1.
Neighborhoods in Atlanta
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The City of Atlanta is divided into 242 neighborhoods officially defined by the city. The term district in Atlanta is generally used for areas within the official neighborhoods. Downtown and Midtown Atlanta each contain a number of districts, another example is Little Five Points, which sits on the border of 3 official neighborhoods. In addition, Atlanta has various divisions such as business improvement districts, police patrol zones, and in the unique case of Buckhead. Most of Atlanta north of the I-75 / I-85 downtown connector is part of the Buckhead Community, however, East Atlanta refers to a small neighborhood which is part of the W group NPU and does not have the same connotation as the other directional descriptors. The Little Five Points district is located where Inman Park and Candler Park meet, City of Atlanta list of neighborhoods and Neighborhood planning unit|NPUs List of Atlanta Neighborhood Associations
2.
Piedmont Park
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Piedmont Park is an urban park in Atlanta, Georgia, located about 1 mile northeast of Downtown, between the Midtown and Virginia Highland neighborhoods. Originally the land was owned by Dr. Benjamin Walker, who used it as his out-of-town gentlemans farm and he sold the land in 1887 to the Gentlemens Driving Club, who wanted to establish an exclusive club and racing ground for horse enthusiasts. The Driving Club entered an agreement with the Piedmont Exposition Company, headed by prominent Atlantan Charles A. Collier, to use the land for fairs and expositions and later gave the park its name. The park was designed by Joseph Forsyth Johnson to host the first of two major expositions held in the park in the late 19th century. The Piedmont Exposition opened in October 1887 to great fanfare, the event was a success and set the stage for the Cotton States and International Exposition which was held in the park seven years later in 1895. Both exhibitions showcased the prosperity of the region that had occurred during, in the early 20th century, a redesign plan called the Olmsted plan, was begun by the sons of New York Central Park architect, Frederick Law Olmsted. The effort led to the addition of scenic paths in the park, over the years, the park has also served as an athletic center for the city. Atlantas first professional team, the Atlanta Crackers, played in the park from 1902 to 1904. Several important intercollegiate rivalries were also forged in the including the University of Georgia vs. Georgia Tech baseball rivalry and Georgia versus Auburn football which has called the Deep Souths Oldest Rivalry. In 2008, a ceremony was held for a 53-acre extension to the park. On April 12,2011, Mayor Kasim Reed cut the ribbon to open the first phase of an expansion into the northern third of the park. Additional areas at the far north of the park are to be developed next, Atlanta was a rapidly growing city in the years before Piedmont Park. From 1860 to 1890, the population jumped from 9,554 to 65,533 residents and those years saw the opening of many education institutions such as Morehouse College, Clark College, Spelman College, Morris Brown College, Georgia School of Technology, and Agnes Scott College. Gordon, a distinguished Confederate general, was Governor of Georgia, the area soon to be known as Piedmont Park was owned by Benjamin Walker, who purchased the 189 acres in the 1830s from a man who had won the land in the land lottery. The driving club entered into an agreement with the Piedmont Exposition Company to use the grounds around the track as exposition space, Charles A. Collier, a prominent Atlanta businessman and former lawyer, was president of the company. Soon after, a building, grandstands, and club house were built for the track. The first exposition ever held in Piedmont Park, the Piedmont Exposition of 1887, the main building constructed for the Exposition was 570 feet long,126 feet wide, and two stories high
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
6.
Fulton County, Georgia
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Fulton County is a county in the north central portion of the U. S. state of Georgia. As of 2015 estimates, the population was 1,010,562 making it Georgias most populous county and its county seat is Atlanta, the state capital since 1868. Ninety percent of the City of Atlanta is within Fulton County, Fulton County is the principal county of the Atlanta metropolitan area. Fulton County is part of the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, Fulton County was created in 1853 from the western half of DeKalb County. It was named in honor of Hamilton Fulton, a surveyor for the Western and Atlantic Railroad, some sources had previously claimed it was named for Robert Fulton. At the beginning of 1932, as an austerity measure to save money during the Great Depression, Milton County to the north and this gave the county its current long shape along 80 miles of the Chattahoochee River. In the later 20th century, Atlanta and Fulton county became the location of national and international headquarters for leading companies. As a result, the city and county became more cosmopolitan, Fulton County is governed by a seven-member board of commissioners, whose members serve concurrent four-year terms. The most recent election was held in November 2010, the county has a county manager system of government, in which day-to-day operation of the county is handled by a manager appointed by the board. The chairman of the Board of Commissioners is elected at-large for the county-wide position, the vice chairman is elected by peers on a yearly basis. County commissioners are elected from single-member districts, Fulton Countys budget of $1.2 billion funds an array of resident services. With 34 branches, the Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System is one of the largest library systems in Georgia, Human services programs include one of the strongest senior center networks in metro Atlanta, including four multi-purpose senior facilities. The county also provides funding to nonprofits with FRESH and Human Services grants, Atlanta is the largest city in Fulton County, occupying the countys narrow center section and thus geographically dividing the countys northern and southern portions. Atlantas last major annexation in 1952 brought over 118 square miles into the city, geographically remote from each other, the northern and southern sections of the county have grown increasingly at odds over issues related to taxes and distribution of services. The Fulton County Council contested this law, known as the Shafer Amendment after Sen. David Shafer, on June 19,2006, the Court upheld the law, ruling that the Shafer Amendment was constitutional. The creation of the city of Sandy Springs, Georgia prompted the county to two additional cities, resulting in no unincorporated areas remaining in north Fulton. In a domino effect, the residents of south Fulton approved referenda to create additional cities, one of these two referenda passed, the other was defeated. Since the 1970s, residents of Sandy Springs had waged a battle to incorporate their community as a city
7.
Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
8.
Ansley Park
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Ansley Park is an affluent residential neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia, located just east of Midtown and west of Piedmont Park. When developed in 1905-1908, it was the first Atlanta suburban neighborhood designed for automobiles, featuring wide, streets were planned like parkways with extensive landscaping, while Winn Park and McClatchey Park are themselves long and narrow, extending deep into the neighborhood. Ansley Golf Club borders the district, the neighborhood was largely completed by 1930 and covers 275 acres. It has been designated a Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places, in 2008, the median household income for the neighborhood was $226,335. The area was developed by rail and real estate magnate Edwin P. Ansley, while George W. Adair, Jr. and it was marketed as an alternative for the citys elite to Inman Park, the most fashionable residential neighborhood in the city at the time. It was more fashionably located, astride Peachtree Street and adjacent to the citys largest public park, however, residents turned this decline around and the area never experienced the deep decline in the 1950s-1960s due to suburbanization, as neighborhoods like Inman Park did. Contributing properties in the Historic District include, First Church of Christ, Scientist Ansley Park residents are zoned to schools in the Atlanta Public Schools, zoned schools include, Morningside Elementary School Inman Middle School Henry W
9.
Atlantic Station
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This article describes the neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia. For the Atlantic Avenue subway stations in New York City, see the list of New York City Subway stations, for the light-rail station in Newark, New Jersey, see Atlantic Street. Atlantic Station is a neighborhood on the edge of Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States comprising a retail district, office space, condominiums, townhomes. First planned in the mid-1990s and officially opened in 2005, the neighborhoods 138 acres are located on the brownfield site of the Atlantic Steel mill. Atlantic Station is located on the site of the Atlantic Steel mill, developer Jim Jacoby, who also redeveloped Floridas Marineland, began putting the project together in 1997 when his company became the property contractor of the land. The development was planned to include 15,000,000 square feet of retail, office. Its size encouraged the Postal Service to award the neighborhood its own ZIP code,30363, Atlantic Station was designed with energy efficiency in mind and many of the buildings are LEED certified. The proposed BeltLine transit/greenway project is expected to pass within a few miles of the development, in October 2003, the very first residents moved into the development. The 17th Street bridge was completed in January 2004 and the first round of retail establishments opened in October 2005, Atlantic Station received the EPAs 2004 Phoenix Award as the Best National Brownfield Redevelopment, as well as the Sierra Clubs 2005 Americas Best New Development Projects listing. In July 2005, a fire completely destroyed a large wood-frame residential building under construction. Two days later, it was ruled arson after a major investigation, at least five million dollars of damage was done to the buildings,18 cars parked on the street were destroyed and another 7 were seriously damaged from the intense heat. In a joint venture, North American Properties Atlanta, founded by Mark Toro, Toro and the NAP management launched a social media blitz, attended community meetings and real estate symposiums to openly discuss challenges, such as crime, and invite feedback. Toros vision to transform Atlantic Station included new retail, new restaurants, better parking, on October 1,2015, Atlantic Stations retail core was officially sold to Hines Interest Limited Partnership with an unnamed joint financial partner. Atlantic Station comprises three areas that are lined along 17th Street between the Downtown Connector and Northside Drive, the District, the Commons, and the Village. The District is where most of Atlantic Stations retail and office space is located, opened on October 21,2005, it was constructed in the style of an outdoor mall, with choices of shopping, dining, and a 16-screen Regal movie theater. Above the retail levels is a two to three stories of condominiums. With the 7, 200-space parking garage underneath, the area is pedestrian-friendly. The southwest corner of The District is home to the 26-story, 336-foot TWELVE Hotel and Residences Atlantic Station, in addition, townhomes constructed in 2004 line 16th Street one block south of The District
10.
Home Park, Atlanta
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Home Park is a neighborhood of Atlanta in Georgia, USA. The neighborhood is known as West Midtown Atlanta since it lies on the west side of the Downtown Connector, the residential district is bordered by Northside Drive, Techwood Drive, 10th Street, and 16th Street. This section is home to the media organizations CBS Atlanta WGCL-TV, Georgia Public Broadcasting and Turner Broadcasting System. The vibrant commercial district is west of Northside Drive over to Marietta Street and it has retail and services, design firms, art galleries, restaurants and an expanding residential section along Howell Mill Road. Www. homepark. org Home Park was developed in 1901 as housing for workers at the Atlantic Steel Mill located where Atlantic Station is today. In 1970, Georgia Tech began expanding its campus north to Tenth Street, during the 1970s and 1980s, the rapidly expanding student population exceeded campus dormitory capacity. The neighborhood experienced an increase in property values and land development when Atlantic Station was built, the neighborhoods commercial district experienced a corresponding growth in restaurants, retail, art galleries, services and an expanding residential base. The southeast corner of Fourteenth Street and Holly Street is the headquarters for Georgia Public Broadcasting, cBS-Atlanta TV station WGCL is located at 425 14th Street at Mecaslin. Turner Broadcasting Systems Entertainment Group is located at 1050 Techwood Drive on the east side of Home Park, the community is zoned to Atlanta Public Schools. Zoned schools include, Centennial Place Elementary School Inman Middle School Henry W. Grady High School Official website
11.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
12.
Downtown Atlanta
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Downtown Atlanta is the central business district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Downtown measures approximately four miles, and had 26,700 residents as of 2010. Similar to other business districts in the U. S. Downtown has recently undergone a transformation that included the construction of new condos and lofts, renovation of historic buildings, Downtown is bound by North Avenue to the north, Boulevard to the east, Interstate 20 to the south, and Northside Drive to the west. This definition of Downtown Atlanta includes central areas like Five Points, the Atlanta Downtown Improvement District organization, though, defines a much smaller downtown area measuring just one and two tenths square miles. This area only includes the central business district neighborhoods of Fairlie-Poplar, Five Points, the Hotel District, Centennial Hill. The history of downtown began in 1826 with Wilson Lumpkin and Hamilton Fulton surveying a possible route between Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Milledgeville, Georgias capital at the time. In 1833, Lumpkin, who had become governor, requested that the state legislature charter three railroad lines. By 1836, the state-financed Western and Atlantic Railroad, linking the middle of Georgia to the states north and west, was founded by the legislature. As a result, the town named Terminus was founded in 1837, Terminus received a name change in 1842 when the towns 30 inhabitants voted to change the towns name to Marthasville, in honor of Governor Lumpkins daughter. By 1845, John Edgar Thomson, chief engineer of the Georgia Railroad, the first suggestion was Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. In 1847, Atlanta was incorporated, with the town limits extending in a radius from the mile marker at the railroad depot. By the outbreak of the Civil War, Atlanta was a railroad hub and manufacturing center. In 1864, General William T. Sherman burned Atlanta to the ground during his March to the Sea, Atlantas first resurgence began during Reconstruction. In 1868, Georgias state capital was moved to the city from Milledgeville, by the 1920s, a downtown business sector ringed by residential districts had emerged. Professional sports came to Atlanta in 1965 with the construction of Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, the National Football League awarded the city the Falcons expansion team in 1966. The Hawks arrived in 1968, even though Omni Coliseum, the basketball arena. Atlantas three major sports team continue to play their home games downtown in updated facilities, Turner Field, the Georgia Dome
13.
Buckhead
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Buckhead is an affluent uptown district of Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, comprising approximately the northern fifth of the city. Buckhead is a commercial and financial center of the Southeast. The districts highrise office buildings, hotels, and condominiums form a highly urbanized core along Peachtree Road, surrounding this dense core are Buckheads residential neighborhoods, which feature large single-family homes situated among dense forests and rolling hills. In 1838, Henry Irby purchased 202 1/2 acres surrounding the present intersection of Peachtree, Roswell, Irby subsequently established a general store and tavern at the northwest corner of the intersection. The name Buckhead comes from a story that Irby killed a buck deer. Prior to this, the settlement was called Irbyville, by the late 1800s, Buckhead had become a rural vacation spot for wealthy Atlantans. In the 1890s, Buckhead was rechristened Atlanta Heights but by the 1920s it was again Buckhead, Buckhead remained dominated by country estates until after World War I, when many of Atlantas wealthy began building mansions among the areas rolling hills. Despite the stock market crash of 1929, lavish mansions were constructed in Buckhead throughout the Great Depression. In 1930, Henry Aaron Alexander built one of the largest homes on Peachtree Road, the community was annexed by Atlanta in 1952, following an earlier attempt by Mayor William B. Hartsfield in 1946 that was voted down by residents. Buckheads black neighborhoods, including Johnsontown, Piney Grove, Savagetown, in 1956, an estate known as Joyeuse was chosen as the site for a major shopping center to be known as Lenox Square. The mall was designed by Joe Amisano, an architect who designed many of Atlantas modernist buildings, beginning in 2000, residents sought to ameliorate the crime situation by taking measures to reduce the communitys nightlife and re-establish a more residential character. Eventually, most of the Buckhead Village nightlife district was acquired for the Buckhead Atlanta multi-use project, in 2008, a newsletter by the Fulton County Taxpayers Foundation began circulating that proposed the secession of Buckhead into its own city after more than 50 years as part of Atlanta. Like those cities, the argument to create a city of Buckhead is based on the desire for local control. Buckhead was originally the area now called Buckhead Village. The current usage of the term Buckhead roughly covers the interior of the V formed by Interstate 85 on the east, Buckhead comprises most of the neighborhoods of Atlantas north side,43 in total. The southernmost area around the Brookwood and Ardmore neighborhoods is sometimes regarded as a neighborhood of South Buckhead. Since at least the 1950s, Buckhead has been known as a district of extreme wealth, with the western and northern neighborhoods being virtually unrivaled in the Southeast. The same group reported the average income at $280,631
14.
Fox Theatre (Atlanta)
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The Fox Theatre, a former movie palace, is a performing arts venue located at 660 Peachtree Street NE in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, and is the centerpiece of the Fox Theatre Historic District. The theater was planned as part of a large Shrine Temple as evidenced by its Moorish design. The 4,665 seat auditorium was ultimately developed as a movie theater in the Fox Theatres chain. It hosts a variety of cultural and artistic events including the Atlanta Ballet, a film series. The venue also hosts concerts by popular artists. When the Fox Theatre first opened, the newspaper described it as having, “a picturesque. It remains a showplace that impresses theatre-goers to this day, the principal architect of the project was Olivier Vinour of the firm Marye, Alger and Vinour. The original architecture and décor of the Fox can be divided into two architectural styles, Islamic architecture and Egyptian architecture. The Islamic sections feature a number of fountains, which are currently kept dry. The Fox Theatre gives regular tours of the Fox Theatre’s interior, the theater opened on December 25,1929, just two months after the stock market crash. After 125 weeks of talking pictures and stage entertainment, the Fox Theatre declared bankruptcy and it floundered financially during the 1930s and both William Fox and the Shriners lost their economic interests in the building. In 1939, the perhaps most associated with Atlanta and the South, Gone with the Wind. Although GWTW was produced by Selznick International, it was distributed by Loews Incorporated as part of a deal with rival studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The parade down Peachtree Street for the movie’s premier coincidentally started just outside the Fox because the movie’s cast was staying across the street at the Georgian Terrace Hotel, during the 1940s, the Fox acquired strong management and became one of the finest movie theaters in Atlanta. It was also at this time that the Egyptian Ballroom became Atlanta’s most popular dance hall and hosted all the important big bands and country. It was notable at that time for being the theater in Atlanta allowing both white and black patrons. These are left in place for educational and historical purposes, during the 1970s, several elements collided to bring about the Fox’s decline – white flight, the rise of suburban multiplex theaters, and changes in how films were distributed. A group was formed to save the theater and it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 1974
15.
Woodruff Arts Center
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Woodruff Arts Center is a visual and performing arts center located in Atlanta, Georgia. The center houses three not-for-profit arts divisions on one campus, opened in 1968, the Woodruff Arts Center is home to the Alliance Theatre, the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, and the High Museum of Art. In 1962, Atlanta suffered a loss when an airplane. As the city grieved, it together and used the devastating loss as a catalyst for the arts. This led to the creation of the Atlanta Arts Alliance, the Memorial Arts Center, as the Woodruff was originally known, opened October 5,1968. The building was designed by Atlanta architect, Joe Amisano and it was renamed the Woodruff Arts Center in 1982 to honor its greatest benefactor, Robert W. Woodruff. The art center also included the Atlanta College of Art, the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, all three entities were combined into one corporation. The Alliance Theatre was added in 1970 as the division of the Woodruff and thirty-five years later in 2005. This addition ensures that the Woodruff’s PreK-12 programs now reach more than one million children annually, the Woodruff campus expanded in 1983 with the addition of the Richard Meier-designed High Museum of Art building. This building made Meier the youngest Pritzker Prize-winning architect at that time, on November 12–13,2005, the Woodruff introduced its largest expansion since opening in 1968. This new village for the arts was designed by another Pritzker Prize winner, Italian architect, the Woodruff campus sits on 12.25 acres with a planned expansion to 18.25 acres. Currently, the campus includes 906,000 square feet of exhibition, educational and performance space, plus a 200, the Woodruff Arts Center houses the Grammy Award-winning Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, Howard Pousner. Atlanta Symphony Orchestra wins Grammy for best engineered album, the Tony Award-winning Alliance Theatre, and the High Museum of Art. List of concert halls Woodruff Arts Center website
16.
High Museum of Art
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The High Museum of Art, located in Atlanta, is the leading art museum in the Southeastern United States. Located on Peachtree Street in Midtown, the arts district. In 2010 it had 509,000 visitors, 95th among world art museums, the Museum was founded in 1905 as the Atlanta Art Association. Many pieces from the Haverty collection are now on permanent display in the High, a separate building for the Museum was built adjacent to the family home in 1955. On June 3,1962,106 Atlanta arts patrons died in an crash at Orly Airport in Paris, France. Including crew and other passengers,130 people were killed in what was, at the time, members of Atlantas prominent families were lost including members of the Berry family who founded Berry College. During their visit to Paris, the Atlanta arts patrons had seen Whistlers Mother at the Louvre. In the fall of 1962, the Louvre, as a gesture of good will to the people of Atlanta, to honor those killed in the 1962 crash, the Atlanta Memorial Arts Center was built for the High. The French government donated a Rodin sculpture The Shade to the High in memory of the victims of the crash, in 1983, a 135, 000-square-foot building designed by Richard Meier opened to house the High Museum of Art. Meier won the 1984 Pritzker Prize after completing the building, the Meier building was funded by a $7.9 million challenge grant from former Coca-Cola president Robert W. Woodruff matched by $20 million raised by the Museum. Meiers highly sculptural building has been criticized as having more beauty than brains, at 135,000 square feet, the Meier building has room to display only about 3 percent of the museums permanent collection. 135,000 square feet is the building size. The Meier building, now the Stent Family Wing, was termed Director Gudmund Vigtels “crowning achievement” by his successor Michael Shapiro. In 2005, three new buildings designed by Renzo Piano more than doubled the Museums size to 312,000 square feet, the Piano buildings were designed as part of an overall upgrade of the entire Woodruff Arts Center complex. All three new buildings erected as part of the expansion of the High are clad in panels of aluminum to align with Meier’s original choice of a white enamel façade. Piano’s design of the new Wieland Pavilion and Anne Cox Chambers Wing features a roof system of 1,000 light scoops that capture northern light. More than one-third of the Highs collection was acquired after the announced its plans for expansion in 1999. Highlights of the collection works by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Claude Monet, Martin Johnson Heade, Dorothea Lange, Clarence John Laughlin
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Museum of Design Atlanta
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The Museum of Design Atlanta is a design museum located at 1315 Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. MODA is the museum in the Southeast devoted exclusively to the study. The Museum examines how design affects peoples lives through exhibitions, K-12 educational outreach. MODA regularly features exhibitions on architecture, industrial and product design, interiors and furniture, graphics, fashion, the museum is located on Peachtree Street, across from the High Museum of Art, in Midtown. MODA first opened in 1989 as the Atlanta International Museum of Art & Design, in 2011, MODA opened at its present location in Midtown Atlanta at the corner of 16th Street and Peachtree Street on the ground floor of a building restored by the architectural firm Perkins+Will. S. On 31 December 2012, Brenda Galina stepped down after five years as executive director, in early January 2013, the Board of Directors appointed Dr. Laura Flusche, Ph. D. as the new executive director. The first exhibit at the Museums new Midtown location was Passione Italiana, curated by Joe Remling of ai3, Inc. the exhibition presented a dozen Italian motorcycle designs spanning the last five decades with designs by MV Agusta, Ducati, Bimota, and Moto-Morini. Other 2011 exhibitions included WaterDream, a survey of the history of bathroom design,2012 exhibitions included Emerging Voices 11, an exhibition dedicated to celebrating the work and talent of Atlanta’s young architecture community. This was done in partnership with AIA Atlanta and the Young Architects Forum Atlanta, following that exhibit was Stories in Form, Chair Design by the Portfolio Center. Another exhibit was Skate It or Hang It, beginning 2013 was The South’s Next Wave, Design Challenge. This was presented as part exhibition, part competition, pairing designers of interior spaces with object designers to create imaginative vignettes throughout the museum, the exhibit was curated by David Goodrowe and Tim Hobby, co-founders of the design firm Goodrowe | Hobby. MODA visitors were asked to choose their favorite vignette and object, the exhibit space at MODA is 6,500 square feet in two main galleries with clean, industrial lines and concrete floors. The front desk area can double as a space and the back gallery has a vaulted ceiling with windows stretching up two stories. The museum has a built-in A/V system with ceiling-mounted digital projectors, track lighting that can switch on via motion detector, High Museum of Art SCAD-Atlanta Museum of Design Atlanta website
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Atlanta Symphony Orchestra
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The Atlanta Symphony Orchestra is an American orchestra based in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Robert Spano has been its director since 2001. The ASOs main concert venue is Atlanta Symphony Hall in the Woodruff Arts Center, the organization changed to its current name in 1947 and soon began attracting well known soloists such as Isaac Stern and Glenn Gould. In 1967, with the departure of Sopkin, Robert Shaw became the Music Director, in 1970, Shaw founded a choir, the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Chorus. In 1988, Yoel Levi became Music Director and Principal Conductor, under him, the Orchestra played at the opening and closing ceremonies of the Centennial 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Levi became Music Director Emeritus in 2000, and was succeeded as Music Director by Robert Spano, allison Vulgamore was hired as president of the orchestra in 1993, remaining in the role until 2009. The orchestra toured Europe under Yoel Levi in 1991, and with its Chorus, under Robert Shaw, in 2006 the orchestra and its chamber chorus, under Robert Spano, served as the resident ensemble for Californias Ojai Festival. Encore Park and the Amphitheatre are owned by the Woodruff Arts Center, including Encore Park and its activities at Atlanta Symphony Hall and Chastain Park, the ASO expects to present more than 300 performances annually. With a budget expected to increase to US $50 million with the completion of its new Amphitheatre and this continues a rancorous history between management and players, as they attempt to extricate themselves from operating in the red, as has been the case for many years now. The local paper also indicates that their operating budget is unsustainable for a variety of reasons. Since 2005 the Orchestra has been planning for the construction of a new principal concert hall. In addition to the Verizon Amphitheatre the Orchestra plays an extensive outdoor summer concert series at Atlantas city-owned Chastain Park. On February 5,2014, the ASO announced that Joseph Young would take over as Assistant Conductor, jane Little, who debuted as a double bassist in Atlanta on February. 4,1945, at the age of 16 and she remained a member of the orchestra for the rest of her life, dying on May 15,2016 a few hours after collapsing during a performance of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. She was said to be the longest tenured orchestra musician in the world, the orchestra and chorus made their first recording, a 2-LP Christmas album entitled Nativity, for Turnabout/Vox Records in 1975, conducted by Robert Shaw. This was an album based on their annual Christmas concert. A slightly shortened version of the 75-minute album was issued by Vox in the 1990s on compact disc under the title Christmas with Robert Shaw. The Telarc association, which resulted in 26 Grammy awards, continued until 2010, in 2011 the Orchestra began releasing recordings on its own ASO Media label
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Center for Puppetry Arts
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The Center for Puppetry Arts, located in Atlanta, is the United State’s largest organization dedicated to the art form of puppetry. The Center focuses on three areas, performance, education and museum and it is one of the few puppet museums in the world. The Center is located in Midtown, the arts district. It was founded in 1978 by Vincent Anthony, the Center for Puppetry Arts opened to the public on September 23,1978, when Kermit the Frog and his creator Jim Henson cut the ceremonial ribbon. A young puppeteer from Florida, Vincent Anthony, began touring with Nicolo Marionettes under the tutelage of Nicholas Coppola-based out of New York City, by 1966, he was ready for a smaller community where he could be an active partner and make a difference. Together with Mitchell Edmonds, with whom hed worked at Nicolo, vinces vision was to create a center that would promote puppetry and become a vital part of the community. They created a touring company that traveled around the southeast. In 1978, Anthony found a permanent home in the former Spring Street Elementary School and that first season, the Center mounted an exhibition of puppets, presented shows for adults and families, and hosted community-based workshops and activities that continue to this day. Since its inception, the Center has worked to serve the diverse populations of Atlanta, the state of Georgia, the Center reaches the community through its focus on core programming, performance, museum and education. The new wing also includes films, sketches, and other materials from the Jim Henson Company archives, the wing, which is a part of the Centers new building, opened November 14,2015. Each year the Center for Puppetry Arts presents the Family Series, Family Performances are made up of shows that the Centers company creates/performs, as well as other artists from around the world. National traveling puppetry troupes set up shop at the Center during SummerFest, included with many Family Performances is a Create-A-Puppet workshop that relates to the show. The Center for Puppetry Arts also has the New Directions Series which features teen and adult-oriented shows by Atlanta artists, the New Directions Series are known for being more thought-provoking and visually appealing. Each show has an age limit for those attending. Film Series consists of movies, hidden gems, and contemporary productions. While they are not performances they are related to puppetry. In addition to presenting productions, the Center offers a variety of classes and workshops for adults, Create-A-Puppet Workshops, offered in conjunction with Family Series performances, encourage children to build a puppet of their own that is related to the show. Adults can learn more about different aspects of puppetry in the Adult Education Series, and the Distance Learning program reaches students across the U. S. with a virtual field trip experience
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Georgia Institute of Technology
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The Georgia Institute of Technology is a public research university in Atlanta, Georgia, in the United States. It is a part of the University System of Georgia and has campuses in Savannah, Georgia, Metz, France, Athlone, Ireland, Shenzhen, China. The educational institution was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States. Initially, it offered only a degree in mechanical engineering, by 1901, its curriculum had expanded to include electrical, civil, and chemical engineering. In 1948, the changed its name to reflect its evolution from a trade school to a larger and more capable technical institute. Today, Georgia Tech is organized into six colleges and contains about 31 departments/units, with emphasis on science and it is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering, computing, business administration, the sciences, design, and liberal arts. Student athletics, both organized and intramural, are a part of student and alumni life, Georgia Tech fields eight mens and seven womens teams that compete in the NCAA Division I athletics and the Football Bowl Subdivision. Georgia Tech is a member of the Coastal Division in the Atlantic Coast Conference, the idea of a technology school in Georgia was introduced in 1865 during the Reconstruction period. However, because the American South of that era was mainly populated by workers and few technical developments were occurring. In 1882, the Georgia State Legislature authorized a committee, led by Harris and they were impressed by the polytechnic educational models developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science. On October 13,1885, Georgia Governor Henry D. McDaniel signed the bill to create, in 1887, Atlanta pioneer Richard Peters donated to the state 4 acres of the site of a failed garden suburb called Peters Park. The site was bounded on the south by North Avenue, and he then sold five adjoining acres of land to the state for US$10,000. This land was near Atlantas northern city limits at the time of its founding, the surrender of the city took place on the southwestern boundary of the modern Georgia Tech campus in 1864. The Georgia School of Technology opened in the fall of 1888 with two buildings, One building had classrooms to teach students, The second building featured a shop and had a foundry, forge, boiler room, and engine room. It was designed for students to work and produce goods to sell, on October 20,1905, U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited Georgia Tech. On the steps of Tech Tower, Roosevelt delivered a speech about the importance of technological education and he then shook hands with every student. Georgia Techs Evening School of Commerce began holding classes in 1912, the evening school admitted its first female student in 1917, although the state legislature did not officially authorize attendance by women until 1920. Annie T. Wise became the first female graduate in 1919 and was Georgia Techs first female faculty member the following year
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Atlanta's John Marshall Law School
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Atlantas John Marshall Law School was founded in 1933 and is accredited by the American Bar Association. AJMLS was named for John Marshall, the chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. AJMLS is located in midtown Atlanta, Georgia, AJMLS offers five J. D. programs, full-time day, part-time day, part-time evening, accelerated/spring start, and a full-time Honors Program in Criminal Justice. Programs are offered, Employment Law, LL. M. for the Practice of Law in the United States, in late 2011, AJMLS opened a sister school in Savannah, Georgia, named Savannah Law School. The experiential learning program at AJMLS combines classroom theory with direct experience by offering students firsthand exposure to the practice of law, the for-credit program consists of legal clinics, intensive externships and other approved field placements. Some placements involve litigation and eligible students may apply for a Third Year Practice Certificate under Georgia’s Third-Year Practice Act, AJMLS Fulton County Family Law Externship Clinic - Participants assist litigants at the Fulton County Superior Court with matters relating to family law. AJMLS Immigration Law Clinic - Students in the clinic will provide assistance to clients at the Catholic Charities of Atlanta Immigration Law Clinic. Experiential Tax Law Externship - Practical tax law experience in a small firm setting, Students attending AJMLS may take part in many independent student organizations. These groups cover such interests as cultural diversity, academics, recreation, according to John Marshalls official 2013 ABA-required disclosures,32. 5% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. The total cost of attendance at John Marshall for the 2013-2014 academic year is $62,429, the Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $243,361
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Savannah College of Art and Design
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Savannah College of Art and Design, is a private, nonprofit, accredited university with locations in Savannah, Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia, Hong Kong, and Lacoste, France. The university enrolls more than 11,000 students from across the United States, SCAD is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges and other regional and professional accrediting bodies. Richard G. Rowan, Paula S. Wallace, May L. Poetter and Paul E. Poetter legally incorporated the Savannah College of Art, the university opened the following year with five trustees, four staff members, seven faculty members, and 71 students. In May 1981, the first graduate received a degree, the following year, the first graduating class received degrees. In 1982, the enrollment grew to more than 500 students, then to 1,000 in 1986, in 2014, the university enrolled more than 11,000 students. SCAD opened a study abroad location in Lacoste, France in 2002 that provides programming for the academic departments offered by the universitys degree-granting locations. It launched an online learning program in 2003 that U. S. News, in 2005 the university opened a location in Midtown Atlanta that merged with the Atlanta College of Art in 2006. In September 2010, SCAD opened a Hong Kong location in the Sham Shui Po district and it was never proven that the explosions were related to the students desire to form a constitution, however, no such document exists today. Richard Rowan Rowan served as president of the college from its inception in 1978 until April 2000, as chancellor, Rowan spent most of his time traveling and recruiting international students and staff. In 2001, he resigned the job and left the college, Paula S. Wallace Wallace, formerly Paula S. Rowan, served as SCADs provost and dean of academics before becoming president. As president, Wallace directs the management of the institution. Total compensation for 2014 was $9,621,712, the college campus includes 67 buildings throughout the grid-and-park system of downtown Savannah. Many buildings are on the famous 21 squares of the old town, which are laden with monuments, live oaks, SCAD Atlanta’s Ivy Hall opened in 2008 after extensive restoration. In 2009, SCAD Atlanta opened the Digital Media Center, the SCAD Lacoste campus is made up of 15th- and 16th-century structures. The campus includes an art gallery, guest houses, computer lab, in Hong Kong, SCAD occupies renovated historic North Kowloon Magistracy Building, with more than 80,000 square feet. It is equipped with classrooms, meeting areas, computer labs, the colleges first academic building was the Savannah Volunteer Guard Armory, which was purchased and renovated in 1978-79. Built in 1892, the Romanesque Revival red brick structure is included on the National Register of Historic Places, originally named Preston Hall, the building was renamed Poetter Hall in honor of co-founders May and Paul Poetter. SCAD soon expanded rapidly, acquiring buildings in Savannahs downtown historic and Victorian districts, restoring old and often derelict buildings that had exhausted their original functions
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Bank of America Plaza (Atlanta)
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Bank of America Plaza is a skyscraper located in between Midtown Atlanta and Downtown Atlanta. At 312 m the tower is the 87th-tallest building in the world and it is the 11th tallest building in the U. S. the tallest building in Georgia and the tallest building in any U. S. state capital. It has 55 stories of space and was completed in 1992. Originally intended to be the headquarters for Citizens & Southern National Bank, the building was developed by Cousins Properties and designed by the architectural firm Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates LLC. Designed in the Art Déco style, it was built in only 14 months, the Plazas imposing presence is heightened by the dark color of its exterior. It soars into the sky with vertical lines that reinforce its height while also creating an abundance of revenue-generating corner offices, located over 3.7 acres on Peachtree Street. There is a 90 ft obelisk-like spire at the top of the building echoing the shape of the building as a whole, most of the spire is covered in 23 karat gold leaf. The open-lattice steel pyramid underneath the obelisk glows yellow-orange at night due to lighting, originally, the lattice was designed to be clad in glass, but the engineers failed to take the weight of the glass into account. At its most basic, this is an interpretation of the Art Deco theme seen in the Empire State Building. The inhabited part of the building actually ends abruptly with a flat roof, on top of this is built a pyramid of girders, which are gilded and blaze at night, with the same type of yellow-orange high-pressure sodium lighting now used in most street lights. Its design has been characterized as similar to the Messeturm in Frankfurt am Main, the skyscraper, built at a 45-degree angle to the citys street grid, is set back off its eastern and western street boundaries, Peachtree Street and West Peachtree Street, by over 50 yards. This setback is filled, variously, by driveways, parking garage entrances, potted plants, granite staircases, and sloping lawns. The building directly abuts the sidewalk on North Avenue, its boundary, with access to this street through a parking garage entrance. Some urban planners decry the building as a Corbusian tower in a park, as it actively disengages itself from the environment surrounding it. Critics argue that the building encourages its tenants to access it primarily by car, however it is across the street from the MARTA-rail North Avenue station. As of 2014, new sidewalks, pavers, ADA ramps, pedestrian light-poles, improved tree wells, new bike racks and these neighborhood improvements are slated to be completed by 2016 at a cost of $1.04 million. ∈, a $30 million renovation to the lobby, health club, the building and property management were awarded Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce E3 Liquid Assets, a recognition in water sustainability. Midtown Atlantas Midtown Alliance also recognized it as an EcoDistrict Green Luminary for its significant commitment to sustainability practices, beginning in 2016, $15 million will be invested over the next few years to significantly modernize the common areas including the lobby, west wing and some deferred maintenance
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AT&T Midtown Center
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AT&T Midtown Center I is a 206.4 m, 47-story skyscraper in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia. Completed in 1982, it serves as the headquarters of BellSouth Telecommunications, which does business as AT&T Southeast. BellSouth Corporate headquarters was located in the Campanile building, also in Midtown, the company, then called Southern Bell, originally planned to build the parking deck for the tower one block further east at the corner of Ponce de Leon Avenue and Peachtree Street. This would have required the razing of the historic Fox Theatre which would have been a great loss to the city after the downtown Loews Grand Theatre was destroyed by fire in 1978. Tremendous opposition, protests, fundraising, and petition drives within the community prevented the Foxs demolition, even Liberace spoke out on behalf of the Fabulous Fox. In the end, a deal was struck to build the parking deck on an alternate site north of the main tower on West Peachtree Street. The building has an entrance to the North Avenue MARTA Station. The architects who designed the tower were Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and Rosser International, the general contractor for its construction was Beers Skanska, Inc. Architecture of Atlanta List of tallest buildings in Atlanta AT&T Midtown Center at AccessAtlanta
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Coca-Cola headquarters
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The Coca-Cola Headquarters is a campus in midtown Atlanta, Georgia that is home to The Coca-Cola Company. The most visible building on the site is a 29-story,403 foot high structure called One Coca-Cola Plaza, located on the corner of North Avenue and Luckie Street, the building was completed in 1979. The architect was FABRAP and the designer Bob Foker, the building and complex is located across the street from Georgia Institute of Technology and Midtown Atlanta. List of tallest buildings in Atlanta
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One Atlantic Center
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One Atlantic Center, also known as IBM Tower, is a skyscraper located in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia. It is the third-tallest in Atlanta, reaching a height of 820 feet with 50 stories of space with a total building area of 1,187,676 sq. ft. It was completed in 1987 and remained the tallest building in Atlanta until 1992, when it was surpassed by the Bank of America Plaza, which was also built in Midtown. It was also the tallest building in the southeastern U. S. at the time of completion, the building was commissioned by Prentiss Properties as a southeastern headquarters for IBM, a company responsible for many notable skyscrapers of the 1980s. Aside from introducing Atlanta to the architectural idiom of the 80s. The buildings exterior is clad in pink Spanish granite and culminates in a pyramidal top with a gold peak. The design includes gothic flourishes, most noticeably below the top of the building. At night the peak and ridges along the top are illuminated brightly and it was joined in 2001 by the much shorter Regions Plaza building, which bears similar postmodern design and was constructed across the street as the second phase of the Atlantic Center development. One Atlantic Center was designed by Johnson/Burgee Architects, as associate architect, Heery International, Inc. produced the contract documents. Both Atlantic Center Towers were constructed by HCBeck, now known as The Beck Group, alston & Bird Carlton Fields Bryan Cave Holland & Knight DLA Piper Korn Ferry International Credit Suisse Robins, Kaplan, Miller & Ciresi GeoFields, Inc
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1180 Peachtree
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1180 Peachtree, commonly known as the Symphony Tower, is a 41-story skyscraper located at 1180 Peachtree Street in the Midtown district of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Rising to a height of approximately 657 feet, the building includes office and this building is marked on the skyline by two sweeping glass fins extending upwards from the north and south walls. These fins are illuminated from inside at night for a dramatic skyline presence, houston, TX served as the Architect of Record for 1180 Peachtree. Turner Construction was the manager for the project. Over 60% of the leasable space is occupied by Atlanta-based law firm King & Spalding as its international headquarters. The firm was located in downtowns 191 Peachtree Tower. The $300 million Symphony Center will not begin construction until fundraising goals are met, the building is featured in detail in the 2009 Channel 4 series Vertical City. List of tallest buildings in Atlanta Official building site Photographs and information about 1180 Peachtree
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Piedmont Avenue (Atlanta)
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Piedmont Avenue is a major thoroughfare in Atlanta, beginning in Downtown Atlanta and ending at its continuation as Piedmont Road just before crossing under Interstate 85. Along the way, Piedmont Avenue passes through Midtown Atlanta where several historic properties are located on the street, Piedmont Avenue was originally called Calhoun Street. As of 1872, Calhoun Street reached north to Seventh Street in todays Midtown, source, Google Maps Piedmont Avenue Southeast begins at the Georgia State Capitol in Downtown Atlanta at Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive. It proceeds northeast, crossing under the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority line at Georgia State station and it passes various Georgia State University buildings. After crossing Edgewood Avenue, the street turns due north and becomes Piedmont Avenue Northeast, then passes Auburn Avenue and it then crosses the Downtown Connector freeway. At this point Piedmont Avenue forms the border between the SoNo neighborhood on the west and Old Fourth Ward on the east, passing North Avenue and Ponce de Leon Avenue, Piedmont enters Midtown Atlanta, first through the NRHP-listed Historic Midtown, known for its bungalow houses. In Historic Midtown there are historic properties of note, including the Craigie House,705 Piedmont. Piedmont and Tenth is considered the heart of the gay community in Atlanta, North of 10th, the streetscape turns into mostly early 20th century multi-unit residential buildings. North of 12th Street, Piedmont Avenue borders Piedmont Park, to its east, after 14th Street, Piedmont Avenue becomes two-way. North of 14th, Piedmont forms the border between the posh, historic Ansley Park neighborhood on the west and Piedmont Park, the Piedmont Driving Club and the Atlanta Botanical Garden on the east. Then Piedmont crosses the BeltLine trail and Clear Creek at the tip of Piedmont Park and intersects with Monroe Drive. After the intersection with Monroe, Piedmont Avenue forms the border between Piedmont Heights and Morningside/Lenox Park where the NRHP-listed Rock Spring Presbyterian Church is located. It intersects Cheshire Bridge Road and then changes its name to Piedmont Road and becomes Georgia 237, continuing north to Buckhead, photos of Piedmont Avenue through the years at Atlanta Journal-Constitution site
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Brookhaven, Georgia
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Brookhaven is a city in the northeastern suburbs of Atlanta. Home to about 51,029, it is located in western DeKalb County, Georgia, United States, on July 31,2012, Brookhaven was approved in a referendum to become DeKalb Countys 11th city. Incorporation officially took place on December 17,2012, on which date municipal operations commenced, with a population of around 49,000, it is the largest city in DeKalb County. The new city stretches over 12 square miles, brookhavens first permanent European settler was John Evins, who started a plantation around 1810. Harris and Solomon Goodwin, who moved to Georgia from South Carolina, the Goodwin home and the family graveyard have been preserved at the 3900 block of Peachtree Road, near Dresden Drive. A train station known as Goodwins was constructed along the Atlanta, the settlement of Cross Keys, with a population of 250 in 1876, was located one mile north along the rail line from Goodwins. In 1879 Cross Keys was described, Nancys Creek furnished power for operating a mill, the place has two churches—Methodist and Baptist—one common school, and steam cotton gins. Cotton and wood form the chief exports, about 140 bales of cotton shipped per annum, most of which is carried to Atlanta by wagon. Population within a radius of 2 miles, near 400, mail daily… Depot and station one and one-quarter miles distant this place. Atlanta residents began constructing summer cottages in the community around 1900, in 1910,150 acres on the north side of Peachtree Road were purchased for development as a planned community surrounding a golf course. The nine-hole golf course, designed by Herbert Barker, a pro from Garden City, Long Island. Residences developed in three phases, with Brookhaven Estates designed in 1910, followed by Country Club Estates in 1929, independently, Edwin P. Ansley sold lots in the area, calling it Oglethorpe Park. Construction of the neighborhood was largely complete by the end of World War II. The country club became part of the downtown Capital City Club in 1911, the golf course was expanded from nine to eighteen holes in 1915. The clubhouse, designed by Preston Stevens in the French Provincial style, was completed in 1928, the area was incorporated as the city of North Atlanta in 1924. In 1963, the North Atlantas leaders asked the legislature to allow a referendum on a new city charter. The legislature agreed, but also included an option in the referendum. The majority of voters chose disincorporation, and the charter was dissolved in 1965
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English Avenue and Vine City
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English Avenue and Vine City are two adjacent and closely linked neighborhoods of Atlanta, Georgia. Together the neighborhoods make up neighborhood planning unit L, the two neighborhoods are frequently cited together in reference to shared problems and to shared redevelopment schemes and revitalization plans. Its population was 3,309 in 2010, Vine City is bounded by Joseph E. Boone Blvd. and the English Avenue neighborhood to the north, Northside Drive and downtown Atlanta to the east, Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr. and the Atlanta University Center to the south, and Joseph E. Lowery Blvd. and its population was 2,785 in 2010. What is now the English Avenue neighborhood was purchased in 1891 by James W. English and it was created as a white working-class neighborhood. Simpson Road was long a residential race barrier with whites to the north, todays English Avenue was known at different times as Bellwood and as Western Heights. A mix of classes were present. In 1910 Alonzo F. Herndon, founder of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company, built his home at 587 University Place, now listed on the National Register and open to visitors. In 1941, the Eagan Homes and Herndon Homes public housing projects opened and as a result, on Hunter Street, white business owners once lived behind their stores, but in the 1940s, black owners started taking over these businesses. In 1947 Paschals Restaurant, an Atlanta soul food landmark and meeting place for civil rights leaders, in 1951, the English Avenue Elementary Schools designation was changed from white to black in response to most whites having moved out of the area. During the mid-20th century, the area was a middle-class African-American neighborhood, in 1960, the English Avenue elementary school was dynamited, likely in retaliation for civil rights demonstrations by blacks. Mayor William B. Hartsfield condemned the dynamiting as the work of those from outside Atlanta, the area experienced notable pro- and anti-Black Power riots in 1966 and 1967. Suburbanization started draining the areas vitality starting in the 1970s, over the following decades, it attracted buyers and sellers of heroin, and deteriorated into a corner of poverty in the city, characterized by large numbers of abandoned, boarded-up houses. In 1995 the English Avenue Elementary School closed, in 2006, a no-knock raid in search of a drug dealer, burst into the home of Kathryn Johnston. Ms. Johnston, in her 80s, opened fire on the officers, the incident resulted in much anger in the neighborhood and in close scrutiny of police use of no-knock warrants in drug raids. The 2008 tornado caused damage in areas of Vine City. The 2010s foreclosure crisis hit the neighborhoods hard, in April 2012, Creative Loafing reported that on some streets more houses are boarded up than are lived in. Occupy Atlanta protested the Vine City foreclosure of Mrs. Pamela Flores by Bank of America, as part of the Atlanta Housing Authoritys systematic replacement of public housing projects by mixed-income communities, Eagan Homes was demolished and the Magnolia Park MIC replaced it
31.
Richard Peters (Atlanta)
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Richard Peters was an American railroad man and a founder of Atlanta, Georgia, in the 1840s. Richard Peters was the son of Richard and his wife, and he was born near Philadelphia at Germantown, Pennsylvania. His father was appointed as the fourth Reporter of Decisions of the United States Supreme Court, the young Peters was educated in Philadelphia. He worked with the architect William Strickland and as a rodman with John Edgar Thomson for $1.50 a day. Thomson liked the 26-year-olds work and in late 1834 offered him a job as engineer for $1,000 a year to help with construction of the new Georgia Railroad. Peters paid $100 for a rough paddlewheeler trip into camp near Charleston, South Carolina and he worked on the state railroad for the eight years it took to complete it from Augusta, to the new town of Marthasville, Georgia. During this period, he developed became a lifelong friendship with Lemuel Grant. When the railroad was completed, Peters was hired as superintendent, in that position he heard many complaints about the name Marthasville, which people thought took too long to write in log books, freight records, etc. He traded letters with Thomson on the subject and, when the latter suggested Atlanta and it was officially changed in December 1845. Peters built a home in Atlanta and was married there in 1848 to Mary Jane Thompson, the daughter of the settler and doctor, Joseph Thompson. He and Mary Jane had several children together, including two sons, Edward and Ralph, and a daughter, Nellie, who became prominent. Peters founded the first Atlanta steam factory, a mill at the Georgia RR between Butler and Calhoun streets. Lacking a water source, the mill had to be powered by wood. Peters purchased 405 acres, the land lots 80 and 47 and this area later developed as Midtown, between North Avenue and 8th Street. Later development of land in the city proved to be the key to Peters future wealth. Always interested in transportation, Peters had operated a coach line between Atlanta and Montgomery, Alabama. After completion of the Atlanta & West Point Railroad, he moved the end to West Point, Georgia. Also an avid livestock breeder and horticulturist, in 1854 he established a nursery in Atlanta, in early 1861, he sold the steam engine from his mill for $12,000 to be used in the Confederate Powderworks at Augusta
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Edward C. Peters House
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The Edward C. Peters House, also known as Ivy Hall, is a Queen Anne style house in Atlanta, Georgia. It occupies a lot covering a city block on the southeast corner of Piedmont Avenue and Ponce de Leon Avenue in Midtown Atlanta. Its current owner is the Savannah College of Art and Design, the house was built in 1883 for Edward C. Peters. Edward inherited Richards railroad and trolley interests in 1889, the Peters House survived the Great Atlanta Fire of 1917, when houses between North Avenue and Ponce de Leon Avenue were dynamited as a firebreak. After the death of Peters daughter-in-law in 1970 the house was threatened with demolition, the interiors have been largely preserved, although a fire in 2000 caused the restaurant to close. In 2005 the house was acquired by the Savannah College of Art, a full restoration of Ivy Hall was undertaken, reopening on October 3,2008. A portion of the grounds was developed with housing, gA-1221, Edward Peters House,179 Ponce de Leon Avenue, Atlanta, Fulton County, GA,1 photo,1 photo caption page, supplemental material Photos of Peters House/Ivy Hall
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American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
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Tenth Street (Atlanta)
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Tenth Street is a street in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia. The area around what is now Tenth and Peachtree Streets began as Tight Squeeze and it consisted of shanties, together with a blacksmith shop and several small wooden stores, beside a 30-foot-deep ravine, still visible to the east of Peachtree north of 10th Street. During the desperate times after the Civil War, the hungry, homeless, wounded, the ravine became a rest stop to both freedmen and displaced Confederate veterans, some who had been left morphine addicts. Just north of the ravine where Peachtree crossed a road, was a wagon yard, where freight was unloaded, destined for the merchants in the city. Merchants on their way to the yard and carrying the cash that the freight companies demanded, or merchants returning with wagons loaded with goods. Tight Squeezes residents, as well as professional highwaymen, attacked merchants and robbed them of their merchandise and it was said that it took a mighty tight squeeze to get through with ones life, the origin of the settlements name. Desperation inspired rowdyism and lewd vagrancy, john Plaster was a member of a pioneer farm family for whom Plasters Bridge Road was named. In 1866 at the age of 35, he was murdered in Tight Squeeze after delivering a load of firewood to customers in Atlanta, in the late 1800s the area was rechristened Blooming Hill and consisted of elegant single-family houses. By 1872 the Atlanta Constitution called it a little town outside the corporate limits of Atlanta which had two grocery stores. Blooming Hill is commemorated by a sculpture at the Hyatt Midtown hotel, during this period 10th Street was also known as Bleckley Avenue. By 1883 the area was rechristened North Atlanta, from the 1920s to the early 1960s the area was an upscale shopping area, the first major one outside the Central District, attracting customers from affluent neighborhoods throughout the city. The 1959 opening of Lenox Square and 1964 opening of Ansley Mall lowered sales in the Shopping District, the area became a famous hippy hangout and acquired the name of The Strip. By 1967 the hippy movement had been repressed and the area stagnated. Many businesses were set on fire and many buildings were torn down to make way for parking lots, today Tenth Street west of Piedmont Avenue is an integral part of the Midtown Core high-rise business and residential district. The Strip project, detailed history of the area Page on History Atlanta
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Piedmont Exposition
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The Piedmont Exposition of 1887 was the first exposition ever held in Piedmont Park in Atlanta, Georgia. The Piedmont Exposition Company was founded in June 1887 by a group of men who met in the offices of the Atlanta Constitution, oliver Clyde Fuller John Tyler Cooper G. M. Bain E. P. Chamberlin M. C. Kiser James W. English T. D. Meador John A. Fitten G. W. Adair C. D. Horn J. Kingsbury J. R. Wylie S. H. Phelan W. L. Peel W. W. Boyd T. L. Langston E. Rich P. H. Snook Rufus Brown Bullock Samuel M. Inman John Tyler Cooper J. R. Wylie S. H. Phelan C. D. Horn G. M. Bain E. P. Chamberlin Rufus Brown Bullock Planning of the exposition took only 104 days from the time the company was formed. The main plan called for the out of a 189-acre forest, an area now known as Piedmont Park, as well as the construction of several expensive buildings. The main building constructed for the Exposition was 570 feet long,126 feet wide, the Piedmont Exposition of 1887, the first exposition ever held in Piedmont Park, opened on October 10. The first day opened with 20,000 visitors, Opening orations were performed by Governor Gordon and Hon. Samuel J. Randall of Pennsylvania. Randall opened the Exposition with a speech on the success of the resurrected post-civil war south, when his speech concluded, General Pierce M. B. Young and his men fired cannons to signal the opening of the events, exhibitors showed off a variety of items including works of art, local raw materials like manganese marble, and wood work. Many prominent figures of the day were in attendance to see the displays, hill of New York spoke at the event as well as President Grover Cleveland who attended with his new wife, Frances Folsom, on October 19. Over 50,000 people were in attendance for Clevelands speech, the event closed on October 22 with a total attendance of about 200,000. When the exposition was over, civic leaders said that it had successfully expanded Atlantas reputation as a place to visit, the Exposition was also a chance for Atlanta to prove that it was ready to host the Worlds Fair. The Executive Committee of the Fair was invited to attend the event under the bidding of Charles Reynolds, International Cotton Exposition,1881 in Atlanta Cotton States and International Exposition,1895 in Atlanta Grover Cleveland. RANDALL IN ATLANTA, At the Opening of the Piedmont Exhibition, history of Atlanta, Georgia, With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of it Prominent Men and Pioneers. TO BID FOR VOTES IN GEORGIA, wORLD’S FAIR SCHEMES, Proposed Financial Aid from the City
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Cotton States and International Exposition
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The 1895 Cotton States and International Exposition was held at the current Piedmont Park in Atlanta, Georgia. Nearly 800,000 visitors attended the event, the exposition was designed to promote the region to the world and showcase products and new technologies as well as to encourage trade with Latin America. The Cotton States and International Exposition featured exhibits from several states including various innovations in agriculture, president Grover Cleveland presided over the opening of the exposition. But the event is best remembered for the both hailed and criticized Atlanta compromise speech given by Booker T. Washington on September 18, promoting racial cooperation. The Exposition was open for 100 days, beginning on September 18,1895 and ending December 31,1895, over $2,000,000 was spent on the transformation of Piedmont Park. The government allocated $250,000 for the construction of a government building and many states and countries such as Argentina also had their own buildings. Also constructed for the fair were the Tropical gardens, now known as the Atlanta Botanical Garden, today, the stone balustrades scattered around the park are the only part of the enormous main building. The park remains largely as Joseph Forsyth Johnson designed it for the exposition, the supervising architect for the entire fair was Bradford Gilbert. About six thousand exhibits were examined and beautifully designed medals were awarded, the Awards Committee awarded a total of 1,573 medals,634 gold medals,444 silver medals, and 495 bronze medals. In late September Charles Francis Jenkins demonstrated an early movie projector called the Phantoscope, the great American band master John Philip Sousa composed his famous march, King Cotton, for the exposition, and dedicated it to the people of the state of Georgia. Future politician and historian, Walter McElreath, described it in his memoirs, the streets were crowded all day long. Every conceivable kind of fakir bartered his wares, dime museums flourished on every street. Vast stucco hotels stood on Fourteenth Street, December 26,1895, was Negro Day at the Expo. Famed African American quilter Harriet Powers also attended this day and met with Irvine Garland Penn, the Cotton States and International Exposition Speech was an address on the topic of race relations given by Booker T. Washington on September 18,1895, at the exposition in Atlanta. The speech was presented before a white audience and has been recognized as one of the most important, influential. After the exposition, the grounds were purchased by the City of Atlanta and became Piedmont Park, International Cotton Exposition,1881 in Atlanta World Cotton Centennial,1884 in New Orleans Jenkins projector 1895 Guide to the Expo Perdue, Theda. Race and the Atlanta Cotton States Exposition of 1895, athens, Ga, University of Georgia Press,2010. Race and the Atlanta Cotton States Exposition of 1895, the Souths New Negroes and African American Visions of Progress at the Atlanta and Nashville International Expositions, 1895-1897 Journal of Southern History
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Inman Park
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Inman Park is a neighborhood on the east side of Atlanta, Georgia, and its first planned suburb. It was named for Samuel M. Inman, the East Atlanta Land Company acquired and developed more than 130 acres east of the city and Hurt named the new suburb for his friend and business associate, Samuel M. Inman. Joseph Forsyth Johnson was hired as designer for Inman Park who included curvilinear street designs. It was to be a place of homes, of pretty homes, green lawns, and all save those who would make desirable residents have been excluded. Its the prettiest, highest, healthiest and most desirable locality I ever saw, and as far as accessibility it ranks second to no residence portion of the city. We have three car lines and frequent schedules, Moreland Park was by contrast developed as a more traditional, incremental building of sub-divisions as opposed to the grand plan for Inman Park proper. The arrival of the automobile allowed upper class Atlantans to live in suburbs farther north from downtown workplaces, such as Morningside, Inman Park became less fashionable and the exuberant Victorian architecture came to seem dated. The mansions came to be subdivided into apartments and they lived in rented bungalows or big houses chopped up into tiny roach-infested apartments. He and his partner, Robert Aiken, bought the house, to publicize the progress they were making, they began a Tour of Homes with a small festival, which has grown into the hugely popular Inman Park Festival, held each spring. After decades of restoration and renewal, Inman Park is now regarded as a highly desirable intown neighborhood with a mixture of rental and owner-occupied houses, since the beginning of its renewal, inclusivity and a strong sense of community have distinguished Inman Park. The Festivals centerpiece is the Tour of Homes, which showcases the variety of sizes and types of residences in the neighborhood. Former industrial areas on the west side of the neighborhood have been redeveloped into mixed-use complexes, the former General Pipe and Foundry site is now North Highland Steel and the Mead paper plant site is now Inman Park Village. In 2015 it was converted into an office and restaurant space. Inman Park contains Atlantas best collection of architecture from the late 19th. Styles include Queen Anne, high-style Italianate and Romanesque mansion as well as bungalows, shotguns. There are two districts within the Inman Park neighborhoods, the Inman Park historic district, and the Inman Park-Moreland Historic District. Notable houses include, Beath-Dickey House Callan Castle Kriegshaber House The Krog Street Tunnel under the CSX Railroad connects Inman Park with Cabbagetown and is famous for street art. Krog Street Market is a food hall Edgewood Avenue in both Inman Park and Old Fourth Ward is a restaurant street that has been gaining acclaim especially since 2013
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Downtown Connector
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In Downtown Atlanta, the Downtown Connector or I-75/85 is the concurrent section of Interstate 75 and Interstate 85 through the core of the city. Beginning at the I-85/Langford Parkway interchange, the Downtown Connector runs generally due north, just north of this is the Grady Curve around Grady Memorial Hospital. Continuing north, the terminus of the Downtown Connector is the Brookwood Interchange or Brookwood Split in the Brookwood area of the city, the overall length of the Downtown Connector is approximately 7.5 miles. Since the 2000s, it has officially named James Wendell George Parkway for most of its length. It also has unsigned designations State Route 401 and State Route 403 along its length, due to I-75, the Downtown Connector had its origins in the citys original system of expressways, construction of which began in the early 1950s with the Northeast Expressway and the South Expressway. Construction of the connector between the two, which was numbered State Route 295, and was slated to carry US 19/US41 at one point, was not completed until the early 1960s, initial construction of the highway displaced parts of Techwood Drive and Williams Street in Midtown Atlanta. It also destroyed street grids east and south of downtown, dividing Sweet Auburn in two and the interchange with I-20 leveling the northern part of the Washington-Rawson district. Between 2000 and 2004, the six-lane wide 17th Street Bridge was constructed over the Brookwood Interchange, in 2008, reconstruction of the 14th Street Bridge took place in order to accommodate increased traffic flow and pedestrian amenities. This work also included the construction of two new off-ramps, a ramp to 10th Street, and a northbound ramp to 17th Street. This work was completed on May 28,2010, GDOT engineers believe that heavy rain in previous months raised the water table and caused it to seep upward through joints between lanes, where it subsequently froze. Commuter traffic was stopped briefly on at least two days in order to treat it with deicing materials and inspect the freeway to determine the cause, the Downtown Connector carries more than 272,000 vehicles per day at its busiest point — between Martin Luther King Jr. Drive and Edgewood Avenue, while no portion of the Downtown Connector carries fewer than 236,000 vehicles per day, the area around the connector and associated interchanges are considered one of the ten-most congested stretches of interstate in the U. S. Due to this fact, many motorists often compare Atlanta to Los Angeles, the highway is fully instrumented with Intelligent transportation system devices. There are more than 25 closed-circuit television cameras between the Langford Parkway interchange and the Brookwood Interchange, additionally, the Downtown Connector has three large overhead electronic message signs, and four smaller HOV-dedicated message signs on the median barrier wall. Traffic flow data is gathered through a video system, using pole-mounted black-and-white cameras spaced every 1⁄3 mile on both sides of the roadway. All video and data is fed into the GDOTs Transportation Management Center, virtually all entrance ramps are metered, with the exception of the freeway-to-freeway connection ramps from I-20. Atlantas skyline, both Downtown and Midtown, can be seen from the highway, especially at the northern and southern ends. The route also goes directly past Turner Field, formerly Centennial Olympic Stadium, exit numbers follow the mileposts along I-75. The entire route is in Atlanta, Fulton County
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Lenox Square
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Lenox Square is an upscale enclosed super regional shopping mall located in the Buckhead district of Atlanta, Georgia. Lenox Square comprises more than 1,545,000 square feet of space, with 250 stores on four levels. The mall is home to three stores, Macys, Bloomingdales, and Neiman Marcus. The mall is owned by Simon Property Group and has been owned by the Indianapolis-based developer since 1998, Lenox Square opened to the public on August 3,1959. Originally, it operated as a shopping center, much like a typical lifestyle center. The malls original anchors were Richs and Davisons, two of the most famous and acclaimed department stores in the area, as well as grocery chain Colonial Stores, the mall originally opened with 60 stores. Over the next few decades, the mall underwent four expansions, the most recent renovation included the expansion of the Neiman Marcus store by 52,000 square feet and the addition of 36,000 square feet of new retail space. Lenox Square houses several upscale stores that do not have other locations within several hundred miles of Atlanta, Lenox Square also has the largest Pottery Barn in their chain as well as one of the largest Forever 21 stores in the Southeastern United States. Lenox Square was developed by Ed Noble, a developer from Kansas City, Missouri, whose company, Noble Properties. Groundbreaking for the center occurred in July 1957, and it was completed on June 29,1958. The public opening ceremony for Lenox Square was held on August 3,1959, initially containing 800,000 square feet of retail, the shopping mall was situated on three levels, Mall. It was anchored by Richs, Davisons, and a Colonial Stores supermarket, there were 52 original tenants, including a bowling alley, indoor golf driving range, and a Kresge five and dime store. The Mall Level concourse featured several statues depicting Uncle Remus characters, such as Brer Fox, Brer Frog, a movie theater opened on the Market Level in June 1963. Within its first few years of its existence, Lenox Square would be a part of major events in the city. It is the point in the annual Peachtree Road Race. Davisons, owned by Macys since 1924, was rebranded as Macys in 1986, in 2000, the celebration of the Richs Great Tree moved to the flagship store from Underground Atlanta, after having been held downtown for decades. In 1991, Richs relocated their store to Lenox Square from downtown Atlanta. In 2003, Federated Department Stores began integrating the Macys name with their other regional department store brands, following the news, the Lenox Macys location closed and the building was renovated extensively to house the first Bloomingdales in the South, which opened in October 2003
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Ansley Mall
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Ansley Mall is an open-air shopping mall in the Piedmont Heights neighborhood of Atlanta at 1544 Piedmont Avenue at the intersection of Monroe Drive near the Atlanta BeltLine trail. Ansley opened in 1964, sending Midtown Atlantas Tenth Street shopping district into decline, the single-level center had 175,300 square feet of leasable area and was anchored by a 27, 300-square-foot Woolworths variety store and 35, 000-square-foot Colonial supermarket. The tenant list of the 3. 2-million-dollar complex included twenty-six retailers, stewart-Lakewood was built in 1962 by the same company and in the same style as Ansley and was also considered a major regional retail center. The mall was renovated in 2010, the works carried out by Earthstation, anchors include Publix supermarket, an LA Fitness gym, a CVS Pharmacy and a Pier One. The mall rivals the intersection of 10th and Piedmont a central meeting point for Atlantas gay community – across Clear Creek is Ansley Square, official Facebook page Page on Sky City, Southern Retail Then and Now Page on Mall Hall of Fame
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Colony Square
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Colony Square is a mixed-use development and sub-district in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, located on Peachtree Street in between 14th and 15th Streets. The oldest high-rise development in Midtown, the sub-district was built between 1969 and 1975, with Henri Jova of Jova/Daniels/Busby serving as principal architect and it was the first mixed-use development in the Southeast. Designed in modernist style, Colony Square comprises three skyscrapers, two containing offices and one housing a hotel, the W Atlanta-Midtown, the three skyscrapers are connected by Colony Square Mall, located beneath a sky-lit atrium and offering a food court, retail, and an athletic club. Also within the sub-district are three mid-rise condominium buildings, Colony Square also contains street-level restaurants, including 5Church Atlanta, Establishment and Tamarind Seed. North American Properties agreed to terms with Tishman Speyer to purchase the property for $164.5 million in Q42015, the deal will include the retail and office space, but not the condominiums and hotel that are part of the complex. North American Properties has major plans for the retail component. The new owner plans to reconfigure the space in order to allow shoppers to stroll freely through a courtyard that faces the main street. These plans are scheduled to be completed by July 2018,100 Colony Square,1175 Peachtree Street NE,314. WebMD has regional offices located on the top two floors of Colony Square 400, the complex is also home to the broadcast studios of the CBS Radio Atlanta stations of WVEE, WZGC, and WAOK. In 1995 the Consulate-General of Japan in Atlanta was located in Colony Square, in 2002 the consulate announced it was moving from Colony Square to One Alliance Center. The consulate had over three years left in the lease of Colony Square, because TrizecHahn Office Properties Inc. owned both office properties, the consulate was easily able to move to its new location
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Mixed-use development
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Mixed-use development can take the form of a single building, a city block, or entire neighbourhoods. Traditionally, human settlements have developed in mixed-use patterns, in the United States, the heyday of separate-use zoning was after World War II, but since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again become desirable as the benefits are recognized. Walking was the way that people and goods were moved about. Most people dwelt in buildings that were places of work as well as domestic life, people lived at very high densities because the amount of space required for daily living and movement between different activities was determined by walkability and the scale of the human body. This was particularly true in cities, and the floor of buildings was often devoted to some sort of commercial or productive use. This historical mixed-used pattern of development declined during industrialisation in favor of separation of manufacturing. This period saw massive migrations of people from areas to cities drawn by work in factories. These influxes of new workers needed to be accommodated and many new urban districts arose at this time with domestic housing being their primary function, thus began a separating out of land uses that previously had occurred in the same spaces. Furthermore, many factories produced substantial pollution of various kinds, distance was required to minimize adverse impacts from noise, dirt, noxious fumes and dangerous substances. Even so, at time, most industrialized cities were of a size that allowed people to walk between the different areas of the city. These factors were important in the push for Euclidean or single-use zoning premised on the compartmentalization of land uses into like functions, in the United States, another impetus for Euclidean zoning was the birth of the skyscraper. Fear of buildings blocking out the sun led many to call for zoning regulations, Zoning regulations, first put into place in the 1916 Zoning Resolution, not only called for limits on building heights, but eventually called for separations of uses. This was largely meant to people from living next to polluted industrial areas. This separation, however, was extended to commercial uses as well and this type of zoning was widely adopted by municipal zoning codes. However, it has been the post-second World War dominance of the automobile, throughout the late 20th century, it began to become apparent to many urban planners and other professionals that mixed-use development had many benefits and should be promoted again. As American, British, Canadian and Australian cities deindustrialized, the need to separate residences from hazardous factories became less important, completely separate zoning created isolated islands of each type of development. In 1961, Jane Jacobs influential The Death and Life of Great American Cities argued that a mixture of uses is vital, Zoning laws have been revised accordingly and increasingly attempt to address these problems by using mixed-use zoning. Mixed-use guidelines often result in buildings with streetfront commercial space
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Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority
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The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority or MARTA /ˈmɑːrtə/ is the principal public transport operator in the Atlanta metropolitan area. Formed in 1971 as strictly a bus system, MARTA operates a network of bus routes linked to a transit system consisting of 48 miles of rail track with 38 train stations. It is the eighth-largest rapid transit system in the United States by ridership, MARTA also operates a separate paratransit service for disabled customers. As of 2014, the total daily ridership for the system was 432,900 passengers. MARTA was originally proposed as a transit agency for DeKalb, Fulton, Clayton, Gwinnett. These were the five counties in the Atlanta metropolitan area. MARTA was formed by an act of the Georgia General Assembly in 1965, in the same year, four of the five metropolitan area counties and the City of Atlanta passed a referendum authorizing participation in the system, but the referendum failed in Cobb County. Gwinnett County remains outside of the MARTA system, but in November 2014, Clayton County voters passed a 1% sales tax to join the MARTA system, construction began on MARTAs heavy rail system in 1975, with the first rail service commencing on June 30,1979. The system has since built most of the rail lines, as well as stations in Dunwoody, Sandy Springs. MARTA is composed of heavy rail rapid transit and a bus transit system that operates primarily within the boundaries of Fulton, Clayton. MARTA also serves the airport via a station located next to the main terminal, although Cobb County is not part of the MARTA system, the agency operates one limited bus route to the Cumberland Boulevard Transfer Center. The MARTA system allows bicycles on its trains and buses have room for 2 bikes on racks mounted on the front of the bus. At the airport, bicycles can be locked up in all of the parking decks, in 2007, MARTA had 4,729 full and part-time employees, of whom 1,719 were bus drivers or train operators. Rail and bus operators, the agents, the rail maintenance workers. MARTA has its own department with 300 badge-wearing officers, making it the ninth-largest police department in Georgia. The MARTA rapid rail system has 47.6 miles of route and 38 rail stations located on four lines, the Red Line, Gold Line, Blue Line. The tracks for this system are a combination of elevated, ground-level, no tunnel lining was installed in this station, or the adjacent tunnels. The architects and civil engineers decided to leave these with their rugged gneiss rock walls, the highest station in the MARTA system is the King Memorial Station
