1.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
2.
Lake Shore Drive
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Lake Shore Drive is an expressway running parallel with and alongside the shoreline of Lake Michigan through Chicago, Illinois, USA. Except for the north of Foster Avenue, Lake Shore Drive is designated as part of U. S. Highway 41. From the Chicago River south to 57th Street was named Leif Ericson Drive in 1927, the roadway was nicknamed Field Boulevard. The entire road was named Lake Shore Drive in 1946, Lake Shore Drives origins date back to Potter Palmer, who coerced the city to build the street adjacent to his lakefront property to enhance its value. Palmer built his castle at 1350 N, the drive was originally intended for leisurely strolls for the wealthy in their carriages, but as the auto age dawned it took on a different role completely. In 1937, the double-decker Link Bridge over the Chicago River opened, along with viaducts over rail yards, the lower level was intended for a railroad connection, but it was never used until LSD was rebuilt in 1986. At the time the bridge was built, it was the longest and widest bascule bridge in the world, the Lake Shore Drive and Link Bridge Photograph Album, c1937, documents the bridges construction. The album is held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago, North of the river, LSD intersected Ohio Street at grade, and then passed over Grand Avenue and Illinois Street on its way to the bridge South of the river. LSD came from the south on its current alignment, but continued straight at the north of Monroe Street. It intersected Randolph Street at grade and then continued north above the Illinois Central Railroads yard, at the river, it made a sharp turn to the right, and another sharp turn to the left onto the bridge. This reverse curve was known locally as the S-Curve or the S-Turn, the landfill used for the 1930s extension was mostly dirt, but the 1950s extension included rubble and debris from the destruction of homes razed for the construction of the Congress Expressway. Portions of the drive between Irving Park Road and Foster Avenue still contain the original concrete from the 1930s, Sheridan Road south of Foster narrows to 2 lanes of traffic with street parking on each side as well. In the 1950s and 1960s, Illinois and Cook County presented plans for an Interstate 494 to run part of LSD. After I-494 was moved to the Crosstown Expressway, a new I-694 designation was formed for the LSD upgrade that never came to be, when Wacker Drive was extended east to LSD in the 1970s, its upper level ended at LSD at the west curve. A new development at the northeast corner of the Randolph Street intersection resulted in an extension of Randolph across LSD, construction began in 1982 on a realignment of LSD south of the river. A whole new alignment was built, greatly smoothing the S-curve, the northbound side opened in October 1985, and the southbound side opened in November 1986. A new lower level was built, using the level of the bridge, and providing access to the new Wacker Drive. The old road south of Randolph became a Cancer Survivors Plaza, the rest, between Randolph and Wacker, was kept for several years as Field Boulevard, but was demolished in 1994
3.
Roads and expressways in Chicago
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Roads and expressways in Chicago summarizes the main thoroughfares and the numbering system used in Chicago and its surrounding suburbs. Chicagos streets were laid out in a grid that grew from the original townsite plan. Streets following the Public Land Survey System section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections, as new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and 16 in the other direction. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Indian trails, many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the Plan of Chicago, but only the extension of Ogden Avenue was ever constructed. In the 1950s and 1960s, a network of superhighways was built radiating from the city center, as the city grew and annexed adjacent towns, problems arose with duplicate street names and a confusing numbering system based on the Chicago River. On June 22,1908, the city adopted a system proposed by Edward P. Brennan. The changes were effective September 1,1909 for most of the city, addresses in Chicago and some suburbs are numbered outward from baselines at State Street, which runs north and south, and Madison Street, which runs east and west. A book was published in 1909 by The Chicago Directory Company indexing the old and this volume is available on line in pdf format indexed by initial letter, Plan of Re-Numbering, City of Chicago, August 1909. The downtown area did not conform to this system until April 1,1911, downtown was defined as Lake Michigan on the east, Roosevelt Road on the south, and the Chicago River on the north and west. The addition to downtown was published, and is also on line as a pdf indexed by downtown street name. This additional paragraph explained the changes, The 1909 address change did not affect downtown Chicago. The ordinance was amended June 20,1910 to include the downtown area, the new addresses for the “loop” went into use on April 1,1911. Chicago house numbers are assigned at the rate of 800 to a mile. The only exceptions are from Madison to 31st Street, just south of downtown, South of 31st Street, the pattern of 800 to the mile resumes, with 39th Street the next major street, 47th after that, and so on. Individual house numbers are assigned at the rate of one per 20 feet of frontage. Thus the last two digits of house numbers generally go only as high as 67 before the block number is reached. Higher house numbers are found on streets and have sometimes been assigned by request. South of Madison Street most of the east-west streets are simply numbered, the street numbering is aligned with the house numbering, so that 95th Street is exactly 9500 South
4.
Lake Michigan
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Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U. S. and it is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third-largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Lake Michigan is shared, from west to east, by the U. S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, ports along its shores include Chicago, Milwaukee, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Gary, Indiana, and Benton Harbor, Michigan. The word Michigan originally referred to the lake itself, and is believed to come from the Ojibwa word mishigami meaning great water, some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians. Their culture declined after 800 AD, and for the few hundred years. The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, in the earliest European maps of the region, the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of Michigan, named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes. Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow, open-water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron, the Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route. The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. In the 19th century, Lake Michigan played a role in the development of Chicago. The first person to reach the bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump. Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition, in 2007, a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley, professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College. This formation lies 40 feet below the surface of the lake, One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon. So far the formation has not been authenticated, Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States, the others are shared with Canada. It lies in the known as the American Midwest. Lake Michigan has an area of 22,404 sq. mi, making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area. It is the half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world. It is 307 miles long by 118 miles wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles long, the lakes average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet, while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet. It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles of water, Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay
5.
Gold Coast Historic District (Chicago)
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The Gold Coast Historic District is a historic district in Chicago, Illinois. Part of Chicagos Near North Side community area, it is bounded by North Avenue, Lake Shore Drive, Oak Street. The Gold Coast neighborhood grew in the wake of the Great Chicago Fire, in 1882, millionaire Potter Palmer moved to the area from the Prairie Avenue neighborhood on the citys south side. He filled in an area which later became Lake Shore Drive, and built the Palmer Mansion. Other wealthy Chicagoans followed Potter into the neighborhood, which one of the richest in Chicago. In the late 1980s, the Gold Coast and neighboring Streeterville comprised the second most-affluent neighborhood in the United States, today, the neighborhood is a mixture of mansions, row houses, and high-rise apartments. Highlights include the Astor Street District and the James Charnley House, the district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The mayors office map extends the Gold Coast south to the area of Northwestern Universitys Chicago campus, the Consulate-General of Poland in Chicago is located at 1530 North Lake Shore Drive, right next to the International Museum of Surgical Science. As of 2011, Gold Coast ranks as the 7th richest urban neighborhood in America with a household income of $153,358. Chicago Public Schools operates public schools serving the community, Ogden International School of Chicago has its East Campus, which houses elementary school, in the Gold Coast. Residents of the Gold Coast are zoned to Ogden School for grades K-8, while for high school they are zoned to Lincoln Park High School
6.
Harvey, Illinois
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Harvey is a city in Cook County, Illinois, United States, and a south suburb of Chicago. The population was 25,282 at the 2010 census, the city suffers from high levels of poverty and unemployment. It also suffers from high levels of crime, Harvey is bordered by Dixmoor and Riverdale to the north, Dolton, Phoenix, and South Holland to the east, East Hazel Crest to the south, and Hazel Crest, Markham and Posen to the west. Harvey was founded in 1891 by Christian leader Turlington W. Harvey, an associate of Dwight Moody. The city saw its greatest growth during the 1950s, but by the 1990s it was losing population, in the 2000s and 2010s, Mayor Eric Kellogg attempted to boost Harveys economy with little success. Kellogg offered developers millions of dollars in incentives to revive the long vacant Dixie Square Mall, in another plan to redevelop the Chicago Park Hotel, a developer was given $10 million from the city but then abandoned the project, leaving behind a gutted building. According to the 2010 census, Harvey has an area of 6.3 square miles. Per the 2010 United States Census, Harvey had 25,282 people, among non-Hispanics this includes 913 White,19,046 Black,199 Asian,33 Native American, &267 from two or more races. The Hispanic or Latino population included 4,799 people,24. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 26. 2% had someone who was 65 years of age or older. The population was out with 68. 5% over the age of 18 and 10. 4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30.8 years, the gender ratio was 48. 7% male &51. 3% female. Among 7,947 occupied households,50. 1% were owner-occupied &49. 9% were renter-occupied, as of the census of 2000, there were 30,031 people,8,990 households, and 6,760 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,842.2 people per square mile, there were 10,158 housing units at an average density of 1,639.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 79. 57% African American,10. 02% White,0. 26% Native American,0. 38% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,7. 94% from other races, and 1. 78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12. 78% of the population,20. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.30 and the family size was 3.80. In the city, the population was out with 35. 1% under the age of 18,10. 8% from 18 to 24,26. 7% from 25 to 44,18. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 28 years, for every 100 females there were 92.2 males
7.
Art Institute of Chicago
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The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879 and located in Chicagos Grant Park, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States. Recognized for its efforts and popularity among visitors, the museum hosts approximately 1.5 million guests annually. The growth of the collection has warranted several additions to the museums original 1893 building, the Art Institute is connected to the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, a leading art school, making it one of the few remaining unified arts institutions in the United States. In 1866, a group of 35 artists founded the Chicago Academy of Design in a studio on Dearborn Street, the organization was modeled after European art academies, such as the Royal Academy, with Academicians and Associate Academicians. The Academys charter was granted in March 1867, classes started in 1868, meeting every day at a cost of $10 per month. The Academys success enabled it to build a new home for the school, a stone building on 66 West Adams Street. When the Great Chicago Fire destroyed the building in 1871 the Academy was thrown into debt, attempts to continue despite the loss by using rented facilities failed. By 1878 the Academy was $10,000 in debt, members tried to rescue the ailing institution by making deals with local businessmen, before some finally abandoned it in 1879 to found a new organization, named the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts. When the Chicago Academy of Design went bankrupt the same year, in 1882, the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts changed its name to the current Art Institute of Chicago and elected as its first president the banker and philanthropist Charles L. Also in 1882, the purchased a lot on the southwest corner of Michigan Avenue. By January 1885 the trustees recognized the need to provide space for the organizations growing collection. The city agreed, and the building was completed in time for the year of the fair. Construction costs were met by selling the Michigan/Van Buren property, on October 31,1893 the Institute moved into the new building. For the opening reception on December 8,1893, Theodore Thomas, from the 1900s to the 1960s the school offered with the Logan Family the Logan Medal of the Arts, an award which became one of the most distinguished awards presented to artists in the US. Between 1959 and 1970 the Institute was a key site in the battle to gain art and documentary photography a place in galleries, under curator Hugh Edwards and his assistants. As Director of the museum starting in the early 1980s, James N. Wood conducted an expansion of its collection. He retired from the museum in 2004, in 2006, the Art Institute began construction of The Modern Wing, an addition situated on the southwest corner of Columbus and Monroe. The project, designed by Pritzker Prize winning architect Renzo Piano, was completed, the 264, 000-square-foot building makes the Art Institute the second-largest art museum in the United States
8.
Millennium Park
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Millennium Park is a public park located in the Loop community area of Chicago in Illinois, US, and originally intended to celebrate the second millennium. It is a prominent civic center near the citys Lake Michigan shoreline that covers a 24. 5-acre section of northwestern Grant Park, the area was previously occupied by parkland, Illinois Central rail yards, and parking lots. The park, which is bounded by Michigan Avenue, Randolph Street, Columbus Drive and East Monroe Drive, as of 2009, Millennium Park trailed only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction. In 2015, the became the location of the citys annual Christmas tree lighting. Planning of the began in October 1997. Construction began in October 1998, and Millennium Park was opened in a ceremony on July 16,2004, the three-day opening celebrations were attended by some 300,000 people and included an inaugural concert by the Grant Park Orchestra and Chorus. The park has received awards for its accessibility and green design, Millennium Park has free admission, and features the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Cloud Gate, the Crown Fountain, the Lurie Garden, and various other attractions. The park is connected by the BP Pedestrian Bridge and the Nichols Bridgeway to other parts of Grant Park, because the park sits atop a parking garage and the commuter rail Millennium Station, it is considered the worlds largest rooftop garden. Some observers consider Millennium Park to be the citys most important project since the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 and it far exceeded its originally proposed budget of $150 million. The final cost of $475 million was borne by Chicago taxpayers, the city paid $270 million, private donors paid the rest, and assumed roughly half of the financial responsibility for the cost overruns. The construction delays and cost overruns were attributed to planning, many design changes. Many critics have praised the completed park, in 2017, Millennium Park became the top tourist destination in Chicago, the Midwest, and placed among the top ten in the United States with 25 million annual visitors. From 1852 until 1997, the Illinois Central Railroad owned a right of way between downtown Chicago and Lake Michigan, in the area that became Grant Park and used it for railroad tracks. Lake Front Park, the White Stockings new ball grounds, was built in 1878 with a right field due to the railroad tracks. Daniel Burnham planned Grant Park around the Illinois Central Railroad property in his 1909 Plan of Chicago, in 1997, when the city gained airspace rights over the tracks, it decided to build a parking facility over them in the northwestern corner of Grant Park. Eventually, the city realized that a civic amenity might lure private dollars in a way that a municipal improvement would not. The park was planned under the name Lakefront Millennium Park. The park was conceived as a 16-acre landscape-covered bridge over a parking structure to be built on top of the Metra/Illinois Central Railroad tracks in Grant Park
9.
Magnificent Mile
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The Magnificent Mile, sometimes referred to as The Mag Mile, is an upscale section of Chicagos Michigan Avenue, running from the Chicago River to Oak Street in the Near North Side. The district is located adjacent to downtown, and one block east of Rush Street, the Magnificent Mile serves as the main thoroughfare between Chicagos Loop business district and its Gold Coast. It is generally the boundary of the Streeterville neighborhood, to its east. Real estate developer Arthur Rubloff of Rubloff Company gave the district its nickname in the 1940s, to date, rent on The Magnificent Mile is the eighth most expensive in the country, behind Fifth Avenue in New York and Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills. Several of the tallest buildings in the United States, such as the John Hancock Center, landmarks along the Magnificent Mile include Wrigley Building, Tribune Tower, the Chicago Water Tower, and the Allerton Hotel. After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, State Street in the downtown Loop, the convenience of mass transit including streetcars and elevated trains, supported a retail corridor along State Street from Lake Street to Van Buren Street. By the 1920s, commuter suburbs began to have significant retail districts, prior to the bascule bridge construction, swing bridges across the river were open for ship traffic during half the daylight hours. The Rush Street Bridge was the bridge for this area. The opening of the Michigan Avenue Bridge in 1920 created a new commercial district, the concept for the Magnificent Mile was part of the 1909 Burnham Plan of Chicago. It was constructed during the 1920s to replace Pine Street, which had been lined with factories and warehouses near the river, the earliest building constructions varied in style, but challenged new heights in construction. The name the Magnificent Mile is a trademark of the Greater North Michigan Avenue Association. Soon the property values driven by the shopping districts were pricing out the nearby artists of Tower Town. Rubloff and Zeckendorf successfully developed and promoted the area until it became one of the most prestigious addresses of the city and that distinction holds today, and spurred new investment along the Magnificent Mile and throughout the Near North Side. After 1950, suburban development reduced the Loops daily significance to many Chicagoans as downtown retail sales slipped, however, the Magnificent Mile kept a luxury shopping district close to the central business district. The opening of the 74-story Water Tower Place in 1975 marked the return of Chicago to retailing prominence, by 1979, the State Street commercial corridor had lost its commercial vitality and was closed to street traffic for renovation including sidewalk widening until 1996. The area also has a concentration of the citys major media firms, such as the Chicago Tribune newspaper. The American Planning Association selected The Magnificent Mile as one of the 10 Great Streets for 2007 through its Great Places in America program, in recent years, The Magnificent Mile has added trees and flower-filled medians to reflect the changing seasons. The Magnificent Mile is also notable for its three shopping centers, Water Tower Place, The Shops at North Bridge, and 900 North Michigan Shops
10.
Historic Michigan Boulevard District
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It was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 27,2002. The district includes numerous significant buildings on Michigan Avenue facing Grant Park, in addition, this section of Michigan Avenue includes the point recognized as the end of U. S. Route 66. This district is one of the worlds best known one-sided streets rivalling Fifth Avenue in New York City and it lies immediately south of the Michigan–Wacker Historic District and east of the Loop Retail Historic District. Michigan Avenue is named after Lake Michigan, which it ran alongside at 100 east in the citys street numbering system until land reclamation for Grant Park pushed the shoreline east. The one-sided street feature is due in part to the legal battles of Aaron Montgomery Ward with the city over cleaning up the park. Ward opposed the development of Grant Park with public buildings along the lakefront except for the Art Institute of Chicago Building. Eventually, Wards ideas were adopted by Daniel Burnham in his Plan of Chicago, which called for insured light, air, the preservation of the lakefront view has inspired architects to create an architectural cornucopia of designs along the streetwall. As recently as the 1920s, North Michigan Avenue was referred to as Upper Boul Mich, paris Boulevard Saint-Michel is the original Boul Mich. The district has changed over the years as various architectural designs have evolved to compliment it, the boulevard was widened between 1909 and 1910 causing the Art Institute of Chicago Building to have to move the lions guarding its entrance back 12 feet. At that time, the Jackson Boulevard and Michigan Avenue intersection was known as route center, also at that time, the boulevard had no streets crossing it and extending eastward, and thus, the Jackson intersection was a T intersection. The Fountain of the Great Lakes was highly visible from route center, today, four streets cross Michigan Avenue within the district. East Balbo Drive does not change names as it crosses Michigan, today the only building on the eastern side of Michigan Avenue in the Historic District hosts the Art Institute of Chicago. However, several interesting structures have been added to the part of the eastern side of Michigan Avenue in Millennium Park such as Crown Fountain. Among the current issues today is the trend to redevelop properties by constructing grand towers behind the facades of historic structures along Michigan and Wabash Avenues. The most recent examples of this have been The Heritage at Millennium Park, Legacy at Millennium Park and this trend is now endangering the Chicago Athletic Association Annex, which has been proposed for demolition to make way for a fifty- to eighty-story condominium tower across from Millennium Park. As a result, the building is listed first on the 2006-07 Chicagoland Watch List of the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois, on the other hand, many were concerned that the landmark district designation would stagnate development of the area. The purpose of the designation was to keep the architecture there and encourage architecture like it and keep the wall of the park, according to the Citys Department of Planning, thus, redevolpment for new uses will be part of the ongoing concerns for the neighborhood. Thus, buildings being renovated for condos and dormitories is a part of the present, several of the buildings listed below have played a prominent role in the cultural history of Chicago. S
11.
Michigan Avenue Bridge
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The Michigan Avenue Bridge is a bascule bridge that carries Michigan Avenue across the main stem of the Chicago River in downtown Chicago, Illinois, United States. The bridge was proposed in the early 20th century as part of a plan to link Chicagos south side, construction of the bridge started in 1918, it opened to traffic in 1920, and decorative work was completed in 1928. The bridge provides passage for vehicles and pedestrians on two levels, it is an example of a trunnion bascule bridge, which is also known as a Chicago style bascule bridge. The bridge is included in the Michigan–Wacker Historic District and has designated as a Chicago Landmark. The location is significant in the history of Chicago. The Michigan Avenue Bridge has an orientation, spanning the main stem of the Chicago River between the Near North Side and Loop community areas of Chicago. Its northern portal lies at the foot of the Magnificent Mile and its southern portal is at the intersection of Michigan Avenue and Wacker Drive, overlooked by the London Guarantee Building and 333 North Michigan. The neighboring bridges are Columbus Drive Bridge to the east and Wabash Avenue Bridge to the west, the bridge is situated in a historically significant area. The northern end of the bridge part of the Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite. The southern half of the passes over the site of Fort Dearborn. The historical significance of the location has been used as the basis for a number of proposals to rename the bridge. In 1921 the Chicago Historical Society suggested that the bridge should be named Marquette–Joliet Bridge, in October 2010, the bridge was renamed DuSable Bridge in honor of Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, Chicagos first permanent resident. A fur trader of African descent who married into the Potawatomi tribe, he established a permanent homestead, a boulevard to link the parks on Chicagos north and south sides was proposed as early as 1891. An early plan called for a tunnel to link Michigan Avenue south of the river with Pine Street north of the river, in 1903 an editorial in the Chicago Tribune proposed a new bascule bridge across the river at Michigan Avenue. Plans for the boulevard and the construction of a Michigan Avenue Bridge were further elaborated upon in Daniel Burnhams 1909 Plan of Chicago, an ordinance to fund construction was passed in 1913, but was declared void by the Supreme Court of Illinois. A second ordinance was passed in 1914, but legal battles continued until the end of 1916, construction finally started on April 15,1918, and the bridge was officially opened in a ceremony on May 14,1920. The bridge is one of the properties of the Michigan–Wacker Historic District. It was also designated as a Chicago Landmark on October 2,1991, Michigan Avenue Bridge is a double-leaf, double-deck, fixed counterweight, trunnion bascule bridge
12.
Collier's
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Colliers was an American magazine, founded in 1888 by Peter Fenelon Collier. It was initially launched as Colliers Once a Week, then changed in 1895 to Colliers Weekly, An Illustrated Journal, and finally shortened in 1905 to simply Colliers. The magazine ceased publication with the issue dated January 4,1957, though a brief, as a result of Peter Colliers pioneering investigative journalism, Colliers established a reputation as a proponent of social reform. When attempts by various companies to sue Collier ended in failure, Peter F. Collier left Ireland for the U. S. at age 17. Although he went to a seminary to become a priest, he started work as a salesman for P. J. Kenedy. When Collier wanted to boost sales by offering books on a plan, it led to a disagreement with Kenedy. P. F. Collier & Son began in 1875, expanding into the largest subscription house in America with sales of 30 million books during the 1900–1910 decade. With the issued dated April 28,1888, Colliers Once a Week was launched as a magazine of fiction, fact, sensation, wit, humor, news. It was sold with the biweekly Colliers Library of novels and popular books at bargain rates, by 1892, with a circulation climbing past the 250,000 mark, Colliers Once a Week was one of the largest selling magazines in the United States. The name was changed to Colliers Weekly, An Illustrated Journal in 1895, with an emphasis on news, the magazine became a leading exponent of the halftone news picture. To fully exploit the new technology, Collier recruited James H. Hare, Colliers only son, Robert J. Collier, became a full partner in 1898. By 1904, the magazine was known as Colliers, The National Weekly, when Robert Collier died in 1918, he left a will that turned the magazine over to three of his friends, Samuel Dunn, Harry Payne Whitney and Francis Patrick Garvan. The magazine was sold in 1919 to the Crowell Publishing Company, in 1924 Crowell moved the printing operations from New York to Springfield, Ohio but kept the editorial and business departments in New York. After 1924, printing of the magazine was done at the Crowell-Collier printing plant on West Main Street in Springfield, Ohio. The factory complex, which is standing, was built between 1899 and 1946, and incorporates seven buildings that together have more than 846,000 square feet —20 acres —of floor space. Colliers popularized the story which was often planned to fit on a single page. Knox Burger was Colliers fiction editor from 1948 to 1951 when he left to edit books for Dell and Fawcett Publications, phillips Oppenheim, J. D. Salinger, Kurt Vonnegut, Albert Payson Terhune and Walter Tevis. Humor writers included Parke Cummings and H. Allen Smith, serializing novels during the late 1920s, Colliers sometimes simultaneously ran two ten-part novels, and non-fiction was also serialized
US 41 (Lake Shore Drive)
