1.
Port of Spain
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Port of Spain is the capital city of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the countrys third-largest municipality, after Chaguanas and San Fernando. The city has a population of 37,074, a metropolitan population of 128,026. The city serves primarily as a retail and administrative centre and it has been the capital of the island since 1757 and it is also an important financial services centre for the Caribbean and is home to two of the largest banks in the region. Port of Spain was also the de facto capital of the short-lived West Indies Federation, caricom was established in Chaguaramas, west of Port of Spain. The city is home to the largest container port on the island and is one of several shipping hubs of the Caribbean. Bauxite from Guyana is trans-shipped via facilities at Chaguaramas, about 8 kilometres west of the city, the pre-lenten Carnival is the citys main annual cultural festival and tourist attraction. Today, Port of Spain is a city in the Caribbean region. Trinidad and Tobago hosted the Fifth Summit of the Americas in 2009 whose guests included US President Barack Obama, Port of Spain is also home to the biggest and most successful stock exchange in the Caribbean, the Trinidad and Tobago Stock Exchange. The iconic Nicholas Tower, as well as skyscrapers, are well known throughout the region. These buildings dominate the citys skyline, some of the tallest skyscrapers in the Caribbean are located in Port of Spain. The Port of Spain was founded near the site of the Amerindian fishing village of Cumucurapo, located in the today known as Mucurapo. In 1560, a Spanish garrison was posted near the foot of the Laventille Hills, the part of todays downtown Port of Spain closest to the sea was once an area of tidal mudflats covered by mangroves. The first Spanish buildings here, in the 16th and 17th centuries, were open mud-plastered ajoupas, the fort was a mud-walled enclosure with a shack inside, a flagpole, two or three cannon, and few Spanish soldiers. This was captured during Walter Raleighs expedition in April 1595, the Caribs were transient, travelling to the mainland and up the Orinoco River. The French naval commander Comte DEstrées visited in 1680, and reported there was no Port of Spain. The last Spanish Governor of Trinidad, Don José Maria Chacón and he compelled the islands Cabildo to move to Port of Spain, and he limited its powers to the municipality. The 1783 Cedula of Population, which encouraged the settlement of French Catholics in the island, led to a increase in the towns population. Along the sea shore was the Plaza del Marina, a parade ground, by 1786, the town had a population of about 3,000
2.
Trinidad and Tobago
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During the same period, the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish, British, French, Dutch and Courlander colonizers, more times than any other island in the Caribbean. Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens, the country Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962, becoming a republic in 1976. Trinidad and Tobago is the third richest country by GDP per capita in the Americas after the United States, furthermore, it is recognised as a high-income economy by the World Bank. Unlike most of the English-speaking Caribbean, the economy is primarily industrial, with an emphasis on petroleum. The countrys wealth is attributed to its reserves and exploitation of oil. Historian E. L. Joseph claimed that Trinidads Amerindian name was Iere or Land of the Humming Bird, derived from the Arawak name for hummingbird, however, Boomert claims that neither cairi nor caeri means hummingbird and tukusi or tucuchi does. Others have reported that kairi and iere simply mean island, christopher Columbus renamed it La Isla de la Trinidad, fulfilling a vow made before setting out on his third voyage of exploration. Trinidad and Tobago are islands situated between 10°2 and 11°12 N latitude and 60°30 and 61°56 W longitude, at the closest point, Trinidad is just 11 kilometres from Venezuelan territory. Trinidad is 4,768 km2 in area with a length of 80 km. Tobago has an area of about 300 km2, or 5. 8% of the area, is 41 km long and 12 km at its greatest width. Trinidad and Tobago lie on the shelf of South America. The terrain of the islands is a mixture of mountains and plains, the highest point in the country is found on the Northern Range at El Cerro del Aripo, which is 940 metres above sea level. As the majority of the live in the island of Trinidad. There are four municipalities in Trinidad, Port of Spain. The main town in Tobago is Scarborough, Trinidad is made up of a variety of soil types, the majority being fine sands and heavy clays. The alluvial valleys of the Northern Range and the soils of the East-West Corridor are the most fertile, the Northern Range consists mainly of Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous metamorphic rocks. The Northern Lowlands consist of shallow marine clastic sediments. South of this, the Central Range fold and thrust belt consists of Cretaceous and Eocene sedimentary rocks, the Naparima Plains and the Nariva Swamp form the southern shoulder of this uplift
3.
Houston
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Houston is the most populous city in the state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million within an area of 667 square miles, it also is the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County. Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico, it is the city of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land. Houston was founded on August 28,1836, near the banks of Buffalo Bayou and incorporated as a city on June 5,1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded, the burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the citys population. Houstons economy has an industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics. Leading in health care sectors and building equipment, Houston has more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits than any city except for New York City. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled, the city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has a visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District. In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs from New York, Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen, purchased 6,642 acres of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the general at the Battle of San Jacinto. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the slave trade. New Orleans was the center of trade in the Deep South. Thousands of enslaved African Americans lived near the city before the Civil War, many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. Houston was granted incorporation on June 5,1837, with James S. Holman becoming its first mayor, in the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County and the temporary capital of the Republic of Texas
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Sport of athletics
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Athletics is a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running. The results of racing events are decided by finishing position, while the jumps, the simplicity of the competitions, and the lack of a need for expensive equipment, makes athletics one of the most commonly competed sports in the world. Athletics is mostly an individual sport, with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes performances for a team score, organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BCE. The rules and format of the events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century. Most modern top level meetings are conducted by the International Association of Athletics Federations, the athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics. The foremost international athletics meeting is the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, other top level competitions in athletics include the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. Athletes with a disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the IPC Athletics World Championships. The word athletics is derived from the Ancient Greek ἀθλητής from ἆθλον or ἆθλος, initially, the term was used to describe athletic contests in general – i. e. sporting competition based primarily on human physical feats. In the 19th century, the term acquired a more narrow definition in Europe. This definition continues to be the most prominent one in the United Kingdom, furthermore, foreign words in many German and Roman languages which are related to the term athletics also have a similar meaning. In much of North America, athletics is synonymous with sports in general, the word athletics is rarely used to refer to the sport of athletics in this region. Track and field is preferred, and is used in the United States and Canada to refer to most athletics events, including racewalking, Athletic contests in running, walking, jumping and throwing are among the oldest of all sports and their roots are prehistoric. Athletics events were depicted in the Ancient Egyptian tombs in Saqqara, with illustrations of running at the Heb Sed festival, the Tailteann Games were an ancient Celtic festival in Ireland, founded around 1800 BCE, and the thirty-day meeting included running and stone-throwing among its sporting events. The original and only event at the first Olympics in 776 BCE was a running event known as the stadion. This later expanded to include throwing and jumping events within the ancient pentathlon, Athletics competitions also took place at other Panhellenic Games, which were founded later around 500 BCE. The Cotswold Olimpick Games, a festival which emerged in 17th century England. Annually, from 1796 to 1798, LOlympiade de la République was held in revolutionary France, the premier event of this competition was a running event, but various ancient Greek disciplines were also on display
6.
100 metres
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The 100 metres, or 100-metre dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions. The shortest common outdoor running distance, it is one of the most popular and it has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1928 for women. The reigning 100 m Olympic champion is named the fastest runner in the world. The World Championships 100 metres has been contested since 1983, jamaicans Usain Bolt and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce are the reigning world champions, Bolt and Elaine Thompson are the Olympic champions in the mens and womens 100 metres, respectively. On an outdoor 400 metres running track, the 100 m is run on the home straight, runners begin in the starting blocks and the race begins when an official fires the starters pistol. Sprinters typically reach top speed after somewhere between 50–60 m and their speed then slows towards the finish line. The 10-second barrier has historically been a barometer of fast mens performances, the current mens world record is 9.58 seconds, set by Jamaicas Usain Bolt in 2009, while the womens world record of 10.49 seconds set by American Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988 remains unbroken. The 100 m emerged from the metrication of the 100 yards, the event is largely held outdoors as few indoor facilities have a 100 m straight. US athletes have won the mens Olympic 100 metres title more times than any country,16 out of the 28 times that it has been run. US women have dominated the event winning 9 out of 21 times. At the start, some athletes play psychological games such as trying to be last to the starting blocks, at high level meets, the time between the gun and first kick against the starting block is measured electronically, via sensors built in the gun and the blocks. A reaction time less than 0.1 s is considered a false start, the 0. 2-second interval accounts for the sum of the time it takes for the sound of the starters pistol to reach the runners ears, and the time they take to react to it. For many years a sprinter was disqualified if responsible for two false starts individually, however, this rule allowed some major races to be restarted so many times that the sprinters started to lose focus. The next iteration of the rule, introduced in February 2003, meant that one false start was allowed among the field, but anyone responsible for a subsequent false start was disqualified. To avoid such abuse and to improve spectator enjoyment, the IAAF implemented a change in the 2010 season – a false starting athlete now receives immediate disqualification. This proposal was met with objections when first raised in 2005, justin Gatlin commented, Just a flinch or a leg cramp could cost you a years worth of work. The rule had an impact at the 2011 World Championships. Runners normally reach their top speed just past the point of the race
7.
200 metres
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The 200 metres is a sprint running event. On an outdoor 400 m track, the race begins on the curve and ends on the home straight, a slightly shorter race, called the stadion and run on a straight track, was the first recorded event at the ancient Olympic Games. The 200 m places more emphasis on speed endurance than shorter sprint distances as athletes rely on different energy systems during the longer sprint, in the United States and elsewhere, athletes previously ran the 220-yard dash instead of the 200 m, though the distance is now obsolete. The standard adjustment used for the conversion from times recorded over 220 yards to 200 m times is to subtract 0.1 seconds, another obsolete version of this race is the 200 metres straight, which was run on tracks that contained such a straight. Initially, when the International Amateur Athletic Association started to ratify world records in 1912, in 1951, the IAAF started to recognise records set on a curved track. In 1976, the record was discarded. The race attracts runners from other events, primarily the 100 metres, wishing to double up, marion Jones finished first in both races in 2000 but was later disqualified and stripped of her medals after admitting to taking performance-enhancing drugs. An Olympic double of 200 m and 400 m was first achieved by Valerie Brisco-Hooks in 1984, Usain Bolt is the only man to repeat as Olympic champion, Bärbel Wöckel and Veronica Campbell-Brown are the two women who have repeated as Olympic champion. The mens world record holder is Usain Bolt of Jamaica, who ran 19. 19s at the 2009 World Championships, the womens world record holder is Florence Griffith-Joyner of the United States, who ran 21. 34s at the 1988 Summer Olympics. The reigning Olympic champions are Usain Bolt and Elaine Thompson, the reigning World Champions are Bolt and Dafne Schippers. Races run with an aiding wind measured over 2.0 metres per second are not acceptable for record purposes, only the fastest time for each athlete is listed. A = Altitude Correct as of January 2017. Below is a list of all other legal times inside 19.60, yohan Blake also ran 19.44,19.54. Below is a list of all other legal times inside 21.80, merlene Ottey also ran 21.66,21.77. Marita Koch also ran 21.76,21.78. Below is a list of all other legal times inside 22.45, merlene Ottey also ran 22.24,22.34,22.37. A Known as the World Indoor Games IAAF list of 200-metres records in XML All time 200m men records
8.
Rio de Janeiro
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Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
9.
IAAF World Championships in Athletics
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The IAAF World Championships, commonly referred to as the World Championships in Athletics, is a biennial athletics event organized by the International Association of Athletics Federations. Originally held every four years, first in 1983, the current two-year cycle began in 1991, the idea of having an Athletics World Championships was around well before the competitions first event in 1983. In 1913, the IAAF decided that the Olympic Games would serve as the World Championships for athletics and this was considered suitable for over 50 years until in the late 1960s the desire of many IAAF members to have their own World Championships began to grow. In 1976 at the IAAF Council Meeting in Puerto Rico an Athletics World Championships separate from the Olympic Games was approved, two IAAF world championship events preceded the inaugural edition of the World Championships in Athletics in 1983. Four years later, the 1980 World Championships contained only two newly approved womens events, neither of which featured on the programme for the 1980 Summer Olympics, over the years the competition has grown in size. In 1983 an estimated 1,300 athletes from 154 countries participated, by the 2003 competition, in Paris, it had grown to 1,907 athletes from 203 countries with coverage being transmitted to 179 different countries. There has also been a change in composition over the years, with new events, all for women. By 2005, the differences were mens competition in the 50 km walk. The following list shows when new events were added for the first time,1987, womens 10,000 m and 10 km walk were added. 1993, womens triple jump was added,1995, womens 5000 m was added, replacing the 3000 m race. 1999, womens pole vault and hammer were added and the womens 20 km walk replaced the 10 km walk,2005, womens 3000 m steeplechase was added. Updated after 2015 Championships Note, Germany refers both to the former West Germany and the unified Federal Republic of Germany, the opening and closing ceremonies of the 8th IAAF World Championships held in Edmonton in 2001 were broadcast live to over 200 countries. The event included the mens marathon, and featured a thousand voice choir, men There are fifteen athletes who have won at least six medals. Women There are thirteen athletes who have won at least six medals, There are eighteen athletes that competed in at least eight editions
10.
2015 World Championships in Athletics
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The fifteenth edition of the IAAF World Championships was held 22–30 August 2015 in Beijing, China. 43 nations won medals,144 of which were awarded, kenya topped the medal table for the first time, with 7 gold,6 silver and 3 bronze medals. The United States won 18 medals, six gold, six silver and six bronze, Host nation China, finished 11th on the medals table, while Russia, the overall winner and host in 2013, finished ninth. 205 IAAF member countries and territories participated, two more than in 2013, with new IAAF member, Kosovo, making its debut, South Sudan was also set to participate for the first time, but its sole athlete did not show up in Beijing. Eritrea won their first world title at these championships, with Ghirmay Ghebreslassie winning the mens marathon, the event was the largest sporting event to take place at the Beijing National Stadium since the 2008 Summer Olympics. When the seeking deadline passed on 15 March 2010, three cities had confirmed their candidatures. London then stated that they would bid for 2017 and had the blessing of the IAAF to do so, the IAAF announced Beijing as the winning candidate at the IAAF Council Meeting in Monaco on 20 November 2010. The Council of IAAF approved the dates of 22 August until 30 August 2015, the event was primarily held at the Beijing National Stadium, which served as the athletics venue during the 2008 Summer Olympics. Tickets for the championships were available in three categories, ranging from 50 RMB to 500 RMB. * Host nation 207 countries with a total of 1,933 athletes were entered, of those 1,771 athletes from 205 countries actually competed. The biggest delegation was the one from the USA with 130 athletes, two countries, Ghana and South Sudan were set to participate, but none of their athletes showed up. The number of athletes per nation is shown in parentheses, as part of the event, the IAAF conducted a wide-reaching anti-doping programme. This included information-led targeted tests in the previous to the championships and testing of athletes in. In total, the IAAF undertook 1405 instances of doping controls in Beijing. The number of tests was a new high for the event, the testing was undertaken in partnership with the Chinese National Anti-Doping Agency. An anti-doping education programme was conducted, which included presentations on the risks of doping. Initial analysis identified two failed tests, both Kenyan women, hurdler Koki Manunga and sprinter Joy Nakhumicha Sakari, both were disqualified immediately from the competition. 2015 IPC Athletics World Championships Official website
11.
Commonwealth Games
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The Commonwealth Games is an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exception of 1942 and 1946, the games are overseen by the Commonwealth Games Federation, which also controls the sporting programme and selects the host cities. A host city is selected for each edition,18 cities in seven countries have hosted the event. Apart from many Olympic sports, the also include some sports that are played predominantly in Commonwealth countries, such as lawn bowls. Although there are 52 members of the Commonwealth of Nations,70 teams participate in the Commonwealth Games, the four Home Nations of the United Kingdom—England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland—also send separate teams. Only six countries have attended every Commonwealth Games, Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland, Australia has been the highest achieving team for twelve games, England for seven, and Canada for one. The John Astley Cooper Committees worldwide helped Pierre de Coubertin to get his international Olympic Games off the ground, in 1911, the Festival of the Empire was held at The Crystal Palace in London to celebrate the coronation of George V. In 1928, Melville Marks Robinson of Canada was asked to organise the first British Empire Games, eleven national teams and four hundred competitors took part in six sports. Women competed in the events only. The opening and closing ceremonies as well as took place at Civic Stadium. The 1934 Games had originally been awarded to Johannesburg, but were given to London instead because of the potential for prejudiced treatment of black, seventeen national teams took part, including the Irish Free State. Once again, only six sports were featured in these particular Games, athletics took place at White City and three sports took place at Wembley, at the well established venue of the Empire Pool in Wembley Park, which later became Wembley Arena. The Empire Games flag was donated in 1931 by the British Empire Games Association of Canada, the year and location of subsequent games were added until the 1950 games. The name of the event was changed to the British Empire and Commonwealth Games. The first edition of the event was the 1930 British Empire Games in which 11 nations participated, the quadrennial schedule of the games was interrupted by the Second World War and the 1942 Games and the 1946 Games were abandoned. The games were revived in 1950 and underwent a name change four years later with the first British Empire, over 1,000 athletes participated in the 1958 Games as over thirty teams took part for the first time. The 1978 Games in Edmonton marked a new high as almost 1,500 athletes from 46 countries took part, the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia saw the sporting programme grow from 10 to 15 sports as team sports were allowed for the first time. Participation also reached new levels as over 3500 athletes represented 70 teams at the event, at the Games in Melbourne in 2006, over 4000 athletes took part in sporting competitions
12.
2018 Commonwealth Games
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The winning bid was announced in Basseterre, Saint Kitts on 11 November 2011. It will be the fifth time Australia has hosted the Commonwealth Games, on 22 August 2008, the Premier of Queensland, Anna Bligh, officially launched Gold Coast Citys bid to host the Commonwealth Games in 2018. On 7 April 2009, the ABC reported an exchange deal between Gold Coast City and State of Queensland for Carrara Stadium. According to Mayor Ron Clarke, the land would aid a potential bid for the 2018 Commonwealth Games, the land exchanged would be used as the site of an aquatics centre. On 16 April 2009, Queensland Premier Anna Bligh told reporters that a successful Commonwealth Games bid by Gold Coast City could help the tourist strip win a role in hosting the World Cup. On 3 June 2009, Gold Coast City was confirmed as Australias exclusive bidder vying for the 2018 Commonwealth Games, should a bid proceed, Gold Coast City will have the exclusive Australian rights to bid as host city for 2018, Bligh stated. Under the stewardship of Queensland Events new chair, Geoff Dixon, on 15 March 2010, it was announced that the Queensland Government will provide initial funding of A$11 million for the 2018 Commonwealth Games bid. The Premier of Queensland has indicated the Governments support for the bid to the Australian Commonwealth Games Association, on 31 March 2010, the Australian Commonwealth Games Association officially launched the bid to host the 2018 Commonwealth Games. In October 2011, Gold Coast City Mayor Ron Clarke stated that the games would provide a strong legacy for the city after the games have ended, on 31 March 2010, a surprise bid was made for the 2018 Commonwealth Games by the Sri Lankan city of Hambantota. Hambantota was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, and is undergoing a face lift. The first phase of the Port of Hambantota is nearing completion, the Mattala International Airport, which is the second international Airport of Sri Lanka is built close to Hambantota. A new Hambantota International Cricket Stadium had also built, which had hosted matches in the 2011 Cricket World Cup. On 10 November, the Hambantota bidders claimed they had secured enough votes to win the hosting rights. However, on 11 November it was officially announced Gold Coast City had won the rights to host the games, in February 2012, Mark Peters was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Gold Coast City 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation. The Queensland Government Minister tasked with overseeing the Games is Stirling Hinchliffe, one of the key technical aspects of Gold Coast Citys successful bid was the fact that the city already has 80 percent of the planned venues in place. An extension to the system was announced in October 2015, connecting the current terminus at Gold Coast University Hospital to the line to Brisbane at Helensvale. The extension is expected to open before the games, there are 70 participating nations scheduled to compete at 2018 Commonwealth Games. Maldives were scheduled to participate, but in October 2016, they withdrew from the Commonwealth, the current approved sports include the 10 core sports, athletics, badminton, boxing, hockey, lawn bowls, netball, rugby sevens, squash, swimming and weightlifting
13.
2011 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships
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The 16th Pan American Junior Championships were held in Miramar, Florida, United States, at the Ansin Sports Complex on July 22 to 24,2011. A detailed report on the results was given, detailed result lists can be found on the World Junior Athletics History website. S. Complete results can be found on the Athletics Canada website, on the Half-Mile Timing website, on the USA Track & Field website, official website World Junior Athletics History
14.
CARIFTA Games
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The CARIFTA Games is an annual athletics competition founded by the Caribbean Free Trade Association. The games was first held in 1972 and consists of track and field events including sprint races, hurdles, middle distance events, jumping and throwing events. The Games has two age categories, under-17 and under-20, only countries associated with CARIFTA may compete in the competition. The meet normally runs over three days during the Easter period and includes over 150 separate events, the Games has two age categories for boys and girls, under-17 and under-20, the latter in line with the International Association of Athletics Federations guidelines for junior athletes. The meet is run entirely under IAAF rules, according to IAAF President, Lamine Diack, CARIFTA is on par with the World Championships. The meet is considered one of the best development meets in world athletics, having started out on grass tracks, with athletes staying in schools or other similar temporary shelter, the CARIFTA Games have come a long way. College and university coaches and scouts from the United States make their way to the Games each year, CARIFTA has spawned administrators like Dean Greenaway, President of the British Virgin Islands Athletics Association. In the early years, a handful of territories had facilities appropriate for hosting what really is a world-class meet, since 2000, though, Grenada, St Kitts-Nevis and St Lucia have built brand new stadia and hosted the CARIFTA Games. The Games have also held on Tobago and in Montego Bay, Jamaica. The CARIFTA Games are normally sponsored by companies including the National Gas Company of Trinidad & Tobago Ltd. The Games are hosted directly under the auspices of the North and Central American and Caribbean Confederation of the IAAF, more commonly known as NACAC. Each country may enter two athletes per event and up to six athletes may be entered for relay events and three athletes in the events such as pentathlon or heptathlon. The 100 and 200 metres World and Olympic record holder Usain Bolt holds the 200 metres record in the under 20 category, Jamaica has dominated the medals table at CARIFTA over the years. They hold records in 10 of the 21 Under-20 mens events contested all-time at CARIFTA, at the junior level, Jamaican boys own nine of the 17 records, whilst their girls possess a remarkable 10 of 16 marks in the Under-17 division. The oldest CARIFTA record in the books, though, belongs to a Bermudan, Sonya Smith, the oldest boys record is 15.03 m, the winning distance for Lyndon Sands of the Bahamas in the 1980 Under-17 Triple Jump. Kareem Streete-Thompson went on to one of the worlds leading horizontal jumpers. In 1989, he set an Under-17 Long Jump record with a leap of 7.83 m, and a year later his 7.94 m was an Under-20 record, in his first year competing at that level for Cayman Islands. The womens horizontal jump records are almost as long-lived, Jackie Edwards 1987 mark of 6.14 m was the Under-17 winning distance that year, both ladies are from the Bahamas
15.
2011 CARIFTA Games
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The 40th CARIFTA Games was held at the Montego Bay Sports Complex in Montego Bay, Jamaica, on April 23–25,2011. Initially, the games should be hosted for the time after 2007 by Saint Kitts and Nevis. The games could have cancelled for the first time in its history. Detailed reports on the results were given, a total of 8 new games records were set. Key The Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the games was awarded to Anthonique Strachan of the Bahamas and she won two gold medals in the junior category equalling Veronica Campbells 200 metres games record. Complete results can be found on the website and on the World Junior Athletics History website. , Open event for junior and youth athletes. , Open event for junior and youth athletes. Detailed result lists can be found on the website and on the World Junior Athletics History website. An unofficial count yields the number of about 453 athletes from about 27 countries, the lists contain the names of 12 athletes assigned to the Netherlands Antilles. Rather, after its dissolution in October 2010, teams from two successing states were participating,9 athletes from Curaçao, and 3 athletes from Sint Maarten, interestingly, also 3 athletes from French Saint Martin were part of the team from Guadeloupe
16.
2007 CARIFTA Games
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The 36th CARIFTA Games was held in the National Stadium on the island of Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands, on April 7-9,2007. Detailed reports on the results were given, Result lists can be found on the CACAC website, on the C. F. P. I. Timing website, on the IslandStats website, and on the World Junior Athletics History website. S, a total of 12 new games records were set. In the boys U-20 category, Jamaican sprinter Yohan Blake already set the new 100m record to 10. 18s in the heat, before improving it again to 10. 11s in the final. Ryan Brathwaite from Barbados also improved 110 metres hurdles games record twice, first, he achieved 13. 65s in the heat, jamaal Wilson from the Bahamas defended his high jump title jumping the new record height of 2. 20m. Raymond Brown won the shot put establishing the new record of 18. 27m. And the Jamaican 4x400 metres relay set the new games record to 3,07.10. In the girls U-20 category, the 100 metres hurdles record was improved to 13. 51s by Shermaine Williams from Jamaica, in the boys U-17 category, Dexter Lee of Jamaica set two new games records, both in 100 metres, and in 200 metres. His compatriot Kemoy Campbell also set two new records in 1500 metres, and 3000 metres. And as in the U-20 category, the fell in high jump and shot put, Raymond Higgs from the Bahamas jumped 2. 13m, whereas Quincy Wilson from Trinidad. It should be noted that in the girls U-17 category, Deandra Dottin from Barbados threw 42. 90m, moreover, a total of 14 national records were set by the junior and youth athletes. The most prominent is the new Barbadian record by Shakera Reece in the womens 100m in 11. 34s, the new Anguillian record in high jump was set by youngster Shinelle Proctor to 1. 60m. Amanda Edwards set the new record for Antigua and Barbuda for women in javelin throw to 41. 11m. There were two new national records for the British Virgin Islands, Chantel Malone reached 12. 29m in triple jump. The 37.44 metres by Alexandra Terry were a new Caymanian record for women in discus throw, sandisha Antoine set the womens record for Saint Lucia in triple jump to 12. 11m. The new womens records were set by Kadisha Wickham, Shanricka Williams, Israel Ramsey, Marquita Carter, the Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the games was awarded to Yohan Blake of Jamaica. He won 2 gold medals in the category, setting the new 100m games record to 10. 11s. Medal winners are published by category, Boys under 20, Girls Under 20, Boys under 17, complete results can be found on the CACAC website, on the C. F. P. I
17.
2008 CARIFTA Games
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The 37th CARIFTA Games was held in the Bird Rock Athletic Stadium in Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, on March 21-24,2008. IAAF president Lamine Diack was visiting the games emphasizing the events importance, detailed reports on the results were given. Detailed result lists can be found on the St. Kitts-Nevis Amateur Athletic Association website, a total of 9 new games records were set. Dillon Simon of Dominica reached a width of 16. 63m to establish a new U-17 shot put record, the Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the games was awarded to Kierre Beckles of Barbados. She won the medals in the 100m hurdles competition in the junior category setting the new games record to 13. 43s. Complete results can be found on the St. Kitts-Nevis Amateur Athletic Association website, †, Open event for both junior and youth athletes. †, Open event for junior and youth athletes. The medal count has been published
18.
2006 CARIFTA Games
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The 35th CARIFTA Games was held in the René Serge Nabajoth Stadium in Les Abymes, Guadeloupe on April 15–17,2006. A detailed appraisal of the results has been given, detailed result lists can be found on the CACAC, the CFPI and the World Junior Athletics History website. A total of 8 new games records were set, in the boys U-20 category, Ryan Brathwaite from Barbados achieved 13. 85s in 110 metres hurdles. The Jamaican 4x400 metres relay set the new games record to 3,07.75. In the girls U-20 category, the 400 metres record was improved twice, first, to 51. 82s in the heat by Kaliese Spencer, and then in the final, to 51. 30s by Sonita Sutherland, both from Jamaica. Together with their teammates Sherene Pinnock and Bobby-Gaye Wilkins, they finished the 4 x 400 metres relay in the new time of 3,31.90. In the boys U-17 category, Gavyn Nero of Trinidad and Tobago set two new records in 1500 metres and 3000 metres, in the girls U-17 category, Jamaican Natoya Goule set also two new records in 800 metres and 1500 metres. Moreover, a total of 3 national records were set by the junior athletes, in the mens category, Shanovan Williams threw the javelin to the new record mark for the Turks and Caicos Islands of 49.33 metres. In the womens category, two records for the British Virgin Islands were set by Chantel Malone in 55. 70s for 400 metres, the Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the games was awarded to Gavyn Nero of Trinidad and Tobago. He won 3 gold medals in the category, setting new 1500m and 3000m games record. Medal winners are published by category, Boys under 20, Girls under 20, Boys under 17, complete results can be found on the CACAC, the CFPI and the World Junior Athletics History website. †, Open event for junior and youth athletes. †, Open event for junior and youth athletes. The medal count has been published, there is a mismatch between the unofficial medal count and the published medal count for the Bahamas
19.
Sprint (running)
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Sprinting is running over a short distance in a limited period of time. It is used in sports that incorporate running, typically as a way of quickly reaching a target or goal. In athletics and track and field, sprints are races over short distances and they are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event—the stadion race, there are three sprinting events which are currently held at the Summer Olympics and outdoor World Championships, the 100 metres,200 metres, and 400 metres. The set position differs depending on the start, body alignment is of key importance in producing the optimal amount of force. Ideally the athlete should begin in a 4-point stance and push off using both legs for maximum force production, athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events, with the sole exception of the 400 m indoors. Races up to 100 m are largely focused upon acceleration to a maximum speed. All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance, the 60 metres is a khaled and Rion indoor event and it is an indoor world championship event. Less common events include the 50 metres,55 metres,300 metres, biological factors that determine a sprinters potential include, The 60 metres is normally run indoors, on a straight section of an indoor athletic track. Since races at this distance can last around six or seven seconds, having good reflexes and this is roughly the distance required for a human to reach maximum speed and can be run with one breath. It is popular for training and testing in other sports, the world record in this event is held by American sprinter Maurice Greene with a time of 6.39 seconds. 60-metres is used as a distance by younger athletes when starting sprint racing. Note, Indoor distances are less standardized as many facilities run shorter or occasionally longer distances depending on available space, the 100 metres sprint takes place on one length of the home straight of a standard outdoor 400 m track. Often, the holder in this race is considered the worlds fastest man/woman. The current world record of 9.58 seconds is held by Usain Bolt of Jamaica and was set on 16 August 2009, the womens world record is 10.49 seconds and was set by Florence Griffith-Joyner. World class male sprinters need 41 to 50 strides to cover the whole 100 metres distances, the 200 metres begins on the curve of a standard track, and ends on the home straight. The ability to run a good bend is key at the distance, as a well conditioned runner will typically be able to run 200 m in an average speed higher than their 100 m speed. Usain Bolt, however, ran 200 m in the time of 19.19 sec, an average speed of 10.422 m/s, whereas he ran 100 m in the world-record time of 9.58 sec
20.
2011 World Championships in Athletics
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The 13th IAAF World Championships in Athletics was an international athletics competition that was held in Daegu, South Korea. It started on 27 August 2011 and finished on 4 September 2011, the United States topped the medal standings in the competition with 25. During the competition,41 national records,4 area records,3 championship records, on 4 April 2006, the IAAF announced that nine countries had submitted expressions of interest for hosting the 2011 World Championships. When the seeking deadline passed on 1 December 2006, four cities had confirmed their candidatures. Gothenburg backed out later that month, citing lack of support from the Swedish government. Brisbane was announced as the Australian candidate with the Queensland Sport, the stadium previously hosted the 1982 Commonwealth Games and 2001 Goodwill Games. Brisbane also had a bid for the 2009 World Championships in Athletics. Daegu was the city chosen for the Korean bid, following on from an application to host the 2009 edition. Daegu had previously hosted the 2003 Summer Universiade and three matches of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, the World Championships in Athletics had never been staged in mainland Asia, although it has taken place twice in Japan. The Russian bid had Moscows Luzhniki Stadium as the proposed venue, the city hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics and the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships. Among the intent candidates were Casablanca and Split, both of which were failed bidders for the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, the Spanish candidate was rumored to be either Madrid or Valencia, but Spain eventually settled for Barcelona as a candidate for the 2013 World Championships in Athletics. The United States intent candidate city matched those bidding for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games, Chicago, the IAAF announced Daegu as the winning candidate at the IAAF Council Meeting in Mombasa on 27 March 2007. Its victory was based on the quality of the stadiums and the need for good crowds, iAAFs officials also praised Daegus ambition and challenging spirit as key to its winning bid. Both Moscow and Brisbane later confirmed their candidacy to host the 2013 World Championships in Athletics – a selection process won by the Russian capital, the events in the mens section ended with a world record in 4 x 100 metres relay set by Jamaica and several worlds leading results. Jamaica dominated the events, while Kenya and Ethiopia dominated the longer track events. In the field events, the United States and Germany were most successful, winning four, Yohan Blake and Usain Bolt, both from Jamaica, won two gold medals, being the most successful athletes in the mens events. In the 100 m final the largely favored Usain Bolt was disqualified for a false start, in the 200 m Bolt won with a time of 19.40 s, which was the fastest time ever not to be a world record at that point. Blake and Bolt, along with countrymen Nesta Carter and Michael Frater, ran in the 4 x 100 metres relay, in the 10,000 metres event, World Champion Kenenisa Bekele did not finish the race
21.
Gold Coast, Queensland
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Gold Coast is a coastal city in the Australian state of Queensland, approximately 66 kilometres south-southeast of the state capital Brisbane and immediately north of the border with New South Wales. With a census-estimated 2016 population of 638,090, The Gold Coast is the sixth-largest city in Australia, making it the largest non-capital city, the first settlement in what is now South East Queensland was as a penal colony at Redcliffe. The Gold Coast region remained uninhabited by Europeans until 1823 when explorer John Oxley landed at Mermaid Beach. The hinterlands red cedar supply attracted people to the area in the mid-19th century, later in 1875, Southport was surveyed and established and grew a reputation as a secluded holiday destination for wealthy Brisbane residents. The Gold Coast region grew significantly after the establishment of the Surfers Paradise hotel in the late 1920s and it is also the major film production hub for Queensland. Gold Coast will host the 2018 Commonwealth Games, lieutenant James Cook became the first European to note the region when he sailed along the coast on 16 May 1770 in the HM Bark Endeavour. Captain Matthew Flinders, an explorer charting the continent north from the colony of New South Wales, escaped convicts from the Moreton Bay penal settlement hid in the region. The region remained uninhabited by Europeans until 1823 when explorer John Oxley landed at Mermaid Beach. The hinterlands red cedar supply attracted people to the area in the mid-19th century, a number of small townships developed along coast and in the hinterland. The western suburb of Nerang was surveyed and established as a base for the industry, by 1873, the town reserve of Burleigh Heads had also been surveyed and successful land sales had taken place. Southport quickly grew a reputation as a holiday destination for wealthy Brisbane residents. Gold Coast was originally known as the South Coast, however, inflated prices for real estate and other goods and services led to the nickname of Gold Coast from 1950. South Coast locals initially considered the name Gold Coast derogatory, however, soon the Gold Coast simply became a convenient way to refer to the holiday strip from Southport to Coolangatta. As the tourism grew into the 1950s, local businesses began to adopt the term in their names. The area was proclaimed a city less than one year later, in 2007, Gold Coast overtook the population of Newcastle, New South Wales to become the sixth largest city in Australia and the largest non-capital city. The Gold Coast is approximately covered by forests of various types. This includes small patches of near-pristine ancient rainforest, mangrove-covered islands, of the plantation pine forests that were planted in the 1950s and 1960s, when commercial forest planting for tax minimisation was encouraged by the Commonwealth government, tiny remnants remain. Gold Coast City lies in the southeast corner of Queensland, to the south of Brisbane, the Albert River separates Gold Coast from Logan City, a suburban area of Brisbane
22.
International Association of Athletics Federations
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The International Association of Athletics Federations is the international governing body for the sport of athletics. It was founded on 17 July 1912 as the International Amateur Athletic Federation by representatives from 17 national athletics federations at the organizations first congress in Stockholm, since October 1993, it has been headquartered in Monaco. Beginning in 1982, the IAAF passed several amendments to its rules to allow athletes to receive compensation for participating in international competitions. However, the organization retained the word amateur in its name until its 2001 congress, the IAAFs president is Sebastian Coe of the United Kingdom. He was elected at the 2015 congress before the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, the process to found the IAAF was started at a meeting in Stockholm, Sweden on July 17,1912 soon after the completion of the 1912 Summer Olympics in that city. The congress that started on August 20,1913 in Berlin is when the foundation of the IAAF was formally completed, in 2015, a whistleblower leaked IAAFs blood test records from major competitions. After reviewing the results, Robin Parisotto, a scientist and leading anti-doping expert, said, so many athletes appear to have doped with impunity, and it is damning that the IAAF appears to have idly sat by and let this happen. Craig Reedie, president of the World Anti-Doping Agency, said his organisation was very disturbed by these new allegations, which will, once again, shake the foundation of clean athletes worldwide, and that its independent commission will investigate the claims. On 1 November 2015, former IAAF president Lamine Diack was arrested in France and is under investigation on suspicion of corruption, Diack allegedly accepted $1.2 million from the Russian athletics federation to cover up the positive doping tests of at least six Russian athletes in 2011. The report continued that the IAAF allowed the conduct to occur and must accept its responsibility and that corruption was embedded in the organization. In January 2016, as a result of the scandal and WADAs report. The BBC reported that as a result the IAAF would lose $33 million worth of revenue, the 11-year sponsorship deal with Adidas was due to run until 2019. World-record holding sprinter, Michael Johnson, described the scandal as more serious than that faced by FIFA, in February,2016, Nestle announced that it was ending its IAAF sponsorship. In June 2016, following a meeting of the IAAFs ruling council, in Ferbuary 2017, All-Russia Athletic Federation disqualified by decision of the IAAF Council for 8 years for the creation of a doping system. Since the establishment of the IAAF, it has had six presidents, The IAAF has a total of 215 member federations divided into 6 area associations
23.
Decima Norman
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Decima Norman, MBE was an Australian athlete, who won five gold medals at the 1938 British Empire Games. Born Clara Decima Norman in Tammin, Western Australia, Decimas parents died when she was young, and she was adopted by her brother and his wife and she participated in several sports at school, and was named champion athlete at Perth College in 1923. Normans improving times, and several victories in the WA state titles, however, to compete at the games, she needed to be a member of the Womens Amateur Athletic Association of Australia, and in turn a West Australian womens athletics club, none of which existed. Norman eventually managed to such a club and join the WAAAA. Normans performance in Melbourne qualified her to compete in the 1938 British Empire Games, Norman was the first Australian to win a gold medal in Sydney, with an 11.1 second time in the 100 yard sprint. She followed this up with a win in the leg of the 440 yard medley relay, an Empire record-breaking long jump, the 220 yard sprint. She established herself as the athlete of the event, Australias first athletics golden girl. Norman remained in Sydney, to training for the next Olympics, however her further athletic ambitions were blunted. She last competed at the 1940 National Championships in Perth, after retiring, she married New Zealand rugby union player Eric Hamilton. She died of cancer in Albany, Western Australia on 29 August 1983, Australian Womens Biographies - Decima Norman Sport Australia Hall of Fame, Decima Norman Hamilton Australian Athletics, Historical Results - Decima Norman
24.
Marjorie Jackson-Nelson
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Marjorie Jackson-Nelson AC, CVO, MBE is a former Governor of South Australia and a former Australian athlete. She finished her career with two Olympic and seven Commonwealth Games Gold Medals, six individual world records and every Australian State. Having won four titles at the 1950 British Empire Games, Jackson came as a favourite to the Helsinki 1952 Summer Olympics. She won both the 100 m, in a time of 11.5, and the 200 m. Having more strong runners in the team, the Australian 4 ×100 m relay team was also a favourite for the gold, the Americans, anchored by Catherine Hardy, won in an upset, setting a new world record time of 45.9 seconds. Later in 1952, Jackson lowered the 100 m world record time to 11.4, running this new record in a meet at Gifu, in 1953 Jackson married Olympic cyclist Peter Nelson. After his death from leukaemia in 1977, she launched the Peter Nelson Leukaemia Research Fellowship, now named Jackson-Nelson, she was one of the eight flag-bearers of the Olympic Flag at the opening ceremony of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She also has a road named in honour of her at the Sydney Olympic Park, in late 2001, Jackson-Nelson was appointed Governor of South Australia. She relinquished the office on 31 July 2007, on 15 March 2006, Jackson-Nelson was one of the final four runners who carried the Queens Baton around the MCG stadium during the 2006 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony in Melbourne. On 6 June 2007, it was announced that a new facility to be built in Adelaide will be named the Marjorie Jackson-Nelson Hospital. On 18 February 2009, Premier Mike Rann agreed to remove her name from the planned hospital,1953, Member of the Order of the British Empire in the Coronation Honours for her service to womens athletics. 1985, Induction into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame 2001,2002, Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in February 2002 during Queen Elizabeth IIs visit to South Australia. 2007, Olympic Order, the highest order bestowed by the International Olympic Committee and she is also a Dame of the Order of St John of Jerusalem and a Freeman of the City of London. In 1993, the State Transit Authority of New South Wales named a Sydney RiverCat ferry after Jackson-Nelson, archived from the original on 11 December 2006. Biography at the Governor of South Australia website Peter Nelson Leukaemia Research Fellowship Fund
25.
Dorothy Hyman
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Dorothy Hyman is a retired English sprinter. She competed at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics in the 100 m,200 m and 4 ×100 m events and won one medal in each of them, three in total. She also won individual 100 m gold and 200 m silver at the 1962 European Championships in Belgrade and, representing England, completed the 100 yd/220 yd sprint double at the 1962 Commonwealth Games. Winner of the 1963 BBC Sports Personality of the Year award, she has a stadium in her village in Cudworth, Barnsley. In 2011, she was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame, Hyman was born in a family of a coal miner. Starting from the age of 13 she was a national champion at every age group. When she was 17 she set a world record in 4×110 yard relay at the 1958 Commonwealth Games. At the 1960 Olympics she won her every 100 m race, in 1962 she won multiple medals at the Commonwealth Games and European championships, for which in 1963 she was voted Britains Sports Personality of the Year. She was injured in 1964, and thus won one medal at the 1964 Olympics. She retired shortly after the Olympics, wrote an autobiography in 1965 and this payment prevented her from returning to amateur international competitions later in the 1960s, when she reconsidered her retirement. Instead she became a coach at the Dorothy Hyman Track Club in her home town. Later she worked in the administration of the National Coal Board and taught people with learning disabilities
26.
Merlene Ottey
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Merlene Joyce Ottey OD is a Jamaican-born, Slovene track and field sprinter. Ottey began her career representing Jamaica, before representing Slovenia from 2002–12 and she is ranked fourth on the all-time list over 60 metres, sixth on the all-time list over 100 metres and fourth on the all-time list over 200 metres. Her world indoor record for 200 metres of 21.87 seconds, set in 1993, still stands. Ottey has had the longest career as a top level international sprinter, a nine-time Olympic medallist, she holds the record for the most Olympic appearances of any track and field athlete and for winning the largest number of World Championships medals. Her career achievements and longevity have led to her called the Queen of the Track. Her proclivity for earning bronze medals in major championships also earned her the title of Bronze Queen in track circles, Ottey was formerly married to the American high jumper and 400 m hurdler Nat Page and was known as Merlene Ottey-Page during the mid-eighties. Merlene Ottey was born to Hubert and Joan Ottey in Cold Spring, Hanover and she was introduced to the sport by her mother, who bought her a manual on track and field. In her early years in the 1970s, Ottey attended Gurneys Mount and Pondside Schools before graduating from Ruseas. There she frequently competed barefoot in local races, Otteys inspiration came from listening to the track and field broadcast from the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, where Donald Quarrie ran in the sprint finals. Her athletics career took off when she moved to the US and attended the University of Nebraska in 1979 and she represented Jamaica in the 1979 Pan American Games, winning a bronze medal in the 200 m. She graduated from university with a Bachelor of Arts Degree and married fellow athlete Nathaniel Page in 1984, in the 1980 Moscow games, Ottey became the first female English-speaking Caribbean athlete to win an Olympic medal. Back in Jamaica, she was awarded an Officer of the Order of Nation, in the 1982 Commonwealth Games, Ottey won a gold medal in the 200 m and silver medal in the 100 m. Nearly a decade later, in the 1990 Commonwealth Games, she won gold in both events, Ottey was named Ambassador of Jamaica after her gold medal win in the 1993 world championships. She has also been named Jamaican Sportswoman of the year 13 times between 1979 and 1995, throughout her career, she has won nine Olympic medals, which ties with Allyson Felix for the most by any woman in track and field history. These include three silver and six bronze medals and her seven Olympic appearances from 1980 to 2004 are the most by any Track & Field athlete. The next highest is six, by javelin thrower and heptathlete Tessa Sanderson, discus thrower Lia Manoliu and she has won a total of three gold, three silver and eight bronze medals in the 4 x 100 m relay, the 100-m, and 200-m races. Ottey was appointed an Ambassador at Large by the Jamaican government in 1993, in 1999, during a meet in Lucerne, Switzerland, a urine sample submitted had returned positive for the banned anabolic steroid nandrolone. Her B sample also contained higher than levels of the substance
27.
Chandra Sturrup
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Chandra Sturrup is a Bahamian track and field sprint athlete. She is a 100m specialist and the Bahamian record holder for the womens 100m with a personal best of 10.84 set in Lausanne, Switzerland on July 5,2005. Sturrup is an alumnus of Norfolk State University, and has part in almost every major event since 1991 after the birth of her son. For most of her career, she was coached by Trevor Graham, Sturrup competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing at the 100 metres sprint. In her first-round heat she placed first in front of Kelly-Ann Baptiste, there she improved her time to 11.16 and placed third behind Sherone Simpson and Muna Lee. In her semi final Sturrup finished in position with 11.22 seconds. Her fellow Bahamian Debbie Ferguson qualified for the final with the same time, but she finished fourth in her semi final
28.
Debbie Ferguson-McKenzie
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Debbie Ferguson-McKenzie is a Bahamian sprint athlete of Bahamian descent who specialises in the 100 and 200 metres. In 1995, she was awarded the Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the 1995 CARIFTA Games, in total, she won 7 gold,9 silver, and 2 bronze CARIFTA Games medals. She won her first individual medal at the 2001 World Championships – having initially won silver. Her performance in the 100 m remains a personal best, and her time in the 200 m was a games record. She won her only individual Olympic medal in 2004, taking bronze in the 200 m, injury ruled her out for the whole of 2005. She failed to reach the finals at the 2007 World Championships, however, she managed to reach the 100 and 200 metres finals at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. She is the current 200 m national record holder with a best of 22.19 seconds and her 100 m best is the second fastest time by a Bahamian after Chandra Sturrup. In 2014 Ferguson-McKenzie became the sprints and hurdles coach for the track. Ferguson attended St Andrews School in Nassau, Bahamas and graduated in 1994, in 2002 she was appointed as an ambassador for the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing she competed at the 100 metres sprint, in her first round heat she placed second behind Oludamola Osayomi in a time of 11.17 to advance to the second round. There she won her series to qualify for the finals in a time of 11.21. In the final Ferguson came to 11.19 seconds, which was the 7th position and she competed at the 2009 Manchester City Games, winning the 150 metres final in 16.54 seconds. She followed this up with a win in the 200 m at the Meeting Mohammed VI d Athlétisme in Rabat, at the 25th Vardinoyiannia in Rethymno, Greece, she ran a world-leading time of 22.32 seconds to win the 200 m and set a meeting record. Now trains in Clermont, Florida at the NTC, on 16 October 2002, Debbie Ferguson-McKenzie was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Debbie Ferguson profile at IAAF Debbie Ferguson Pictures FAO Goodwill Ambassador website
29.
Sheri-Ann Brooks
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Sheri-Ann Brooks is a Jamaican sprinter, who specializes in the 100 metres. She is the first child of Mr. Error Brooks and Mrs. Donna Brooks, Brooks represented the Jamaica at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She competed at the 4 x 100 metres relay together with Shelly-Ann Fraser, Aleen Bailey, in its first round heat, Jamaica placed first in front of Russia, Germany and China. The Jamaica relays time of 42.24 seconds was the first time out of sixteen participating nations. With this result, Jamaica qualified for the final, replacing Brooks, Jamaica did not finish the race due to a mistake in the baton exchange. She qualified for the 100 m at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics with a finish at the Jamaican national championships, behind Fraser. In June,2009, Brooks was one of five members of the Jamaican national team who were reported for providing urine samples tested positive for a banned stimulant. Brooks was cleared to continue racing on a technicality, however, nevertheless, the Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association withdrew her from the relay race at the World Championships as a precaution. 100 metres –11.05 s 200 metres –22.78 s 400 metres –53.95 s Sheri-Ann Brooks profile at IAAF
30.
Blessing Okagbare
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Blessing Okagbare-Ighoteguonor is a Nigerian track and field athlete who specializes in long jumping and short sprints. She is an Olympic and World Championships medalist in the jump. She also holds the Womens 100 metres Commonwealth Games record for the fastest time at 10.85 seconds and her 100 m best of 10.79 made her the African record holder for the event until it was eclipsed by Murielle Ahoure in 2016. She was the African 100 m and long jump champion in 2010 and she has also won medals at the All-Africa Games, IAAF Continental Cup and World Relays. Okagbare was born in Sapele, Delta, in Nigeria, given her athletic physique, teachers and family encouraged her to take up sports. Initially she played football as a teenager at her school and later, in 2004, she began to take an interest in track. She participated in a number of early on, competing in the long jump, triple jump and high jump events at the Nigerian school championships. On the senior stage, she was a triple jump bronze medallist at the 2004 Nigerian National Sports Festival. Okagbares first international outing came at the 2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics, in May 2007, at the All-Africa Games trials in Lagos, she established a Nigerian record of 14.13 metres in the triple jump. At the 2007 All-Africa Games she won the medal in the long jump. In the latter competition her Nigerian record was beaten by Chinonye Ohadugha, as a 19-year-old, she won a bronze medal in the womens long jump event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Okagbare scored a 100 m/long jump double at the NCAA Womens Outdoor Track and Field Championship for University of Texas at El Paso, completing an undefeated collegiate streak that year. She won the Nigerian 100 m title in 2010, running a time of 11.04 seconds, at the African Championships in 2010, she won gold in the long jump again with a distance of 6.62 m while her compatriot Comfort Onyali took silver. She won her gold at the end of the championship as part of the Nigerian 4×100 m womens relay team. The team of Okagbare, Osayomi, Lawretta Ozoh and Agnes Osazuwa set a new record with a run of 43.43 s. In 2011, Okagbare continued to build on her earlier endeavours by establishing herself as a 100 m runner, at the 2011 World Championships in Daegu, Okagbare placed fifth in the 100 m final with a run of 11.12 s. However she did not make it to the final of the jump as her best jump of 6.36 m was not enough to get her out of her qualifying group. She concluded her 2011 season by winning three medals at the All Africa Games in Maputo, Mozambique
