1.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
2.
White people
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White people is a racial classification specifier, used for people of Europid ancestry, with the exact implications dependent on context. The contemporary usage of people or a white race as a large group of populations contrasting with black, American Indian. It is today used as a racial classifier in multiracial societies, such as North Africa, United States. The term white race or white people entered the major European languages in the later 17th century, in the context of racialized slavery, description of populations as white in reference to their skin color predates this notion and is found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient sources. Scholarship on race generally distinguishes the concept from pre-modern descriptions of collective difference. In the literature of the Ancient Near East and Classical Antiquity and we know that Egyptians were not oblivious to skin color, however, because artists paid attention to it in works of art, to the extent the pigments at the time permitted. Classicist James Dee states the Greeks do not describe themselves as white people—or as anything else because they had no word in their color vocabulary for themselves. Peoples skin color did not carry meaning, what mattered is where they lived. Religious conversion was sometimes described figuratively as a change in skin color, similarly, the Rigveda uses krsna tvac black skin as a metaphor for irreligiosity. The Ancient Egyptian funerary text known as the Book of Gates distinguishes four groups in a procession and these are the Egyptians, the Levantine/Canaanite peoples or Asiatics, the Nubians and the fair-skinned Libyans. The Egyptians are depicted as a reddish brown, the Nubians as black skinned, the Semites from the Levant and Canaan as light skinned. Herodotus described the Scythian Budini as having blue eyes and bright red hair. And the Egyptians – quite like the Colchians – as melánchroes and he also gives the possibly first reference to the common Greek name of the tribes living south of Egypt, otherwise known as Nubians, which was Aithíopes. Later Xenophon described the Aethiopians as black and the Persian troops as white compared to the skin of Greek troops. These color adjectives are found in contrast to the standard set by the own group. According to historian Irene Silverblatt, Race thinking … made social categories into racial truths, Alastair Bonnett argues that white identity, as it is presently conceived, is an American project, reflecting American interpretations of race and history. According to Gregory Jay, a professor of English at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Before the age of exploration, group differences were based on language, religion. … the European had always reacted a bit hysterically to the differences of skin color, in the 16th and 17th centuries, East Asian peoples were almost uniformly described as white, never as yellow
3.
Black people
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As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, black is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as black, and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, in the United Kingdom, black was historically equivalent with person of color, a general term for non-European peoples. In South Africa and Latin America, mixed-race people are not classified as black. In other regions such as Australasia, settlers applied the term black or it was used by local populations with different histories and ancestral backgrounds. The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, a state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail the Bloodthirsty raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard and he claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman, in response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish, due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males, the men interpreted the Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage, leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab masters child, she was considered as umm walad or mother of a child, the child was given rights of inheritance to the fathers property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers social status at birth and were born free, some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a child of a slave, his mother was Fulani. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically free, was not so common in Morocco, the long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd, it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people. In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudans non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of deftly manipulat Arab solidarity to carry out policies of apartheid, American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. The Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid, many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid
4.
Asian Americans
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Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The term refers to a group that includes diverse populations who have ancestral origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia. This includes people who indicate their race on the census as Asian or reported entries such as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other Asian. Asian Americans with no other ancestry comprise 4. 8% of the U. S. population, although migrants from Asia have been in parts of the contemporary United States since the 17th century, large-scale immigration did not begin until the mid-18th century. Nativist immigration laws during the 1880s-1920s excluded various Asian groups, eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States, after immigration laws were reformed during the 1940s-60s, abolishing national origins quotas, Asian immigration increased rapidly. Analyses of the 2010 census have shown that Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial or ethnic minority in the United States, starting in the first few years of the 2000 decade, Asian American earnings began exceeding all other racial groups for both men and women. For example, in 2008 Asian Americans had the highest median household income overall of any racial demographic, in 2012, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country. In 2015, Asian American men were the highest earning racial group as they earned 117% as much as white American men, once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account, Asian Americans are no more likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in poverty. As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the history of this term. Prior to the late 1960s, people of Asian ancestry were referred to as Oriental, Asiatic. Today, Asian American is the term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the US Census Bureau definition, which all people with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia. This is chiefly because the census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, Asian person in the United States is sometimes thought of as a person of East Asian descent. In vernacular usage, Asian is often used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds. This differs from the U. S. Census definition and the Asian American Studies departments in many universities consider all those of East, before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro. Asian Americans had also been classified as other, in 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on Asian or Pacific Islander. The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, by the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry as a subcategory. The 2000 census onwards separated the category into two separate ones, Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, the definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts
5.
Hispanic
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The term Hispanic broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once colonized by the Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia, particularly the countries of Latin America and the Philippines. It could be argued that the term should apply to all Spanish-speaking cultures or countries and it is difficult to label a nation or culture with one term, such as Hispanic, as the ethnicities, customs, traditions, and art forms vary greatly by country and region. The Spanish language and Spanish culture are the main traditions, the term Hispanic derives from Latin Hispanicus, the adjectival derivation of Latin Hispania and Hispanus/Hispanos, ultimately probably of Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century, the words Spain, Spanish, and Spaniard are of the same etymology as Hispanus, ultimately. Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule, in English, the term Hispano-Roman is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from different indigenous tribes. A number of men, such as Trajan, Hadrian. Hispano-Roman is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas. Spanish is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language, Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain. Hispania was the Roman name for the territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, this territory was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior, in 27 B. C, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms used to refer to the peninsula and this revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote, the word Lusitanian, relates to Lusitania or Portugal, also in reference to the Lusitanians, possibly one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribes name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, the terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a territory, home to several kingdoms, with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs. Spain was not an entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, although colloquially and literally the expression King of Spain or King of the Spains was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state
6.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
7.
Cook Partisan Voting Index
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The Cook Political Report introduced the PVI in August 1997 to better gauge the competitiveness of each district using the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections as a baseline. The index is based on analysis by the Center for Voting, the national average for 2004 and 2008 was 51. 2% Democratic to 48. 8% Republican. For example, in Alaskas at-large congressional district, the Republican candidate won 63% and 61% of the two-party share in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections, respectively. Comparing the average of two results against the average national share, this district has voted 13 percentage points more Republican than the country as a whole. Prior to its April 2009 update, the PVI formula was calculated by comparing district-level results for the past two elections to nationwide results for the most recent election. David Nir of the Swing State Project advocated a change to the new formula, the most Democratic congressional district in the country is New Yorks 15th, located in the Bronx, with a PVI of D+43. The most Republican district is Texass 13th at R+32, as for states as a whole, Wyoming and Utah are the most Republican at R+22, and Hawaii is the most Democratic at D+20. The most Democratic congressional districts to be represented by a Republican are Iowas 1st, Iowas 1st is represented by Rod Blum and New Yorks 24th is represented by John Katko. The most Republican congressional district to be represented by a Democrat is Minnesotas 7th, in total there are nine Democratic-leaning House districts represented by Republicans following the 2014 elections and eight Republican-leaning House districts represented by Democrats. This represents a total of 17 out of 435 Representatives from districts with a PVI opposite to their own party, in the Senate, the most Republican-leaning state to have a Democratic senator is West Virginia, with Democrat Joe Manchin. The most Democratic-leaning state to have a Republican senator is Maine with Republican Susan Collins, the most Democratic-leaning state to have two Republican senators is Iowa, represented by Chuck Grassley and Joni Ernst. Four Republican-leaning states have governors from the Democratic Party while twelve Democratic-leaning states have governors from the Republican Party, all Republican-leaning states have a majority Republican house delegation, as well as six Democratic-leaning states and neutral Virginia. Note that the seven states with one representative must be among these. Psephology, the analysis of elections. Political party strength in U. S. states The Cook Political Report
8.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
9.
Congressional district
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A congressional district is an electoral constituency that elects a single member of a congress. Countries with congressional districts include the United States, the Philippines, a congressional district is based on population, which, in the United States, is taken using a census every ten years. There are 435 congressional districts in the United States House of Representatives, in addition to the 435 congressional districts, the five inhabited U. S. territories and the federal district of Washington, D. C. each send a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives. The Census Bureau within the United States Department of Commerce conducts a decennial census whose figures are used to determine the number of districts within each state. The 2012 elections were the first to be based on the districts which were defined based on the 2010 Census data. List of electoral districts by nation House of Representatives House of Representatives of the Philippines United States House of Representatives
10.
Wayne County, Michigan
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Wayne County is the most populous county in the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,820,584, the 2014 Census update listed the countys population at 1,764,804. The county seat is Detroit, the most populous city in Michigan, the county was founded in 1796 and organized in 1815. Wayne County is included in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is one of several American counties named after Revolutionary War General Anthony Wayne. Wayne County was the county in the Northwest Territory, formed 15 August 1796 from portions of territorial Hamilton County, territorial Knox County. It was named for the American general Mad Anthony Wayne and it originally encompassed the entire area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, most of the Upper Peninsula, as well as smaller sections that are now part of northern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Clair, and Lake Erie back to the starting point and this boundary would include Chicago, Illinois and a sizable strip of Wisconsin along Lake Michigan. These boundaries would be adjusted as Indiana and Illinois became states, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 673 square miles, of which 612 square miles is land and 61 square miles is water. Its water area includes parts of the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair, Wayne County borders on Oakland County and Macomb County to the north, Washtenaw County to the west, Essex County, Ontario, Canada to the east, and Monroe County to the south. The eastern boundary is a boundary in the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair with Essex County. Automotive traffic crosses this boundary at the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel and the Ambassador Bridge, due to the southwestern course of the river, this small portion of Canada actually lies to the south of Wayne County. The southern communities of the county are usually referred to as Downriver, Grosse Ile is the largest island in Wayne County and is connected to the mainland by the Wayne County Bridge and the Grosse Ile Toll Bridge. It was the government agency in Wayne County, Michigan responsible for building and maintaining the countys roads, the Wayne County Road Commission was an exemplary agency in the state of Michigan, and had great involvement and influence in roadway planning more widely in the state. It became internationally renowned for innovative ideas, sometimes breaking ground well in advance of the Michigan State Highway Department, the county road commission was more advanced than the states own public works department in several respects. It had long had its own in-house construction group to build bridges and it adopted one or more bridge types before the state did. Its first commissioners were Edward N. Hines, Cassius R. Benton, commissioners Benton and Ford quit, but commissioner Hines persisted and led the commission through reorganization getting around the obstacles. Hines was a commissioner continuously from 1906 to 1938, Hines is credited with the idea of putting a painted line down a roadways center to divide traffic, and other innovations that were later widely adopted. The commission worked systematically, and it became a model to others, within a few years, the county hosted delegations of engineers from around the United States, as well as from a number of other countries, including Britain, Japan, Australia, and Borneo
11.
United States congressional apportionment
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Each state is apportioned a number of seats which approximately corresponds to its share of the aggregate population of the 50 states. However, every state is guaranteed at least one seat. Because the size of a states total congressional delegation determines the size of its representation in the U. S, electoral College, congressional apportionment also affects the U. S. presidential election process as well. The number of voting seats in the House of Representatives is currently set to 435, the decennial apportionment also determines the size of each states representation in the U. S. Under Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the U. S. Constitution, federal law requires the Clerk of the House of Representatives to notify each state government of its entitled number of seats no later than January 25 of the year immediately following the census. Any citizen of the State can challenge the constitutionality of the redistricting in their US district court, for example, the electoral college apportionment during 2000 presidential election was still based on the 1990 census results. Likewise, the districts and the electoral college during the 2020 general elections will still be based on the 2010 census. The subject of Congressional apportionment is addressed twice in the U. S. Constitution, the size of the U. S. House of Representatives refers to total number of congressional districts into which the land area of the United States proper has been divided. The number of voting representatives is currently set at 435, there are an additional five delegates to the House of Representatives. They represent the District of Columbia and the territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, which first elected a representative in 2008, puerto Rico also elects a resident commissioner every four years. Prior to the 20th century, the number of representatives increased every decade as more states joined the union, and the population increased. In 1911, Public Law 62-5 raised the membership of the U. S. House to 433 with a provision to add one permanent seat each upon the admissions of Arizona, as provided, membership increased to 435 in 1912. As of May,2016, there is one representative for every 720,000 people in the state. In 1921, Congress failed to reapportion the House membership as required by the United States Constitution, then in 1929 Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which capped the size of the House at 435. This cap has remained unchanged for more than eight decades, three states – Wyoming, Vermont, and North Dakota – have populations smaller than the average for a single district. The ideal number of members has been an issue since the countrys founding. George Washington agreed that the original representation proposed during the Constitutional Convention was inadequate and this was the only time that Washington pronounced an opinion on any of the actual issues debated during the entire convention. On a contrary supposition, I should admit the objection to have great weight indeed
12.
1990 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1990 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1990 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. It was the first census to designate Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander as a group separate from Asians. To increase black participation in the 1990 United States Census, the bureau recruited Bill Cosby, Magic Johnson, Alfre Woodard, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2062. The results of the 1990 census determined the number of seats that each state receives in the United States House of Representatives starting with the 1992 elections, consequently, this affected the number of votes each state has in the Electoral College for the 1992 presidential election. Because of population changes, twenty-one states had changes in their number of seats, eight states gained at least one seat, and thirteen states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 19 seats being switched
13.
2000 United States Census
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This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. Approximately 16 percent of households received a form of the 2000 census. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 2000 census is available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. The U. S. resident population includes the number of people in the 50 states. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, its population was 3,808,610, the 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided. S. Households had access to computers, 42% have Internet access, regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nations population increase,14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the center of U. S. population moved to Phelps County. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149, the Midwest by 4,724,144, the results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U. S. Code, each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S, since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, in 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce, after the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth seat, falling 857 people short. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents, almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah, only 102 came from North Carolina
14.
Dearborn Heights, Michigan
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Dearborn Heights is a city in Wayne County, in the Detroit metropolitan area, in the State of Michigan. The population was 57,774 at the 2010 census, Dearborn Heights was incorporated from the two discontinuous sections of Dearborn Township and a quarter-mile connecting strip of land from the village of Inkster. Incorporation petitions were filed on Friday, March 4,1960, while Inkster officials delivered their petitions for incorporation on Monday, the residents approved Dearborn Heights incorporation on an election held June 20,1960, which is the official date of incorporation. Inkster, a black community, filed a lawsuit, claiming that the shape of Dearborn Heights reflected a racial gerrymander. The Michigan Supreme Court held that Inkster had failed to demonstrate any legally cognizable harm, Dearborn Heights is considered a bedroom community. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 11.75 square miles. The southern portion of the city is in the watershed of the branch of the Ecorse Creek. The area surrounding the Ecorse is subject to flooding, the northern portion of the city is in the Rouge River watershed. By 2014 Arab Americans had been moving into the city, with the end having more Arabs compared to the south end. Many Arab businesses in Dearborn established branch operations in Dearborn Heights, in 2014 the Dearborn Heights director of community and economic development, Ron Amen, stated that Arabs are about 25% of the citys population. As of the census of 2010, there were 57,774 people,22,266 households, the population density was 4,921.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 24,068 housing units at a density of 2,050.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 86. 1% White,7. 9% African American,0. 4% Native American,1. 7% Asian,1. 0% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 7% of the population. 30. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.23. The median age in the city was 38.3 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,25. 2% were from 25 to 44,25. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 16. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 4% male and 51. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 58,264 people,23,276 households, and 15,781 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,973.1 per square mile, there were 23,913 housing units at an average density of 2,041.1 per square mile
15.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
16.
Ecorse, Michigan
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Ecorse is a city in Wayne County in the U. S. state of Michigan, named for the Ecorse River. The population was 9,512 at the 2010 census, the area that would become Ecorse was originally used as a burial ground for the Native American tribes of the area. When settled by the French in the last two decades of the 18th century, it was named Rivière Aux Échorches, which means The River of the Barks in English. In the 1836 after the community part of the United States and settled by more English speakers, it was named Grand Port. The settlement was incorporated as the village of Ecorse in 1902, Ecorse became a significant economic force in the region when its first steel mill, Michigan Steel Mill, began operation in 1923. The village incorporated as a city in 1941, since the later 20th century, the city, like most other industrial inner-ring suburbs, has fallen into economic decline. In December 1986, the Wayne County Circuit Court issued an order appointing a receiver for the bankrupt city. The receivership would last until August 1990, but the finances were monitored by the state for another ten years. On September 25,2009, Ecorse Mayor Herbert Worthy and city Controller Erwin Hollenquest were arrested on charges of conspiracy, bribery, and fraud. On May 1,2013, the City of Ecorse was moved from under a manager to a transition advisory board. Ecorse is a southwest suburb of Detroit, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.69 square miles, of which 2.80 square miles is land and 0.89 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 9,512 people,3,646 households, the population density was 3,397.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,544 housing units at a density of 1,622.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 44. 0% White,46. 4% African American,0. 8% Native American,0. 3% Asian,4. 0% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 13. 4% of the population. 31. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.26. The median age in the city was 35.4 years. 27. 1% of residents were under the age of 18,10. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 7% were from 25 to 44,25. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 12. 8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 3% male and 52. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 11,229 people,4,339 households, and 2,733 families residing in the city
17.
Garden City, Michigan
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Garden City is a city in Wayne County of the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 27,692, the city is part of the Metro Detroit region. The origins of Garden City started with the transfer of the property to John Lathers from Andrew Jackson for 160 acres in October 1835, in June 1927, Garden City became a village, with Arnold Folker as Village President. Six years later the village became the city of Garden City, areas of interest in Garden City include the first Kmart store, the first Little Caesars, and the first dine-in McDonalds in Michigan. The honeymoon cottage of Henry Ford and his wife, Clara Jane Bryant, was moved here from Dearborn in 1952, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.87 square miles, all land. The city council appoints the city attorney and city manager, the mayor serves as the ceremonial head of the city government, presides over city council meetings, and possesses one vote on all matters coming before the city council. As of the census of 2010, there were 27,692 people,10,894 households, the population density was 4,717.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 11,616 housing units at a density of 1,978.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 5% White,3. 4% African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 8% Asian,0. 8% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 3% of the population. 26. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.07. The median age in the city was 39.9 years. 22. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,26. 5% were from 25 to 44,28. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 1% male and 50. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 30,047 people,11,479 households, and 8,230 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,124.0 per square mile, there were 11,719 housing units at an average density of 1,998.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 20% White,1. 10% African-American,0. 40% Native American,0. 72% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 30% from other races, and 1. 27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 03% of the population,24. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the family size was 3.11. In the city, the population was out with 25. 1% under the age of 18,7. 6% from 18 to 24,32. 6% from 25 to 44,21. 2% from 45 to 64
18.
Highland Park, Michigan
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Highland Park is a city in Wayne County in the State of Michigan, within Metro Detroit. The population was 11,776 at the 2010 census, the city is completely surrounded by Detroit except for a small portion that touches the city of Hamtramck, which is also surrounded by Detroit. The area that was to become Highland Park began as a farming community, on a large ridge located at what is now Woodward Avenue and Highland. In 1818, prominent Detroit judge Augustus B. Woodward bought the ridge, the development of the village failed. By 1860, the settlement was given a post office under the name of Whitewood, in 1907, Henry Ford purchased 160 acres just north of Manchester Street between Woodward Avenue and Oakland Street to build an automobile plant. The village of Highland Park was incorporated as a city in 1918 to protect its tax base, including its successful Ford plant, in 1910 Highland Park, then a village, had 4,120 residents. Between 1910 and 1920 during the associated with the automobile industry, Highland Parks population grew to about 46,500. The growth of Highland Park and neighboring Hamtramck broke records for increases of population, in 1925, Chrysler Corporation was founded in Highland Park. It purchased the Brush-Maxwell plant in the city, which would expand to 150 acres. Arthur Lupp of Highland Park founded the Michigan branch of the Black Legion in 1931, it was a vigilante group related to the Ku Klux Klan. The Legion had a similar nativist bent and its members were opposed to immigrants, Catholics, Jews, blacks, labor organizers, numerous public and business officials of Highland Park, including the chief of police, a mayor, and a city councilman, joined this group. Lupp and others were among a total of 48 men indicted and convicted following the murder of Charles Poole in May 1936, investigations revealed the Legion had been involved in numerous other murders or conspiracies to murder during the previous three years, for which another 37 men were convicted. These convictions ended the reign of the Legion, in 1944, the Davison Freeway was opened as the countrys first modern depressed urban freeway, running through the center of the city. The freeway was reconstructed and widened in 1996 and 1997 to improve its safety. Ford Motor Company wound down operations at its Highland Park plant in the late 1950s, with the loss of industrial jobs, the city suffered many of the same difficulties as Detroit, declines in population and tax base accompanied by an increase in street crime. White flight from the city accelerated after the 1967 Detroit 12th Street Riot, the city population was majority black and impoverished by the 1980s. The move dislocated a total of 6,000 jobs over this period, known as The City of Trees, the town was thickly forested until the 1970s. The spread of Dutch elm disease required many old trees to be cut down, in June 2001, because of the Highland Parks mounting fiscal crisis, an emergency financial manager for the city was appointed under the supervision of the State of Michigan
19.
Inkster, Michigan
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Inkster is a city in Wayne County, Michigan, United States. At the 2010 census, the city population was 25,369 and it is one of the few Metro Detroit suburbs whose population is majority African American. The area was inhabited by Native Americans, but was settled by non-indigenous people in 1825. A post office named Moulin Rouge was established there in December 1857, robert Inkster, a Scotsman born March 27,1828, in Lerwick, Shetland, operated a steam sawmill on present-day Inkster Road near Michigan Avenue in the early 1860s. The post office was renamed Inkster in July 1863, the village had a station on the Michigan Central Railroad by 1878. It incorporated as a village in 1926 from parts of Nankin Township, after much legal wrangling by the city of Dearborn, Dearborn Township, and the village of Inkster to sort out final borders for these communities, Inkster was incorporated as a city in 1964. In the 1920s and 1930s, African-Americans working in Henry Fords factories settled in Inkster because they didnt want to commute from Detroit and they werent allowed to live in Dearborn. As a result of the beating of Floyd Dent in January,2015, which was caught on a police vehicles dash cam and released to the public. A special assessment of Inkster residents will pay for the settlement, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.25 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 25,369 people,9,821 households, the population density was 4,059.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 11,647 housing units at a density of 1,863.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 73. 2% African American,20. 5% White,0. 3% Native American,1. 6% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 7% from other races, and 3. 6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 6% of the population,31. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the family size was 3.24. The median age in the city was 34.2 years. 27. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,10. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,25. 4% were from 25 to 44,24. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46. 8% male and 53. 2% female, at the 2000 census, there were 30,115 people,11,169 households and 7,460 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,808.1 per square mile, there were 12,013 housing units at an average density of 1,918.0 per square mile
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Melvindale, Michigan
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Melvindale is a city in Wayne County of the U. S. state of Michigan and a Downriver suburb of Detroit. At the 2010 census, the city population was 10,715, melvindales slogan is The Little City with a Big Heart. Melvindale began as the settlement of Oakwood Heights in the northwestern part of Ecorse Township in the early 1920s. The subdivision was designed to house workers from the nearby Ford River Rouge Plant in the city of Dearborn, the city was named after one of the original developers of the settlement, Melvin Lerch. Part of Oakwood Heights was annexed by the city of Detroit in 1922, in 1933, the village incorporated as a city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.76 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,715 people,4,420 households, the population density was 3,939.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,918 housing units at a density of 1,808.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 76. 8% White,11. 3% African American,0. 7% Native American,0. 8% Asian,6. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 18. 3% of the population. 35. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.17. The median age in the city was 36.5 years. 24. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,9. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24,27. 2% were from 25 to 44,26. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 1% male and 51. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 10,735 people,4,499 households, and 2,694 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,876.9 per square mile, there were 4,760 housing units at an average density of 1,719.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 87. 40% White,5. 26% African American,0. 75% Native American,1. 29% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,2. 39% from other races, and 2. 88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 90% of the population,34. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 3.07. In the city, the population was out with 24. 4% under the age of 18,9. 0% from 18 to 24,31. 6% from 25 to 44,21. 5% from 45 to 64
21.
Redford, Michigan
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Redford Township is a charter township in Wayne County in the U. S. state of Michigan and a suburb of Detroit. The population was 48,362 at the 2010 census, springwells Township and Bucklin Township were formally organized and laid out by gubernatorial act on April 12,1827. Due to postal regulations prohibiting two post offices having the name, when a township was subdivided unique names had to be found. The Bucklin name was extinguished when it was split on October 29,1829, along what is today Inkster Road into Nankin Township and Pekin Township, in March 1833 Pekin was renamed Redford and the southern half became Dearborn Township on April 1. The name Redford was chosen because Indians and pioneers forded the River Rouge where the runs through Redford. The township used to go all the way to Greenfield Road and this annexation ceased in 1926 when the township was given charter status by the Michigan legislature. In 1918 there was a post office named Five Points operating between 6 Mile Road and 7 Mile Road along the road of that name, Redford is also the site of the first Fretters electronics store. Redford is the site of Cloud City Studios, where the band Walls of Jericho recorded their debut album, Redford Township is a western suburb of Detroit. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 11.2 square miles. The middle branch of the River Rouge flows through the Lola Valley Park in the township, tarabusi Creek of the Bell Branch, another branch of the Rouge River, flows through Western Golf Club and Bell Creek Park. In 2010 Redford Township had a population of 48,362, the African-American population increased by about 200% between 2000 and 2010, while the overall population of the township declined by 6%. The final statistics for the township and the CDP were identical, as of the census of 2000, there were 51,622 people,20,182 households, and 13,582 families residing in the township. The population density was 4,597.4 per square mile, there were 20,605 housing units at an average density of 1,835.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the township was 87. 98% White,8. 54% African American,0. 43% Native American,0. 76% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 57% from other races, and 1. 70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 02% of the population,27. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the family size was 3.12. In the township the population was out with 25. 3% under the age of 18,7. 0% from 18 to 24,34. 0% from 25 to 44,18. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 96.1 males
22.
River Rouge, Michigan
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River Rouge is a city in Wayne County in the U. S. state of Michigan and an industrial Downriver suburb of Detroit. The population was 7,903 at the 2010 census and it is named after the River Rouge, which flows along the citys northern border and into the Detroit River. The city includes the heavily industrialized Zug Island at the mouth of the River Rouge, the small settlement incorporated as a village in 1899 within Ecorse Township. In 1922 as the city of Detroit expressed interested in annexing land in the township, fearing annexation, itself, a month later Detroit did, indeed, annex land in the township immediately to the west of River Rouge. One of the most important historical associations with River Rouge is its relationship to the Great Lakes freighter, the ship was constructed at the Great Lakes Engineering Works in River Rouge in 1959. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.24 square miles. Of the land area,0.93 mi square mile consists of Zug Island, as of the census of 2010, there were 7,903 people,2,897 households, and 1,885 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,982.3 inhabitants per square mile, there were 3,731 housing units at an average density of 1,407.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 39. 4% White,50. 5% African American,0. 6% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,4. 2% from other races, and 5. 0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 2% of the population,29. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the family size was 3.37. The median age in the city was 33 years. 29. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,10. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 4% were from 25 to 44,24. 7% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 0% male and 53. 0% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 9,917 people,3,640 households, and 2,504 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,713.9 per square mile, there were 4,080 housing units at an average density of 1,528.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 52. 58% White,42. 01% African American,0. 78% Native American,0. 16% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 63% from other races, and 2. 80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 96% of the population,26. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the family size was 3.25
23.
Romulus, Michigan
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Romulus is a suburban city of Metro Detroit, located in Wayne County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 23,989 at the 2010 census, an increase from 22,979 in 2000, Romulus is home to Detroit Metropolitan Airport and a General Motors plant that opened in 1976. The city is the westernmost community in the Downriver area in Wayne County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 35.96 square miles. Romulus is in the portion of Wayne County. Interstate 94 and I-275 run through the city, the City of Romulus is bordered to the north by Van Born Road, to the south by Pennsylvania Road, to the east by Inkster Road, and to the west by Hannan Road. As of the census of 2010, there were 23,989 people,8,975 households, the population density was 673.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 9,946 housing units at a density of 279.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 50. 5% White, 43% African American,0. 5% Native American,1. 1% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 9% from other races, and 3. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 0% of the population,26. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the family size was 3.16. The median age in the city was 36.2 years. 26. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,9. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,27. 4% were from 25 to 44, 27% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 4% male and 51. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 22,979 people,8,439 households, and 5,941 families residing in the city. The population density was 639.9 per square mile, there were 8,943 housing units at an average density of 249.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 65. 36% White,29. 99% African American,0. 54% Native American,0. 59% Asian,0. 09% Pacific Islander,0. 81% from other races, and 2. 63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 01% of the population,23. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the family size was 3.19
24.
Wayne, Michigan
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Wayne is a city in Wayne County in the state of Michigan, west of Detroit. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 17,593, Wayne has a long history of automotive and transportation related manufacturing. Ford Motor Company currently has two plants here, Wayne Stamping & Assembly and the Michigan Assembly Plant, formerly known as the Michigan Truck Plant. The site of Wayne was crossed by the Sauk Trail, and due to this, the first settler was George M. Johnson, who built a small log cabin on 80 acres of land in 1824. The cabin served as a tavern for travelers along the trail, the area soon became known as Johnsons Tavern. After a few years, the tavern was sold to Stephen G. Simmons, Simmons was arrested and taken to Detroit, where he was tried and hanged September 24,1830. He became the last person to be executed in Michigan, as the territory abolished capital punishment shortly thereafter, in 1832, Ezra Derby bought the tavern and land from the Simmons heirs and began establishing a settlement. Derby built a sawmill, store, mill, blacksmith shop, in 1834 a plat was recorded in Detroit with lots and a town square under the name Derbys Corners. In 1836, the name of the settlement was changed to Wayne, soon a small hamlet began to develop, which was accelerated by the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad in 1838. The Chicago Road that ran through Wayne was paved with oak logs in 1850, becoming the Detroit, in 1867 it was changed to its current name of Michigan Avenue. In 1869, Wayne was incorporated as a village with a population of about 800 people, many major industries have located in the village over the years. The Prouty and Glass Carriage Factory was the first, moving from Detroit in 1888, at the time, this made Wayne the largest carriage and sleigh producer in the country. In 1899, the Detroit interurban railroad reached Wayne and ran until 1929, ray Harroun, winner of the first Indianapolis 500, built the Harroun motor car in Wayne from 1916-21. The Gotfredson Truck was produced from 1924-27, and The Graham-Paige car company made vehicles in Wayne from 1928-36, stinson Aircraft was also located at the nearby Detroit Industrial Airport and produced small planes from 1926-48. The Michigan Assembly Plant was built in 1957, and the Gar-Wood company built garbage trucks, other major companies located in Wayne include Unistrut and Wayne Industries. The population and industrial production around Wayne significantly increased after World War II, beginning in the late 1950s Wayne began to consider a program of urban renewal for its residential and downtown areas. This was paired with federal money for renewal, and it was decided to tear down most of the historic downtown area for redevelopment. Between 1964 and 1972,77 acres of homes, businesses, several entire streets were removed for the project
25.
Westland, Michigan
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Westland is a city in Wayne County in the U. S. state of Michigan. It is located about 16 miles west of downtown Detroit, as of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 84,094. It is the 10th largest city and 12th largest municipality in Michigan, the current mayor of Westland is William Wild. During his first term as President of the Westland City Council, Mr. Wild took office in January 2007 and continues to serve as mayor. In the judicial branch of government, Sandra A. Ference Cicirelli, Cicirelli have served all three branches of government in the City of Westland. The legislative body of Westland is the City Council, which seven members. The current President of the City Council is James Godbout and he was re-elected in 2015 and has spent almost 20 years on City Council. In addition to Council President Godbout, Council President Pro-Tem Christine Cicirelli is the daughter of Judge Sandra Cicirelli, other Council members are Elbert Johnson, Adam Hammons, Michael Kehrer, Kevin Coleman and Peter Herzberg. Councilman Peter Herzberg, elected in 2015, is the youngest elected Council person in the history of the City of Westland, at 25 years old, Herzberg has already spent countless years volunteering for community organizations and working as a public servant. Richard Leblanc was elected as City Clerk in the November 2015 election and he has experience as a former City Council Member in Westland, as well as time in the State House of Representatives and the Wayne County Commission. During the 18th century, the area was inhabited by the people of a Potawatomi Native American village, other tribes, particularly three Algonquian tribes, used the area as hunting territory. Before becoming Westland, the area had several other names, though white settlers did not begin to settle the area until about 1824, they began passing through at the beginning of the 19th century. Bucklin Township was first organized in 1827 and included what is now the cities of Westland, Livonia, Garden City, Inkster, Wayne, Dearborn, Dearborn Heights and Redford Township. By an act of the Michigan Territorial Legislature, October 20,1829, Bucklin was divided into Lima, in 1835, Livonia Township was split off from Nankin. Wayne incorporated as a village in 1869 and as a city in 1960, Garden City incorporated as a village in 1927 and as a city in 1933. Inkster incorporated as a village in 1926 and as a city in 1964, Nankin Mills was built in 1842 as a gristmill and used by area farmers who once farmed this area. Once restored, the mill was used to make stencils for Ford Motor Company, Eloise in the far southeast of the city began when the County Home for the poor was relocated here in 1839 from Gratiot Avenue. It later evolved into a sanitorium largely for treating tuberculosis and then was made Wayne County General Hospital in 1945 and it had a post office named Eloise starting in 1894
26.
Washtenaw County, Michigan
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Washtenaw County /ˈwɒʃtᵻnɔː/ is a county located in the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 344,791, the county seat is Ann Arbor. The county was founded in 1822 and organized as a county in 1826, Washtenaw County comprises the Ann Arbor, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor, MI Combined Statistical Area. The county is home to the University of Michigan, Eastern Michigan University, Washtenaw Community College, the earliest histories mention trade conducted in the area at the Potawatomi Trail and Pontiac Trail crossings of the Huron River by French traders, and later English then American settlers. The first successful settlement was established at the present site of Ypsilanti about 1809 by French traders, in 1822, the Legislative Council of the Michigan Territory government defined the name and boundaries of the county, however, it was at first administered as a part of Wayne County. The word, Washtenaw is a variant of the Ojibwe word, in the Ojibwe language, the word Wash-ten-ong literally translates as far away waters, and was then used by the Ojibwe as the name for the Grand River due to the great length of that river. Accordingly, most literally, the definition of the word Washtenaw could be said to mean, four years after the first platting out of the county, Washtenaw county was established as a separate self-administered county by an act of the Michigan Territorial Legislature, in 1826. It was attached for administrative purposes to Wayne County until when county government was seated, Ingham and other counties were formed from portions of territorial Washtenaw County. Swamps were drained and farms were tiled to lower the water table, the swamp northwest of the I-94 and US-23 intersection, and areas within Waterloo Recreation Area still appear as they did to early settlers. As productive farms became established, the local deer herds grew, in the 1820s and 1830s, the events surrounding the independence of Greece from Turkey inspired construction of Greek Revival buildings, and the names of townships, towns, and children. The frostbitten constitutional convention was held at Ann Arbor, the county seat, following resolution of the Toledo War, in which Michigan Territory gave up its claim to the Toledo strip in exchange for most of the Upper Peninsula, Michigan became a state on January 26,1837. The University of Michigan, founded at Detroit in 1817, was moved by the state to Ann Arbor in 1839 as a consolation for the city not being named the new state capital. The University subsequently became and remains the largest employer in the county, in 1849, the Michigan State Normal School was established in Washtenaws oldest settlement, the city of Ypsilanti. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 722 square miles. Livingston County Oakland County Wayne County Monroe County Lenawee County Jackson County Ingham County As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 344,791 people residing in the county. 74. 5% were White,12. 7% Black or African American,7. 9% Asian,0. 3% Native American,1. 2% of some other race and 3. 4% of two or more races. 16. 0% were of German,7. 6% English,7. 5% Irish,6. 3% American and 5. 0% Polish ancestry, Washtenaw has the highest proportion of Asian-American residents of any Michigan county. As of the census of 2000,17. 4% of county residents were of German ancestry,9. 0% cited English,8. 4% Irish,5. 3% Polish and 5. 0% American ancestry
27.
Michigan's 15th congressional district
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Michigans 15th congressional district is an obsolete congressional district in the state of Michigan. Historically, the politics have been dominated by the Dingell family since its creation after the 1930 United States Census. Its first congressman, John D. Dingell, Sr. was elected in 1932 and his son, John, Jr. won a special election to succeed him. The 15th district historically had left-of-center voting tendencies and its last Cook PVI rating was D+13, meaning it supported Democratic candidates at a rate of 13 percentage points greater than the national average. This district became obsolete for the 113th Congress in 2013 as congressional district lines were redrawn to accommodate the loss of the due to redistricting as a result of the 2010 Census. Most of the territory, including Ann Arbor and Dingells home in Dearborn, became part of the new 12th district, which had previously been based in Oakland. Along with the 1st district and the now-defunct 16th district, the 15th has been frequently represented by politicians of Polish descent. Three of the six elected representatives have been Polish-Americans. Ann Arbor Dearborn Taylor Dearborn Heights Inkster Romulus Ypsilanti Monroe U. S, representatives 1837-2003, Michigan Manual 2003-2004 Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
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Michigan's 14th congressional district
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Michigans 14th congressional district is a congressional district that stretches from eastern Detroit westward to Farmington Hills, then north to the suburbs of Auburn Hills. From 2003 to 2013 was centered in Wayne County, Michigan and Oakland County and it is currently represented by Brenda Lawrence. In the 1960s, the 14th congressional district consisted of Hamtramck, the northeast portion of Detroit, Harper Woods, the 1964 redistricting that created these boundaries had through Lucien Nedzi, who had represented the old 14th district in the same congressional district as fellow Democrat incumbent Harold Ryan. Nedzi was the more liberal of the two Democrats, and won the primary, in the 1972 redistricting East Detroit and Warren south of 10 Mile Road were added to the district while some of the district in Detroit was moved to other districts. Prior to the 1972 redistricting the majority of voters in the district were residents of Detroit, at the same time the percentage of people who were either immigrants or had at least one parent who was an immigrant fell from 46% to 37%. Since all these figures are based on the 1970 census the changes reflect differences between the added and dropped, not any population movement. Based on the 1970 census the district had the most people who identified having Belgian ancestry of any district in the country. Based on the 1970 census it was possible to write that Hamtramck was an almost entirely Polish-American city, the district was represented by Dennis Hertel. Conyers 1st District included Highland Park, and Detroit between the Southfield Freeway and a running from the south end of Highland Park over to the boundary with Dearborn. The eastern boundary of the district was with the 14th district, all of the Wayne County portion of the 14th was retained in the 14th in the 1992 redistricting. It also retained most of the area in Detroit from Conyers old 1st district. In addition it took in the far part of Detroit and Redford Township from the 17th district, which prior to redistricting was represented by Sander Levin. The change over time in the district can be seen by what has happened in the one place that has remained constantly in the district since the 1960s. Hamtramck is no longer a mainly Polish city, 20% of the population is East Indian or Bangladeshi, 19% is black or African American, and almost five percent reports multiple races. Of the 53% that is according to the broad definition used by the Census, Albanians are the most numerous sub-group, with large numbers of Yemenis. It is possible that close to half the population is Muslim, even the white population within the district boundaries had declines by just over 23,000. In the 2012 election incumbents Gary Peters and Hansen Clarke faced off against each other with Southfield Mayor Brenda Lawrence, preliminary reports showed Peters winning with 47% of the vote to Clarkes 35% and Lawrences 13%. Michigans congressional districts List of United States congressional districts District boundaries were redrawn in 1993, representatives 1837-2003, Michigan Manual 2003-2004 Martis, Kenneth C
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Michigan's 16th congressional district
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Michigans 16th congressional district is an obsolete United States congressional district in Michigan. It covered the communities of Dearborn, Downriver and Monroe County, the first Representative to Congress elected from the 16th district, John Lesinski, Sr. took office in 1933, after reapportionment due to the 1930 census. The district was dissolved following the 2000 census, the last Representative elected from the district, John Dingell, was subsequently elected from the 15th district. The only other Representative elected from the 16th district in its 70 years of existence was John Lesinski and it could be called a Polish district, because all three districts representatives were Polish-Americans. Representatives 1837–2003, Michigan Manual 2003–2004 Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
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Lincoln Park, Michigan
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Lincoln Park is a city in Wayne County in the U. S. state of Michigan. It lies in an area of cities and communities known as Downriver, the population was 38,144 at the 2010 census. The settlement was organized as a village in 1921, and reorganized as a city in 1925, the area was originally home to the Potawatomi Indians who ceded the land to a French settler, Pierre St. Cosme, in 1776. It developed as a community, providing homes to workers in the nearby steel mills. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.89 square miles. The north and south branches of the Ecorse River run through Lincoln Park, Lincoln Park borders the cities of Detroit, Allen Park, Melvindale, Ecorse, Wyandotte, and Southgate. By 2015, many Hispanic businesses had opened along Dix Highway, long before Lincoln Park was incorporated as a city, an area along the Ecorse River was the site of a pivotal meeting during Pontiacs Rebellion. On April 27,1763, a council of several American Indian tribes from the Detroit region listened to a speech from the Ottawa leader Pontiac, Pontiac urged the listeners to join him in a surprise attack on the British Fort Detroit, which they attempted on May 9. Today, the area is known as Council Point Park, neighborhoods were first laid in the area of Ecorse Township that would become Lincoln Park in 1906. It was incorporated as a village in 1921, and as a city in 1925, preston Tucker, famous for his controversial financing and development of the revolutionary 1948 Tucker Sedan, grew up in Lincoln Park in the early 1900s. Tucker joined the Lincoln Park Police Department in his years to gain access to the high performance cars the department used. During the 20th century, Lincoln Park grew as a community for the numerous workers at Henry Fords River Rouge Plant and other mills. Two major shopping hubs were constructed in the 1950s, Lincoln Park Plaza in 1955 on the southeast side, among Lincoln Parks minor claims to fame is that it was the home of the members of the seminal punk rock group MC5 in the 1960s. The band was rumored to have evolved out of the habit of listening to music from a car radio in the parking lot of the local White Castle restaurant in the small downtown area. Gary Grimshaw, a rock concert poster artist, grew up in Lincoln Park at the same time. In 2015 the city planned to hold its first Cinco de Mayo event, as of the census of 2010, there were 38,144 people,14,924 households, and 9,685 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,476.1 inhabitants per square mile, there were 16,530 housing units at an average density of 2,806.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 84. 2% White,5. 9% African American,0. 7% Native American,0. 5% Asian,5. 4% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14. 9% of the population
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Hamtramck, Michigan
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Hamtramck is a city in Wayne County of the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 22,423, Hamtramck is surrounded by the city of Detroit except for a small portion of the western border that touches the similarly surrounded city of Highland Park. Known in the 20th century as a vibrant center of Polish American life and culture and it was originally known as Hamtramck Township. Hamtramck was originally settled by German farmers, but Polish immigrants flooded into the area when the Dodge Brothers plant opened in 1914, Poles used to make up a large proportion of the population. It is sometimes confused with Poletown, a traditional Polish neighborhood, as of the 2010 American Community Survey,14. 5% of Hamtramcks population is of Polish origin, in 1970, it was 90% Polish. Over the past thirty years, a number of immigrants from the Middle East, South Asia. As of the 2010 American Community Survey, the foreign born population stood at 41. 1%. The population was 43,355 in the 1950 Census, and 18,372 in 1990, Hamtramck was primarily farmland, although the Detroit Stove Works employed 1,300 workers to manufacture stoves. By the mid-1920s, 78% of the residents of Hamtramck owned their own houses or were buying their houses, around that time, the factory workers made up 85% of Hamtramcks heads of households. Of those factory workers, half were not skilled, in 1910, the newly founded Dodge Main assembly plant created jobs for thousands of workers and led to additional millions of dollars in the city. Dodge Main quickly expanded and became important to Hamtramck, before the construction of Dodge Main, Hamtramck was a largely rural town. With the Dodge Main assembly plant also came a large Polish population, the influx of Polish immigrants pushed the incumbent German politicians. It was at point that Hamtramck was considered a Polish-American town. Elections in November 2015 made the city the first to elect a Muslim-majority council in the country, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.09 square miles, all land. Hamtramck is mostly surrounded by Detroit except a small border with the city of Highland Park. Hamtramck lies about 5 miles from the center of Detroit, the I-75 freeway roughly runs along this citys western border and I-94 runs near its southern border. Hamtramck flourished from 1910 to 1920 as thousands of European immigrants, the city has grown increasingly ethnically diverse but still bears many reminders of its Polish ancestry in family names, street names and businesses. A recent survey found 26 native languages spoken by Hamtramck schoolchildren, the citys motto was A League of Nations
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Grosse Pointe Park, Michigan
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Grosse Pointe Park is a city in Wayne County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 11,555 at the 2010 census, bordering on Detroit with frontage on southern Lake Saint Clair, it is the westernmost of the noted Grosse Pointe suburbs, with the oldest overall housing stock of the five cities. Grosse Pointe Park is 6 miles east of downtown Detroit and thus is home to many who commute to the city on a daily basis, the area is often referred to simply as GPP or The Park. The city of Detroit annexed part of the village in the township from Bewick Street to Alter Road in 1907, fearing further annexation, the part of the village east of Alter Road incorporated as the Village of Grosse Pointe Park later that year. Seeking further annexation protection from Detroit and independence from its township, in 2014 the city placed a farmers market on Kercheval Street, on the border with Detroit. Mayor of Detroit Mike Duggan criticized the placement because it was blocking a street between Detroit and Grosse Pointe Park, Grosse Pointe Park officials moved parts of the market to another location but still had it partly blocking Kercheval. In 2015 the city added large planters at the intersection of Kercheval Avenue and Alter Road, the city government stated that it is a beautification project. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.71 square miles. The water is part of Lake St. Clair, Grosse Pointe Park has about 3. The west side of the city features mixed-use neighborhoods, where retail, schools, the rest of the city is basically residential, but at the eastern edge residents are in close walking distance to the Village shopping district in Grosse Pointe. Many of the houses in the Park were built prior to World War II and these mansions and mini-manses were often placed on large lots which were often split up, the result being that some post-war ranch style homes are mixed in with homes of traditional design. A large lakefront park with a pool, gym, movie theatre, at the base of the point, at the foot of Three Mile Drive, is another large park, Patterson Park, which is known for its skating rink and walking trails. One way that people distinguish geography in Grosse Pointe Park is by location north or south of Jefferson Avenue, the regions name can be seen in various local establishments such as the Cabbage Patch Cafe and Cabbage Patch Saloon. Grosse Pointe Park, along with Grosse Pointe and Grosse Pointe Farms, is in the Grosse Pointe South High School district. There are two Grosse Pointe Public School System elementary schools in the Park, Defer and Trombly schools, in addition to one middle school, the eastern Park is also served by Maire Elementary in Grosse Pointe in the Village district. Then serves the one school, South High School off Fisher Road. There is one school in the Park, the K-8 St. Clare of Montefalco Catholic School on Charlevoix. As of the census of 2010, there were 11,555 people,4,516 households, the population density was 5,324.9 inhabitants per square mile
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Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan
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Grosse Pointe Shores is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan. The city, which is residential, is the location of the Grosse Pointe Yacht Club on Lake Saint Clair. The citys population was 3,008 at the 2010 census and it has the 70th highest income for a municipality with over 1,000 citizens in the country and the second highest income in the state of Michigan. On February 24,2009, the residents of Grosse Pointe Shores voted to incorporate as a city with the name Village of Grosse Pointe Shores, A Michigan City, prior to incorporation as a city, the village encompassed the entire area of two small townships. Most of the village was within Grosse Pointe Township in Wayne County. A tiny portion of the village was within Lake Township in Macomb County, Grosse Pointe Shores was incorporated as a village in 1911. The village incorporated as a city in 2009, in 2011, the city government stated that it is considering trying to move all of the city into Macomb County, since Macomb County has lower taxes than Wayne County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 19.23 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,008 people,1,201 households, the population density was 2,615.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,350 housing units at a density of 1,173.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 8% White,1. 9% African American,0. 3% Native American,3. 8% Asian,0. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 9% of the population. 21. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.92. The median age in the city was 52.2 years. 19. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,5. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,14. 2% were from 25 to 44,33. 5% were from 45 to 64, and 27. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 1% male and 49. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,823 people,1,058 households, and 859 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,470.6 per square mile, there were 1,096 housing units at an average density of 959.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 93. 80% White,0. 60% African American,0. 25% Native American,4. 07% Asian,0. 43% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 74% of the population. 17. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.01
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Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan
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Grosse Pointe Farms is a suburban town bordering Detroit located in Wayne County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 9,479 at the 2010 census and it is bordered by Canada and Lake Saint Clair on the south and east, Grosse Pointe on the west, Detroit on the north, and Grosse Pointe Woods and Grosse Pointe Shores on the northeast. The area that would become Grosse Pointe Farms was originally incorporated as the Village of Grosse Pointe in 1879, by 1889, the village extended from land just above Provenchal Road in the northeast to Cadieux Road in the west. In 1893, the portion of the village east of Fisher Road broke off and it was not until 1949, however, that the village incorporated as a city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 12.32 square miles. The water is part of Lake St. Clair, the Farms has a more varied topography and streetscape than the other southern Grosse Pointes. A low but noticeable ridge runs through the center of the city, the cityscape varies widely, with large sections of old homes ranging from bungalows to mansions, and a few newer sections with ranch houses or luxury homes built on subdivided estates. The Farms has a downtown on Kercheval Avenue combining historic buildings with newer, as of the census of 2010, there were 9,479 people,3,718 households, and 2,770 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,446.9 inhabitants per square mile, there were 3,952 housing units at an average density of 1,437.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 4% White,1. 8% African American,0. 2% Native American,1. 3% Asian,0. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 0% of the population. 23. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.02. The median age in the city was 45.1 years. 25. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,4. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24,19. 5% were from 25 to 44,32. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 8% male and 51. 2% female, at the 2000 census, there were 9,764 people,3,804 households, and 2,868 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,618.8 per square mile, there were 3,937 housing units at an average density of 1,459.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 58% White,0. 65% African American,0. 11% Native American,1. 13% Asian,0. 11% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 11% of the population. 22. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.03. Age distribution was 26. 5% under the age of 18,3. 6% from 18 to 24,23. 4% from 25 to 44,28. 6% from 45 to 64, the median age was 43 years
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M-102 (Michigan highway)
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M-102 is an east–west state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that runs along the northern boundary of Detroit following 8 Mile Road. The highway follows the Michigan Baseline, a part of the survey of the state. As a county road or city street,8 Mile Road extends both east and west of the M-102 designation, which leaves 8 Mile on the end to follow Vernier Road. The western terminus of M-102 is at the junction of 8 Mile Road and M-5, the 8 Mile Road name extends west to Pontiac Trail near South Lyon with a discontinuous segment located west of US Highway 23. The eastern end of 8 Mile Road is in Grosse Pointe Woods near I-94, the highway was first designated in the late 1920s, connecting US Highway 10 with US25. Extensions to the highway designation moved the termini in the 1930s and 1940s east to M-29, a change in the 1960s added a section of north–south roadway to the eastern end of M-102, that change was reversed within about a year. A western extension along Grand River Avenue in 1977 was reversed in 1994, the racial patterns have changed, as more middle-class African Americans have also moved north of 8 Mile, but the socioeconomic divide between the city and suburbs remains. Starting at an intersection with Hamburg Road along the Livingston–Washtenaw county line,8 Mile Road runs eastward to an interchange with US23 near Whitmore Lake, there is a gap before 8 Mile Road resumes at Pontiac Trail along the Oakland–Washtenaw county line. Near the suburb of Northville, the road curves northward into Oakland County, the road meets I-96/I-275 at that freeways exit 167 along the border between Livonia and Farmington Hills. As its name implies,8 Mile Road runs east–west eight miles north of the origin of the Mile Road System at Michigan, M-102 starts at the intersection between M-5 and 8 Mile Road and runs eastward along 8 Mile Road. The highway widens out into a setup with each direction divided by a central median. Motorists that want to make a turn along 8 Mile Road have to perform a Michigan left to do so. Starting at the Inkster Road intersection, M-102 forms the boundary between Redford to the south and Southfield to the north, east of Five Points Road, the 8 Mile follows the northern city limits of Detroit. On either side of 8 Mile Road, the area is filled with residential neighborhoods of the two cities with commercial businesses immediately adjacent to the highway. About two miles east of its point, M-102 intersects US24 at a cloverleaf interchange near Frisbee-Pembroke Park. Along the length of the highway, there are large power line towers in the median. Continuing east, M-102 intersects M-39 and M-10 south of the Southfield campus of Oakland Community College, as the highway approaches M-1, there are a pair of service drives that split from the main roadway in each direction to provide access through the interchange with M-1. The main lanes of M-102 pass under M-1 and its ramp connections before the service drives merge back in on the other side and this interchange is located adjacent to the Michigan State Fairgrounds, former site of the now-defunct Michigan State Fair, and Woodlawn Cemetery
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African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
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Barbara-Rose Collins
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Barbara-Rose Collins is a politician from the U. S. state of Michigan. Collins was born in Detroit, Michigan, graduated from the schools there. In 1988, she lost an election to the incumbent U. S. This was tantamount to election in this heavily Democratic, black-majority district and she won handily in November and was reelected three more times, each time garnering over 80 percent of the vote. Her district was renumbered as the 15th district after the 1990 census, in 1996, Collins was routed in the Democratic primary by State Representative Carolyn Kilpatrick, taking only 30.6 percent of the vote. After five years out of politics, Collins returned to the Detroit City Council for two terms, retiring in 2009, biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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United States presidential election, 1992
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The United States presidential election of 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 3,1992, there were three major candidates, Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush, Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton, and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot. Bush had alienated much of his base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes. Clinton won a plurality in the vote, and a wide Electoral College margin. The election was a significant realigning election after three consecutive Republican landslides, northeastern, Upper Midwest, and West Coast states which had previously been competitive began voting reliably Democratic. As of 2016, this is the most recent election in which an incumbent president was unseated, Perots campaign took 18. 9% of the vote, finishing second in Maine and Utah. This was noted for being the highest vote share of a third-party candidate since 1912, as of 2017, this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate. Buchanans best showing was in the New Hampshire primary on February 18, President Bush won 73% of all primary votes, with 9,199,463 votes. Buchanan won 2,899,488 votes, unpledged delegates won 287,383 votes, and David Duke, just over 100,000 votes were cast for all other candidates, half of which were write-in votes for H. Ross Perot. President George H. W. Bush and Vice President Dan Quayle easily won renomination by the Republican Party, Bush allowed Buchanan to give the keynote address at the Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas, and his culture war speech alienated many moderates. After the successful performance by U. S. and coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War and his re-election was considered very likely. As a result, several candidates, such as Mario Cuomo. In addition, Senator Al Gore refused to seek the nomination due to the fact his son was struck by a car and was undergoing surgery as well as physical therapy. However, Tom Harkin, Paul Tsongas, Jerry Brown, Bob Kerrey, Douglas Wilder, Senator Tom Harkin ran as a populist liberal with labor union support. Senator Paul Tsongas highlighted his political independence and fiscal conservatism, nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey was an attractive candidate based on his business and military background, but made several gaffes on the campaign trail. Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton positioned himself as a centrist, or New Democrat and he was still relatively unknown nationally before the primary season. That quickly changed however, when a woman named Gennifer Flowers appeared in the press to reveal allegations of an affair, Clinton rebutted the story by appearing on 60 Minutes with his wife, Hillary Clinton. The primary season began with U. S, Senator Tom Harkin winning his native Iowa as expected
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Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
40.
United States presidential election, 1996
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The United States presidential election of 1996 was the 53rd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 5,1996, the Democratic national ticket was led by Bill Clinton, the former five-term governor of Arkansas, and his running mate Al Gore, congressman and senator for the state of Tennessee. The Republican nominee for President was Bob Dole, the former long-time Senator from Kansas who was previously the running mate of incumbent Gerald Ford in 1976. Doles running mate for Vice President was Jack Kemp, a former NFL football player, standards, did not renew his success of the 1992 election. Turnout was registered at 49. 0%, the lowest for an election since 1924. He was able to ground as the economy began to recover from the early 1990s recession with a relatively stable world stage. He went on to win re-election with a margin in the popular vote. Despite Doles defeat, the Republican Party was able to maintain a majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win re-election after serving a full term. As of 2017, this is the last time Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, West Virginia, in 1995, the Republican Party was riding high on the significant gains made in the 1994 mid-term elections. Gingrich became Speaker of the House, while Bob Dole elevated to Senate Majority leader, the Republicans of the 104th Congress pursued an ambitious agenda, highlighted by their Contract with America, but were often forced to compromise with President Clinton, who wielded veto power. A budget impasse between Congress and the Clinton Administration eventually resulted in a government shutdown, Clinton, meanwhile, was praised for signing the GOPs welfare reform and other notable bills, but was forced to abandon his own health care plan. At the 1996 Democratic National Convention, Clinton and incumbent Vice President Al Gore were renominated with token opposition, incarcerated fringe candidate Lyndon LaRouche won a few Arkansas delegates who were barred from the convention. Jimmy Griffin, former Mayor of Buffalo, New York, mounted a brief campaign, former Pennsylvania governor Bob Casey contemplated a challenge to Clinton, but health problems forced Casey to abandon a bid. Clinton easily won primaries nationwide, with margins consistently higher than 80%, Bill Clinton –9,706,802 Lyndon LaRouche –596,422 Unpledged –411,270 Republican Candidates Bob Dole, U. S. S. Senator from Texas Alan Keyes, former U. S. ECOSOC Ambassador from Maryland Richard Lugar, Senator from Indiana Bob Dornan, U. S. Representative from California Arlen Specter, U. S, the fragmented field of candidates debated issues such as a flat tax and other tax cut proposals, and a return to supply-side economic policies popularized by Ronald Reagan. Former U. S. Army General Colin Powell was widely courted as a potential Republican nominee, however, on November 8,1995, Powell announced that he would not seek the nomination. Former and future Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld formed a presidential campaign exploratory committee, ahead of the 1996 primary contest, Senate majority leader and former vice-presidential nominee Bob Dole was seen as the most likely winner
41.
United States presidential election, 2000
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The United States presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7,2000, Bush was seen as the early favorite for the Republican nomination and, despite a contentious primary battle with Senator John McCain and other candidates, secured the nomination by Super Tuesday. Bush chose former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his running mate, both major party candidates focused primarily on domestic issues, such as the budget, tax relief, and reforms for federal social insurance programs, although foreign policy was not ignored. Clinton and Gore often did not campaign together, a deliberate decision resulting from the Lewinsky sex scandal two years prior. This was the closest presidential election in the history, with a. 009% margin,537 votes. The narrow margin there triggered a mandatory machine recount the next day, after which Gore requested recounts in four counties, including populous South Florida, litigation ensued in numerous counties in both state and federal courts, ultimately reaching the Florida Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court. Nationwide, this was the presidential election in which the winner received fewer votes than his opponent. After the election, recounts conducted by news media organizations continued a primary focus on ballots that machines read as not showing a vote. Based on the review of these ballots, their results indicated that Bush would have won if certain recounting methods had been used, but that Gore might have won under other standards and scenarios. The Green Party gained widespread attention during the 2000 presidential election when the ticket composed of Ralph Nader. Nader was vilified by some Democrats, who accused him of spoiling the election for Al Gore, Naders impact on the 2000 election has remained controversial. Until 2016, this was the last time a Republican candidate won a vote in the region of New England. As of 2017, this was the last election where a Republican candidate won New Hampshire, traditionally, the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The partys delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the partys behalf, President Bill Clinton, a Democrat and former Governor of Arkansas, was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to restrictions of the Twenty-second Amendment. In accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment, his term expired at 12,00 noon EST on January 20,2001, Democratic candidates Al Gore, Vice President of the United States Bill Bradley, former U. S. Senator from New Jersey Al Gore from Tennessee was a consistent front-runner for the nomination, of these, only Wellstone formed an exploratory committee. Running an insurgency campaign, Bradley positioned himself as the alternative to Gore, the closest Bradley came to a victory was his 50–46 loss to Gore in the New Hampshire primary. On March 14, Al Gore clinched the Democratic nomination, none of Bradleys delegates were allowed to vote for him, so Gore won the nomination unanimously at the Democratic National Convention
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Al Gore
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Albert Arnold Al Gore Jr. is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Clintons running mate in their campaign in 1992. At the end of Clintons second term, Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, after leaving office, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore was an official for 24 years. He was a Congressman from Tennessee and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the states Senators and he served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. In the 2000 presidential election, in what was one of the closest presidential races in history, Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush. A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U. S. Supreme Court, and a senior adviser to Google. Gore is also a partner in the capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. He has served as a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University. He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute, Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Times 2007 Person of the Year, Gore was born in Washington, D. C. the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr. a U. S. Representative who later served for 18 years as U. S, Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and his older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984. During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D. C, during the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay and raised cattle. Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D. C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League. He was the captain of the team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art. He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard. Gore met Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965
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United States presidential election, 2004
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The United States presidential election of 2004, the 55th quadrennial presidential election, was held on Tuesday, November 2,2004. Republican Party candidate and incumbent President George W. Bush won re-election, defeating Democratic Party candidate John Kerry, Senator from Massachusetts and eventual United States Secretary of State. Bush and incumbent Vice President Dick Cheney were renominated by their party with no difficulty, Howard Dean, former Governor of Vermont, was initially the frontrunner for the Democratic Partys nomination, but Kerry won nearly all of the primaries and caucuses. Kerry chose Senator John Edwards of North Carolina, who had himself sought that partys 2004 presidential nomination, foreign policy was the dominant theme throughout the election campaign, particularly Bushs conduct of the War on Terrorism and the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Domestic issues were debated as well, including the economy and jobs, health care, as of 2016, this was also the most recent election in which the Republican candidate won the popular vote. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes to Kerrys 251, as of 2016, this marks the last election in which Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico and Virginia voted for the Republican candidate. Just eight months into his presidency, the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001, Bushs approval ratings surged to near 90%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United States entered Afghanistan, by December, the Taliban had been removed, although a long and ongoing reconstruction would follow. The Bush administration then turned its attention to Iraq, and argued the need to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq had become urgent. Among the stated reasons were that Saddams regime had tried to acquire nuclear material and had not properly accounted for biological and chemical material it was known to have previously possessed. Both the possession of weapons of mass destruction, and the failure to account for them. The United States invaded Iraq on March 20,2003, along with a coalition of the willing that consisted of troops from the United Kingdom. Within about three weeks, the invasion caused the collapse of both the Iraqi government and its forces, however, the U. S. Bushs approval rating in May was at 66%, according to a CNN–USA Today–Gallup poll, however, Bushs high approval ratings did not last. Bushs popularity rose as a president, and he was able to ward off any serious challenge to the Republican nomination. Senator Lincoln Chafee from Rhode Island considered challenging Bush on a platform in New Hampshire. On March 10,2004, Bush officially clinched the number of delegates needed to be nominated at the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City and he accepted the nomination on September 2,2004, and retained Vice President Dick Cheney as his running mate. During the convention and throughout the campaign, Bush focused on two themes, defending America against terrorism and building an ownership society, Senator from North Carolina Howard Dean, former Governor of Vermont Wesley Clark, retired U. S
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John Kerry
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John Forbes Kerry is an American politician who served as the 68th United States Secretary of State from 2013 to 2017. A Democrat, he previously served Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1985 to 2013 and he was the Democratic nominee in the 2004 presidential election, losing narrowly to Republican incumbent George W. Bush. Kerry was born in Aurora, Colorado and attended boarding school in Massachusetts and he graduated from Yale University in 1966 with a major in political science. Kerry enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1966, and between 1968 and 1969, he served an abbreviated four-month tour of duty in South Vietnam as officer-in-charge of a Swift Boat. For that service, he was awarded combat medals that include the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal and he appeared in the Fulbright Hearings before the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs where he deemed United States war policy in Vietnam to be the cause of war crimes. After receiving a J. D. from Boston College Law School and he served as Lieutenant Governor under Michael Dukakis from 1983 to 1985 and was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1984 and was sworn in the following January. On the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he led a series of hearings from 1987 to 1989 which were a precursor to the Iran–Contra affair, Kerry was re-elected to additional terms in 1990,1996,2002, and 2008. In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War and he and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U. S. Senate, John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11,1943, in Aurora, Colorado, at Fitzsimons Army Hospital. He is the second of four born to Richard John Kerry, a Foreign Service officer and lawyer, and Rosemary Isabel Forbes. His father was raised Catholic and his mother was Episcopalian and he was raised with an elder sister named Margaret, a younger sister named Diana and a younger brother named Cameron. The children were raised in their fathers faith, John Kerry served as an altar boy, Kerry grew up a military brat until his father was discharged from the Army Air Corps, causing the family to settle in Washington, D. C. in 1949. While in Washington, Richard took a spot in the Department of the Navys Office of General Counsel and his extended maternal family enjoyed great wealth as members of the Forbes and Dudley–Winthrop families. Kerrys parents themselves were upper-middle class, and a great aunt paid for him to attend elite boarding schools. In 1957, his father was stationed at the U. S. Embassy in Oslo, Norway, and Kerry was sent back to the United States to attend boarding school. He first attended the Fessenden School in Newton, Massachusetts, and later St. Pauls, Concord, New Hampshire, Kerry founded the John Winant Society at St. Pauls to debate the issues of the day, the Society still exists there. In 1962, Kerry entered Yale University, majoring in political science and he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1966
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United States presidential election, 2008
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The United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4,2008, Democratic Party nominees Barack Obama, a U. S. Senator from Illinois, and his running mate Joe Biden, a long-time U. S, Senator from Delaware defeated Republican Party nominees John McCain, a long-time current U. S. Senator from Arizona, and his running mate Sarah Palin, a Governor of Alaska, Obama became the first African American ever to be elected president of the United States, and Joe Biden became the first Roman Catholic ever elected vice president. The incumbent president, George W. Bush, of the Republican Party, was ineligible to be elected to a term due to term limits in the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Early campaigning had focused heavily on the Iraq War and the unpopularity of outgoing Republican President George W. Johnson in 1964, Obamas successes in obtaining a major partys nomination and winning the general election were both firsts for the African American community. She later went on to win the Democratic nomination but lose the election to Donald Trump in 2016. She also was the first woman to be an American presidential candidate in every primary, similarly, Sarah Palin became the first woman to appear on a Republican presidential ticket, and the second woman overall to appear on a major partys presidential ticket. Obamas total vote amount of 69.5 million votes is the highest number won by a presidential candidate. The total of 131 million votes cast in the election represented over 43% of the total U. S. population and this was also the first election in which neither candidate was born in the contiguous United States. Obama was born in Hawaii and McCain was born at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone. This election also made McCain currently the only Senator who previously served as a nominee and still remains incumbent. As of 2017, this is the last time Nebraska, Indiana and this election also became the first time that Missouri backed the losing candidate since 1956, with both Kentucky & Tennessee failing to do the same since 1960. In 2004, President George W. Bush won reelection, defeating the Democratic nominee, after Republican pickups in the House and Senate in the 2004 elections, Republicans maintained control of the executive and legislative branches of the federal government. Bushs approval ratings had been declining from their high point of almost 90% after the September 11 attacks. By September 2006, Bushs approval rating was below 40%, and in the November United States Congressional elections 2006, Bushs approval ratings dropped for the last two years in office to the 25–37% range. In the United States, there are two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. There are also several minor parties, usually called third parties, though most media, each major party hosts candidates who go through a nomination process to determine the presidential nominee for that party
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Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
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United States presidential election, 2012
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The United States presidential election of 2012 was the 57th quadrennial American presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6,2012, as the incumbent president, Obama secured the Democratic nomination with no serious opposition. Romney effectively secured the nomination by early May as the economy improved, the campaign was marked by a sharp rise in fundraising, including from new nominally independent Super PACs. The campaigns focused heavily on issues, debate centered largely around sound responses to the Great Recession in terms of economic recovery. Other issues included long-term federal budget issues, the future of social programs. Obama defeated Romney, winning both the popular vote and the college, with 332 electoral votes to Romneys 206. Obama carried all states and districts that he had won in the 2008 presidential election except North Carolina, Indiana, as such, his margin of victory decreased from 2008. Consequently, Obama became the first incumbent since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944 to win reelection with fewer electoral votes, nonetheless, Obama also became the first two-term president since Ronald Reagan to win both his presidential bids with an absolute majority of the nationwide popular vote. Not since 1820 had three consecutive American presidents succeeded in securing two consecutive terms, september–October 2012, Early voting begins in some states and continue as late as November 5. November 6,2012, Election Day, at around 11,15 p. m. EST, November 7,2012, Romney concedes the election to Obama at around 1,00 a. m. November 10,2012, The electoral outcomes of all 50 states, Obama won 332 electoral votes while Romney won 206 electoral votes. December 17,2012, The Electoral College formally re-elects President Obama, January 3,2013, The 113th Congress is sworn in. January 4,2013, Electoral votes are counted before a joint session of Congress. The re-election of President Obama and Vice President Biden is certified, January 20,2013, President Obama and Vice President Biden take the oaths of office, Obamas second presidential term begins at noon. January 21,2013, The inauguration ceremonies are held, Florida, Georgia, Ohio, Tennessee, and West Virginias state legislatures approved measures to shorten early voting periods. Florida and Iowa barred all felons from voting, kansas, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin state legislatures passed laws requiring voters to have government-issued IDs before they could cast their ballots. This meant, typically, that people without drivers licenses or passports had to gain new forms of ID, Obama, the NAACP, and the Democratic Party fought against many of the new state laws. Clinton said the moves would effectively disenfranchise core voter blocs that trend liberal, including students, Blacks
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