1.
White people
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White people is a racial classification specifier, used for people of Europid ancestry, with the exact implications dependent on context. The contemporary usage of people or a white race as a large group of populations contrasting with black, American Indian. It is today used as a racial classifier in multiracial societies, such as North Africa, United States. The term white race or white people entered the major European languages in the later 17th century, in the context of racialized slavery, description of populations as white in reference to their skin color predates this notion and is found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient sources. Scholarship on race generally distinguishes the concept from pre-modern descriptions of collective difference. In the literature of the Ancient Near East and Classical Antiquity and we know that Egyptians were not oblivious to skin color, however, because artists paid attention to it in works of art, to the extent the pigments at the time permitted. Classicist James Dee states the Greeks do not describe themselves as white people—or as anything else because they had no word in their color vocabulary for themselves. Peoples skin color did not carry meaning, what mattered is where they lived. Religious conversion was sometimes described figuratively as a change in skin color, similarly, the Rigveda uses krsna tvac black skin as a metaphor for irreligiosity. The Ancient Egyptian funerary text known as the Book of Gates distinguishes four groups in a procession and these are the Egyptians, the Levantine/Canaanite peoples or Asiatics, the Nubians and the fair-skinned Libyans. The Egyptians are depicted as a reddish brown, the Nubians as black skinned, the Semites from the Levant and Canaan as light skinned. Herodotus described the Scythian Budini as having blue eyes and bright red hair. And the Egyptians – quite like the Colchians – as melánchroes and he also gives the possibly first reference to the common Greek name of the tribes living south of Egypt, otherwise known as Nubians, which was Aithíopes. Later Xenophon described the Aethiopians as black and the Persian troops as white compared to the skin of Greek troops. These color adjectives are found in contrast to the standard set by the own group. According to historian Irene Silverblatt, Race thinking … made social categories into racial truths, Alastair Bonnett argues that white identity, as it is presently conceived, is an American project, reflecting American interpretations of race and history. According to Gregory Jay, a professor of English at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Before the age of exploration, group differences were based on language, religion. … the European had always reacted a bit hysterically to the differences of skin color, in the 16th and 17th centuries, East Asian peoples were almost uniformly described as white, never as yellow
2.
Black people
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As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, black is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as black, and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, in the United Kingdom, black was historically equivalent with person of color, a general term for non-European peoples. In South Africa and Latin America, mixed-race people are not classified as black. In other regions such as Australasia, settlers applied the term black or it was used by local populations with different histories and ancestral backgrounds. The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, a state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail the Bloodthirsty raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard and he claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman, in response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish, due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males, the men interpreted the Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage, leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab masters child, she was considered as umm walad or mother of a child, the child was given rights of inheritance to the fathers property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers social status at birth and were born free, some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a child of a slave, his mother was Fulani. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically free, was not so common in Morocco, the long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd, it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people. In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudans non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of deftly manipulat Arab solidarity to carry out policies of apartheid, American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. The Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid, many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid
3.
Asian Americans
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Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The term refers to a group that includes diverse populations who have ancestral origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia. This includes people who indicate their race on the census as Asian or reported entries such as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other Asian. Asian Americans with no other ancestry comprise 4. 8% of the U. S. population, although migrants from Asia have been in parts of the contemporary United States since the 17th century, large-scale immigration did not begin until the mid-18th century. Nativist immigration laws during the 1880s-1920s excluded various Asian groups, eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States, after immigration laws were reformed during the 1940s-60s, abolishing national origins quotas, Asian immigration increased rapidly. Analyses of the 2010 census have shown that Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial or ethnic minority in the United States, starting in the first few years of the 2000 decade, Asian American earnings began exceeding all other racial groups for both men and women. For example, in 2008 Asian Americans had the highest median household income overall of any racial demographic, in 2012, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country. In 2015, Asian American men were the highest earning racial group as they earned 117% as much as white American men, once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account, Asian Americans are no more likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in poverty. As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the history of this term. Prior to the late 1960s, people of Asian ancestry were referred to as Oriental, Asiatic. Today, Asian American is the term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the US Census Bureau definition, which all people with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia. This is chiefly because the census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, Asian person in the United States is sometimes thought of as a person of East Asian descent. In vernacular usage, Asian is often used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds. This differs from the U. S. Census definition and the Asian American Studies departments in many universities consider all those of East, before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro. Asian Americans had also been classified as other, in 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on Asian or Pacific Islander. The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, by the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry as a subcategory. The 2000 census onwards separated the category into two separate ones, Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, the definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts
4.
Hispanic
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The term Hispanic broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once colonized by the Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia, particularly the countries of Latin America and the Philippines. It could be argued that the term should apply to all Spanish-speaking cultures or countries and it is difficult to label a nation or culture with one term, such as Hispanic, as the ethnicities, customs, traditions, and art forms vary greatly by country and region. The Spanish language and Spanish culture are the main traditions, the term Hispanic derives from Latin Hispanicus, the adjectival derivation of Latin Hispania and Hispanus/Hispanos, ultimately probably of Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century, the words Spain, Spanish, and Spaniard are of the same etymology as Hispanus, ultimately. Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule, in English, the term Hispano-Roman is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from different indigenous tribes. A number of men, such as Trajan, Hadrian. Hispano-Roman is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas. Spanish is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language, Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain. Hispania was the Roman name for the territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, this territory was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior, in 27 B. C, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms used to refer to the peninsula and this revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote, the word Lusitanian, relates to Lusitania or Portugal, also in reference to the Lusitanians, possibly one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribes name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, the terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a territory, home to several kingdoms, with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs. Spain was not an entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, although colloquially and literally the expression King of Spain or King of the Spains was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Wayne County, Michigan
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Wayne County is the most populous county in the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,820,584, the 2014 Census update listed the countys population at 1,764,804. The county seat is Detroit, the most populous city in Michigan, the county was founded in 1796 and organized in 1815. Wayne County is included in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is one of several American counties named after Revolutionary War General Anthony Wayne. Wayne County was the county in the Northwest Territory, formed 15 August 1796 from portions of territorial Hamilton County, territorial Knox County. It was named for the American general Mad Anthony Wayne and it originally encompassed the entire area of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, most of the Upper Peninsula, as well as smaller sections that are now part of northern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Clair, and Lake Erie back to the starting point and this boundary would include Chicago, Illinois and a sizable strip of Wisconsin along Lake Michigan. These boundaries would be adjusted as Indiana and Illinois became states, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 673 square miles, of which 612 square miles is land and 61 square miles is water. Its water area includes parts of the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair, Wayne County borders on Oakland County and Macomb County to the north, Washtenaw County to the west, Essex County, Ontario, Canada to the east, and Monroe County to the south. The eastern boundary is a boundary in the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair with Essex County. Automotive traffic crosses this boundary at the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel and the Ambassador Bridge, due to the southwestern course of the river, this small portion of Canada actually lies to the south of Wayne County. The southern communities of the county are usually referred to as Downriver, Grosse Ile is the largest island in Wayne County and is connected to the mainland by the Wayne County Bridge and the Grosse Ile Toll Bridge. It was the government agency in Wayne County, Michigan responsible for building and maintaining the countys roads, the Wayne County Road Commission was an exemplary agency in the state of Michigan, and had great involvement and influence in roadway planning more widely in the state. It became internationally renowned for innovative ideas, sometimes breaking ground well in advance of the Michigan State Highway Department, the county road commission was more advanced than the states own public works department in several respects. It had long had its own in-house construction group to build bridges and it adopted one or more bridge types before the state did. Its first commissioners were Edward N. Hines, Cassius R. Benton, commissioners Benton and Ford quit, but commissioner Hines persisted and led the commission through reorganization getting around the obstacles. Hines was a commissioner continuously from 1906 to 1938, Hines is credited with the idea of putting a painted line down a roadways center to divide traffic, and other innovations that were later widely adopted. The commission worked systematically, and it became a model to others, within a few years, the county hosted delegations of engineers from around the United States, as well as from a number of other countries, including Britain, Japan, Australia, and Borneo
7.
Highland Park, Michigan
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Highland Park is a city in Wayne County in the State of Michigan, within Metro Detroit. The population was 11,776 at the 2010 census, the city is completely surrounded by Detroit except for a small portion that touches the city of Hamtramck, which is also surrounded by Detroit. The area that was to become Highland Park began as a farming community, on a large ridge located at what is now Woodward Avenue and Highland. In 1818, prominent Detroit judge Augustus B. Woodward bought the ridge, the development of the village failed. By 1860, the settlement was given a post office under the name of Whitewood, in 1907, Henry Ford purchased 160 acres just north of Manchester Street between Woodward Avenue and Oakland Street to build an automobile plant. The village of Highland Park was incorporated as a city in 1918 to protect its tax base, including its successful Ford plant, in 1910 Highland Park, then a village, had 4,120 residents. Between 1910 and 1920 during the associated with the automobile industry, Highland Parks population grew to about 46,500. The growth of Highland Park and neighboring Hamtramck broke records for increases of population, in 1925, Chrysler Corporation was founded in Highland Park. It purchased the Brush-Maxwell plant in the city, which would expand to 150 acres. Arthur Lupp of Highland Park founded the Michigan branch of the Black Legion in 1931, it was a vigilante group related to the Ku Klux Klan. The Legion had a similar nativist bent and its members were opposed to immigrants, Catholics, Jews, blacks, labor organizers, numerous public and business officials of Highland Park, including the chief of police, a mayor, and a city councilman, joined this group. Lupp and others were among a total of 48 men indicted and convicted following the murder of Charles Poole in May 1936, investigations revealed the Legion had been involved in numerous other murders or conspiracies to murder during the previous three years, for which another 37 men were convicted. These convictions ended the reign of the Legion, in 1944, the Davison Freeway was opened as the countrys first modern depressed urban freeway, running through the center of the city. The freeway was reconstructed and widened in 1996 and 1997 to improve its safety. Ford Motor Company wound down operations at its Highland Park plant in the late 1950s, with the loss of industrial jobs, the city suffered many of the same difficulties as Detroit, declines in population and tax base accompanied by an increase in street crime. White flight from the city accelerated after the 1967 Detroit 12th Street Riot, the city population was majority black and impoverished by the 1980s. The move dislocated a total of 6,000 jobs over this period, known as The City of Trees, the town was thickly forested until the 1970s. The spread of Dutch elm disease required many old trees to be cut down, in June 2001, because of the Highland Parks mounting fiscal crisis, an emergency financial manager for the city was appointed under the supervision of the State of Michigan
8.
River Rouge, Michigan
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River Rouge is a city in Wayne County in the U. S. state of Michigan and an industrial Downriver suburb of Detroit. The population was 7,903 at the 2010 census and it is named after the River Rouge, which flows along the citys northern border and into the Detroit River. The city includes the heavily industrialized Zug Island at the mouth of the River Rouge, the small settlement incorporated as a village in 1899 within Ecorse Township. In 1922 as the city of Detroit expressed interested in annexing land in the township, fearing annexation, itself, a month later Detroit did, indeed, annex land in the township immediately to the west of River Rouge. One of the most important historical associations with River Rouge is its relationship to the Great Lakes freighter, the ship was constructed at the Great Lakes Engineering Works in River Rouge in 1959. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.24 square miles. Of the land area,0.93 mi square mile consists of Zug Island, as of the census of 2010, there were 7,903 people,2,897 households, and 1,885 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,982.3 inhabitants per square mile, there were 3,731 housing units at an average density of 1,407.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 39. 4% White,50. 5% African American,0. 6% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,4. 2% from other races, and 5. 0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 2% of the population,29. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the family size was 3.37. The median age in the city was 33 years. 29. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,10. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 4% were from 25 to 44,24. 7% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 0% male and 53. 0% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 9,917 people,3,640 households, and 2,504 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,713.9 per square mile, there were 4,080 housing units at an average density of 1,528.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 52. 58% White,42. 01% African American,0. 78% Native American,0. 16% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 63% from other races, and 2. 80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 96% of the population,26. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the family size was 3.25
9.
Romulus, Michigan
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Romulus is a suburban city of Metro Detroit, located in Wayne County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 23,989 at the 2010 census, an increase from 22,979 in 2000, Romulus is home to Detroit Metropolitan Airport and a General Motors plant that opened in 1976. The city is the westernmost community in the Downriver area in Wayne County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 35.96 square miles. Romulus is in the portion of Wayne County. Interstate 94 and I-275 run through the city, the City of Romulus is bordered to the north by Van Born Road, to the south by Pennsylvania Road, to the east by Inkster Road, and to the west by Hannan Road. As of the census of 2010, there were 23,989 people,8,975 households, the population density was 673.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 9,946 housing units at a density of 279.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 50. 5% White, 43% African American,0. 5% Native American,1. 1% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 9% from other races, and 3. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 0% of the population,26. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the family size was 3.16. The median age in the city was 36.2 years. 26. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,9. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,27. 4% were from 25 to 44, 27% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 4% male and 51. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 22,979 people,8,439 households, and 5,941 families residing in the city. The population density was 639.9 per square mile, there were 8,943 housing units at an average density of 249.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 65. 36% White,29. 99% African American,0. 54% Native American,0. 59% Asian,0. 09% Pacific Islander,0. 81% from other races, and 2. 63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 01% of the population,23. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the family size was 3.19
10.
Wayne, Michigan
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Wayne is a city in Wayne County in the state of Michigan, west of Detroit. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 17,593, Wayne has a long history of automotive and transportation related manufacturing. Ford Motor Company currently has two plants here, Wayne Stamping & Assembly and the Michigan Assembly Plant, formerly known as the Michigan Truck Plant. The site of Wayne was crossed by the Sauk Trail, and due to this, the first settler was George M. Johnson, who built a small log cabin on 80 acres of land in 1824. The cabin served as a tavern for travelers along the trail, the area soon became known as Johnsons Tavern. After a few years, the tavern was sold to Stephen G. Simmons, Simmons was arrested and taken to Detroit, where he was tried and hanged September 24,1830. He became the last person to be executed in Michigan, as the territory abolished capital punishment shortly thereafter, in 1832, Ezra Derby bought the tavern and land from the Simmons heirs and began establishing a settlement. Derby built a sawmill, store, mill, blacksmith shop, in 1834 a plat was recorded in Detroit with lots and a town square under the name Derbys Corners. In 1836, the name of the settlement was changed to Wayne, soon a small hamlet began to develop, which was accelerated by the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad in 1838. The Chicago Road that ran through Wayne was paved with oak logs in 1850, becoming the Detroit, in 1867 it was changed to its current name of Michigan Avenue. In 1869, Wayne was incorporated as a village with a population of about 800 people, many major industries have located in the village over the years. The Prouty and Glass Carriage Factory was the first, moving from Detroit in 1888, at the time, this made Wayne the largest carriage and sleigh producer in the country. In 1899, the Detroit interurban railroad reached Wayne and ran until 1929, ray Harroun, winner of the first Indianapolis 500, built the Harroun motor car in Wayne from 1916-21. The Gotfredson Truck was produced from 1924-27, and The Graham-Paige car company made vehicles in Wayne from 1928-36, stinson Aircraft was also located at the nearby Detroit Industrial Airport and produced small planes from 1926-48. The Michigan Assembly Plant was built in 1957, and the Gar-Wood company built garbage trucks, other major companies located in Wayne include Unistrut and Wayne Industries. The population and industrial production around Wayne significantly increased after World War II, beginning in the late 1950s Wayne began to consider a program of urban renewal for its residential and downtown areas. This was paired with federal money for renewal, and it was decided to tear down most of the historic downtown area for redevelopment. Between 1964 and 1972,77 acres of homes, businesses, several entire streets were removed for the project
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Charles A. Nichols
Clarence J. McLeod
Vincent M. Brennan
George O'Brien
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Howard A. Coffin
Charles Diggs
George Crockett Jr.
Barbara-Rose Collins
William D. Ford
Lynn N. Rivers
Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick
Hansen Clarke
John Conyers
Rashida Tlaib
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