain, Awake. The lack of interest and response indicates that Britain is happy to keep slumbering, the final straw comes when Charleston is at the cinema, and the newsreel feature comes on the screen detailing the German occupation of the Sudetenland. The audience show themselves completely uninterested in the newsreel, taking the opportunity to chat among themselves or go in search of refreshments. He crosses the Atlantic, and finds exactly what he is looking for when he lands a job as a lone lighthouse-keeper on Lake Michigan. The ships captain Stuart, who appears to be the only ghost aware that he is dead, Streeter is nonplussed and not a little concerned as he starts to realise Charlestons mental state. Stuart meanwhile becomes exasperated by the way in which Charlestons imagination is forcing the others into unrealistic behaviour, Charleston agrees to let them have more freedom of action, but then finds them all starting to question where they are and what time they are in. He adds that now he has them the truth, as figments of his imagination they no longer need to appear to him. To his consternation, they do not disappear, stefan confronts him sternly, pointing out that running away is cowardly and that it is always better to stand up and fight for what is good and right, regardless of the consequences. Moreover, none of the spirits have any intention of leaving him until he faces up to what he has to do, finally convinced, Charleston realises he must return to Europe and carry on his fight for truth and justice against the evil which threatens the continent. In 1941 the Boulting brothers signed a contract whereby their production company, Charter Films, would produce the film for MGM, Roy Boulting was to direct and John Boulting produce. Jeffrey Dell and Bernard Miles adapted the screenplay, several of the stage actors reprised their roles, including Michael Redgrave as Charleston, Frederick Valk as Dr. Kurtz, and Barbara Mullen as Miss Kirby. James Mason and Lilli Palmer signed on to play the parts of Streeter, the Boulting brothers, both of whom were then engaged in the armed services, were given a special release to carry on with production. The British government arranged to have Michael Redgrave flown back from a carrier in the Far East for filming. The company spent ten weeks shooting in the Denham Film Studios, Thunder Rock was premiered in London in December 1942 and went into more general release in February 1943. The film was given a reissue in 1947, on its British release in 1942, Thunder Rock received mixed reviews, with critics eager to compare the screen version to the stage play, not always to the formers advantage
Thunder Rock (film)
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Thunder Rock
48.
Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
Royal Navy
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Royal Navy
Royal Navy
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The
Battle of Sluys as depicted in
Froissart's Chronicles; late 14th century
Royal Navy
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A late 16th century painting of the
Spanish Armada in battle with English warships
Royal Navy
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The Dutch
Raid on the Medway in 1667 during the Second Anglo–Dutch War
49.
Ordinary seaman
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An ordinary seaman is a Naval rating of the deck department of a merchant ship. The position is an apprenticeship to become an Able seaman, and has been for centuries, in modern times, an OS is required to work on a ship for a specific amount of time, gaining what is referred to as sea time. For centuries, the ordinary seaman was used to refer to a seaman with between one and two years experience at sea, who showed enough seamanship to be so rated by their captain. An OS is generally not required to watch, but must pass examinations on watchstanding skills such as performing lookout duty. Thus an OS will often be found on a bridge after working hours taking a turn at the ships wheel or being familiarized with bridge equipment. During the apprenticeship, an OS performs a variety of duties concerned with the operation and upkeep of deck department areas and equipment. These duties vary with the type of ship, the type of voyage, the number of crewmembers, the weather, the supervisor, as an ordinary seaman, ones duties may include the following, On specialized vessels, an OS may have unique duties. For example, on research vessels, an OS may rig and operate hydrographic and other specialty winches, handle and stow oceanographic explosives, the next step on the career ladder for the ordinary seaman is to become an able seaman. This advancement is based on a number of laid out in the Code of Federal Regulations. The Code of Federal Regulations establishes in 46 CFR12.05 four categories of able seaman for the United States Merchant Marine, Able Seaman—Any Waters, requires three years service on deck on vessels operating on the oceans or the Great Lakes. Requires 18 months service on deck in vessels of 100 gross tons or more which operate in a service not exclusively confined to the rivers, requires 12 months service on deck on vessels operating on the oceans, or the navigable waters of the United States including the Great Lakes. Requires six months service on deck on vessels operating on the oceans, time served in certain training programs and school ships may be substituted for the time of service listed above. For the United States Merchant Marine, the Code of Federal Regulations establishes in 46 CFR12, the AB shall demonstrate ability to row by pulling an oar in the boat. The applicant shall also demonstrate knowledge of the knots, bends, splices. Seafarers professions and ranks Able Seaman STCW Merchant Mariners Document International Labour Organization
Ordinary seaman
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Scale, buff, and paint decks and superstructure. A ship's metal structure is under constant attack from the corrosive properties of seawater. Members of a ship's deck department spend a good deal of time identifying and removing rust accumulations, and refinishing affected areas with sealants, primers, and paints to slow the oxidation process.
Ordinary seaman
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Sweep and wash deck. Excess water and salt on deck can lead to slipping hazards as well as accelerated rusting of the deck and equipment affixed to it. Ordinary seamen often bear the brunt of the swabbing duties, and many look forward to earning their
able seaman's ticket and being done with swabbing.
Ordinary seaman
Ordinary seaman
50.
HMS Illustrious (87)
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HMS Illustrious was the lead ship of her class of aircraft carriers built for the Royal Navy before World War II. Two months later the carrier was crippled by German dive bombers and was repaired in the United States, after returning home in early 1943, the ship was given a lengthy refit and briefly assigned to the Home Fleet. She was transferred to Force H for the Battle of Salerno in mid-1943 and her aircraft attacked several targets in the Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies over the following year before Illustrious was transferred to the newly formed British Pacific Fleet. The war ended while she was in the dockyard and the Admiralty decided to modify her for use as the Home Fleets trials, in this role she conducted the deck-landing trials for most of the British post-war naval aircraft in the early 1950s. She was occasionally used to ferry troops and aircraft to and from foreign deployments as well as participating in exercises, in 1951, she helped to transport troops to quell rioting in Cyprus after the collapse of the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936. She was paid off in early 1955 and sold for scrap in late 1956, the Royal Navys 1936 Naval Programme authorised the construction of two aircraft carriers. Admiral Sir Reginald Henderson, Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy, was determined not to modify the previous unarmoured Ark Royal design. He believed that carriers could not be defended by their own aircraft without some form of early-warning system. Lacking that, there was nothing to prevent land-based aircraft from attacking them, especially in confined waters like the North Sea and this meant that the ship had to be capable of remaining in action after sustaining damage and that her fragile aircraft had to be protected entirely from damage. This halved the aircraft capacity compared with the older unarmoured carriers, Illustrious was 740 feet in length overall and 710 feet at the waterline. Her beam was 95 feet 9 inches at the waterline and she had a draught of 28 feet 10 inches at deep load and she displaced 23,000 long tons at standard load as completed. Her complement was approximately 1,299 officers and enlisted men upon completion in 1940, by 1944, she was severely overcrowded with a total crew of 1,997. After post-war modifications to convert her into a carrier, her complement was reduced to 1,090 officers. The ship had three Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one shaft, using steam supplied by six Admiralty 3-drum boilers, the turbines were designed to produce a total of 111,000 shp, enough to give a maximum speed of 30 knots at deep load. On 24 May 1940 Illustrious ran her sea trials and her engines reached 113,700 shp and her exact speeds were not recorded as she had her paravanes streamed, but it was estimated that she could have made about 31 knots under full power. She carried a maximum of 4,850 long tons of oil which gave her a range of 10,700 nautical miles at 10 knots or 10,400 nmi at 16 knots or 6,300 nmi at 25 knots. The 753-foot armoured flight deck had a length of 620 feet, due to prominent round-downs at each end to reduce air turbulence. A single hydraulic aircraft catapult was fitted on the part of the flight deck
HMS Illustrious (87)
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Illustrious circa 1942
HMS Illustrious (87)
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Office of Naval Intelligence recognition drawing of the Illustrious -class carriers
HMS Illustrious (87)
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Illustrious at anchor in 1940
HMS Illustrious (87)
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Oblique bow view of Illustrious at anchor
