1.
Library
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A library is a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a building or room, or a virtual space. Libraries range in size from a few shelves of books to several million items, in Latin and Greek, the idea of a bookcase is represented by Bibliotheca and Bibliothēkē, derivatives of these mean library in many modern languages, e. g. French bibliothèque. The first libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form of clay tablets in cuneiform script discovered in Sumer. Private or personal libraries made up of books appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC. In the 6th century, at the close of the Classical period. A library is organized for use and maintained by a body, an institution. In addition to providing materials, libraries also provide the services of librarians who are experts at finding and organizing information, Libraries often provide quiet areas for studying, and they also often offer common areas to facilitate group study and collaboration. Libraries often provide facilities for access to their electronic resources. Modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted access to information in many formats, the first libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form of writing—the clay tablets in cuneiform script discovered in temple rooms in Sumer, some dating back to 2600 BC. These archives, which consisted of the records of commercial transactions or inventories, mark the end of prehistory. Things were much the same in the government and temple records on papyrus of Ancient Egypt, the earliest discovered private archives were kept at Ugarit, besides correspondence and inventories, texts of myths may have been standardized practice-texts for teaching new scribes. There is also evidence of libraries at Nippur about 1900 BC, philosopher Laozi was keeper of books in the earliest library in China, which belonged to the Imperial Zhou dynasty. Also, evidence of catalogues found in some destroyed ancient libraries illustrates the presence of librarians, the Library of Alexandria, in Egypt, was the largest and most significant great library of the ancient world. It flourished under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty and functioned as a center of scholarship from its construction in the 3rd century BC until the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The library was conceived and opened either during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter or during the reign of his son Ptolemy II, an early organization system was in effect at Alexandria. The Library of Celsus in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selçuk, Turkey was built in honor of the Roman Senator Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus by Celsus’ son, the library was built to store 12,000 scrolls and to serve as a monumental tomb for Celsus. Private or personal libraries made up of books appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
Hudson Valley
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The Hudson Valley comprises the valley of the Hudson River and its adjacent communities in the U. S. state of New York, from the cities of Albany and Troy southward to Yonkers in Westchester County. In the Hudson Highlands, the river enters a cut during previous ice ages. To the west lie the extensive Appalachian highlands, in the Tappan Zee region, the west side of the river has high cliffs produced by an erosion-resistant diabase, these cliffs range from 400–800 feet in height. The Hudson Valley is one section of the larger Ridge-and-Valley province. The northern portions of the Hudson Valley fall within the Eastern Great Lakes, during the last ice age, the valley was filled by a large glacier that pushed south as far as Long Island. Near the end of the last ice age, the Great Lakes drained south down the Hudson River, Lake Ontario is the remnant of that Lake. Large sand deposits remain from where Lake Iroquois drained into the Hudson, the first Dutch settlement was in the 1610s with the establishment of Fort Nassau, a trading post south of modern-day Albany, with the purpose of exchanging European goods for beaver pelts. Fort Nassau was later replaced by Fort Orange, during the French and Indian War in the 1750s, the northern end of the valley became the bulwark of the British defense against French invasion from Canada via Lake Champlain. The valley became one of the regions of conflict during the American Revolution. Part of the strategy of the British was to sever the colonies in two by maintaining control of the river. In 1797, the capital of New York was established permanently at Albany. Following the building of the Erie Canal, the became an important industrial center. The canal opened the Hudson Valley and New York City to commerce with the Midwest, however, in the mid 20th century, many of the industrial towns went into decline. The area is associated with the Hudson River School, a group of American Romantic painters who worked from about 1830 to 1870, a similar 30-mile stretch of the east bank in Dutchess and Columbia counties has been designated a National Historic Landmark. Tourism became an industry as early as 1810, as elite visitors frequented the mineral water at Ballston Spa. With convenient steamboat connections in New York City, and numerous hotels in romantic settings. Early guidebooks providing suggestions on their itinerary, middle-class people who read James Fenimore Coopers novels, or saw the paintings of the Hudson River School, were especially attracted. Hudson Valley Tech Valley is a name for the eastern part of New York State, including the Hudson Valley
4.
Dutchess County, New York
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Dutchess County is a county located in the southeastern portion of the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 297,488, the county seat and largest city is Poughkeepsie. The county was created in 1683 and later organized in 1713, Dutchess County is part of the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in the Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley, prior to Anglo-Dutch settlement, what is today Dutchess County was a leading center for the native Wappinger peoples. They had their council-fire at what is now present-day Fishkill Hook, on November 1,1683, the Province of New York established its first twelve counties, with Dutchess County being one of them. Its boundaries at that time included the present Putnam County, the county was named for Mary of Modena, Duchess of York, second wife of James, Duke of York. Dutchess is a form of the word duchess. The Province of New York and the Connecticut Colony negotiated an agreement on November 28,1683, establishing their border as 20 miles east of the Hudson River, north to Massachusetts. The 61,660 acres east of the Byram River making up the Connecticut Panhandle were granted to Connecticut, the eastern half of the stub of land in northeast Dutchess County containing Rudd Pond and Taconic State Park is the northernmost extension of The Oblong. Until 1713, Dutchess was administered by Ulster County, on October 23,1713 Queen Anne gave permission for Dutchess County to elect its own officers from among their own population including a Supervisor, Tax Collector, Tax Assessor and Treasurer. In 2013, Dutchess County celebrated its 300th anniversary of democracy based upon a resolution sponsored by County Legislator Michael Kelsey from Salt Point. In 1812, Putnam County was detached from Dutchess, in the twelve years 1685–1697 lawful patents had been granted securing for their purchasers every foot of Hudson River shoreline in the original county. Three additional patents, to 1706, laid claim to the interior lands. From 1683 to 1715 most of the settlers in Dutchess County were Dutch, many of these moved in from Albany and Ulster Counties. They settled along the Fishkill River and in the areas that are now Poughkeepsie, from 1715 to 1730 most of the new settlers in Dutchess county were Germans. From 1730 until 1775 New Englanders were the new settlers in Dutchess County. Franklin D. Roosevelt lived in his home in Hyde Park. His familys home is now the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, prior to the 1960s, Dutchess County was primarily agricultural
5.
Putnam County, New York
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Putnam County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 99,710, Putnam County formed in 1812 from Dutchess County and is named for Israel Putnam, a hero in the French and Indian War and a general in the American Revolutionary War. Putnam County is included in the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is located in the lower Hudson River Valley. Midtown Manhattan is around a one-hour drive, and Grand Central Terminal is approximately 1 hour,20 minute train ride from the county, in 1609, a Native American people called the Wappinger inhabited the east bank of the Hudson River. They farmed, hunted, and fished throughout their range, often encountering Dutch traders, from whom they obtained goods such as alcohol and firearms. The colonial Province of New York and the Connecticut Colony negotiated an agreement on November 28,1683, establishing their border as 20 miles east of the Hudson River, Dutchess county was then established as one of New Yorks twelve counties. It included all of todays Putnam County and two towns in the present Columbia county, until 1713, Dutchess was administered by Ulster county. In 1691, a group of Dutch traders purchased a tract of land from the Wappingers spanning from Hudson to the Connecticut border. Six years later sold it to wealthy Dutch-American merchant Adolphus Philipse. After Adolph Philipses death, the Patent was divided in 1754 into nine lots granted to three heirs, Mary Philipse, Philip Philipse, and Susannah Philipse Robinson, during the French and Indian War, many of the Wappingers went to Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Putnam was slow to be settled compared to parts of the Hudson Valley. Firstly, it was owned and settlement was limited to tenent farmers willing to pay a portion of their earnings to Phillipse. Secondly, it was hilly and rocky and unattractive to farmers looking for tillable cropland. An early settler was the Hayt family, which built a farm called The Elm in 1720, jacob Haviland settled in the Oblong in 1731 in what became known as Haviland Hollow. The first village in the county was Fredericksburg, now the hamlet of Patterson, during the Revolution, the Philipses stayed loyal to the Crown and were stripped of their lands. The Philipse Patent was sold along with the rest of their holdings, the dispute over The Oblong was resolved in the aftermath of the war, with the heavily settled tract being incorporated as the first of two versions of the Town of Southeast. Also resolved was The Gore, an area near Fishkill Creek above the Hudson Highlands along the northern border of the Phillipse patent. Being geographically similar to the Livingston and Beekman patents it abutted, Putnam was also able to function as a separate county because of the easy transportation provided by the Hudson River
6.
Ulster County, New York
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Ulster County is a county located in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 182,493, the county is named after the Irish province of Ulster. Ulster County comprises the Kingston, New York Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is located in the states Mid-Hudson Region of the Hudson Valley The area of present-day Ulster County was called Esopus by Dutch settlers, it was then part of the New Netherland Colony. In 1652, Thomas Chambers, a freeholder from the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, purchased land at Esopus, in 1683, the Duke of York created twelve counties in his province. Ulster County was one of them and its boundaries at that time included the present Sullivan County, and portions of the present Delaware, Orange, and Greene Counties. In 1777, the capital of New York State was established at Kingston, in 1797, portions of Otsego and Ulster Counties were split off to create Delaware County. In 1798, the southernmost towns in Ulster County were moved into Orange County, in 1800, portions of Albany and Ulster Counties were split off to create Greene County. In 1809, Sullivan County was split off from Ulster County, during the American Civil War volunteers were recruited from the more affluent families of the County to form the 139th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The Lake Mohonk Mountain House on Shawangunk Ridge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,161 square miles. Ulster County is in the southeast part of New York State, south of Albany, much of the county is within the Catskill Mountains and the Shawangunk Ridge. The highest point is Slide Mountain, at approximately 4,180 feet above sea level, the lowest point is sea level along the Hudson River. The population density was 158 people per square mile, there were 77,656 housing units at an average density of 69 per square mile. 7. 6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 2% were of Italian,16. 8% Irish,15. 5% German,6. 8% English, and 4. 7% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 90. 3% spoke English,4. 5% Spanish,1. 2% Italian, of all households,27. 90% were made up of individuals and 10. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the family size was 3.03. In the county, the population was out with 23. 50% under the age of 18,8. 70% from 18 to 24,29. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 99.10 males
7.
Hudson, New York
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Hudson is a city located along the west border of Columbia County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 6,713, the city is named after the adjacent Hudson River and ultimately after the explorer Henry Hudson. Hudson is the county seat of Columbia County, Hudson is sister city with Pallisa, Uganda. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.3 square miles. 2.2 square miles of it is land and 0.15 square miles, Hudson is located on what began as a spit of land jutting into the Hudson River between the South Bay and North Bay, now both largely filled in. Across the Hudson River lies the town of Athens in Greene County, New York, the town of Greenport borders the other three sides of the city. As of the census of 2010, there were 6,713 people,2,766 households, the population was estimated at 6,648 in 2013. These numbers include the approximately 360 residents of the local Hudson Correctional Facility, the population density was 3,110.8 inhabitants per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 59. 0% White,25. 0% African American,0. 4% Native American,7. 1% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander, hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 2% of the population. 40. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 3.09. In the city, the population was out with 22. 5% under the age of 18,9. 8% from 18 to 24,27. 3% from 25 to 44,27. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37.5 years, for every 100 females there were 106.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $35,117, and the median income for a family was $37,400. Males had an income of $26,274 versus $22,598 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,353, about 23. 0% of families and 23. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31. 8% of those under age 18 and 19. 1% of those age 65 or over. The land was purchased from native Mahicans by Dutch settlers in 1662 and was part of the town of Claverack. Settled by New England whalers and merchants hailing primarily from Nantucket, Marthas Vineyard, the self-described Proprietors laid out a city grid, and Hudson grew rapidly as an active port, coming within one vote of being named the capital of New York state. The city grew rapidly and by 1790 was the 24th largest city in the United States, as late as 1820, it was the fourth largest city in New York
8.
Beacon, New York
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Beacon is a city located in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The 2010 census placed the city population at 15,541. It was named to commemorate the historic beacon fires that blazed forth from the summit of the Fishkill Mountains to alert the Continental Army about British troop movements. The area occupied as Beacon was originally settled as the villages of Matteawan and Fishkill Landing in 1709, which were among the first colonial communities in the county. Beacon is located in the southwest corner of Dutchess County in the Mid-Hudson Region, approximately 90 miles south of Albany, New York, and approximately 60 miles north of New York City. In 1683, the land that would come to include the City of Beacon was purchased from the Wappinger Indians by Francis Rombout and Gulian Verplanck, merchant-fur traders from New York City. The sale was confirmed, in 1685 by royal patent issued in the names of Rombout, Jacobus Kipp (as successor to the deceased Verplanck, and Stephanus Van Cortlandt. Rombout died in 1691, leaving his share to his daughter, Catharyna, who later married Roger Brett, the Rombout Patent was partitioned in 1706 with Catharyna Brett receiving about 28,000 acres along the Vis Kill. In 1708 the Bretts re-located upriver from the home on Broadway to an area near the mouth of the Fishkill Creek. In June 1718, Roger Brett was drowned when his sloop encountered a fierce squall near Fishkill Landing while returning from New York with supplies, thereafter Catharyna Brett continued to manage her holdings, becoming a well-respected businesswoman. Unlike the Verplancks, Livingstons, and other landowners, Madam Brett was not averse to selling land to settlers, of paramount importance was the commerce in flour. During the first third of the century, Dutchess County ranked first among New York State counties in wheat production. Madam Brett laid out a road over her property from the river eastward to the limits of her lands. “Madam Brett’s Road” ran from Fishkill Landing through Matteawan to Fishkill, the mill thrived, attracting farmers from both sides of the river. Wheat and corn were ground into flour and meal, and shipped to New York, in 1748, Madam Brett, with eighteen others, entered into an agreement for the building of the Frankfort Store House. Which stood near the water at the Lower Landing north of Dennings Point and this was the origin of river freighting. Fishkill Landing developed into a river port, as early as 1780 two dozen vessels operated out of Fishkill Landing. The early development of Fishkill Landing was due in no part to the enterprises of John Peter DeWint
9.
Hyde Park, New York
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Hyde Park is a town in Dutchess County, New York, bordering the Hudson River north of Poughkeepsie. Within the town are the hamlets of Hyde Park, Staatsburg, Hyde Park is known as the hometown of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States. Hyde Parks population was 21,571 at the 2010 census, US Route 9 passes through the town near the Hudson River. Settlement of the region began around 1742, but may have begun as early as 1710. The name of the area was changed to Hyde Park around 1810, previously, it was part of the Fauconnier Patent and was named Stoutenburgh, after the towns first settler, Jacobus Stoughtenburg. Part of the town was from the Great Nine Partners Patent of 1697, Dr. John Bard had called his estate Hyde Park in honor of Edward Hyde, who was Lord Cornbury and governor of New York. In 1804 a tavern keeper named Miller, seeking new guests, renamed the tavern the Hyde Park Inn and he then applied for a post office to be located at his inn, common among tavern keepers. The request was granted as the Hyde Park post office, the settlement gradually came to be known not as Stoutenburgh but as Hyde Park, which it officially became in 1812. Hyde Park was a part of Clinton, New York until 1821, the Hyde Park Railroad Station, located at the mouth of Crum Elbow Creek along the Hudson River, was used by the towns residents, including the Roosevelts. In 1900, the population was 2,806. The town includes one of Frederick William Vanderbilts many mansions, now maintained as the Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site, Hyde Park is the hometown of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd president of the United States. His estate, Springwood, is the site of the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site maintained by the National Park Service, also on the site are his presidential library and museum. Roosevelt used this residence throughout his life, fDRs historical house is now a museum that can be visited. Val-Kill was the home of Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt and it is located about 2 miles east of the home of FDR. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt are both buried in the garden at Springwood. President Roosevelts father, James Roosevelt, Sr. served a term as supervisor of the town of Hyde Park. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Hyde Park has an area of 39.8 square miles, of which 36.7 square miles is land and 3.2 square miles. The Hudson River defines the west town line, which is the border of Ulster County, Hyde Park is bordered by the town of Poughkeepsie to the south, Rhinebeck to the north, and Clinton and Pleasant Valley to the east
10.
Red Hook, New York
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Red Hook is a town in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The population was 11,319 at the 2010 census, the name is supposedly derived from the red foliage on trees on a small strip of land on the Hudson River. The town contains two villages, Red Hook and Tivoli, the town is in the northwest part of Dutchess County. U. S. Route 9 and State Route 9G pass through the town, the town also contains two hamlets. Bard College is in the hamlet of Annandale-on-Hudson, the Unification Theological Seminary is in the hamlet of Barrytown. Both hamlets are located within the Hudson River Historic District, the region was settled in the late 17th century under the Schuyler Patent. Prior to 1812, Red Hook was part of the town of Rhinebeck, the first documented Town of Red Hook meeting was on April 6,1813, in a local inn and held yearly afterwards as required by law. Wealthy landowning farmers oversaw the maintenance of their roads with the help of their farm workers and neighbors. The Red Hook Society for the Apprehension and Detention of Horse Thieves is thought to be one of the oldest formal organizations in the state and still holds an annual meeting. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 40.0 square miles, of which 36.2 square miles is land and 3.9 square miles. The north town line is the border of Columbia County, the west town line is the border of Ulster County and is defined by center of the Hudson River. The town of Red Hook has its own school district, over 700 students are enrolled in the high school. Enrollment in the elementary and middle schools is growing each year, grades pre-kindergarten to five attend the Mill Road Elementary School, grades 6-8 attend the Linden Avenue Middle School, and grades 9-12 attend the Red Hook High School. In sports, Red Hook High School is ranked Class A in soccer and it is located in the Section 9 district. In 2006, Red Hooks varsity volleyball won the Mid-Hudson Athletic League. That same year, the participated in the NYSPHSAA state championships. In 2007, the team were once again Mid-Hudson Athletic League champions and Section IX champions, this time finishing in second at the NYSPHAA state championships. In 2008,2009,2010,2011,2012, and 2013 the Red Hook Boys Varsity Lacrosse Team won the Section IX Championship six times in a row, earning six titles in seven years, since the programs creation
11.
Wappingers Falls, New York
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Wappingers Falls /ˈwɒpəndʒərz ˈfɔːlz/ is a village in Dutchess County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 5,522, the community was named for the cascade in Wappinger Creek. A portion of the village is in the town of Wappinger, Wappingers Falls holds claim to New York States sixth oldest library, the Grinnell Library. The Wappinger were a confederacy of Native Americans whose territory in the 17th century spread along the bank of the Hudson River. Wappinger means easterner in most Algonquian languages, the area was part of the Rombout Patent. In 1741, two Dutchmen, Nicholas and Adolphus Brewer, purchased 750 acres of land around the falls, in 1742, the Brewers built a mill on the east side of Wappinger Creek. Nicholas Brewer built the Mesier Homestead, which he sold in 1777 to Matthew VanBenschoten, who, in turn, sold it to Peter Mesier, a merchant from New York City. In May 1777, soldiers and local residents attacked Peter Mesiers house in Wappingers Falls, Mesier was a merchant from New York City and a Loyalist. The angry mob struck Mesier, beat his slaves and drank wine stored in the cellar and they also took the tea and left a small amount of money behind. The local waterfall was important for industrial development. In 1819 a small mill was built in the hollow created by the creek as it descends from Wappinger Lake to drain into the Hudson River. By 1856 it had one of the largest printworks in the country. A fire that destroyed the original buildings completely, but they were immediately rebuilt. The streets on the hillside opposite the mill are lined with houses, mostly duplexes. The two halves of the village are connected by an 1884 stone arch bridge that replaced wooden structures. The village of Wappingers Falls was incorporated in 1871 and included the adjacent community of Channingville, the east side was known as Franklindale. The repeal of the tariff made it impossible for the company to compete with German-made combs, in 1909, the Garner Print Works were sold and became the Dutchess Bleachery. The plant, which at times employed as many as 1,150 people, stopped printing calico but continued as a bleachery and that portion of the village lying north of the creek was originally known as Ednam
12.
Cold Spring, New York
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Cold Spring is a village in the town of Philipstown in Putnam County, New York, United States. The population was 1,983 at the 2010 census and it borders the smaller village of Nelsonville and Garrison. The town is the birthplace of General Gouverneur K. Warren, the village, located in the Hudson Highlands, sits at the deepest point of the Hudson River, directly across from West Point. Cold Spring serves as a getaway for many residents of New York City. Commuter service to New York City is available via the Cold Spring train station, the train journey is about an hour and ten minutes to Grand Central Terminal. The site of present-day Cold Spring was part of the lands belonging to Adolphus Philipse, the first settler of Cold Spring was Thomas Davenport in 1730. In 1772 a highway master was chosen for the road from Cold Spring to the Post Road from New York to Albany, a small trading hamlet grew alongside the river by the early 1800s. A couple of sloops made regular trips from Cold Spring to New York, carrying wood and some country produce. Those trips by sloop usually took a week, in 1818 Gouverneur Kemble established the West Point Foundry opposite West Point to produce artillery pieces for the United States Government. The nearbys mountains contained veins of ore, and were covered with timber for fuel, a brook provided hydropower, and the Hudson a ready shipping outlet. In 1843, the Foundry built the USS Spencer, the first iron ship built in the U. S, with the influx of workers at the Foundry, local housing, businesses and churches increased, and Cold Spring was incorporated as a village in 1846. The first President of the Village was Joshua Haight, the Foundry became famous for its production of Parrott rifles and other munitions during the Civil War, when the foundry grew to a sprawling 100-acre complex employing 1,400. It also manufactured cast iron steam engines for locomotives, gears, the rise of steel making and the declining demand for cast iron after the Civil War caused the Foundry to cease operations in 1911. Many artifacts from the Foundrys history can be viewed at the Putnam History Museum on Chestnut Street, built in 1830, the building was originally a one-room schoolhouse for the Foundrys teenage apprentices and the children of employees. On January 22,1896, local businessmen of Cold Spring formed a brigade known as the Cold Spring Hose Company. A horse-drawn hook and ladder was donated in 1899, the Municipal Building, designed by Louis Mekeel, was constructed in 1926 to house the companys first firetruck, an American LaFrance. The company, renamed Cold Spring Fire Company No.1 in 1900, serves the Villages of Cold Spring, Nelsonville and a district in the Town of Philipstown. Mr. Willis Buckner, a slave from the South, was a driver and groom for Susan
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