1.
Ferrara
–
Ferrara is a city and comune in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara. It is situated 50 kilometres north-northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, the town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the 14th and 15th centuries, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance it has qualified by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Modern times have brought a renewal of industrial activity, Ferrara is on the main rail line from Bologna to Padua and Venice, and has branches to Ravenna, Poggio Rusco and Codigoro. Ferrara appears first in a document of the Lombard king Desiderius of 753 AD, Desiderius pledged a Lombard ducatus ferrariae in 757 to Pope Stephen II. Obizzo II dEste was proclaimed ruler of Ferrara five hundred years later. He also became seignior of nearby Modena in 1288 and of Reggio in 1289, in 1452 the Este rulers were created Dukes of Modena and Reggio, and in 1471 Ferrara also became a duchy. In 1597, when Alfonso II died without heirs, the House of Este lost Ferrara to the Papal States. Ferrara remained a part of the Papal States from 1598 to 1859, with an interruption during the Napoleonic period, in 1859 it became part of the Kingdom of Italy. A fortress was constructed by Pope Paul V on the site of the castle called Castel Tedaldo, at the south-west angle of the town, all of the fortress was dismantled following the birth of the Kingdom of Italy and the bricks used for new constructions all over the town. On August 23,1944, the Ferrara synthetic rubber plant was a target of Strategic bombing during World War II, the town is still surrounded by more than 9 kilometres of ancient walls, mainly built in the 15th and 16th-centuries. Along with those of Lucca, they are the best preserved Renaissance walls in Italy, the imposing brick Castello Estense sited in the very centre of the town is iconic of Ferrara. The castle, erected in 1385, is surrounded by a moat, the pavilions on the top of the towers date from the 16th-century refurbishment. The City Hall, renovated in the 18th century, was the residence of the Este family. Close by it is the former Cathedral of San Giorgio, The Romanesque lower part of the main façade, according to a now lost inscription the church had been commissioned by Guglielmo I of Adelardi. The sculpture of the portal was signed by a Nicholaus. The upper part of the main façade, with arcades of pointed arches, dates from the 13th century, the recumbent lions guarding the entrance are copies of the originals, now in the narthex of the church. An elaborate 13th-century relief depicting the Last Judgement is found in the story of the porch
Ferrara
–
The Castle Estense
Ferrara
–
Ferrara City Hall.
Ferrara
–
The Renaissance walls.
Ferrara
–
The
Castle Estense.
2.
Kingdom of Italy
–
The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state. Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866, Italian troops entered Rome in 1870, ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power. Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882, victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations. Fascist Italy is the era of National Fascist Party rule from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government, according to Payne, Fascist regime passed through several relatively distinct phases. The first phase was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system, then came the second phase, the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper from 1925 to 1929. The third phase, with activism, was 1929–34. The war itself was the phase with its disasters and defeats. Italy was allied with Nazi Germany in World War II until 1943 and it switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas controlled by the Allied invaders. Shortly after the war, civil discontent led to the referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic. Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of Italy claimed all of the territory which is modern-day Italy. The development of the Kingdoms territory progressed under Italian re-unification until 1870, the state for a long period of time did not include Trieste or Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, which are in Italy today, and only annexed them in 1919. After the Second World War, the borders of present-day Italy were founded, the Kingdom of Italy was theoretically a constitutional monarchy. Executive power belonged to the monarch, as executed through appointed ministers, two chambers of parliament restricted the monarchs power—an appointive Senate and an elective Chamber of Deputies. The kingdoms constitution was the Statuto Albertino, the governing document of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In theory, ministers were responsible to the king. However, in practice, it was impossible for an Italian government to stay in office without the support of Parliament, members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected by plurality voting system elections in uninominal districts. A candidate needed the support of 50% of those voting, and of 25% of all enrolled voters, if not all seats were filled on the first ballot, a runoff was held shortly afterwards for the remaining vacancies. After a brief multinominal experimentation in 1882, proportional representation into large, regional, Socialists became the major party, but they were unable to form a government in a parliament split into three different factions, with Christian Populists and classical liberals
Kingdom of Italy
–
Italian unification process.
Kingdom of Italy
–
Flag
Kingdom of Italy
–
Count Camillo Benso di Cavour, the first Prime Minister of the unified Italy.
Kingdom of Italy
–
Victor Emmanuel II, the first King of the united Italy.
3.
Rome
–
Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
4.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
Italy
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering of ancient history.
Italy
–
Flag
Italy
–
The
Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries symbol of the
Kings of Italy.
Italy
–
Castel del Monte, built by German Emperor
Frederick II,
UNESCO World Heritage site
5.
Italians
–
Italians are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue. The majority of Italian nationals are speakers of Standard Italian. Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music, science, technology, cuisine, sports, fashion, jurisprudence, banking, Italian people are generally known for their localism and their attention to clothing and family values. The term Italian is at least 3,000 years old and has a history that goes back to pre-Roman Italy. According to one of the common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The Etruscan civilization reached its peak about the 7th century BC, but by 509 BC, when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan monarchs, its control in Italy was on the wane. By 350 BC, after a series of wars between Greeks and Etruscans, the Latins, with Rome as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and they managed to unite the entire Italian peninsula. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, in the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the Third Punic War, with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, octavian, the final victor, was accorded the title of Augustus by the Senate and thereby became the first Roman emperor. After two centuries of rule, in the 3rd century AD, Rome was threatened by internal discord and menaced by Germanic and Asian invaders. Emperor Diocletians administrative division of the empire into two parts in 285 provided only temporary relief, it became permanent in 395, in 313, Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity, and churches thereafter rose throughout the empire. However, he moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople. The last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy and his defeat marked the end of the western part of the Roman Empire. During most of the period from the fall of Rome until the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, Odoacer ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by Theodoric, the king of another Germanic tribe, Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian, after the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak
Italians
–
Amerigo Vespucci, the notable geographer and traveller from whose name the word
America is derived.
Italians
Italians
–
Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of the
New World.
Italians
–
Laura Bassi, the first chairwoman of a university in a scientific field of studies.
6.
Film director
–
A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
Film director
–
American director
Steven Spielberg with Sri Lankan film maker
Chandran Rutnam in Sri Lanka
Film director
–
The film director gives last minute direction to the cast and crew, while filming a
costume drama on location in
London.
Film director
–
Director
Pedro Almodóvar and actress
Penélope Cruz
Film director
–
Fritz Lang directing a movie
7.
Screenwriter
–
One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
Screenwriter
–
A page of a screenplay
8.
Film editing
–
Film editing is a creative and technical part of the post-production process of filmmaking. The term is derived from the process of working with film. The film editor works with the raw footage, selecting shots, Film editing is often referred to as the invisible art because when it is well-practiced, the viewer can become so engaged that he or she is not aware of the editors work. On its most fundamental level, film editing is the art, technique, the job of an editor is not simply to mechanically put pieces of a film together, cut off film slates, or edit dialogue scenes. Editors usually play a role in the making of a film. Sometimes, auteurist film directors edit their own films, for example, Akira Kurosawa, Bahram Beyzai, with the advent of digital editing, film editors and their assistants have become responsible for many areas of filmmaking that used to be the responsibility of others. For instance, in past years, picture editors dealt only with just that—picture, sound, music, and visual effects editors dealt with the practicalities of other aspects of the editing process, usually under the direction of the picture editor and director. However, digital systems have increasingly put these responsibilities on the picture editor and it is common, especially on lower budget films, for the editor to cut in music, mock up visual effects, and add sound effects or other sound replacements. These temporary elements are replaced with more refined final elements by the sound, music. Early films were films that were one long, static. Motion in the shot was all that was necessary to amuse an audience, there was no story and no editing. Each film ran as long as there was film in the camera, in the first shot, an elderly couple is outside an art exhibition having lunch and then follow other people inside through the door. The second shot shows what they do inside, one of the first films to use this technique, Georges Mélièss The Four Troublesome Heads from 1898, was produced with Pauls camera. There is then a cut to close shot of the hands on the girls foot shown inside a circular mask. Even more remarkable was James Williamsons Attack on a China Mission Station, an armed party of British sailors arrived and defeat the Boxers and rescue the missionarys family. The film used the first reverse angle cut in film history, James Williamson concentrated on making films taking action from one place shown in one shot to the next shown in another shot in films like Stop Thief. and Fire. Made in 1901, and many others and he also experimented with the close-up, and made perhaps the most extreme one of all in The Big Swallow, when his character approaches the camera and appears to swallow it. These two filmmakers of the Brighton School also pioneered the editing of the film, they tinted their work with color, by 1900, their films were extended scenes of up to 5 minutes long
Film editing
–
A film editor at work in 1928
Film editing
–
Screenshot from
Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost, the first film to feature
multiple exposures.
Film editing
–
Scene from
The Great Train Robbery (1903), directed by
Edwin Stanton Porter
Film editing
–
The original editing machine: an upright
Moviola.
9.
Author
–
An author is narrowly defined as the originator of any written work and can thus also be described as a writer. More broadly defined, an author is the person who originated or gave existence to anything, in the copyright laws of various jurisdictions, there is a necessity for little flexibility regarding what constitutes authorship. The United States Copyright Office, for example, defines copyright as a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of works of authorship. After a fixed amount of time, the copyright expires on intellectual work and it enters the public domain, however, copyright is merely the legal reassurance that one owns his/her work. Technically, someone owns their work from the time its created, an interesting aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another upon ones death. The person who inherits the copyright is not the author, questions arise as to the application of copyright law. How does it, for example, apply to the issue of fan fiction. If the media responsible for the authorized production allows material from fans, what is the limit before legal constraints from actors, music. Additionally, how does copyright apply to fan-generated stories for books, what powers do the original authors, as well as the publishers, have in regulating or even stopping the fan fiction. In literary theory, critics find complications in the term author beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting, in the wake of postmodern literature, critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have examined the role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a text. Barthes challenges the idea that a text can be attributed to any single author and he writes, in his essay Death of the Author, that it is language which speaks, not the author. The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, with this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed. The psyche, culture, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in a work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, passions, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak. Michel Foucault argues in his essay What is an author and that all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that a letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author. For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to certain standards upon the text which. Foucaults author function is the idea that an author exists only as a function of a work, a part of its structure
Author
–
J. K. Rowling is a prominent British author
Author
–
A copyright certificate certifying the authorship for a proof of the
Fermat theorem, issued by the State Department of Intellectual Property of Ukraine.
Author
–
Mark Twain was a prominent American author in multiple genres including fiction and journalism during the 19th century.
Author
–
Ezra Pound (pictured as a young man in 1913) made significant editing suggestions to
T.S. Eliot 's "
The Waste Land," helping transform the original drafts into the work known today.
10.
Monica Vitti
–
Monica Vitti is an Italian actress best known for her starring roles in films directed by Michelangelo Antonioni during the early 1960s. After working with Antonioni, Vitti changed focus and began making comedies and she has appeared opposite Marcello Mastroianni, Richard Harris, Terence Stamp, Michael Caine and Dirk Bogarde. Vitti won five David di Donatello Awards for Best Actress, seven Italian Golden Globes for Best Actress, the Career Golden Globe, and she toured Germany with an Italian acting troupe and her first stage appearance in Rome was for a production of Niccolò Machiavellis La Mandragola. Vittis first film role was in Edoardo Antons Ridere Ridere Ridere but her first widely noted performance was at the age of 26, in Mario Amendolas Le dritte. Giving a screen presence which has described as stunning she is also credited with helping Antonioni raise money for the production. Lavventura made Vitti an international star and one of Italys most famous actresses of the 20th century and her image later appeared on an Italian postage stamp commemorating the film. Vitti received critical praise for starring roles in the Antonioni films La Notte, LEclisse and Il Deserto Rosso, after her relationship with Antonioni ended, the two did not work together again until Il mistero di Oberwald. Vittis made only two English language films, the first was Modesty Blaise, a mod James Bond spy spoof with Terence Stamp and Dirk Bogarde which had only mixed success and received harsh critical reviews. The other English film was Michael Ritchies An Almost Perfect Affair with Keith Carradine which takes place during the Cannes Film Festival, in 1970 Vitti starred with Marcello Mastroianni in Ettore Scolas highly successful romantic comedy Dramma della gelosia. In 1974 she won the David di Donatello award for Best Actress in Alberto Sordis Polvere di stelle and she starred in Luis Buñuels innovative Le Fantôme de la liberté. This is often considered her last great film, throughout the later 1970s and early 1980s Vitti appeared mostly in Italian films which did not gain international distribution. Even though Il mistero di Oberwald is noted for the last collaboration between Vitti and Antonioni, it is not as known as LAvventura. After this movie was made, Vitti did not do as much screen work, in 1989 however, Vitti tried writing and directing and created Scandalo Segreto, which she also starred in. The film was not a success and she retired from cinema. By 1986 Vitti had returned to the theatre as an actress, during the 1990s she did television work, acting and directing. In 1993 Vitti was awarded the Festival Tribute at the Créteil International Womens Film Festival, Michelangelo Antonioni and Vitti met in the late 1950s, and their relationship grew stronger after LAvventura was made, because it had shaped both their careers. However, by the late 1960s, they did not make any movies together, in a later interview, Vitti stated that Antonioni ended their relationship. They made the film Il mistero di Oberwald together in 1981, in 1995 Vitti married Roberto Russo, with whom she has lived since 1975
Monica Vitti
–
Monica Vitti in 1990
Monica Vitti
–
Red Desert (1964)
11.
Italian orders of merit
–
There are five orders of knighthood awarded in recognition of service to the Italian Republic. Below these sit a number of decorations, associated and otherwise. However, the former Royal House of Savoy also continues to award knighthoods in three orders of chivalry previously recognised by the Kingdom of Italy. The degrees of knighthood, not all of which apply to all orders, are Knight, Officer, Commander, Grand Officer, Knight Grand Cross and Knight Grand Cross with cordon. The use of awards of the Holy See is subject to permission, today these continue merely as dynastic orders of the former Royal house in exile. While their bestowal is suppressed by law in Italy, the use of those decorations conferred prior to 1951 is permitted, exclusive of any right of precedence in official ceremonies. The Sardinian orders of the Most Holy Annunciation, of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, in contrast to the Republican orders, the feminine style Dama is used for women. The Knight Bachelor, usually transmitted by male primogeniture, was similar to a British baronetcy and these Cavaliere Ereditario were not, however, members of an order of chivalry. Nobility of Italy Italian honorifics Order Presidenza della Repubblica - Le Onorificenze Ordini dinastici della Real Casa di Savoia
Italian orders of merit
–
Letters patent of a
Knight of Vittorio Veneto, shown with badge and miniature.
12.
La Notte
–
La Notte is a 1961 Italian drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Marcello Mastroianni, Jeanne Moreau and Monica Vitti. Filmed on location in Milan, the film is about a day in the life of a married couple. In 1961 La Notte received the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival, La Notte is considered the central film of a trilogy beginning with LAvventura and ending with LEclisse. Giovanni Pontano, a writer and his beautiful wife Lidia. Giovannis new book, La stagione, has just been published and they drink champagne but Tommaso is unable to hide his severe pain. Shaken by the sight of her friend, Lidia leaves saying shell visit tomorrow. Giovanni stays behind and as he leaves his friends room, a sick, outside the hospital, Giovanni sees his wife crying but does not comfort her. As they drive off, he tells her about his unpleasant encounter with the woman and is surprised when Lidia dismisses the incident. They drive to a party celebrating Giovannis new book, which has well received. Giovanni signs books, while his wife looks on from a distance, after a while Lidia leaves, still shaken by Tommasos condition. She wanders the streets of Milan, ending up in the neighborhood where she and she comes across a brutal street fight which she tries to stop and later she watches rockets being set off in a field. Back at the apartment, Giovanni finally hears from Lidia and he picks her up from the old neighborhood, later they decide to go to a nightclub, where they watch a mesmerizing and seductive performance by a female dancer and engage in small talk. I no longer have inspirations, only recollections, Giovanni tells his wife, Lidia suggests they leave the club and attend a swanky party thrown by a millionaire businessman. One must do something, she says, at the party, Giovanni socializes with the guests and appears to be in his element, while Lidia walks around in a state of boredom. They spend some time with the host, Mr. Gherardini, Giovanni wanders off and meets Valentina Gherardini, the hosts lively, charming daughter. As they flirt, she teaches him a game she just invented, sliding a compact across the floor, later they see each alone and Giovanni makes a pass at her, kissing her while Lidia looks on from the floor above. Later Mr. Gherardini meets privately with Giovanni and offers him a position with his company. Giovanni is reluctant to accept and leaves the offer open, with Lidias familys wealth and his earnings from publishing, he doesnt need the money
La Notte
–
Italian theatrical release poster
13.
Blowup
–
Blowup, or Blow-Up, is a 1966 British-Italian film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni about a fashion photographer, played by David Hemmings, who believes he has unwittingly captured a murder on film. It was Antonionis first entirely English-language film, the film also stars Vanessa Redgrave, Sarah Miles, John Castle, Jane Birkin, Tsai Chin and Gillian Hills as well as sixties model Veruschka. The screenplay was by Antonioni and Tonino Guerra, with English dialogue by British playwright Edward Bond, the film was produced by Carlo Ponti, who had contracted Antonioni to make three English-language films for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film was scored by jazz pianist Herbie Hancock, the music is diegetic, as Hancock noted, Its only there when someone turns on the radio or puts on a record. Nominated for several awards at the Cannes Film Festival, Blowup won the Grand Prix, the American release of the counterculture-era film with its explicit sexual content by a major Hollywood studio was in direct defiance of the Production Code. Its subsequent outstanding critical and box office success proved to be one of the events that led to the final abandonment of the code in 1968 in favour of the MPAA film rating system. In 2012, Blowup was ranked No.144 in the Sight & Sound critics poll of the worlds greatest films, the plot is a day in the life of a glamorous fashion photographer, Thomas, inspired by the life of an actual Swinging London photographer, David Bailey. He grows bored and walks off, leaving the models and production staff in the lurch, as he leaves the studio, two teenage girls who are aspiring models ask to speak with him, but the photographer drives off to look at an antiques shop. Wandering into Maryon Park, he takes photos of two lovers, the woman is furious at being photographed. The photographer then meets his agent for lunch, and notices a man following him, back at his studio, the woman arrives asking for the film, but he deliberately hands her a different roll. She in turn writes down a telephone number to give to him. His many enlargements of the black and white film are grainy but seem to show a body in the grass. He is disturbed by a knock on the door, but it is the two again, with whom he has a romp in his studio and falls asleep. Awakening, he finds they hope he will photograph them but he tells them to leave, saying, Tomorrow. As evening falls, the photographer goes back to the park and finds the body of a man, the photographer returns to his studio to find that all the negatives and prints are gone except for one very grainy blowup showing the body. A buzz in Becks amplifier angers him so much he smashes his guitar on stage, then throws its neck into the crowd, the photographer grabs the neck and runs out of the club before anyone can snatch it from him. Then he has thoughts about it, throws it on the pavement. A passer-by picks up the neck and throws it back down, however, the photographer cannot put across what he has photographed
Blowup
–
theatrical release poster
Blowup
–
Place of murder –
Maryon Park, London
14.
Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)
–
The Jury Prize is an award presented at the Cannes Film Festival, chosen by the Jury from the official section of movies at the festival. Initially the award signified the second best film in competition, though now it is now considered the third-most prestigious prize at the festival, after the Palme dOr. From 1951 until 1966 the name Special Jury Prize was used for the second-most important award of the festival, in 1967 the second place was renamed Grand Prize of the Jury, and the Special Jury Prize title was withdrawn. Then, in 1969, the Jury Prize was created separately from the Grand Prize, the Special Jury Prize reappeared twice in the 1990s, and one International Jury Prize was awarded in 1946. UK director Andrea Arnold and UK director Ken Loach are tied for the record for most Jury Prizes. As of 2016 Arnold was awarded the prize for her films Red Road, Fish Tank, and American Honey, while Loach was awarded the prize for his films Hidden Agenda, Raining Stones, and The Angels Share. Michelangelo Antonioni, René Clément, Masaki Kobayashi, and Samira Makhmalbaf have each won the award twice, Palme dOr Grand Prix Cannes Film Festival official website Cannes Film Festival at the Internet Movie Database
Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)
–
This article needs additional citations for
verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014)
15.
Golden Lion
–
The Golden Lion is the highest prize given to a film at the Venice Film Festival. The prize was introduced in 1949 by the committee and is now regarded as one of the film industrys most distinguished prizes. In 1970, a second Golden Lion was introduced, this is an award for people who have made an important contribution to cinema. The prize was introduced in 1949 as the Golden Lion of Saint Mark, previously, the equivalent prize was the Gran Premio Internazionale di Venezia, awarded in 1947 and 1948. Before that, from 1934 until 1942, the highest awards were the Coppa Mussolini for Best Italian Film, no Golden Lions were awarded between 1969 and 1979. Sixty-eight produced a dramatic fracture with the past,14 French films have been awarded the Golden Lion, more than that of any other nation. However, there is considerable diversity in the winners. Five American filmmakers have won the Golden Lion, with awards for John Cassavetes and Robert Altman, as well as Ang Lee, Darren Aronofsky and Sofia Coppola. The Golden Lion, by contrast, has awarded to ten Asians during the same time period. Ang Lee won the Golden Lion twice within three years during the 2000s, once for an American film and once for a Chinese-language film, zhang Yimou has also won twice. Other Asians to win the Golden Lion since 1980 include Jia Zhangke, Hou Hsiao-Hsien, Tsai Ming-liang, Trần Anh Hùng, Takeshi Kitano, Kim Ki-duk, Jafar Panahi, Mira Nair, and Lav Diaz. Russian filmmakers have won the Golden Lion several times, including since the end of the USSR. Still, to date 33 of the 54 winners were European men, since 1949 only four women have ever won the Golden Lion for directing, Mira Nair, Sofia Coppola, German Margarethe von Trotta and Belgiums Agnès Varda. In comparison to the other major Western European festivals, the Berlinales Golden Bear has also awarded to four women. In the history of Cannes, only one woman filmmaker has been awarded the Palme dOr
Golden Lion
–
The Golden Lion won by
New German Cinema director
Margarethe von Trotta for her 1981 film
Marianne and Juliane
16.
Academy Award
–
The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
Academy Award
–
Academy Awards
Academy Award
–
31st Academy Awards Presentations,
Pantages Theatre, Hollywood, 1959
Academy Award
–
81st Academy Awards Presentations,
Dolby Theatre, Hollywood, 2009
Academy Award
–
Pantages Theatre, 2008
17.
Emilia Romagna
–
Emilia-Romagna is an administrative Region of Northeast Italy, comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna. It has an area of 22,446 km2, and about 4.4 million inhabitants, Emilia-Romagna is one of the wealthiest and most developed regions in Europe, with the third highest GDP per capita in Italy. Bologna, its capital, has one of Italys highest quality of life indices, the name Emilia-Romagna is a legacy of Ancient Rome. Emilia derives from the via Aemilia, the Roman road connecting Rome to northern Italy, completed in 187 B. C. and named after the consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Romagna derives from Romània, the name of the Eastern Roman Empire applied to Ravenna by the Lombards when the western Empire had ceased to exist, before the Romans took control of present-day Emilia-Romagna, it had been part of the Etruscan world and then that of the Gauls. During the first thousand years of Christianity trade flourished, as did culture and religion, afterwards the University of Bologna—arguably the oldest university in Europe—and its bustling towns kept trade and intellectual life alive. After the referendum of 2006, seven municipalities of Montefeltro were detached from the Province of Pesaro, the municipalities are Casteldelci, Maiolo, Novafeltria, Pennabilli, San Leo, SantAgata Feltria and Talamello. On 20 and 29 May 2012 two powerful earthquakes hit the area and they killed at least 27 people and caused churches and factories to collapse. The 5.8 magnitude quake left 14,000 people homeless, the region of Emilia-Romagna consists of nine provinces and covers an area of 22,446 km2, ranking sixth in Italy. Nearly half of the consists of plains while 27% is hilly. The regions section of the Apennines is marked by areas of flisch, badland erosion, the mountains stretch for more than 300 km from the north to the south-east, with only three peaks above 2,000 m – Monte Cimone, Monte Cusna and Alpe di Succiso. The plain was formed by the retreat of the sea from the Po basin. Almost entirely marshland in ancient times, its history is characterised by the work of its people to reclaim. All the rivers rise locally in the Apennines except for the Po, the northern border of Emilia-Romagna follows the path of the river for 263 km. Emilia Romagna has been a populated area since ancient times. Inhabitants over the centuries have radically altered the landscape, building cities, reclaiming wetlands, all these transformations in past centuries changed the aspect of the region, converting large natural areas to cultivation, up until the 1960s. The trend then changed, and agricultural lands began giving way to residential and industrial areas, the increase of urban-industrial areas continued at very high rates until the end of the 2010s. In the same period, hilly and mountainous areas saw an increase in the registration of semi-natural areas, land use changes can have strong effects on ecological functions
Emilia Romagna
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Castle Estense in
Ferrara
Emilia Romagna
–
Flag
Emilia Romagna
–
Lagoons along the
Po delta
Emilia Romagna
–
Seat of the
Regional Assembly of Emilia-Romagna in
Bologna.
18.
University of Bologna
–
The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is the oldest university in continuous operation. It was the first place of study to use the term universitas for the corporations of students and masters which came to define the institution, located in Bologna, as of 2013, the Universitys crest carries the motto Alma mater studiorum and the date A. D.1088. The University has about 85,500 students in its 11 schools and it has campuses in Ravenna, Forlì, Cesena and Rimini and a branch center abroad in Buenos Aires. It also has a school of excellence named Collegio Superiore di Bologna, an associate publisher of the University of Bologna is Bononia University Press S. p. A. The date of its founding is uncertain, but believed by most accounts to have been 1088 and these students then hired scholars from the city to teach them. In time the various nations decided to form an association, or universitas—thus. The foreign students in Bologna received greater rights, and collective punishment was ended, there was also collective bargaining with the scholars who served as professors at the university. By the initiation or threat of a student strike, the students could enforce their demands as to the content of courses, the professors could also be fined if they failed to finish classes on time, or complete course material by the end of the semester. A student committee, the Denouncers of Professors, kept tabs on them, Professors themselves were not powerless, however, forming a College of Teachers, and securing the rights to set examination fees and degree requirements. Eventually, the city ended this arrangement, paying professors from tax revenues, until modern times, the only degree granted at that university was the doctorate. Higher education processes are being harmonised across the European Community, nowadays the University offers 101 different Laurea or Laurea breve first-level degrees, followed by 108 Laurea specialistica or Laurea magistrale second-level degrees. After the Laurea one may attain 1st level Master, after second-level degrees are attained, one may proceed to 2nd level Master, specialisation schools, or doctorates of research. A new department of Latin History was added in 2015, on 25 April 1951 the first issue of the review was published in Bologna. In a short time, il Mulino became one of the most interesting points in Italy for the political and cultural debate. Editorial activities evolved along with the review, in 1954, the il Mulino publishing house was founded, which today represents one of the most relevant Italian publishers. In addition to this were initiated research projects, that led, in 1964. In the 2016-17 THE World University Rankings the University of Bologna was ranked in the worlds top 250 universities
University of Bologna
–
The entry of some students in the Natio Germanica Bononiae, the
nation of German students at Bologna; miniature of 1497.
University of Bologna
–
University of Bologna
University of Bologna
–
Area above Bologna's old city centre.
University of Bologna
–
Interior view of the Porticum and
Loggia of its oldest College, the
Royal Spanish College.
19.
Economics
–
Economics is a social science concerned chiefly with description and analysis of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work, consistent with this focus, textbooks often distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behaviour of elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy and issues affecting it, including unemployment of resources, inflation, economic growth, and the public policies that address these issues. Economic analysis can be applied throughout society, as in business, finance, health care, Economic analyses may also be applied to such diverse subjects as crime, education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, science, and the environment. At the turn of the 21st century, the domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism. The ultimate goal of economics is to improve the conditions of people in their everyday life. There are a variety of definitions of economics. Some of the differences may reflect evolving views of the subject or different views among economists, to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services. Say, distinguishing the subject from its uses, defines it as the science of production, distribution. On the satirical side, Thomas Carlyle coined the dismal science as an epithet for classical economics, in this context and it enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on the one side, the study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man. He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth, how wealth is created, distributed, and consumed, but he said that economics can be used to study other things, such as war, that are outside its usual focus. This is because war has as the goal winning it, generates both cost and benefits, and, resources are used to attain the goal. If the war is not winnable or if the costs outweigh the benefits. Some subsequent comments criticized the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets, there are other criticisms as well, such as in scarcity not accounting for the macroeconomics of high unemployment. The same source reviews a range of included in principles of economics textbooks. Among economists more generally, it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving, microeconomics examines how entities, forming a market structure, interact within a market to create a market system
Economics
–
Economists study trade, production and consumption decisions, such as those that occur in a traditional
marketplace.
Economics
–
World GDP (PPP) per capita by country (2014)
Economics
–
In
Virtual Markets, buyer and seller are not present and trade via intermediates and electronic information. Pictured:
São Paulo Stock Exchange, Brazil.
Economics
–
A map showing the main
trade routes for goods within
late medieval Europe.
20.
Italian Fascism
–
Italian Fascism, also known simply as Fascism, is the original fascist ideology, as developed in Italy. According to Sternhell “most syndicalist leaders were among the founders of the Fascist movement, ” who, in years, gained key posts in Mussolini’s regime. ”Other historians argued that Fascism billed itself “not only as an alternative. This economic system intended to resolve conflict through collaboration between the classes. It was opposed to Marxist socialism because of its opposition to nationalism. It believed the success of Italian nationalism required respect for tradition, the National Fascist Party founded in 1921, declared that the party was to serve as a revolutionary militia placed at the service of the nation. It follows a policy based on three principles, order, discipline, hierarchy, Mussolini often referred to Fascist Italy during World War II as the proletarian nations that rise up against the plutocrats. It identifies modern Italy as the heir to the Roman Empire and Italy during the Renaissance, Italian Fascism historically sought to forge a strong Italian Empire as a Third Rome, identifying ancient Rome as the First Rome, and Renaissance-era Italy as the Second Rome. Italian Fascism has directly promoted imperialism, such as within the Doctrine of Fascism, ghostwritten by Giovanni Gentile on behalf of Mussolini, The Fascist state is a will to power, the Roman tradition is here a powerful force. According to the Doctrine of Fascism, an empire is not only a territorial or military or mercantile concept, but a spiritual and moral one. One can think of an empire, that is, a nation, Fascism sought the incorporation of claimed unredeemed territories to Italy. Mussolini identified Dalmatia as having strong Italian cultural roots for centuries via the Roman Empire, the Fascist regime imposed mandatory Italianization upon the German and South Slav populations living within Italys borders. This resulted in significant violence against South Slavs deemed to be resisting Italianization, the Fascist regime endorsed Albanian irredentism, directed against the predominantly Albanian-populated Kosovo and Epirus - particularly in Chameria inhabited by a substantial number of Albanians. The Fascist regime claimed the Ionian Islands as Italian territory, on the basis that the islands had belonged to the Venetian Republic from the mid-14th until the 18th century. To the west of Italy, the Fascists claimed that the territories of Corsica, Nice, as a result, Piedmont-Sardinia was pressured to concede Nice and Savoy to France in exchange for France accepting the unification of Italy. The Fascist regime produced literature on Corsica that presented evidence of the Italianità of the island, the Fascist regime produced literature on Nice that justified that Nice was an Italian land based on historic, ethnic, and linguistic grounds. The Fascists quoted Medieval Italian scholar Petrarch who said The border of Italy is the Var, to the north of Italy, the Fascist regime in the 1930s had designs on the largely Italian-populated region of Ticino and the Romansch-populated region of Graubünden in Switzerland. In November 1938, Mussolini declared to the Grand Fascist Council, the Fascist regime accused the Swiss government of oppressing the Romansch people in Graubünden. Mussolini argued that Romansch was an Italian dialect and thus Graubünden should be incorporated into Italy, Ticino was also claimed because the region had belonged to the Duchy of Milan from the mid-fourteenth century until 1515
Italian Fascism
–
The session of the
Grand Council of 9 May 1936, where the Empire was proclaimed.
Italian Fascism
–
Giovanni Gentile:
Philosophic father of Italian Fascism.
Italian Fascism
–
Italia Irredenta: Italian ethnic regions claimed by the Fascists in the 1930s: green: Nice, Ticino, and Dalmatia; red: Malta; violet: Corsica; Savoy and Corfu were later claimed.
Italian Fascism
–
Il Duce: Prime Minister Benito Mussolini.
21.
Vittorio Mussolini
–
Vittorio Mussolini was an Italian film critic and producer. He was also the son of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. However, he was the first officially acknowledged son of Mussolini, with his second wife Rachele, Vittorio Mussolini was born in Milan, Lombardy, Kingdom of Italy. He married Milanese Orsola Buvoli, two years his senior, in January 1938, Mussolini and his wife announced the birth of their first child, a son. In addition to producing films, the heavy-set Mussolini served as a Lieutenant in the Italian Royal Air Force and he participated in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, the Spanish Civil War, and World War II. In Ethiopia, both he and his younger brother Bruno crewed bombers, unlike his brother, Vittorio was not considered a serious pilot. Vittorio made a spectacle of himself describing bombs as budding roses, Mussolini worked with many of Italys best film directors, as, for instance, with Federico Fellini, Roberto Rosselini, and Michelangelo Antonioni. After the war, Mussolini emigrated to Argentina, later returning to Italy, Vittorio was briefly involved with Hal Roach in a company that was named R. A. M. Pictures, although Roach bought himself out of the deal after being ostracized within Hollywood. He was the editor of the film journal Cinema, and was involved with the Italian film studio Cinecittà, Vittorio Mussolini died on 12 June 1997 at age 80 in a Rome clinic after a long illness. Mussolini was the author of a 1973 book on the women in his fathers life entitled Mussolini, luisa Sanfelice Knights of the Desert Ida Dalser - Vittorio Mussolinis older half brothers mother. Vittorio Mussolini at the Internet Movie Database
Vittorio Mussolini
–
Politics
22.
Italian resistance
–
It was formed by pro-Allied Italians, following the Allied invasion of the country, the armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces, and German military occupation of northern Italy. The movement is known as the Italian resistance and the Italian partisans. The brutal conflict they took part in is referred to as the Italian Liberation War or as the Italian Civil War, the modern Italian Republic was declared to be founded on the struggle of the resistance. The periods best-known battle broke out in Rome the day the armistice was announced, outnumbered German Fallschirmjäger and Panzergrenadiere were initially repelled and endured heavy losses, but slowly gained the upper hand, aided by their experience and superior Panzer component. The Italian Centauro II Divisions absence from the battle contributed to the German defeat given its German-made tanks and it was composed primarily of ex-Blackshirts and was not trusted. By 10 September, the Germans had penetrated downtown Rome and the Granatieri made their last stand at Porta San Paolo, at 4 pm, General Giorgio Carlo Calvi di Bergolo signed the order of surrender, the Italian divisions were disbanded, and their members taken prisoner. Generals Raffaele Cadorna, Jr. and Giuseppe Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo joined the underground, one of the most important episodes of resistance by Italian armed forces after the armistice was the battle of Piombino, Tuscany. Battle broke out at 21,15 on 10 September, between the German landing forces and the Italian coastal batteries, tanks, and civilian population, sauro and Carbet were scuttled because of the damage they had suffered. The German attack was repelled, by the dawn of 11 September,120 Germans had been killed, Italian casualties had been 4 killed and a dozen wounded, four Italian submarine chasers were also sunk during the fightning. Later in the morning, however, De Vecchi ordered the prisoners to be released, many of the sailors, soldiers and citizens who had fought in the battle of Piombino retreated to the surrounding woods and formed the first partisan formations in the area. In the days following 8 September 1943 most servicemen, left without orders from higher echelons, were disarmed and shipped to POW camps in the Third Reich, however, some garrisons stationed in occupied Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and Italy fought the Germans. Admirals Inigo Campioni and Luigi Mascherpa led an attempt to defend Rhodes, Kos, Leros, with reinforcements from SAS, SBS and British Army troops under the command of Generals Francis Gerrard, Russell Brittorous and Robert Tilney, the defenders held on for a month. However, the Wehrmacht took the islands air and sea landings by infantry. Both Campioni and Mascherpa were captured and executed at Verona for high treason, on 13 September 1943, the Acqui Division stationed in Cefalonia was ordered by Italian High Command to attack the Germans, despite ongoing negotiations. After a ten-day battle, the Germans executed thousands of officers and those killed in the massacre of the Acqui Division included division commander General Antonio Gandin. Other Italian forces remained trapped in Yugoslavia following the armistice and some decided to fight alongside the local resistance, when the unit finally returned to Italy at the end of the war, half its members had been killed or were listed as missing in action. Bastia, in Corsica, was the setting of a battle between Italian torpedo boats and an attacking German flotilla. Italian soldiers captured by the Germans numbered around 650, 000-700,000, most refused cooperation with the Third Reich despite hardship, chiefly to maintain their oath of fidelity to the King
Italian resistance
–
Unidentified uniformed Italians shot by invading Germans in Rome, September 1943
Italian resistance
–
Flag of the
National Liberation Committee
Italian resistance
–
An Italian partisan in
Florence on August 14, 1944
Italian resistance
–
Partisan Alfredo Sforzini
23.
Roberto Rossellini
–
Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini was an Italian film director and screenwriter. Rossellini was one of the directors of the Italian neorealist cinema and his mother was of part French descent, from immigrants who had arrived in Italy during the Napoleonic Wars. He lived on the Via Ludovisi, where Benito Mussolini had his first Roman hotel in 1922 when Fascism obtained power in Italy. When his father died, he worked as a soundmaker for films and for a time he experienced all the accessory jobs related to the creation of a film. Rossellini had a brother, Renzo, who scored many of his films. On 26 September 1936, he married Marcella De Marchis, a designer with whom he collaborated even after their marriage was over. This was after a quick annulment from Assia Noris, a Russian actress who worked in Italian films, De Marchis and Rossellini had two sons, Marco Romano, and Renzo. Rossellini and De Marchis separated in 1950, in 1937, Rossellini made his first documentary, Prélude à laprès-midi dun faune. After this essay, he was called to assist Goffredo Alessandrini in making Luciano Serra pilota, in 1940 he was called to assist Francesco De Robertis on Uomini sul Fondo. His close friendship with Vittorio Mussolini, son of Il Duce, has interpreted as a possible reason for having been preferred to other apprentices. Some authors describe the first part of his career as a sequence of trilogies, to this period belongs his friendship and cooperation with Federico Fellini and Aldo Fabrizi. The Fascist regime collapsed in 1943 and just two months after the liberation of Rome, Rossellini was already preparing the anti-fascist Roma città aperta, Fellini assisted on the script and Fabrizi played the role of the priest, while Rossellini self-produced. Most of the came from credits and loans, and film had to be found on the black market. This dramatic film was an immediate success, since I do not have the desire to waste my energy in a battle like this, I only use professional actors occasionally. One of the reasons for success is supposed to be Rossellinis rewriting of the according to the non-professional actors feelings. Regional accent, dialect, and costumes were shown in the film as they were in real life, after his Neorealist Trilogy, Rossellini produced two films now classified as the Transitional films, LAmore and La macchina ammazzacattivi, on the capability of cinema to portray reality and truth. In 1948, Rossellini received a letter from a foreign actress proposing a collaboration, Dear Mr. Rossellini, I saw your films Open City and Paisan. Ingrid Bergman With this letter began one of the best known stories in film history, with Bergman
Roberto Rossellini
–
Rossellini posing for a photograph.
24.
Les visiteurs du soir
–
Les Visiteurs du Soir is a 1942 film by French film director Marcel Carné, best remembered for Les Enfants du Paradis. The film was released on 5 December 1942 in Paris during the Nazi occupation, the film stars Arletty, Marie Déa, Jules Berry, Fernand Ledoux, Gabriel Gabrio, Alain Cuny and, in a minor role, Simone Signoret. In May 1485 two of the envoys, Gilles and Dominique, arrive at the castle of Baron Hugues on the night of a celebration for his daughters engagement. The Barons daughter, Anne, is set to marry Renaud, disguised as traveling minstrels, Gilles and Dominique enter the castle and use their powers of enticement to ruin the upcoming nuptials. Gilles seduces the innocent Anne, while both the Baron and Renaud become bewitched with Dominique, but, when Gilles accidentally falls in love with Anne, the Devil arrives to ensure that any true happiness is destroyed. When Gilles and Anne are caught together in her room, Gilles is thrown into the dungeon, when the Baron and Renaud realize that they are both in love with Dominique, they duel to the death and Renaud is killed. Following the Devils orders, Dominique leaves the castle and entices the Baron to follow her in suit, intrigued by Annes unusual purity and faith in love, the Devil decides he wants Anne for himself. Making a deal with the Devil, Anne agrees to be him in return for the Devil releasing Gilles from chains. Once Gilles is free, the Devil strips Gilles of his memory, but, once Gilles is gone, Anne reveals that she lied and that she could never love the Devil. Returning to the fountain where she and Gilles first pronounced their love, Anne and Gilles reunite and through the power of love, Gilles recovers his memory. Finding the two again in love, the Devil changes them both into statues, but finds that, even underneath stone, their hearts continue to beat. The film was shot in Nice, in Vichy France, and due to the war, due to the increased censorship during the war, Carné wanted to make a historical and fantastical film that would have little difficulty with the censors. The film premiered at Paris’s Madeleine Cinema on 4 December 1942 and was one of the biggest film events during the war and it was called the grandest film of the Occupation. One of the reasons that the film was such a success was due to murmuring before the film was released that the film was an allegory for the current situation. Many people saw the character of the Devil as representing Hitler and the beating hearts of the lovers as representing France living under German rule. Carné maintained until his death that the film was not an allegory for the war. Cinéma, Marcel Carné - Les visiteurs du soir, Les Visiteurs du Soir at the Internet Movie Database Les Visiteurs du Soir at AllMovie
Les visiteurs du soir
–
Theatrical release poster
25.
Short film
–
A short film, is a cinema format, denoting any film not long enough to be considered a feature film. The term featurette originally applied to a longer than a short subject. The increasingly rare term short subject means approximately the same thing and it is an industry term which carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film. Short is an abbreviation for either term, Short films are often screened at local, national, or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers for non profit, either with a low budget or no budget at all. They are usually funded by grants, non profit organizations. Short films are used by filmmakers to gain experience or prove their talent in order to gain funding for future films from private investors, entertainment companies. Longer and shorter films coexisted with similar popularity throughout the days of film. However, comedy films were produced in large numbers compared to lengthy features such as D. W. Griffiths The Birth of a Nation. By the 1920s, a ticket purchased a varied program including a feature and several supporting works from such as second feature, short comedy, 5–10 minute cartoon, travelogue. Short comedies were popular, and typically came in a serial or series. Even though there was no set release schedule, these series could be considered somewhat like a modern TV sitcom – lower in status than feature films. Animated cartoons came principally as short subjects, in the 1930s, the distribution system changed in many countries owing to the Great Depression. Instead of the cinema owner assembling a program of their own choice, the studios sold a package centered on a main and supporting feature, with the rise of the double feature, two reel shorts went into decline as a commercial category. Hal Roach, for example, moved Laurel and Hardy full-time into feature films after 1935, by the mid-1950s, with the rise of television, the commercial live-action short was virtually dead, The Three Stooges being the last major series of 2-reelers, ending in 1959. Short films had become a medium for student, independent and specialty work, cartoon shorts had a longer life, due in part to the implementation of lower-cost limited animation techniques, but also declined in this period. Warner Bros. one of the most prolific of the golden era, the Pink Panther was the last regular theatrical cartoon short series, having begun in 1964 and ended in 1980. By the 1960s, the market for animated shorts had largely shifted to television, a few animated shorts continue within mainstream commercial distribution. For instance, Pixar has screened a short along with each of its feature films during its theatrical run since 1995
Short film
–
William Garwood starred in numerous short films, many of which were only 20 minutes in length
Short film
26.
Po valley
–
The Po Valley, Po Plain, Plain of the Po, or Padan Plain is a major geographical feature of Italy. The flatlands of Veneto and Friuli are often considered apart since they do not drain into the Po, the plain is the surface of an in-filled system of ancient canyons extending from the Apennines in the south to the Alps in the north, including the northern Adriatic. Geo-political definitions of the valley depend on the defining authority, the Po Basin Water Board, authorized in 1989 by Law no. The law defines the Po basin as the territory from which rainwater or snow and glacier melt flows on the surface, the valley is crossed by a number of affluents running down from the Alps in the north and from the Apennines in the south. The Pos major affluents include the Tanaro, Scrivia, Trebbia, Panaro and Secchia in the south, Dora Riparia, Dora Baltea, Sesia, Ticino, Lambro, Adda, Oglio and Mincio in the north. Since the Messinian the system has been filling with sediment mainly from the older Apennines, the shoreline of the Adriatic depends on a balance between the sedimentation rate and isostatic factors. Until about 1950 the Po delta was prograding into the Adriatic, where the land surface now dips below sea level the river must run at a relative elevation between dikes. The Po Valley is often regarded as a syncline, or dip in the crust due to compression at the edges. Regardless of whether this concept accurately describes its geology, the valley is manifestly a sediment-filled trough, or virtual syncline, the upper areas of the Po valley take local names which reflect in their meanings their being modestly suited for farming. It varies from a few kilometres to as much as 50 km wide, the fontanili line is the outcrop, or intersection, of the anticlines water table with the surface at the edge of the bassa. The rock above the line is porous, surface water in the intermittent streams of the mountains tends to disappear below ground only to spring out again in the spring zone. The spring zone is called the middle valley. Surface runoff water is not of value to the valleys dense population for drinking and other immediate uses, being unreliable, often destructive and heavily polluted by sewage. Its main anthropic value is for power, irrigation and industrial transport. The cost of purifying it for consumption makes that process less feasible. The fresh drinking water comes from hundreds of thousands of wells concentrated especially in the fontanili zone, the older and smaller cities deriving from ancient times are still located there. The Po Valley has a subtropical climate. The conformation of the plain, surrounded by the Alps and the Apennines, the climate of the Po Valley becomes increasingly warmer and more humid farther south and east
Po valley
–
Po River near source in the western Alps
Po valley
–
Map showing the
river Po in the Padan Plain
Po valley
–
Rice fields in the
province of Vercelli, eastern
Piedmont.
Po valley
–
Landscape of the Bassa: a farm in the
province of Cremona, southern
Lombardy.
27.
Italian Social Republic
–
The Italian Social Republic, informally known as the Republic of Salò, was a state with limited recognition that was created during the later part of World War II, existing from 1943 until 1945. Mussolini had originally intended to call his new republic the “Italian ‘Socialist’ Republic. ”It was the second and last incarnation of the Fascist Italian state and was led by Duce Benito Mussolini and his reformed Republican Fascist Party. The state declared Rome its capital, but was de facto centered on Salò, a town on Lake Garda, near Brescia, where Mussolini. The RSI exercised nominal sovereignty in northern and central Italy, but was dependent on German troops to maintain control. The new government began peace negotiations with the Allied powers. When the Armistice of Cassibile was announced in September, Germany was prepared, Germany seized control of the northern half of Italy, freed Mussolini and brought him to the German-occupied area to establish a satellite regime. The RSI was proclaimed on 23 September 1943, although the RSI claimed most of the lands of Italy as rightfully belonging to it, it held political control over a vastly reduced portion of Italy. The RSI received diplomatic recognition from only Germany, Japan and their puppet states, around 25 April 1945, Mussolinis republic came to an end. In Italy, this day is known as Liberation Day, on this day a general partisan uprising alongside the efforts of Allied forces, during their final offensive in Italy, managed to oust the Germans from Italy almost entirely. At the point of its demise, the Italian Social Republic had existed for more than nineteen months. On 27 April partisans caught Mussolini, his mistress, several RSI ministers, on 28 April the partisans shot Mussolini and most of the other captives. The RSI Minister of Defense, Rodolfo Graziani, surrendered what was left of the RSI on 2 May when the German forces in Italy capitulated, this put a definitive end to the Italian Social Republic. On 24 July 1943, after the Allied landings in Sicily, the next day, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini from office and ordered him arrested. The failed war effort left Mussolini humiliated at home and abroad as a sawdust Caesar, the new government, under Marshal Pietro Badoglio, began secret negotiations with the Allied powers and made preparations for the capitulation of Italy. These surrender talks implied a commitment from Badoglio not only to leave the Axis alliance, while the Germans formally recognised the new status quo in Italian politics, they intervened by sending some of the best units of the Wehrmacht to Italy. This was done both to resist new Allied advances and to face the predictably imminent defection of Italy, on 8 September, Badoglio announced Italys armistice with the Allies. German Führer Adolf Hitler and his staff, long aware of the negotiations, acted immediately by ordering German troops to control of northern. The Germans disarmed the Italian troops and took all of the Italian Armys materials
Italian Social Republic
–
Mussolini rescued by German troops from his prison in
Campo Imperatore on 12 September 1943.
Italian Social Republic
Italian Social Republic
–
Italian Social Republic poster saying: "Germany is truly your friend"
Italian Social Republic
–
Mussolini inspecting fortified positions, 1944
28.
Italian neorealism
–
Italian neorealism came about as World War II ended and Benito Mussolinis government fell, causing the Italian film industry to lose its centre. Neorealism was a sign of change and social progress in Italy. Its films presented contemporary stories and ideas and were shot in streets as the Cinecittà film studios had been damaged significantly during the war. Largely prevented from writing about politics, the critics attacked the Telefoni Bianchi films that dominated the industry at the time, as a counter to the popular mainstream films, some critics felt that Italian cinema should turn to the realist writers from the turn of the 20th century. Both Antonioni and Visconti had worked closely with Jean Renoir, in addition, many of the filmmakers involved in neorealism developed their skills working on calligraphist films. Elements of neorealism are also found in the films of Alessandro Blasetti, two of the most significant precursors of neorealism are Jean Renoirs Toni and Alessandro Blasettis 1860. In the spring of 1945, Mussolini was executed and Italy was liberated from German occupation and this period, known as the Italian Spring, was a break from old ways and an entrance to a more realistic approach when making films. Italian cinema went from utilizing elaborate studio sets to shooting on location in the countryside, the first neorealist film is generally thought to be Ossessione by Luchino Visconti. Neorealism became famous globally in 1946 with Roberto Rossellinis Rome, Open City, Italian neorealism rapidly declined in the early 1950s. Liberal and socialist parties were having difficulties presenting their message, the vision of the existing poverty and despair, presented by neorealist cinema, was demoralizing a nation anxious for prosperity and change. Additionally, the first positive effects of the Italian economic miracle period – such as rises in income levels – caused the themes of neorealism to lose their relevance. As a consequence, most Italians favored the optimism shown in many American movies of the time, italys move from individual concern with neorealism to the tragic frailty of the human condition can be seen through Federico Fellinis films. His early works La Strada and Il bidone are transitional movies, the larger social concerns of humanity, treated by neorealists, gave way to the exploration of individuals. Their needs, their alienation from society and their failure to communicate became the main focal point in the Italian films to follow in the 1960s. They are shot almost exclusively on location, mostly in cities as well as rural areas due to its forming during the post-war era. Neorealist films typically explore the conditions of the poor and the working class. Characters oftentimes exist within simple social order where survival is the primary objective, performances are mostly constructed from scenes of people performing fairly mundane and quotidian activities, devoid of the self-consciousness that amateur acting usually entails. Neorealist films often feature children in major roles, though their characters are frequently more observational than participatory, Vittorio De Sicas 1948 film The Bicycle Thief is also representative of the genre, with non-professional actors, and a story that details the hardships of working-class life after the war
Italian neorealism
–
A still shot from
Rome, Open City (1945).
Italian neorealism
–
Bicycle Thieves (1948)
29.
Documentary film
–
A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
Documentary film
–
This
16 mm spring-wound
Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in
film schools.
Documentary film
–
Frame from one of
Marinescu's science films (1899).
Documentary film
–
Nanook of the North poster.
Documentary film
–
In this shot from
Man with the Movie Camera,
Mikhail Kaufman acts as a cameraman risking his life in search of the best shot
30.
Cronaca di un amore
–
Story of a Love Affair is a 1950 Italian drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Massimo Girotti and Lucia Bosè. Ferdinando Sarmi was, however, a designer rather than a professional actor. Its story was inspired by the James M. Cains novel The Postman always rings Twice, in the film, the camera pans the same street corner in Ferrara, the directors native city, that appears in his film Par-delà les nuages forty-five years later. In 1951 the film won the Nastro dArgento Silver Ribbon Award for Best Original Score, Story of a Love Affair was Antonionis first full length feature film. At a detective agency in Milan, Carloni is looking through photographs of a young woman, Paola Molon Fontana, given to the agency by her wealthy industrialist husband. The couple were married seven years ago, shortly after meeting each other, Fontanas recent discovery of these old photos have aroused his suspicion, and Carloni is hired to uncover whatever he can about Paolas life before her marriage. Carloni travels to the town of Ferrara, where Paola spent much of her youth, the detective soon discovers that she was best friends with two girls in town. When the sullen Matilde arrives home, she refuses to cooperate with Carloni, after the detective leaves, Matilde writes a letter to Guido, alerting him that a suspicious man is investigating Paolas past. Back in Milan, as Paola exits the La Scala opera house dressed in a fur coat with her husband and friends. Later that night, she receives a call from him. At Idroscalo lake, Guido, who is now a car dealer. The thought that someone is digging into their past frightens Paola, with their former attraction rekindled, the two agree to meet again. Meanwhile, Carlonis investigation intensifies, as he finds out more about the accident in the elevator shaft, Paolas sudden disappearance. He learns from Giovannas maid that Paola and Guido were with Giovanna when she fell to her death, and he also learns that Paola left Ferrara two days after the accident and met her future husband shortly thereafter in Milan—never telling him about her friends death. In the coming days, Paola and Guidos once-casual reunion escalates into a passionate affair played out in rented rooms. To help Guido earn money, Paola arranges for him to be the middleman in a car sale that doesnt work out, as their affair progresses, Paolas frustration with her loveless marriage leads her to suggest to Guido that her husbands death would benefit both of them. At first Guido is repulsed by the suggestion, but is influenced by Paolas emotional manipulation, later they meet on a bridge over a desolate canal that Fontana crosses on his way home. Guido plans to him as he approaches the bridge
Cronaca di un amore
–
DVD cover
31.
I vinti
–
I vinti is a 1953 drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Franco Interlenghi, Anna Maria Ferrero and Eduardo Ciannelli. The film is composed of three stories about youths who commit murders, in the French story set in Paris, a group of high school students kill one of their colleagues for his money. In the Italian story set in Rome, a university student is involved in smuggling cigarettes, in the English story set in London, a lazy poet finds the body of a woman and tries to sell his story to the press. The film was a project of Film Constellation to Suso Cecchi dAmico and this film was screened out of competition at 1953 Venice Film Festival. The Italian DVD by Medusa Film offers the restored uncut trilingual version, the Italian episode was modified for censorship reasons, but it was later included in the 1962 anthology film Il fiore e la violenza. The entire film was refused a certificate by the British Board of Film Censors in 1954, the French episode had trouble with French censorship, and was not released until 1963. The English-language episode is based on the murder of 48 year old Mrs Mabel Tattershaw by Herbert Leonard Mills. Wanting to commit the murder, on 3 August 1951 Mills lured Tattershaw to Sherwood Vale, where he struck her about the head. He then returned home and waited for the body to be discovered, when this had not happened by 9 August he rang the News of the World, told them he had found the body of a strangled woman, and demanded payment for his story. Mills was quickly implicated, tried for the crime, and found guilty and he was executed on 11 December 1951. I vinti, while seldom ranked with Antonionis best efforts, is met with positive reception, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 100% approval among five critics. I vinti at the Internet Movie Database
I vinti
–
DVD cover
32.
La signora senza camelie
–
The Lady Without Camelias is a 1953 Italian black-and-white drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Lucia Bosé, Gino Cervi, and Andrea Checchi. Based on a story by Antonioni, the film is about a new starlet who is discovered, the film has been called Antonionis most unjustly neglected fiction feature. Filmed on location in Rome and Venice, The Lady Without Camelias was released on 27 February 1953 in Italy, a young shop assistant named Clara Manni is selected by movie executive Gianni for his new film, Woman without Destiny. Clara becomes compromised when she marries Gianni, who becomes jealous over the marketing for her film. She reluctantly agrees, and after requesting a more serious vehicle for her, they set about on a new version of the trial of Joan of Arc. The film is panned when premiered at the Venice Film Festival, and with both their reputations in tatters, Clara is forced to evaluate their marriage and the career that she has embarked upon
La signora senza camelie
–
Theatrical release poster
33.
Le amiche
–
Le Amiche is a 1955 Italian black-and-white drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Eleonora Rossi Drago, Gabriele Ferzetti, Franco Fabrizi, and Valentina Cortese. The film was shot on location in Turin, Piedmont, Italy, le Amiche received the Venice Film Festivals Silver Lion award in 1955, and the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon Award for Best Director and Best Supporting Actress. Returning to her native Turin for the opening of a branch of a Rome fashion salon, Rosetta took an overdose of sleeping pills in an attempt to commit suicide. Clelia, who is alone in her hometown, befriends Rosetta, momina De Stefani is separated from her husband and easily replaces lovers. Nene is a talented artist becoming successful in her career, she is living with a painter named Lorenzo who envies the success of his wife. Clelia is attracted by Carlo, the assistant of the architect, Cesare Pedoni. The advice leads to tragic consequences, as such, it is one of the few adaptations Antonioni directed, the others being Blowup, The Mystery of Oberwald and his final feature, Beyond the Clouds, based on a book of his own short stories. Antonioni wrote the screenplay in collaboration with Suso Cecchi dAmico and Alba De Cespedes, the film was shot on location in Turin through the Trionfalcine production company and distributed in Italy through Titanus
Le amiche
–
Theatrical release poster
34.
Il grido
–
Il grido is a 1957 Italian black-and-white drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Steve Cochran, Alida Valli, Betsy Blair, and Dorian Gray. Based on a story by Antonioni, the film is about a man who wanders aimlessly, away from his town, away from the woman he loved, and becomes emotionally and socially inactive. Il Grido won the Locarno International Film Festival Golden Leopard Award in 1957, Aldo has worked at the sugar refinery in Goriano for seven years. His long-time mistress, Irma, learns that her husband, who left for Australia years ago in search of a job, Irma goes to the sugar refinery and drops off Aldos lunch, but does not stay to talk with him. Concerned about her behavior, Aldo goes back to the house where they discuss her husbands death, Aldo suggests that after seven years they can finally get married and legitimize their daughter, Rosina. The next day, Irma reveals that she loves someone else, Aldo can hardly believe her words, saying, All these years, nothing was true. In the coming days he tries desperately to change her mind but it is no use, distraught and disillusioned, Aldo leaves Goriano with their daughter Rosina and the two start wandering throughout the Po valley. They stop at the house of his girlfriend, Elvia. He flatters her and helps repair a boat owned by the boyfriend of Elvias younger sister. Later he spends time with Elvia and his daughter watching the race, with Elvia holding Aldos arm. Irma shows up at Elvias house to deliver Aldos valise, Elvia has little sympathy for Irma, believing she will regret throwing away her relationship with Aldo. That night Elvia and Aldo go to a dance and have a good time, upset that Aldo returned to her only after Irma broke off their relationship, she tells him she received his valise from Irma. After Aldo explodes in anger at Irmas actions, they realize his visit was a mistake. Later that evening, Edera returns from the dance a little drunk and flirtatous, and they kiss, Aldo and his daughter leave early the next morning. Elvia tells her sister she is sad to see him go. Aldo is unsuccessful in finding work along to Po valley, when Rosina is almost hit by a car, Aldo slaps her face in front of a school yard of children, humiliating her. She runs off and walks among a group of men from the insane asylum and her father retrieves her and they get a ride atop a petrol truck, but are forced to disembark near a police check point near a bpm service station. The truck driver tells Aldo that hell pick him up the day when the police are not around
Il grido
–
Theatrical release poster
35.
Social alienation
–
The term alienation has been used over the ages with varied and sometimes contradictory meanings. In ancient history it could mean a sense of achieving a higher state of contemplation, ecstasy or union—becoming alienated from a limited existence in the world. Examples of this usage have been traced to neoplatonic philosophers such as Plotinus, there have also long been religious concepts of being separated or cut off from God and the faithful, alienated in a negative sense. The New Testament mentions the term apallotrioomai in Greek—being alienated from, ideas of estrangement from a Golden Age, or due to a Fall of man, or approximate equivalents in differing cultures or religions, have also been described as concepts of alienation. A double positive and negative sense of alienation is shown in the spiritual beliefs referred to as Gnosticism. Alienation has also had a particular legal-political meaning since at least Ancient Roman times, the term alienation itself comes from the Latin alienus which meant of another place or person, which in turn came from alius, meaning other or another. An alienus in ancient Roman times could refer to someone elses slave, another usage of the term in Ancient Greco-Roman times was by physicians referring to disturbed, difficult or abnormal states of mind, generally attributed to imbalanced physiology. In Latin alienatio mentis, this usage has been dated to Asclepiades, once translations of such works had resurfaced in the West in the 17th century, physicians again began using the term, which is typically attributed to Felix Platter. In medieval times, a relationship between alienation and social order has been described, mediated in part by mysticism and monasticism, the Crusades and Witch-hunts have been described as forms of mass alienation. In the 18th century, Hutcheson introduced a distinction between alienable and unalienable rights in the sense of the term. In the same century a law of Alienation of affection was introduced for men to seek compensation from other men accused of taking away their woman. In the history of literature, the German Romantics appear to be the first group of writers, around the start of the 19th century, Hegel popularized a Christian and Idealist philosophy of alienation. Around the same time, Pinel was popularizing a new understanding of mental alienation and he argued that people could be disturbed by emotional states and social conditions, without necessarily having lost their reason, as had generally been assumed. Hegel praised Pinel for his moral treatment approach, and developed related theories, nevertheless, as Foucault would later write. Marx was initially in the Young Hegelian camp and, like Feuerbach, rejected the spiritual basis, marxs theory of alienation is articulated most clearly in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts and The German Ideology. The young Marx wrote more often and directly of alienation than the mature Marx, marxs concepts of alienation have been classed into four types by Kostas Axelos, Economic and Social Alienation, Political Alienation, Human Alienation, and Ideological Alienation. In the concepts most prominent use, it refers to the economic and social aspect in which workers are disconnected from what they produce. Marx believed that alienation is a result of capitalism
Social alienation
–
Sociology
36.
Long take
–
In filmmaking, a long take is a shot lasting much longer than the conventional editing pace either of the film itself or of films in general. Significant camera movement and elaborate blocking are often elements in long takes, the term long take should not be confused with the term long shot, which refers to the distance between the camera and its subject and not to the temporal length of the shot itself. When filming Rope, Alfred Hitchcock intended for the film to have the effect of one continuous take. As a result, each take used up to a roll of film. Many takes end with a shot to a featureless surface. The entire film consists of only 11 shots, the camera took a 1, 200ft roll of film that would shoot for roughly 33 minutes. In 2012, the art collective The Hut Project produced The Look of Performance, the film was shot at 50 frames per second, meaning the final exhibited work lasts 7 hours,6 minutes and 17 seconds. The police procedural series The Bill used long takes to achieve a documentary style effect, other examples include The X-Files episode Triangle, directed by the series creator Chris Carter. The technique is frequently used in ER, which fits with the shows use of Steadicam for the majority of shots. An episode The Inheritance / C. I. D,111 of the Indian suspense drama C. I. D. Broadcast on 7 November 2004, is a 111-minute-long single take and it currently holds the Guinness World Record for the longest single shot for TV. A sequence shot is a take that constitutes an entire scene. Such a shot may involve sophisticated camera movement and it is sometimes called by the French term plan-séquence. The use of the shot allows for realistic or dramatically significant background. Actors range about the set transacting their business while the camera shifts focus from one plane of depth to another, significant off-frame action is often followed with a moving camera, characteristically through a series of pans within a single continuous shot. An example of this is the first scene in the room of 12 Angry Men. Films can be analyzed using the ASL, a statistical measurement which divides the total length of the film by the number of shots. For example, Béla Tarrs film Werckmeister Harmonies is 149 minutes, thus its ASL is 229.2 seconds
Long take
–
Promotional poster for
Alfred Hitchcock 's
Rope, a film which used long takes to create the illusion of "real time"
37.
Cannes Film Festival
–
Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
–
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
–
Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore.
Cannes Film Festival
–
Palme d'Or awarded to
Apocalypse Now at the
1979 Cannes Film Festival
38.
La notte
–
La Notte is a 1961 Italian drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Marcello Mastroianni, Jeanne Moreau and Monica Vitti. Filmed on location in Milan, the film is about a day in the life of a married couple. In 1961 La Notte received the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival, La Notte is considered the central film of a trilogy beginning with LAvventura and ending with LEclisse. Giovanni Pontano, a writer and his beautiful wife Lidia. Giovannis new book, La stagione, has just been published and they drink champagne but Tommaso is unable to hide his severe pain. Shaken by the sight of her friend, Lidia leaves saying shell visit tomorrow. Giovanni stays behind and as he leaves his friends room, a sick, outside the hospital, Giovanni sees his wife crying but does not comfort her. As they drive off, he tells her about his unpleasant encounter with the woman and is surprised when Lidia dismisses the incident. They drive to a party celebrating Giovannis new book, which has well received. Giovanni signs books, while his wife looks on from a distance, after a while Lidia leaves, still shaken by Tommasos condition. She wanders the streets of Milan, ending up in the neighborhood where she and she comes across a brutal street fight which she tries to stop and later she watches rockets being set off in a field. Back at the apartment, Giovanni finally hears from Lidia and he picks her up from the old neighborhood, later they decide to go to a nightclub, where they watch a mesmerizing and seductive performance by a female dancer and engage in small talk. I no longer have inspirations, only recollections, Giovanni tells his wife, Lidia suggests they leave the club and attend a swanky party thrown by a millionaire businessman. One must do something, she says, at the party, Giovanni socializes with the guests and appears to be in his element, while Lidia walks around in a state of boredom. They spend some time with the host, Mr. Gherardini, Giovanni wanders off and meets Valentina Gherardini, the hosts lively, charming daughter. As they flirt, she teaches him a game she just invented, sliding a compact across the floor, later they see each alone and Giovanni makes a pass at her, kissing her while Lidia looks on from the floor above. Later Mr. Gherardini meets privately with Giovanni and offers him a position with his company. Giovanni is reluctant to accept and leaves the offer open, with Lidias familys wealth and his earnings from publishing, he doesnt need the money
La notte
–
Italian theatrical release poster
39.
Jeanne Moreau
–
Jeanne Moreau is a French actress, singer, screenwriter and director. She won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress for Seven Days, Seven Nights, the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress for Viva Maria. and the César Award for Best Actress for The Old Lady Who Walked in the Sea. She has also been the recipient of several awards, including a BAFTA Fellowship in 1996. Moreau made her debut in 1947, and established herself as one of the leading actresses of the Comédie-Française. She began playing roles in films in 1949, impressing in a Fernandel vehicle Meutres. in 1950. She achieved prominence as the star of Elevator to the Gallows, directed by Louis Malle, most prolific during the 1960s, Moreau continued to appear in films into her eighties. Moreau was born in Paris the daughter of Katherine, a dancer who performed at the Folies Bergère, and Anatole-Désiré Moreau, moreaus father was French, her mother was English, a native of Lancashire in England, and of part-Irish descent. Moreaus father was Catholic and her mother, originally a Protestant, when a young girl, the family moved south to Vichy, spending vacations at the ancestral village of Mazirat, a town of 30 houses in a valley in the Allier. It was wonderful there, Moreau said, every tombstone in the cemetery was for a Moreau. During the war, the family was split and Moreau lived with her mother in Paris, Moreau ultimately lost interest in school at age 16 and, after attending Jean Anouilhs Antigone, found her calling as an actor. She later studied at the Conservatoire de Paris and her parents separated permanently while Moreau was at the conservatory and her mother, after 24 difficult years in France, returned to England with Jeannes younger sister, Michelle. In 1947, Moreau made her debut at the Avignon Festival. She debuted at the Comédie-Française in Ivan Turgenevs A Month in the Country and, from the late 1950s, after appearing in several successful films, she began to work with the emerging generation of French film-makers. Elevator to the Gallows with first-time director Louis Malle was followed by Malles The Lovers, the latter film, controversial in its day, led the media to tag her The New Bardot. Largely thanks to those films, Moreau went on to work many of the best known New Wave. François Truffauts New Wave film Jules et Jim, her biggest success internationally, is centred on her starring role. In 1983 she was head of the jury at the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival, in 2005, she was awarded with the Stanislavsky Award at the 27th Moscow International Film Festival. Moreau has had success as a vocalist and she has released several albums and once performed with Frank Sinatra at Carnegie Hall
Jeanne Moreau
–
at the
San Sebastian International Film Festival (2006)
Jeanne Moreau
–
Jeanne Moreau as depicted on the poster for Jules et Jim, 1962
Jeanne Moreau
–
Jeanne Moreau and
Amos Gitai during filming of Plus tard, 2008
40.
Marcello Mastroianni
–
Marcello Vincenzo Domenico Mastroianni, Knight Grand Cross was an Italian film actor. His honours included British Film Academy Awards, Best Actor awards at the Cannes Film Festival, Mastroianni was born in Fontana Liri, a small village in the Apennines in the province of Frosinone, Lazio, and grew up in Turin and Rome. He was the son of Ida and Ottone Mastroianni, who ran a shop. During World War II, after the division into Axis and Allied Italy, he was interned in a loosely guarded German prison camp, from which he escaped to hide in Venice. Mastroianni made his debut as an uncredited extra in Marionette when he was fourteen. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor three times, for Divorce Italian Style, A Special Day and Dark Eyes, Mastroianni, Dean Stockwell and Jack Lemmon are the only actors to have been twice awarded the Best Actor at the Cannes Film Festival. Mastroianni won it in 1970 for The Pizza Triangle and in 1987 for Dark Eyes, Mastroianni starred alongside his daughter, Chiara Mastroianni, in Raúl Ruizs Three Lives and Only One Death in 1996. For this performance he won the Silver Wave Award at the Ft. Lauderdale International Film Festival and his final film, Voyage to the Beginning of the World, was released posthumously. Mastroianni married Flora Carabella on August 12,1950 and they had one daughter together, Barbara, but eventually separated because of his affairs with younger women. Mastroiannis first serious relationship after the separation was with Faye Dunaway, Dunaway wanted to marry and have children, but Mastroianni, a Catholic, refused to divorce Carabella. In 1971, after three years of waiting for Mastroianni to change his mind, Dunaway left him, Mastroianni had a daughter, Chiara Mastroianni, with French actress Catherine Deneuve, who was nearly 20 years his junior and lived with him for four years in the 1970s. During that time, the couple made four movies together, It Only Happens to Others, La cagna, A Slightly Pregnant Man, according to People magazine, Mastroiannis other lovers included actresses Anouk Aimee, Ursula Andress, Claudia Cardinale and Lauren Hutton. Around 1976, he involved with Anna Maria Tatò, an author. They remained together until his death, Mastroianni died of pancreatic cancer on 19 December 1996 at the age of 72. Both of his daughters, as well as Deneuve and Tatò, were at his bedside, the Trevi Fountain in Rome, associated with his role in Fellinis La Dolce Vita, was symbolically turned off and draped in black as a tribute. At the 1997 Venice Film Festival, Chiara, Carabella and Deneuve tried to block the screening of Tatòs four-hour documentary, Marcello Mastroianni, the festival refused and the movie was shown. The three women reportedly tried to do the thing at Cannes. Tatò said Mastroianni had willed her all rights to his image. com
Marcello Mastroianni
–
Mastroianni in 1991
41.
Alain Delon
–
Alain Fabien Maurice Marcel Delon is a French actor and businessman. Delon became one of Europes most prominent actors and screen sex symbols in the 1960s and he achieved critical acclaim for roles in films such as Rocco and His Brothers, Purple Noon, LEclisse, The Leopard, Lost Command and Le Samouraï. Over the course of his career Delon worked with well known directors, including Luchino Visconti, Jean-Luc Godard, Jean-Pierre Melville, Michelangelo Antonioni. Delon acquired Swiss citizenship on 23 September 1999, and the company managing products sold under his name is based in Geneva and he resides in Chêne-Bougeries in the canton of Geneva. Delon was born in Sceaux, Seine, Île-de-France, a suburb of Paris and his parents, Édith and Fabien Delon, divorced when Delon was four. Both remarried, and Delon has a half-sister and two half-brothers and his paternal grandmother was Corsican, from Prunelli-di-Fiumorbo. When his parents divorced, Delon was sent to live with foster parents, when they died, his parents shared him but the arrangement proved unsatisfactory. He attended a Roman Catholic boarding school, the first of several schools from which he was expelled because of unruly behavior, teachers once tried to persuade him to enter the priesthood because of his aptitude in religious studies. At 14, Delon left school, and worked for a time at his stepfathers butcher shop. He enlisted in the French Navy three years later, and in 1953-54 he served as a fusilier marin in the First Indochina War, Delon has said that out of his four years of military service he spent 11 months in prison for being undisciplined. In 1956, after being discharged from the military, he returned to France. He had little money, and got by on whatever employment he could find and he spent time working as a waiter, a porter, a secretary and a sales assistant. During this time he became friends with the actress Brigitte Auber, and joined her on a trip to the Cannes Film Festival, at Cannes, Delon was seen by a talent scout for David O. Selznick. After a screen test Selznick offered him a contract, provided he learn English, Delon returned to Paris to study the language, but when he met French director Yves Allégret, he was convinced that he should stay in France to begin his career. Selznick allowed Delon to cancel his contract, and Allégret gave him his debut in the film with Edwige Feuillère, marc Allegret cast him in Be Beautiful But Shut Up, which also featured a young Jean Paul Belmondo. He was then given his first lead, supporting Romy Schneider in a romance, Christine. He and Schneider began a highly publicised romance in real life, the film was the seventeenth most popular movie at the French box office that year. Delon was given the lead in a comedy, Women are Weak and this was a big hit in France and was the first of Delons films to be seen in America
Alain Delon
–
Delon at the
2010 Cannes Film Festival.
Alain Delon
–
Delon in
Joy House (1964)
Alain Delon
–
Delon with daughter at the
2010 Cannes Film Festival.
Alain Delon
–
Alain Delon in
Belgrade, 1962
42.
Il deserto rosso
–
Red Desert is a 1964 Italian film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Monica Vitti with Richard Harris. Written by Antonioni and Tonino Guerra, the film is about a woman trying to survive in the world of cultural neurosis. The working title was Celeste e verde, Il deserto rosso was awarded the Golden Lion at the 25th Venice Film Festival in 1964. This was the last in a series of four films he made with Vitti between 1959 and 1964, preceded by LAvventura, La Notte, and LEclisse. In Ravenna, Italy, Giuliana is walking with her son, Valerio, towards the petrochemical plant managed by her husband. Passing workers who are on strike, Giuliana nervously and impulsively purchases a half-eaten sandwich from one of the workers and they are surrounded by strange industrial structures and debris that create inhuman images and sounds. Inside the plant, Ugo is talking with a business associate, Corrado Zeller. Ugo and Corrado converse comfortably in the noisy factory, Ugo tells Corrado that his wife, Giuliana, had a recent auto accident, and though she was physically unhurt, she has not been right mentally. That night in their apartment, Giuliana becomes highly agitated and fearful over a dream she had about sinking in quicksand, Ugo is unable to calm her or understand what shes experiencing. Attracted to Giuliana, Corrado visits her at an empty shop shes planning to open and talks about his life and she accompanies him to Ferrara on one of his worker recruitment drives, and she indirectly reveals details about her mental state. She tells him that when she was in the hospital, she met a woman patient who was advised by her doctors to find someone or something to love—a husband, a son. She speaks of the young woman feeling like there was no ground beneath her, like she was sliding down a slope, sinking and they travel to a radio observatory in Medicina, where Corrado hopes to recruit a top worker. Surrounded by cold industrial architecture, Giuliana seems lost in her loneliness and they spend time in the shack engaged in trivial small talk filled with jokes, role-playing, and sexual innuendo. Giuliana seems to find solace in these mindless distractions. During their conversations, Corrado and Giuliana have grown closer, and he shows interest, like Giuliana, Corrado is also alienated, but he is better adapted to and accepting of his environment, telling her, You wonder what to look at, I wonder how to live. When a doctor arrives to board the ship, Giuliana, seeing that the ship is now quarantined due to an infectious disease and her unwillingness to stay, or to return to the shack to retrieve the purse she left behind, underscores her state of alienation from the others. Sometime later, Ugo leaves on a trip, and Giuliana spends more time with Corrado. One day she discovers that her son has become suddenly paralyzed from the waist down
Il deserto rosso
–
Original Italian film poster
Il deserto rosso
–
Vitti and the colour red in Il deserto rosso (1964)
Il deserto rosso
–
Screenshot from the film: "My intention..." said Antonioni, "was to translate the poetry of the world, in which even factories can be beautiful."
43.
MGM
–
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
MGM
–
MGM Tower, former company headquarters highlighted by the famous
Leo the Lion logo at the top
MGM
–
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc.
MGM
–
Clark Gable
MGM
–
Marie Dressler and
Wallace Beery in
Min and Bill (1930)
44.
Swinging London
–
The term Swinging London refers to a youth-driven cultural revolution that took place in London during the mid-to-late 1960s. The Swinging London also reached British cinema, which saw a surge in formal experimentation, freedom of expression, colour, and comedy. During this period, creative types of all kinds gravitated to the capital, from artists and writers to publishers, photographers, advertisers, film-makers. During this era, London from a gloomy, grimy post-War capital into a bright, the phenomenon was caused by the large number of young people in the city and the postwar economic boom. The swinging scene also served as a consumerist counterpart to the countercultural British underground of the same period, Swinging London was a youth-oriented phenomenon that emphasized the new and modern. It was a period of optimism and hedonism, and a cultural revolution, one catalyst was the recovery of the British economy after post-World War II austerity which lasted through much of the 1950s. It swings, it is the scene, and celebrated in the name of the radio station, Swinging Radio England. However, swinging in the sense of hip or fashionable had been used since the early 1960s, in 1965, Diana Vreeland, editor of Vogue magazine, said London is the most swinging city in the world at the moment. Later that year, the American singer Roger Miller had a hit record with England Swings, psychedelic rock from artists such as Pink Floyd, Cream, Procol Harum, the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Traffic grew significantly in popularity. During the time of Swinging London, fashion and photography were featured in Queen magazine, mod-related fashions such as the miniskirt stimulated fashionable shopping areas such as Carnaby Street and Kings Road, Chelsea. The model Jean Shrimpton was another icon and one of the worlds first supermodels and she was the worlds highest paid and most photographed model during this time. Shrimpton was called The Face of the 60s, in which she has been considered by many as the symbol of Swinging London, other popular models of the era included Veruschka, Peggy Moffitt, and Penelope Tree. The model Twiggy has been called the face of 1966 and the Queen of Mod, the British flag, the Union Jack, became a symbol, assisted by events such as Englands home victory in the 1966 World Cup. The Mini-Cooper car was used by a fleet of mini-cab taxis highlighted by advertising that covered their paintwork, the Jaguar E-Type sports car was another British icon of the 1960s. The phenomenon was featured in films of the time, including Darling. The comedy films Austin Powers, International Man of Mystery and Austin Powers, The Spy Who Shagged Me resurrected the imagery, the ITV spy-fi series The Avengers, particularly after it began broadcasting in colour, reveled in its Swinging London setting. In the 1967 episode, Dead Mans Treasure, Emma Peel arrives in the archetypal English village of Swingingdale, in the episode Beauty is an Ugly Word of BBCs Adam Adamant Lives. Adamant, an Edwardian adventurer suspended in time since 1902, was told, jigsaw Man, a 1968 episode of the detective series Man in a Suitcase, opened with the announcement, This is London
Swinging London
–
"Swinging London",
Carnaby Street, circa 1966
Swinging London
–
Carnaby Street, circa 1968.
45.
David Hemmings
–
David Edward Leslie Hemmings was an English film, theatre and television actor, as well as a film and television director and producer. He founded also the Hemdale Film Corporation in 1967 and he is noted for his role as the photographer in the drama mystery-thriller film Blowup, directed by Michelangelo Antonioni. Early in his career, Hemmings was a boy soprano appearing in operatic roles, David Hemmings was born in Guildford, in the county of Surrey, to a biscuit salesman father. Most notably, Hemmings created the role of Miles in Brittens chamber opera Turn of the Screw and his intimate, yet innocent, relationship with Britten is described in John Bridcuts book Brittens Children. Hemmings had earlier played the role in Brittens The Little Sweep. Britten was furious, waved Hemmings away, and never had any contact with him. Hemmings then moved on to acting and directing in film and he made his first film appearance in the drama film The Rainbow Jacket, but he first became well known as a pin-up and film star in the mid-1960s. Antonioni, who detested the Method way of acting, sought to find a young face for the lead in his next production. Then, he found Hemmings, at the acting in small stage theatre in London, although at their first meeting, Antonioni told Hemmings. Hemmings directed the drama film The 14, which won the Silver Bear at the 23rd Berlin International Film Festival and he appeared in the Italian giallo film Profondo Rosso directed by Dario Argento. In 1977 he appeared as Eddy in the film Islands in the Stream and he directed David Bowie and Marlene Dietrich in the drama film Schöner Gigolo, armer Gigolo. The film was received, with Bowie describing it as my 32 Elvis Presley films rolled into one. Hemmings directed the horror film The Survivor, based on James Herberts 1976 novel of the name, starring Robert Powell. He once joked, People thought I was dead, I was just directing The A-Team. He directed the thriller film Race for the Yankee Zephyr, which stars Ken Wahl, Lesley Ann Warren, Donald Pleasence, Hemmings also directed the puzzle-contest video Money Hunt, The Mystery of the Missing Link. He directed the television film The Key to Rebecca, an adaptation of Ken Folletts 1980 novel of the same name and he also briefly served as a producer on the NBC crime-drama television series Stingray. Hemmings played a cop in the docudrama film Beyond Reasonable Doubt about Arthur Allan Thomas, a New Zealand farmer jailed for the murder of Harvey and Jeannette Crewe. In later years, he had roles including appearing as Cassius in the epic film Gladiator, with Russell Crowe, as well as appearing in the drama film Last Orders
David Hemmings
–
David Hemmings (1976)
46.
Vanessa Redgrave
–
Vanessa Redgrave, CBE is an English actress of stage, screen and television, as well as a political activist. She is a 2003 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee, and she also received Tony nominations for The Year of Magical Thinking and Driving Miss Daisy. On screen, she has starred in scores of films and is a six-time Oscar nominee and her other nominations were for Morgan, A Suitable Case for Treatment, Isadora, Mary, Queen of Scots, The Bostonians and Howards End. Among her other films are A Man for All Seasons, Blowup, Camelot, The Devils, Murder on the Orient Express, Prick Up Your Ears, Mission, Impossible, Atonement, Coriolanus and The Butler. Redgrave was born in Greenwich, London, the daughter of actors Sir Michael Redgrave, laurence Olivier announced her birth to the audience at a performance of Hamlet at the Old Vic, when he said that Laertes had a daughter. She was educated at the Alice Ottley School, Worcester, and Queens Gate School, London and her siblings, Lynn Redgrave and Corin Redgrave, were also acclaimed actors. Vanessa Redgrave entered the Central School of Speech and Drama in 1954 and she first appeared in the West End, playing opposite her brother, in 1958. In 1960, Redgrave had her first starring role in Robert Bolts The Tiger, in 1961, she played Rosalind in As You Like It for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In 1962, she played Imogen in William Gaskills production of Cymbeline for the RSC. In 1966, Redgrave created the role of Jean Brodie in the Donald Albery production of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and she won four Evening Standard Awards for Best Actress in four decades. In 2003 she won a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance in the Broadway revival of Eugene ONeills Long Days Journey Into Night. In January 2006, Redgrave was presented the Ibsen Centennial Award for her work in interpreting many of Henrik Ibsens works over the last decades. Previous recipients of the award include Liv Ullmann, Glenda Jackson, for this, she won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play. She reprised the role at the Lyttelton Theatre at the Royal National Theatre in London to mixed reviews and she also spent a week performing the work at the Theatre Royal in Bath in September 2008. She once again performed the role of Joan Didion for a benefit at New Yorks Cathedral of Saint John the Divine on 26 October 2009. The performance was originally slated to debut on 27 April, but was pushed due to the death of Redgraves daughter Natasha, the proceeds for the benefit were donated to the United Nations Childrens Fund and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency. Both charities work to help for the children of Gaza. In October 2010, she starred in the Broadway premiere of Driving Miss Daisy starring in the role opposite James Earl Jones
Vanessa Redgrave
–
Redgrave at the
Berlin International Film Festival, 2011
47.
Zabriskie Point (film)
–
Zabriskie Point /zəˈbrɪski/ is a 1970 American drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni, widely noted at the time for its setting in the counterculture of the United States in the late 1960s. Some of the scenes were shot on location at Zabriskie Point in Death Valley. Zabriskie Point was the second of three English-language films that Antonioni had been contracted to direct for producer Carlo Ponti and to be distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the other two were Blowup and The Passenger. Zabriskie Point was a commercial failure, and was panned by most critics upon release. It was once considered to be one of the worst films of all time and its critical standing has increased, however, since its release. It has to some extent achieved cult status and is noted for its cinematography, use of music, in a room at a university campus in 1970, white and black students argue about an impending student strike. Mark leaves the meeting after saying he is willing to die, but not of boredom for the cause, following a mass arrest at the campus protest, Mark visits a police station hoping to bail his roommate out of jail. He is told to wait but goes to the area, asks further about bail for his roommate, is rebuffed, calls out to the arrested students. He gives his name as Karl Marx, which a duty officer types as Carl Marx, after he is released from jail, Mark and another friend buy firearms from a Los Angeles gun shop, saying they need them for self-defense to protect our women. In a downtown Los Angeles office building, successful real estate executive Lee Allen reviews a television commercial for Sunny Dunes, instead of actors or models, the slickly produced commercial features casually dressed, smiling mannequins. In the next scene Allen talks with his associate about the greater Los Angeles areas very rapid growth as the two drive through crowded streets, Mark goes to a bloody campus confrontation between students and police. Some students are tear-gassed and at least one is shot, as Mark reaches for a gun in his boot, a Los Angeles policeman is seen being fatally shot, although it is unclear by whom. Along the way Daria is searching for a man, who works with emotionally disturbed children from Los Angeles. While filling its radiator with water, she is spied from the air by Mark and he throws a T-shirt out of the window of the aircraft for her to pick up. Daria goes from upset to curious and smiling during this sequence and they later meet at the desert shack of an old man, where Mark asks her for a lift so he can buy gasoline for the aircraft. The two then wander to Zabriskie Point, where they love and the sites geological formations seem to come alive in a dusty orgy. Later, a California highway patrolman suspiciously questions Daria, Daria asks Mark if he was the one who killed the cop in Los Angeles. He states that he wanted to, but someone else shot the officer first, getting back to the stolen aircraft, they paint it with politically charged slogans and psychedelic colors
Zabriskie Point (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
48.
Counterculture of the 1960s
–
Many key movements related to these issues were born or advanced within the counterculture of the 1960s. This embracing of creativity is particularly notable in the works of British Invasion bands such as the Beatles, in addition to the trendsetting Beatles, many other creative artists, authors, and thinkers, within and across many disciplines, helped define the counterculture movement. Several factors distinguished the counterculture of the 1960s from the movements of previous eras. Post-war affluence allowed many of the generation to move beyond a focus on the provision of the material necessities of life that had preoccupied their Depression-era parents. The counterculture era essentially commenced in earnest with the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, poor outcomes from some of these activities set the stage for disillusionment with, and distrust of, post-war governments. In the US, President Dwight D, the Partial Test Ban Treaty divided the establishment within the US along political and military lines. In the UK, the Profumo Affair also involved establishment leaders being caught in deception, leading to disillusionment and serving as a catalyst for liberal activism. The Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the world to the brink of war in October 1962, was largely fomented by duplicitous speech. The assassination of US President John F. Kennedy in November 1963, many social issues fueled the growth of the larger counterculture movement. On college and university campuses, student activists fought for the right to exercise their constitutional rights, especially freedom of speech. The availability of new and more effective forms of control was a key underpinning of the sexual revolution. With this change in attitude, by the 1990s the ratio of children out of wedlock rose from 5% to 25% for Whites. The end of censorship resulted in a reformation of the western film industry. Communes, collectives, and intentional communities regained popularity during this era, Some of these self-sustaining communities have been credited with the birth and propagation of the international Green Movement. The emergence of an interest in expanded spiritual consciousness, yoga, occult practices, in 1957, 69% of US residents polled by Gallup said religion was increasing in influence. By the late 1960s, polls indicated less than 20% still held that belief, the Generation Gap, or the inevitable perceived divide in worldview between the old and young, was perhaps never greater than during the counterculture era. Ultimately, practical and comfortable casual apparel, namely updated forms of T-shirts, many began to live largely clandestine lives because of their choice to use such drugs and substances, fearing retribution from their governments. The confrontations between college students and law enforcement officials became one of the hallmarks of the era, many younger people began to show deep distrust of police, and terms such as fuzz and pig as derogatory epithets for police reappeared, and became key words within the counterculture lexicon
Counterculture of the 1960s
–
Underwater atomic test
"Baker",
Bikini Atoll, Pacific Ocean, 1946.
Counterculture of the 1960s
–
The
peace sign (or peace symbol), designed and first used in the UK during the
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, later became synonymous with opposition to the Vietnam War.
Counterculture of the 1960s
–
Free Speech activist Mario Savio on the steps of Sproul Hall,
University of California, Berkeley, 1966.
Counterculture of the 1960s
–
Dr. King's "
I Have a Dream " speech, given in front of the
Lincoln Memorial during the 1963
March on Washington.
49.
I Vinti
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I vinti is a 1953 drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Franco Interlenghi, Anna Maria Ferrero and Eduardo Ciannelli. The film is composed of three stories about youths who commit murders, in the French story set in Paris, a group of high school students kill one of their colleagues for his money. In the Italian story set in Rome, a university student is involved in smuggling cigarettes, in the English story set in London, a lazy poet finds the body of a woman and tries to sell his story to the press. The film was a project of Film Constellation to Suso Cecchi dAmico and this film was screened out of competition at 1953 Venice Film Festival. The Italian DVD by Medusa Film offers the restored uncut trilingual version, the Italian episode was modified for censorship reasons, but it was later included in the 1962 anthology film Il fiore e la violenza. The entire film was refused a certificate by the British Board of Film Censors in 1954, the French episode had trouble with French censorship, and was not released until 1963. The English-language episode is based on the murder of 48 year old Mrs Mabel Tattershaw by Herbert Leonard Mills. Wanting to commit the murder, on 3 August 1951 Mills lured Tattershaw to Sherwood Vale, where he struck her about the head. He then returned home and waited for the body to be discovered, when this had not happened by 9 August he rang the News of the World, told them he had found the body of a strangled woman, and demanded payment for his story. Mills was quickly implicated, tried for the crime, and found guilty and he was executed on 11 December 1951. I vinti, while seldom ranked with Antonionis best efforts, is met with positive reception, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 100% approval among five critics. I vinti at the Internet Movie Database
I Vinti
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DVD cover
50.
Le Amiche
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Le Amiche is a 1955 Italian black-and-white drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Eleonora Rossi Drago, Gabriele Ferzetti, Franco Fabrizi, and Valentina Cortese. The film was shot on location in Turin, Piedmont, Italy, le Amiche received the Venice Film Festivals Silver Lion award in 1955, and the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon Award for Best Director and Best Supporting Actress. Returning to her native Turin for the opening of a branch of a Rome fashion salon, Rosetta took an overdose of sleeping pills in an attempt to commit suicide. Clelia, who is alone in her hometown, befriends Rosetta, momina De Stefani is separated from her husband and easily replaces lovers. Nene is a talented artist becoming successful in her career, she is living with a painter named Lorenzo who envies the success of his wife. Clelia is attracted by Carlo, the assistant of the architect, Cesare Pedoni. The advice leads to tragic consequences, as such, it is one of the few adaptations Antonioni directed, the others being Blowup, The Mystery of Oberwald and his final feature, Beyond the Clouds, based on a book of his own short stories. Antonioni wrote the screenplay in collaboration with Suso Cecchi dAmico and Alba De Cespedes, the film was shot on location in Turin through the Trionfalcine production company and distributed in Italy through Titanus
Le Amiche
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Theatrical release poster
51.
Il Grido
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Il grido is a 1957 Italian black-and-white drama film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Steve Cochran, Alida Valli, Betsy Blair, and Dorian Gray. Based on a story by Antonioni, the film is about a man who wanders aimlessly, away from his town, away from the woman he loved, and becomes emotionally and socially inactive. Il Grido won the Locarno International Film Festival Golden Leopard Award in 1957, Aldo has worked at the sugar refinery in Goriano for seven years. His long-time mistress, Irma, learns that her husband, who left for Australia years ago in search of a job, Irma goes to the sugar refinery and drops off Aldos lunch, but does not stay to talk with him. Concerned about her behavior, Aldo goes back to the house where they discuss her husbands death, Aldo suggests that after seven years they can finally get married and legitimize their daughter, Rosina. The next day, Irma reveals that she loves someone else, Aldo can hardly believe her words, saying, All these years, nothing was true. In the coming days he tries desperately to change her mind but it is no use, distraught and disillusioned, Aldo leaves Goriano with their daughter Rosina and the two start wandering throughout the Po valley. They stop at the house of his girlfriend, Elvia. He flatters her and helps repair a boat owned by the boyfriend of Elvias younger sister. Later he spends time with Elvia and his daughter watching the race, with Elvia holding Aldos arm. Irma shows up at Elvias house to deliver Aldos valise, Elvia has little sympathy for Irma, believing she will regret throwing away her relationship with Aldo. That night Elvia and Aldo go to a dance and have a good time, upset that Aldo returned to her only after Irma broke off their relationship, she tells him she received his valise from Irma. After Aldo explodes in anger at Irmas actions, they realize his visit was a mistake. Later that evening, Edera returns from the dance a little drunk and flirtatous, and they kiss, Aldo and his daughter leave early the next morning. Elvia tells her sister she is sad to see him go. Aldo is unsuccessful in finding work along to Po valley, when Rosina is almost hit by a car, Aldo slaps her face in front of a school yard of children, humiliating her. She runs off and walks among a group of men from the insane asylum and her father retrieves her and they get a ride atop a petrol truck, but are forced to disembark near a police check point near a bpm service station. The truck driver tells Aldo that hell pick him up the day when the police are not around
Il Grido
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Theatrical release poster
