1.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
National Register of Historic Places
–
Logo used for the NRHP.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Old Slater Mill, a historic district in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was the first property listed in the National Register on November 13, 1966.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The
Loren Andrus Octagon House in
Washington, Michigan has been on the NRHP since September 3, 1971.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Built in 1800 by
Samuel McIntire in
Salem, the
Stephen Phillips House is operated as a
historic house museum by
Historic New England and open for public tours.
2.
Collegiate Gothic architecture
–
A form of historicist architecture, it took its inspiration from English Tudor and Gothic buildings. It is for us, as part of our duty as our highest privilege to act, Gothic Revival architecture was used for American college buildings as early as 1829, when Old Kenyon was completed on the campus of Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. Alexander Jackson Daviss University Hall, on New York Universitys Washington Square campus, was another early example, richard Bonds church-like library for Harvard College, Gore Hall, became the model for other library buildings. James Renwick, Jr. s Free Academy Building, for what is today City College of New York, inspired by Londons Hampton Court Palace, Swedish-born Charles Ulricson designed Old Main at Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois. Richards, architect, Harvard College – Memorial Hall, William Robert Ware and Henry Van Brunt, architects, and Cornell University – Sage Hall, Charles Babcock, architect. In 1871, English architect William Burges designed a row of vigorous French Gothic-inspired buildings for Trinity College – Seabury Hall, Northam Tower, Jarvis Hall – in Hartford, Connecticut. Tastes became more conservative in the 1880s, and collegiate architecture soon after came to prefer a more scholarly, inspired by the architecture of Oxford and Cambridge universities, and historicists but not literal copyists, Cope & Stewardson were highly influential in establishing the Collegiate Gothic style. In 1901, the firm of Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge created a plan for a Collegiate Gothic campus for the fledgling University of Chicago. Some of their works, such as the Mitchell Tower, were copies of historic buildings. George Browne Post designed the City College of New Yorks new campus at Hamilton Heights, Manhattan, the style was experienced up-close by a wide audience at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri. The Worlds Fair and 1904 Olympic Games were held on the completed campus of Washington University. The movement gained momentum when Charles Donagh Maginnis designed Gasson Hall at Boston College in 1908. Ralph Adams Cram designed one of the most poetic collections of Collegiate Gothic buildings for the Princeton University Graduate College, james Gamble Rogerss extensive work at Yale University, beginning in 1917, took historicist fantasy to an extreme. He was criticized by the growing Modernist movement, following McMaster Universitys decision to relocate to Hamilton, Ontario, Canadian architect William Lyon Somerville designed its new campus in the style. These buildings are among the most remarkable yet built in America and they are picturesque also, even dramatic, they are altogether wonderful in mass and in composition. If they are not a constant inspiration to those who dwell within their walls or pass through their quads or their vaulted archways, it is not their fault, the tower has been severely criticized as an archaeological abstraction reared to commemorate contemporary American heroism. The criticism seems just to me, though only in a measure, American heroism harks back to English heroism, the blood shed before Manila and on San Juan Hill was the same blood that flowed at Bosworth Field, Flodden, and the Boyne. Therefore the British base of the design is indispensable, for such were the racial foundations, Collegiate Gothic complexes were most often horizontal compositions, save for a single tower or towers serving as an exclamation
Collegiate Gothic architecture
–
Blair Hall (1896-97), Princeton University,
Cope and Stewardson, architects.
Collegiate Gothic architecture
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"Old Kenyon" (1827-29),
Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio. Architect
Charles Bullfinch designed its steeple.
Collegiate Gothic architecture
–
University Hall (1833-37),
New York University,
Alexander Jackson Davis, architect.
Collegiate Gothic architecture
–
Free Academy Building (1847-49),
City College of New York,
James Renwick, Jr., architect.
3.
The University of Chicago
–
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. It holds top-ten positions in national and international rankings and measures. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,700 students in the College, Chicagos physics department helped develop the worlds first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the viewing stands of universitys Stagg Field. The university is home to the University of Chicago Press. With an estimated date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicagos curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences, the University of Chicago has many prominent alumni. 92 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university as professors, students, faculty, or staff, similarly,34 faculty members and 16 alumni have been awarded the MacArthur “Genius Grant”. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field, while the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B, Cobb who provided the funds for the campus first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Fields pledge of $100,000. Organized as an independent institution legally, it replaced the first Baptist university of the same name, william Rainey Harper became the modern universitys first president on July 1,1891, and the university opened for classes on October 1,1892. The business school was founded thereafter in 1898, and the law school was founded in 1902, Harper died in 1906, and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929. During this period, the Oriental Institute was founded to support, in 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice, several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910, in 1929, the universitys fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office, the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. In 1933, Hutchins proposed a plan to merge the University of Chicago. During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals finished construction, also, the Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created. Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression, during World War II, the university made important contributions to the Manhattan Project. The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial, in the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood
The University of Chicago
–
An early
convocation ceremony at the University of Chicago
The University of Chicago
–
The University of Chicago
The University of Chicago
–
View from the
Midway Plaisance
The University of Chicago
–
The campus of the University of Chicago. From the top of
Rockefeller Chapel, the Main Quadrangles can be seen on the left (West), the
Oriental Institute and the
Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics can be seen in the center (North), and the
Booth School of Business and
Laboratory Schools can be seen on the right (East). The panoramic is bounded on both sides by the
Midway Plaisance (South).
4.
Chicago, Illinois
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
Chicago, Illinois
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Chicago, the
Chicago Theatre, the
'L',
Navy Pier,
Millennium Park, the
Field Museum, and the
Willis Tower.
Chicago, Illinois
–
Traditional
Potawatomi costume on display at the
Field Museum
Chicago, Illinois
–
A 1903 painting of Chicago in 1833
Chicago, Illinois
–
An artist's rendering of the
Great Chicago Fire of 1871
5.
Frederick Law Olmsted
–
Frederick Law Olmsted was an American landscape architect, journalist, social critic, and public administrator. He is popularly considered to be the father of American landscape architecture, in Washington, D. C. he worked on the landscape surrounding the United States Capitol building. The quality of Olmsteds landscape architecture was recognized by his contemporaries and his work, especially in Central Park in New York City, set a standard of excellence that continues to influence landscape architecture in the United States. Olmsted was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on April 26,1822 and his father, John Olmsted, was a prosperous merchant who took a lively interest in nature, people, and places, Frederick Law and his younger brother, John Hull, also showed this interest. His mother, Charlotte Law Olmsted, died before his fourth birthday and his father remarried in 1827 to Mary Ann Bull, who shared her husbands strong love of nature and had perhaps a more cultivated taste. When the young Olmsted was almost ready to enter Yale College, after working as an apprentice seaman, merchant, and journalist, Olmsted settled on a 125-acre farm in January 1848 on the south shore of Staten Island NY, which his father helped him acquire. This farm, originally named the Akerly Homestead, was renamed Tosomock Farm by Olmsted and it was later renamed The Woods of Arden by owner Erastus Wiman. On June 13,1859, Olmsted married Mary Cleveland Olmsted, Daniel Fawcett Tiemann, the mayor of New York, officiated the wedding. He adopted her three children, John Charles Olmsted, Charlotte Olmsted and Owen Olmsted, Frederick and Mary had two children together who survived infancy, a daughter, Marion and a son Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. Their first child, John Theodore Olmsted, was born on June 13,1860, Olmsted had a significant career in journalism. In 1850 he traveled to England to visit gardens, where he was greatly impressed by Joseph Paxtons Birkenhead Park. He subsequently wrote and published Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England in 1852 and this supported his getting additional work. Interested in the economy, he was commissioned by the New York Daily Times to embark on an extensive research journey through the American South. His dispatches to the Times were collected into three volumes which remain vivid first-person social documents of the pre-war South. A one-volume abridgment, Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom, was published during the first six months of the American Civil War at the suggestion of Olmsteds English publisher. To this he wrote a new introduction in which he stated explicitly his views on the effect of slavery on the economy and my own observation of the real condition of the people of our Slave States, gave me. He argued that slavery had made the slave states inefficient and backward both economically and socially, the citizens of the cotton States, as a whole, are poor. They work little, and that little, badly, they earn little, they sell little, they buy little and their destitution is not material only, it is intellectual and it is moral
Frederick Law Olmsted
–
Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.
Frederick Law Olmsted
Frederick Law Olmsted
–
View of Willowdell Arch with the team that created Central Park. Standing on the pathway over the span, from Right: Frederick Law Olmsted,
Jacob Wrey Mould,
Ignaz Anton Pilat,
Calvert Vaux,
George Waring, and
Andrew Haswell Green. Photographed in 1862.
Frederick Law Olmsted
–
Olmsted and Vaux in 1863 adopted 'landscape architect' as a professional title and used it to describe their work for the planning of urban
park systems.
6.
Lorado Taft
–
Lorado Zadoc Taft was an American sculptor, writer and educator. Taft was born in Elmwood, Illinois, in 1860 and died in his studio in Chicago in 1936. Taft was the father of US Representative Emily Taft Douglas, father-in-law to her husband, US Senator Paul Douglas, Taft was born in Elmwood, Illinois. His father was a professor of geology at the Illinois Industrial University, after being homeschooled by his parents, Taft earned his bachelors degree and masters degree at Illinois Industrial University. His record there was outstanding, he was cited as top man in his studio, upon returning to the United States in 1886, Taft settled in Chicago. He taught at The School of the Art Institute of Chicago until 1929, in addition to work in clay and plaster, Taft taught his students marble carving, and had them work on group projects. He also lectured at the University of Chicago and the University of Illinois, Taft asked if he could employ some of his female students as assistants for the Horticultural Building. Burnham responded, Hire anyone, even white rabbits if theyll do the work, from that arose a group of talented women sculptors known as the White Rabbits, Enid Yandell, Carol Brooks MacNeil, Bessie Potter Vonnoh, Janet Scudder, Julia Bracken and Ellen Rankin Copp. Later, another student, Frances Loring, noted that Taft used his students talents to further his own career. In general, history has given Taft credit for helping to advance the status of women as sculptors, Tafts frequent lecture tours for the Chautauqua gave him a broad, popular celebrity status. In some settings, Taft is better known for his writings than for his sculpture, in 1903, Taft published The History of American Sculpture, the first survey of the subject. The revised 1925 version was to remain the reference on the subject until Wayne Craven published Sculpture in America in 1968. In 1921, Taft published Modern Tendencies in Sculpture, a compilation of his lectures given at the Art Institute of Chicago, in 1898, Taft was a founding member of the Eagles Nest Art Colony in the small town of Oregon, Illinois. Taft designed the Columbus Fountain at Union Station in Washington, D. C. in collaboration with Daniel Burnham, commission of Fine Arts from 1925 to 1929, and was an honorary member of the American Institute of Architects. His papers reside in collections at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art, the University of Illinois, and he maintained his connections with his alma mater throughout his life. In 1929, he dedicated his sculpture Alma Mater on the University of Illinois campus, two figures behind her on either side represent the university’s motto, Learning and Labor. Taft was active until the end of his life, the week before he died, he attended the Quincy, Illinois, dedication ceremonies for his sculpture celebrating the Lincoln-Douglas debates. He received numerous awards, prizes, and honorary degrees, in 1965, his Chicago workplace at 6016 Ingleside Avenue was designated a National Historic Landmark as Lorado Taft Midway Studios
Lorado Taft
–
Lorado Taft
Lorado Taft
–
Taft at work on
Fountain of the Great Lakes in 1913 in
Lorado Taft Midway Studios.
Lorado Taft
–
The Recording Angel, 1923
Lorado Taft
–
Part of the Fountain of Creation (1933, unfinished), at the Library of the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
7.
Chicago parks
–
Parks in Chicago include open spaces and facilities, developed and managed by the Chicago Park District. The City of Chicago devotes 8. 5% of its total acreage to parkland. Since the 1830s, the motto of Chicago has been Urbs in horto. Notable architects, artists and landscape architects have contributed to the 570 parks, including Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jens Jensen, Frank Gehry, in 1836, a year before Chicago was incorporated, the Board of Canal Commissioners held public auctions for the citys first lots. Foresighted citizens, who wanted the Lake Michigan lakefront kept as open space. The land east of Michigan Avenue between Madison Street and Park Row was designated Public Ground—A Common to Remain Forever Open, Clear and Free of Any Buildings, or Other Obstruction and this lot was soon expanded to Randolph Street, and it was officially named Lake Park in 1847. It was renamed Grant Park in 1901, a second parcel, west of Michigan Avenue between Randolph and Washington Streets, was designated Dearborn Park. As Chicago grew, demand increased for public spaces, but the Chicago Common Council did little to address these requests, instead, real estate investors realized that small public squares could increase the value of their property. In 1842, Washington Square Park became the first of these ventures, similar projects were completed with Goudy Square Park in 1847 and Union Park in 1853. Although the Cook County Court agreed to allocate a major park on the South Side in 1857, Chicagos second large-scale allocation of parkland came in 1860, when a large section of the City Cemetery was re-designated as a park. This was due to concerns led by John Henry Rauch about the public health impact of having a large cemetery on the lake. This new park was also named Lake Park, however, due to confusion over its name, it was renamed to Lincoln Park in 1865, slowly, all of the graves were moved from the cemetery, greatly expanding the park. Haussmanns renovation of Paris and New Yorks Greensward Plan in the 1850s and 1860s turned new attention to the role that parks can play in urban development. William Butler Ogden, the first mayor of Chicago, advocated for a bill to create a large park on the South Side. Although initially rejected when proposed in 1868, the Illinois legislature accepted this plan in 1869, the objective was to create a system of parks and boulevards that would form a circle around Chicago. The Chicago Park District manages 220 facilities in 570 parks covering more than 7,600 acres of land throughout the city, the height of these events are during the summer months at the height of the tourist season while children are out of school for summer recess. The dominant theme in many of Chicagos park fieldhouses are variants of either Georgian or Classical Revival architecture, clarence Hatzfeld, who designed many of the homes in Chicagos landmark Villa District is noted as the most prolific architect of Chicago park fieldhouses. Similar to other areas of Chicagos built environment, a number of structures in Chicagos Parks are of exceptional architectural value
Chicago parks
–
The riverfront pavilion in
Ping Tom Memorial Park.
Chicago parks
–
An 1886 map detailing the system of parks and boulevards that would circle the city.
Chicago parks
–
The southwestern entrance into
Portage Park at the intersection of Irving Park Rd. and Central Ave.
Chicago parks
–
Buckingham Fountain, donated to Chicago in 1927 by Kate Buckingham
8.
Washington Park (Chicago park)
–
It was named for President George Washington in 1880. Washington Park is the largest of four Chicago Park District parks named after persons surnamed Washington, located in the park is the DuSable Museum of African American History. This park was the site of the Olympic Stadium and the Olympic swimming venue for Chicagos bid to host the 2016 Summer Olympics. Washington Park was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 20,2004, Washington Park was conceived by Paul Cornell, a Chicago real estate magnate who had founded the adjoining town of Hyde Park. Cornell had lobbied the Illinois General Assembly to establish the South Park Commission, originally called South Park, the property was composed of eastern and western divisions, now bearing the names Jackson and Washington Parks and the Midway Plaisance. Cornell hired Frederick Law Olmsted and his partner, Calvert Vaux and their blueprints were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. When Olmsted first examined the property, he saw a field filled with bare trees and his plan for the park called for sheep to graze as a means of keeping the grass short. Cornell convinced Olmsted to include sporting areas, although Olmsted wanted a natural feel to the park. The Western division was renamed Washington Park in 1881, Olmsted designed the park to have two broad boulevards cutting through it, making it part of Chicagos boulevard system. From Washington Park, one can take the Midway east to Jackson Park, Garfield Boulevard west to Chicago Midway International Airport, horace William Shaler Cleveland executed the plans within the limitations of the financial setbacks from the fire and the 1873 depression. Olmsteds vision for Washington Park was generally realized, however, since spending for the park was diverted after the Great Chicago Fire in 1871. The loss of financial backing and difficulty in levying taxes after the fire meant that a park could not be built on the property. From 1897 until the 1930s the park housed an impressive conservatory and ornate sunken garden designed by D. H. Burnham & Co. at 56th Street and Cottage Grove. The Washington Park Conservatory, like those of city parks such as Humboldt. This left Lincoln Park and Garfield Park as Chicagos main Conservatories, one of the earliest improvements was the South Open Green, a pastoral meadow with grazing sheep, also used as a ball field. Architect Daniel H. Burnhams firm designed the 1880 limestone round stables, the 1881 refectory, the lily pond was a particularly enticing attraction because few had seen such a site. Today, the building houses DuSable Museum of African American History. The park has retained its environmental appeal with continuing support of the Burnham Plan which supported the maintenance of a park system
Washington Park (Chicago park)
–
Washington Park
Washington Park (Chicago park)
–
Southdown sheep grazing before they were disallowed circa 1920
Washington Park (Chicago park)
–
Lagoon in Washington Park
Washington Park (Chicago park)
–
Washington Park Conservatory
9.
Jackson Park (Chicago)
–
Jackson Park is a 500-acre park on Chicagos South Side, located at 6401 South Stony Island Avenue in the Woodlawn community area. It extends into the South Shore and Hyde Park community areas, bordering Lake Michigan, the parkland was first developed as the host site of the Chicago Worlds Fair in 1893, memorialized today by the Statue of the Republic. The Museum of Science and Industry resides in the palace in the park from that era. The park includes trails, playing fields, a beach, golf course. It is the site of the Barack Obama Presidential Center. After the state created the South Park Commission in 1869. However, their designs were not put into place at that time, one of the landmarks that recalls the 1893 Columbian Exposition is the Statue of the Republic, only it is now a replica one-third the size of the original. The designers used the Statue of Liberty as inspiration when they were creating the original, today the statue stands at the site of the 1893 Expositions Administration Building. Known originally as South Park, the landscape had eastern and western divisions connected by a boulevard named the Midway Plaisance. The eastern division became known as Lake Park, however, in 1880 the commission asked the public to suggest official names for both the eastern and western divisions, the names Jackson and Washington were proposed. In the following year, Lake Park was renamed Jackson Park to honor Andrew Jackson, in 1890, Chicago won the honor of hosting the Worlds Columbian Exposition. In 1891, Jackson Park was selected as its site, Olmsted and Chicagos architect and planner, Daniel H. Burnham, with his partner John Wellborn Root, laid out the fairgrounds. A team of architects and sculptors created the White City of plaster buildings, the historic Worlds Fair opened to visitors on May 1,1893. It was Roots last project, as he caught pneumonia and died in January 1891, after the fair closed, the site was transformed back into parkland, as the fair buildings were not designed to be permanent structures. Jackson Park featured the first public course west of the Alleghenies. Most of the park burned to the ground after the fair closed,1894 read THE WHITE CITY IN FLAMES, FIRE DESTROYS THE FAIREST OF THE BEAUTIFUL BUILDINGS. The Palace of Fine Arts decayed after the fair until it was reopened as the Museum of Science, sears, Roebuck & Company president Julius Rosenwald donated the initial investment. During World War II, vandals damaged the Japanese Garden
Jackson Park (Chicago)
–
The
Statue of the Republic in Jackson park is a replica of
Daniel Chester French 's
The Republic, but is ⅓ the size of the original.
Jackson Park (Chicago)
–
Osaka Garden on Wooded Island
Jackson Park (Chicago)
–
One of Jackson Parks' bird trails.
Jackson Park (Chicago)
–
Jackson Park, "Japanese Garden", Chicago
10.
Hyde Park, Chicago
–
Hyde Park is a neighborhood and community area on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A. It is located on the shore of Lake Michigan seven miles south of the Chicago Loop, Hyde Parks official boundaries are 51st Street/Hyde Park Boulevard on the north, the Midway Plaisance on the south, Washington Park on the west, and Lake Michigan on the east. The area encompassing Hyde Park and the part of Kenwood is sometimes referred to as Hyde Park-Kenwood. Hyde Park hosts the University of Chicago, the Museum of Science and Industry, in the early 21st century, Hyde Park received national attention for its association with U. S. President Barack Obama. The land was located seven miles south of Downtown Chicago in a area that enjoyed weather tempered by the lake – cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. It was conveniently located near the Illinois Central Railroad, which had constructed two years earlier. Cornell successfully negotiated land in exchange for a station at 53rd Street. Hyde Park quickly became a suburban retreat for affluent Chicagoans who wanted to escape the noise. In 1857, the Hyde Park House, an hotel, was built on the shore of Lake Michigan near the 53rd Street railroad station. For two decades, the Hyde Park House served as a point of Hyde Park social life. During this period, it was visited or lived in by many prominent guests, including Mary Todd Lincoln, the Hyde Park House burned down in an 1879 fire. The Sisson Hotel was built on the site in 1918 and was converted into a condominium building. In 1861, Hyde Park was incorporated as an independent township and its boundaries were Pershing Road on the north, 138th Street on the south, State Street on the west, and Lake Michigan and the Indiana state line on the east. The territory of the township encompassed most of what is now the South Side of Chicago, Hyde Park Township remained independent of Chicago until it was annexed to the city in 1889. In 1891, the University of Chicago was established in Hyde Park through the philanthropy of John D. Rockefeller, the University of Chicago eventually grew into one of the worlds most prestigious universities, and is now associated with eighty-nine Nobel Prize laureates. In 1893, Hyde Park hosted the Worlds Columbian Exposition, however, since most of the structures built for the fair were temporary, it left few direct traces in the neighborhood. The only major structure from the fair that is standing today is Charles Atwoods Palace of Fine Arts. In the early decades of the century, many upscale hotels were built in Hyde Park
Hyde Park, Chicago
–
Hyde Park
Hyde Park, Chicago
–
In 1893, the
World's Columbian Exposition was held in Hyde Park.
Hyde Park, Chicago
–
The southwestern part of Hyde Park serves as the campus of the
University of Chicago, one of the world's most prestigious universities.
Hyde Park, Chicago
–
U.S. President
Barack Obama has lived in Hyde Park for more than twenty years.
11.
Community areas of Chicago
–
These areas are well-defined and static. Census data are tied to the community areas, and they serve as the basis for a variety of urban planning initiatives on both the local and regional levels, the Social Science Research Committee at University of Chicago defined seventy-five community areas during the late 1920s. At the time, these community areas corresponded roughly to neighborhoods or inter-related neighborhoods within the city, in the 1950s, with the citys annexations for OHare International Airport, a seventy-sixth community area was added. Community areas are distinct from neighborhoods in Chicago, community areas often encompass groups of neighborhoods. Although many community areas contain more than one neighborhood, they may share the same name, or parts of the name. The city center area covers a more than 4 square miles, lying roughly between Division Street on the north, Lake Michigan on the east, 26th Street on the south. This area is commercial hub. The three branches of the Chicago River meet in this area, the area known as the Loop is a section within downtown, surrounded by elevated tracks of the rapid transit network. Many of downtowns commercial, cultural, and financial institutions are located in the Loop, today, the Loop is also used to identify the larger downtown area. River North contains the Magnificent Mile, a concentration of high-end retail, the Chicago Bears play in Soldier Field on the Near South Side. The citys North Side district extends north of Central−Downtown Chicago, the West Side districts, and it is the most densely populated residential section of the city, and has a considerable middle and upper-class demographic. It contains sizable public parklands and miles of beaches along Lake Michigan to the northern limits. Residential highrises line the waterfront in the eastern North Side, the district includes Eastern European, Puerto Rican, and other ethnic enclaves. It is the home of the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field, the West Side is made up of neighborhoods such as Austin, Lawndale, Garfield Park, West Town, and Humboldt Park among others. Some neighborhoods, particularly Garfield Park and Lawndale, have had long-term socio-economic problems, other West Side neighborhoods, especially those closer to downtown, have been undergoing gentrification. The United Center, the home of the Chicago Bulls and Blackhawks, major parks on the West Side include Douglas, Garfield, and Humboldt Park. Garfield Park Conservatory houses one of the largest collections of plants of any U. S. city. Attractions on the West Side include the Puerto Rican Day festival, the National Museum of Mexican Art in Pilsen, the South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the citys land area, and much was annexed in the late 19th century
Community areas of Chicago
–
Contents
12.
Woodlawn, Chicago
–
Woodlawn, on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, is one of Chicagos 77 community areas. It is bounded by Lake Michigan to the east, 60th Street to the north, Martin Luther King Drive to the west, and 67th Street to the south. Both Hyde Park Career Academy and the all-boys Catholic Mount Carmel High School are in this neighborhood, the Woodlawn section of the park includes the site of the planned Obama Presidential Library, an estimated $500 Million Investment. The northern edge of Woodlawn contains a portion of the campus of the University of Chicago, in the 1990 census, Woodlawn had approximately 27,000 individuals, living in 10,000 households. Over 98% of the population was African American, over half were on some form of aid. As of 2008, according to city-data. com, the household income is over $25,000 and in parts of eastern Woodlawn the white population is almost 30%. Up until 1948, Woodlawn was a class, white neighborhood. During the first half of the century, many University of Chicago professors lived in Woodlawn, cayton and Drake described the anxieties and clashes that took place at the edge of the ghetto in Black Metropolis. The play Raisin in the Sun is based on Lorraine Hansberry and her family, like other communities bordering the ghetto, Woodlawn experienced intense bouts of white flight when the first African Americans moved into the neighborhood. Many institutions and people moved to the suburbs, a process that was facilitated by new housing loans. From this, buildings were over-filled with families, absentee landlords seldom did much to maintain the buildings. Others attempted to integrate this area but met with limited success, for example, the First Presbyterian Church integrated in 1954 and, by the 1960s, had a markedly mixed character. However, older members often felt put out by the demographic and cultural changes that came with integration, and by the mid-1960s, for better or for worse, there had been an across the board change in the community. By the early 1960s Woodlawn was a predominantly African American neighborhood with a population of over 80,000 people, 63rd Street was one of the busiest streets on the South Side and was famous for its jazz clubs. Despite its bustle, Woodlawn was an economically deteriorating community, the community escaped the riots that devastated the West Side after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1968. A rash of arsons destroyed a reported 362 abandoned buildings between 1968 and 1971, in Hyde Park to the north, similar demographic and racial changes began in the 1950s but with radically different results. The University of Chicago, a land owner with vested interest in the character of the neighborhood. In an attempt to maintain a number of families, the University tore down slum areas
Woodlawn, Chicago
Woodlawn, Chicago
–
Woodlawn
13.
Chicago Loop
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The Loop is the central business district of Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the citys 77 designated community areas, the Loop is home to Chicagos commercial core, City Hall, and the seat of Cook County. In the late century, cable car turnarounds and prominent elevated railway encircled the area. In what is now the Loop, on the bank of the Chicago River, near todays Michigan Avenue Bridge. It was the first settlement in the sponsored by the United States. Other research has concluded that the Loop was not used as a proper noun until after the 1895–97 construction of the Union elevated railway loop, Loop architecture has been dominated by skyscrapers and high-rises since early in its history. Some of the buildings in this district were instrumental in the development of towers. Chicagos street numbering system – dividing addresses into North, South, East, Chicago is still the nations rail transportation hub and passenger lines once reached seven Loop-area stations by the 1890s. Transfers from one to the other was a business for taxi drivers until the long-distance lines gave way to Amtrak in the 1970s with the majority of trains concentrated at Chicago Union Station. This area abounds in shopping opportunities, including the Loop Retail Historic District and it includes Chicagos former Marshall Fields department store location in the Marshall Field and Company Building, the original Sullivan Center Carson Pirie Scott store location. Chicagos Downtown Theatre District is also found within this area, along with numerous restaurants, Chicago has a famous skyline which features many of the tallest buildings in the world as well as the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. Chicagos skyline is spaced out throughout the area, giving it a graceful beautiful appearance. Chicagos third tallest building, the Aon Center, is located just south of Illinois Center, the complex is at the east end of the Loop, east of Michigan Avenue. Two Prudential Plaza is also located here, just to the west of the Aon Center, the Loop contains a wealth of outdoor sculpture, including works by Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Henry Moore, Marc Chagall, Magdalena Abakanowicz, Alexander Calder, and Jean Dubuffet. Chicagos waterfront, which is almost exclusively recreational beach and park areas from north to south, the area also hosts the annual music festival Lollapalooza which features popular alternative rock, heavy metal, EDM, hop hop and punk rock artists. Trips down the Chicago River, including tours, by commercial boat operators are great favorites with both locals and tourists alike. The Loop is the seat of Chicagos government and it is also the government seat of Cook County, Illinois and houses an office for the governor of the State of Illinois. The century old City Hall/County Building houses the chambers of the Mayor, City Council, across the street, the Richard J. Daley Center accommodates a famous Picasso sculpture and the state law courts
Chicago Loop
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The Loop
Chicago Loop
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In 1900
Chicago Loop
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View of the
Chicago 'L' tracks,
35 East Wacker, and
Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)
Chicago Loop
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East Monroe Drive
14.
Lake Michigan
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Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U. S. and it is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third-largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Lake Michigan is shared, from west to east, by the U. S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, ports along its shores include Chicago, Milwaukee, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Gary, Indiana, and Benton Harbor, Michigan. The word Michigan originally referred to the lake itself, and is believed to come from the Ojibwa word mishigami meaning great water, some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians. Their culture declined after 800 AD, and for the few hundred years. The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, in the earliest European maps of the region, the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of Michigan, named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes. Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow, open-water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron, the Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route. The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. In the 19th century, Lake Michigan played a role in the development of Chicago. The first person to reach the bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump. Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition, in 2007, a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley, professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College. This formation lies 40 feet below the surface of the lake, One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon. So far the formation has not been authenticated, Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States, the others are shared with Canada. It lies in the known as the American Midwest. Lake Michigan has an area of 22,404 sq. mi, making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area. It is the half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world. It is 307 miles long by 118 miles wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles long, the lakes average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet, while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet. It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles of water, Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay
Lake Michigan
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Landsat image
Lake Michigan
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The
Milwaukee lakefront
Lake Michigan
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Sunset over Lake Michigan from
Grand Traverse Point
Lake Michigan
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Sand dune on Lake Michigan at
Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
15.
University of Chicago
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The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. It holds top-ten positions in national and international rankings and measures. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,700 students in the College, Chicagos physics department helped develop the worlds first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the viewing stands of universitys Stagg Field. The university is home to the University of Chicago Press. With an estimated date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicagos curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences, the University of Chicago has many prominent alumni. 92 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university as professors, students, faculty, or staff, similarly,34 faculty members and 16 alumni have been awarded the MacArthur “Genius Grant”. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field, while the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B, Cobb who provided the funds for the campus first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Fields pledge of $100,000. Organized as an independent institution legally, it replaced the first Baptist university of the same name, william Rainey Harper became the modern universitys first president on July 1,1891, and the university opened for classes on October 1,1892. The business school was founded thereafter in 1898, and the law school was founded in 1902, Harper died in 1906, and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929. During this period, the Oriental Institute was founded to support, in 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice, several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910, in 1929, the universitys fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office, the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. In 1933, Hutchins proposed a plan to merge the University of Chicago. During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals finished construction, also, the Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created. Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression, during World War II, the university made important contributions to the Manhattan Project. The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial, in the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood
University of Chicago
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An early
convocation ceremony at the University of Chicago
University of Chicago
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The University of Chicago
University of Chicago
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View from the
Midway Plaisance
University of Chicago
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The campus of the University of Chicago. From the top of
Rockefeller Chapel, the Main Quadrangles can be seen on the left (West), the
Oriental Institute and the
Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics can be seen in the center (North), and the
Booth School of Business and
Laboratory Schools can be seen on the right (East). The panoramic is bounded on both sides by the
Midway Plaisance (South).
16.
Amusement park
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An amusement park or theme park is a group of entertainment attractions, rides, and other events in a location for the enjoyment of large numbers of people. Theme parks, a type of amusement park, are usually much more intricately themed to a certain subject or group of subjects than normal amusement parks. Amusement parks evolved from European fairs and pleasure gardens, which were created for peoples recreation, Worlds fairs and expositions were another influence on the development of the amusement park industry. In common language, the theme park and amusement park are often synonymous. However, a park can be regarded as a distinct style of amusement park. A theme park has landscaping, buildings, and attractions that are based on one or more specific themes or stories. The amusement park evolved from three earlier traditions, the oldest being the periodic fair of the Middle Ages - one of the earliest was the Bartholomew Fair in England, the worlds oldest amusement park appeared in the Continent. Bakken at Klampenborg, north of Copenhagen, Denmark, opened in 1583, a wave of innovation in the 1860s and 1870s created mechanical rides, such as the steam-powered carousel, and its derivatives. This inaugurated the era of the modern funfair ride, as the classes were increasingly able to spend their surplus wages on entertainment. The second influence was the pleasure garden, one of the earliest gardens was the Vauxhall Gardens, founded in 1661 in London. By the late 18th century, the site had a fee for its many attractions. It regularly drew crowds, with its paths being noted for romantic assignations, tightrope walkers, hot air balloon ascents, concerts. Although the gardens were designed for the elites, they soon became places of great social diversity. Public firework displays were put on at Marylebone Gardens, and Cremorne Gardens offered music, dancing, prater in Vienna, Austria, was opened in 1766. The concept of a park for amusement was further developed with the beginning of the worlds fairs. The first World fair began in 1851 with the construction of the landmark Crystal Palace in London, the purpose of the exposition was to celebrate the industrial achievement of the nations of the world and it was designed to educate and entertain the visitors. American cities and business saw the worlds fair as a way of demonstrating economic. The Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, Illinois was an precursor to the modern amusement park
Amusement park
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Disney World 's
Magic Kingdom is the most visited theme park in the world. The
Cinderella Castle, the park's icon, is also one of the most photographed buildings in the United States.
Amusement park
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Wonder Mountain at
Canada's Wonderland
Amusement park
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Wild West Falls at
Warner Bros. Movie World,
Queensland, Australia
Amusement park
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Stunt Fall at
Parque Warner Madrid,
Madrid,
Spain
17.
County fair
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An agricultural show is a public event exhibiting the equipment, animals, sports and recreation associated with agriculture and animal husbandry. The largest comprise a livestock show, a fair, competitions. The work and practices of farmers, animal fanciers, cowboys, the terms agricultural show and livestock show are synonymous with the North American terms county fair and state fair. Agricultural shows are an important part of life in small country towns. Larger shows often include live entertainment and fireworks in the main arena, the first known agricultural show was held by Salford Agricultural Society, Lancashire, in 1768. Since the 19th century, agricultural shows have provided people with an opportunity to celebrate achievements. City shows also provide city people with an opportunity to engage directly with rural life, agriculture shows are often enlivened with competitive events, including sheaf tossing, show jumping, food competitions, and tent pegging. Demolition Derbys and rodeos are popular in the US and campdrafting, studs are generally available for a fee. A livestock show is an event where livestock are exhibited and judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their breed standard. Species of livestock that may be shown include pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, llamas, poultry such as chickens, geese, ducks, turkeys, and pigeons are also shown competitively. There are also shows for rabbits, dogs, sheepdogs. Prize-winners at agricultural shows are generally awarded inscribed medals, cups, the National Museum of Australia has a rare collection of medals documenting the history of agricultural shows and rural industries across Australia. The 111 medals range in date from the mid-19th to the early 20th century and many are associated with significant individuals, related to a show is the field day, with elements of a trade show for machinery, equipment and skills required for broadacre farming. Field days typically do not involve livestock, showbags or sideshows, in some communities in northern England Field Days have lost their agricultural character and have become community celebrations. Pecan growers were given a talk on insect control by an entomologist at a recent field day at LSU AgCenter’s Pecan Research/Extension Station in Shreveport, a Landcare survey conducted in 1992/93 revealed that field days in Australia have a high value among local farmers. New Zealands National Agricultural Fieldays is held annually in June at Mystery Creek, near Hamilton, New Zealand, smaller shows, held annually in New Zealands towns and communities, are generally called agricultural and pastoral shows. The Denbigh Show has enjoyed success as the Caribbeans premier agricultural event and epitomizes wholesome family entertainment and attracts over 80,000 patrons to the event annually
County fair
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An agricultural show parade
County fair
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Cheddar cheese competition.
County fair
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Border Leicesters lined up for the judge
18.
State fair
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A state fair is an annual competitive and recreational gathering of a U. S. states population, usually held in late summer or early fall. It is a version of a county fair, often including only exhibits or competitors that have won in their categories at the more-local county fairs. State fairs began in the century for the purpose of promoting state agriculture, through competitive exhibitions of livestock. Large fairs can admit more than a million visitors over the course of a week or two, the first U. S. state fair was that of New York, held in 1841 in Syracuse, and has been held annually to the present year. The second state fair was in Detroit, Michigan, which ran from 1849 to 2009, events similar to state fairs are also held annually in each state capital in Australia, known as royal shows. Australian royal shows are organized by state agricultural and horticultural societies, a few annual exhibitions in the summer in Canada are similar to state fairs in the United States, State and county fairs are famous for a variety of competitions that award ribbons. The largest average per day attendance is at the Minnesota State Fair averaging just under 200,000 people per day, agricultural show County fair Rodeo Trade fair Worlds fair
State fair
–
The 2009
Tanana Valley State Fair in
Fairbanks, Alaska
19.
Sideshow
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In America, a sideshow is an extra, secondary production associated with a circus, carnival, fair or other such attraction. See also, Sideshow attractions section on list of Circus skills page, there are four main types of classic sideshow attractions, The Ten-in-One offers a program of ten sequential acts under one tent for a single admission price. The ten-in-one might be partly a freak show exhibiting human oddities, however, for varietys sake, the acts in a ten-in-one would also include working acts who would perform magic tricks or daredevil stunts. In addition, the show performers might also perform acts or stunts. The ten-in-one would often end in a blowoff or ding, an act not advertised on the outside. The blowoff act would be described provocatively, often as something deemed too strong for women and children, a Museum Show which might be deceptively billed as Worlds Greatest Freaks Past and Present, is a sideshow in which the exhibits are usually not alive. It might include tanks of piranhas or cages with unusual animals, some of the exhibits might even be dummies or photographs of the billed attractions. It could still be truthfully billed with the claim $1,000 reward if not absolutely real — please do not touch or feed the animals on exhibit. The Single-O and the Museum Show are usually operated as grind shows, meaning that patrons may enter at any time, * A Girl Show was sometimes offered in which women were the primary attraction. These could range from the revue with fully clothed performers to the racier kootch or hootchie-kootchie show which might play either partly clothed or strong, working acts often exhibited a number of stunts that could be counted on to draw crowds. These stunts used little-known methods and offered the elements of danger, although the mainstream media often explained fanciful methods of performing these acts, the real secret was usually that there is no secret, you just do it. Such acts included fire eating, sword swallowing, knife throwing, body piercing, lying on a bed of nails, walking up a ladder of sharp swords, interest in sideshows declined as television made it easy to see the worlds most exotic attractions. Moreover, viewing human oddities became distasteful as the public conscience changed, the performers often protested that they had no objection to the sideshow, especially since it provided not only a good income for them, but in many cases it provided their only possible job. The sideshow seemed destined for oblivion, until only a few exemplars of the ten-in-one remained, a greater number of Single O attractions still tour carnivals. In the early 1990s, Jim Rose developed a modern sideshow called the Jim Rose Circus, the show drew audiences at venues unknown to old-time sideshows, like rock clubs and the 1992 Lollapalooza festival. The Jim Rose Circus held its last known performance in 2013 at The London Burlesque Festival, the impact of the Jim Rose Circus on pop culture inspired a new wave of performers. There are now more sideshow performers than at any time in the genres history. At the same time in Canada, Scott McClelland, grandson of itinerant showman N. P, lewchuk, formed Carnival Diablo, a show that performs frequently to this day
Sideshow
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A sideshow performer in c. 1910
Sideshow
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A sideshow at the
Erie County Fair Hamburg, New York
Sideshow
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Decaying sideshow advertisement,
Florida, 1966
Sideshow
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Painting on sideshow truck,
firebreather, Florida, 1966
20.
Avenue (landscape)
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In most cases, the trees planted in an avenue will be all of the same species or cultivar, so as to give uniform appearance along the full length of the avenue. The avenue is one of the oldest ideas in the history of gardens, an avenue of sphinxes still leads to the tomb of the pharaoh Hatshepsut, see the entry Sphinx. Avenues similarly defined by stone lions lead to the Ming tombs in China. British archaeologists have adopted highly specific criteria for avenues within the context of British archaeology, in order to enhance the approach to mansions or manor houses, avenues were planted along the entrance drive. Sometimes the avenues are in rows on each side of a road. Trees preferred for alleys were selected for their height and speed of growth, such as poplar, beech, lime, in the American antebellum era South, the southern live oak was typically used, because the trees created a beautiful shade canopy. Sometimes tree avenues were designed to direct the eye toward some distinctive architectural building or feature, such as a chapels, gazebos, in Garden à la française Baroque landscape design, avenues of trees that were centered upon the dwelling radiated across the landscape. See the avenues in the Gardens of Versailles or Het Loo. C, avenues will typically be the main roads. In Washington, DC the avenues radiate from the centre running diagonally across the grid of streets, which follows typical French usage of the name
Avenue (landscape)
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An avenue at
Alexandra Park, London
Avenue (landscape)
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An avenue at Weissenbach an der Triesting, Austria
Avenue (landscape)
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Hobbema 's Het Laantje van Middelharnis (1689)
Avenue (landscape)
–
Old Avenue
Steinfurter Bagno leading to the local castle in the background, used as twofold bicycle path
21.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
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New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
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The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
22.
Central Park
–
Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan, New York City. Central Park is the most visited park in the United States, with 40 million visitors in 2013. The park was established in 1857 on 778 acres of city-owned land, construction began the same year and the parks first area was opened to the public in the winter of 1858. Construction continued during the American Civil War farther north, and was expanded to its current size of 843 acres in 1873, Central Park was designated a National Historic Landmark by the U. S. Department of the Interior in 1962. The Conservancy is a organization that contributes 75 percent of Central Parks $65 million annual budget and is responsible for all basic care of the 843-acre park. Between 1821 and 1855, New York City nearly quadrupled in population, as the city expanded northward up Manhattan, people were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, to get away from the noise and chaotic life in the city. Since Central Park was not part of the original Commissioners Plan of 1811, John Randel, Jr. surveyed the grounds. The only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is still visible, it is embedded in a rock just north of the present Dairy and the 65th Street Transverse, the bolt marks the location where West 65th Street would have intersected Sixth Avenue. The state appointed a Central Park Commission to oversee the development of the park, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux developed what came to be known as the Greensward Plan, which was selected as the winning design. The Greensward Plan called for some 36 bridges, all designed by Vaux, ranging from rugged spans of Manhattan schist or granite, to lacy Neo-Gothic cast iron, several influences came together in the design. Landscaped cemeteries, such as Mount Auburn and Green-Wood had set examples of idyllic, naturalistic landscapes, the most influential innovations in the Central Park design were the separate circulation systems for pedestrians, horseback riders, and pleasure vehicles. The crosstown commercial traffic was entirely concealed in sunken roadways, screened with densely planted shrub belts so as to maintain a rustic ambiance, before the construction of the park could start, the area had to be cleared of its inhabitants. Most lived in villages, such as Harsenville, the Piggery District, or Seneca Village, or in the school. Approximately 1,600 residents were evicted under the rule of eminent domain during 1857, Seneca Village and parts of the other communities were razed to make room for the park. During the parks construction, Olmsted fought constant battles with the park commissioners, between 1860 and 1873, most of the major hurdles to construction were overcome and the park was substantially completed. The work was documented with technical drawings and photographs. More gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War, the parks commissioners assigned a name to each of the original 18 gates in 1862. The names were chosen to represent the diversity of New York Citys trades, for example, Mariners Gate for the entrance at 85th Street
Central Park
–
The Pond and Hallett Nature Sanctuary in the park's southeast corner
Central Park
Central Park
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John Randel 's survey bolt, still visible in Central Park
Central Park
–
One of 36 bridges in the park
23.
Venice
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Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and these are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, the lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site. In 2014,264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia, together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, with a total population of 2.6 million. PATREVE is a metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy. The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC, the city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice. Venice has been known as the La Dominante, Serenissima, Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Masks, City of Bridges, The Floating City, and City of Canals. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century and this made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period, Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi. Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016, the name Venetia, however, derives from the Roman name for the people known as the Veneti, and called by the Greeks Eneti. The meaning of the word is uncertain, although there are other Indo-European tribes with similar-sounding names, such as the Celtic Veneti, Baltic Veneti, and the Slavic Wends. Linguists suggest that the name is based on an Indo-European root *wen, so that *wenetoi would mean beloved, lovable, a connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning the color sea-blue, is also possible. The alternative obsolete form is Vinegia, some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae, the traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421. Beginning as early as AD166 to 168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the center in the area. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, the traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Pauls magister militum. In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II
Venice
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A collage of Venice: at the top left is the
Piazza San Marco, followed by a view of the city, then the
Grand Canal, and (smaller) the interior of
La Fenice and, finally, the Island of San Giorgio Maggiore
Venice
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UNESCO World Heritage Site
Venice
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Photography of Venice at dusk
Venice
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The Grand Canal seen from the bridge at
Ponte di Rialto
24.
Ha-ha
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A ha-ha is a recessed landscape design element that creates a vertical barrier while preserving an uninterrupted view of the landscape beyond. The design includes a turfed incline which slopes downward to a vertical face. Ha-has are used in design to prevent access to a garden, for example by grazing livestock. In security design, the element is used to deter vehicular access to a site while minimizing visual obstruction, the name ha-ha may derive from the unexpected moment of discovery when, on approach, the vertical drop suddenly becomes visible. Before mechanical lawn mowers, a way to keep large areas of grassland trimmed was to allow livestock, usually sheep. The ha-ha fit well with Chinese gardening ideas of concealing barriers with nature, the basic design of sunken ditches is of ancient origin, being a feature of deer parks in England. The deer-leap or saltatorium consisted of a ditch with one steep side surmounted by a pale or hedge, on Dartmoor the deer-leap was known as a leapyeat. The concept of the ha-ha is of French origin, with the term being attested in toponyms in New France from 1686, Ha. from where it takes its name. This sort of opening is haha, on occasions, to be preferred, for that it does not at all interrupt the prospect. The etymology of the term is given as being an expression of surprise—someone says ha ha or ah. ah. when they encounter such a feature. Then deemed so astonishing, that the people called them Ha. Has. to express their surprise at finding a sudden and unperceived check to their walk, thomas Jefferson, describing the garden at Stowe after his visit in April 1786, also uses the term with exclamation marks, The inclosure is entirely by ha. ha. In Britain, the ha-ha is a feature of the gardens laid out by Charles Bridgeman. Horace Walpole credits Bridgeman with the invention of the ha-ha but was unaware of the earlier French origins, during his excavations at Iona in the period 1964–1984, Richard Reece discovered an 18th-century ha-ha designed to protect the abbey from cattle. Ice houses were built into ha-ha walls because they provide a subtle entrance that makes the ice house a less intrusive structure. They vary in depth from about 0.6 m to 2.7 m, an unusually long example is the ha-ha that separates the Royal Artillery Barracks Field from Woolwich Common in southeast London. The Royal Artillery ha-ha is maintained in a state of preservation by the Ministry of Defence, it is a Listed Building. There is a shorter ha-ha in the grounds of the nearby Jacobean, in Australia, ha-has were also used at Victorian-era lunatic asylums such as Yarra Bend Asylum, Beechworth Asylum, and Kew Lunatic Asylum
Ha-ha
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Ha-ha protecting the lawn at
Heaton Hall,
Manchester. Note how the wall disappears as it curves away to the right of the picture.
Ha-ha
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A comparison of a ha-ha and a typical wall
Ha-ha
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Ha-ha at the
Hameau de la Reine,
Versailles.
Ha-ha
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Seen from the rear, the ha-ha at
Castle Ashby blends into the landscape
25.
Thomas Garrigue Masaryk
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Masaryk was born to a poor working-class family in the predominantly Catholic city of Hodonín, Moravia. Another tradition claims the nearby Slovak village of Kopčany, the home of his father and he subsequently grew up in the village of Čejkovice, in South Moravia, later moving to Brno to study. His father Jozef Masárik, born in Kopčany in Slovakia, was a carter and later the steward, tomášs mother Teresie Masaryková was a Moravian of Slavic origin but with German education. She worked as a cook at the Estate where she met Jozef Masárik, after grammar school in Brno and Vienna, from 1872–1876 Masaryk attended the University of Vienna, where he was a student of Franz Brentano. He received his Ph. D. at the University of Vienna in 1876, the thesis was entitled Der Selbstmord als sociale Massenerscheinung der modernen Civilisation. Between 1876 and 1879, he studied in Leipzig with Wilhelm Wundt, on 15 March 1878, he married Charlotte Garrigue in Brooklyn, whom hed met at Leipzig. They lived in Vienna until 1881, when moved to Prague. In 1882, he was appointed Professor of Philosophy in the Czech part of Charles University of Prague, the following year he founded Athenaeum, a magazine devoted to Czech culture and science. Athenaeum issued in October 15,1883, further enraging Czech sentiment, he fought against the old superstition of Jewish blood libel during the Hilsner Trial of 1899. He also gave lectures and wrote articles and official memoranda supporting the Czechoslovak cause. In Russia he was pivotal in establishing Czechoslovak Legions as a fighting force on the side of the Allies in World War I. During the war he held a Serbian passport and he became Professor of Slavic Research at Kings College in London lecturing on The problem of small nations. During the war, Masaryks intelligence network of Czech revolutionaries provided important, Masaryks European network worked with an American counter-espionage network of nearly 80 members headed by E. V. Voska who, as Habsburg subjects were presumed to be German supporters, among other things, the intelligence from these networks was critical in uncovering the Hindu-German Conspiracy in San Francisco. Masaryk started teaching at London University in October 1915, there he published a work Racial Problems in Hungary in which he also expressed thoughts on Czechoslovaks independence. In 1916, Masaryk went to France to convince the French government of the necessity of dismantling Austria-Hungary, after the February Revolution in 1917 he proceeded to Russia to help organize Slavic resistance to the Austrians – the Czechoslovak Legion. On 5 August 1914 the Russian High Command authorized the formation of a battalion recruited from Czechs and this unit went to the front in October 1914 where it was attached to the Russian Third Army. From its start, Masaryk desired to grow the Družina from a battalion into a military formation
Thomas Garrigue Masaryk
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Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
Thomas Garrigue Masaryk
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Masaryk in 1918
Thomas Garrigue Masaryk
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Masaryk in 1932
Thomas Garrigue Masaryk
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Masaryk monument in Prague
26.
Albin Polasek
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Albin Polasek was a Czech-American sculptor and educator. He created more than four hundred works during his career, two hundred of which are now displayed in the Albin Polasek Museum & Sculpture Gardens in Winter Park, Florida. Born as Albín Polášek in Frenštát, Moravia, part of the Austria-Hungary, at the age of 22 he emigrated to the United States and began formal art training at age 25 under Charles Grafly at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia. As a student, he first produced Man Carving His Own Destiny, at age 37, after periods of residence in Rome and New York City, he was invited to head the sculpture department at the Art Institute of Chicago, where he remained for nearly thirty years. While there he created the original Forest Idyll, Victorious Christ for St. Polasek was elected an Associate Member of the National Academy of Design in 1927, Albin Polasek was a close friend of fellow artist Louis Grell while he lived at Tree Studios in Chicago. The Grell Family archive collection contains letters by Grell discussing Polaseks move to Florida, in 1950, Polasek retired at age 70 to Winter Park, Florida. Towards the end of 1950, at age 71, he married former student Ruth Sherwood who died 22 months later in October,1952, in 1961, Polasek married Emily Muska Kubat. Upon his death in 1965, Polasek was buried beside his first wife in Winter Parks Palm Cemetery, Emily M. K. Polasek died in 1988. Polaseks better-known works include the Theodore Thomas Memorial, the Masaryk Memorial in Chicago and his Mother Crying Over the World was a response to World War II, and his Victory of Moral Law to the Hungarian Revolution. Like many other sculptors of his era, Polasek created several cemetery memorials, notable among those are The Pilgrim and The Mother, both located in the Bohemian National Cemetery in Chicago, and the Pilgrim at the Eternal Gate in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland. Pictures of all three are featured in both biographies listed in the sources section
Albin Polasek
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Albin Polasek
Albin Polasek
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Sts. Cyril and Methodius
Albin Polasek
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Radegast
Albin Polasek
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Tomáš Masaryk Memorial,
Chicago
27.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
French language
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The
"arrêt" signs (French for "stop") are used in
Canada while the international stop, which is also a valid French word, is used in France as well as other French-speaking countries and regions.
French language
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Regions where French is the main language
French language
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Town sign in
Standard Arabic and French at the entrance of
Rechmaya in
Lebanon.
French language
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An obsolete 100
Lebanese pound note with the French language inscriptions "Banque du Liban" and "Cent livres".
28.
Chicago Park District
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The Chicago Park District is the oldest and one of the largest park districts in the United States. As of 2016, there are over 580 parks included in the Chicago Park District as well as 31 beaches, several boat harbors, the parks also have multiple field houses, public pools, and sports and recreational facilities, and host programs throughout the year. The district is an independent taxing authority as defined by Illinois State Statute and is considered an agency of the City of Chicago. The districts general superintendent and CEO – currently Michael P. Kelly – is appointed by the Mayor of Chicago, the districts headquarters are located in the Time-Life Building in the Streeterville neighborhood. A number of these are tourist destinations, most notably Lincoln Park, Chicagos largest park which has over 20 million visitors each year, second only to Central Park in New York City. Thanks to 10 lakefront harbors located within a number of parks along the lakefront, a number of Chicago Park District parks are located in the vicinity of or even adjacent to a number of Chicago Public Schools. This design was done in order to make it easier for school students. Additionally, a number of Chicago Public Library locations are located within Chicago Park District facilities, in the 1860s, Chicago already had about 40 small parks, but no central plan, and it fell far short when compared to other major cities in the country. Lincoln Park was Chicagos first large park, created in 1860 and his influence was key in setting up Chicagos modern park system. The current Chicago Park District was created in 1934 by the Illinois Legislature under the Park Consolidation Act. The agency was long considered a ground for political appointees, most famously, it was run by Ed Kelly. The size and personnel of the district was dramatically pared down during the reform administration of Mayor Richard M. Daley-appointed CEO Forrest Claypool in the mid-1990s. In 2014, the won the National Gold Medal Award for Excellence in Parks. Park District land hosts 11 museums in locations around the city, in addition, there is the free admission Lincoln Park zoological park. Friends of the Parks Parkways Foundation Chicago Park District
Chicago Park District
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A footpath in
Portage Park
Chicago Park District
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Chicago Park District
Chicago Park District
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The riverfront pavilion in
Ping Tom Memorial Park
Chicago Park District
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Buckingham Fountain, Grant Park
29.
Paul Cornell (Chicago)
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He was also an urban planner who paved the way for and preserved many of the parks that are now in the Chicago Park District. Additionally, he was an entrepreneur with interests in manufacturing, cemeteries. His modern legacy includes several large parks now in the Chicago Park District, Jackson Park, Washington Park, Midway Plaisance, most of the South and Southeast Sides of Chicago were developed and eventually annexed into the City of Chicago as a result of his foresight. When his father died the family moved to the Adams County, IL/Schuyler County, IL area and he passed the Illinois bar examination and moved to Chicago in 1847. Unfortunately, his savings was stolen from his hotel room on his first night in town. A sympathetic lawyer provided him with both a loan and a job at the law office of Skinner and Hoyne, where he met Senator Stephen Douglas and he was married to the sister-in-law of John Evans, after whom Evanston, IL was named. He had many strong local connections, being related to founders of Northwestern University and his brother-in-law Kimbark purchased the area between 51st and 55th and Dorchester and Woodlawn to the west of Cornells purchase. Cornell later purchased this as well as other lands purchased by his Uncle, Hassan A. Hopkins, Douglas advised him to consider investing in land south of the city limits. After some horseback travels through the area, he began to envision a viable community there, in 1853, following the advice of Douglas, he bought 300 acres of property between 51st Street and 55th Street as a speculative investment. This area was 7 miles south of the mouth of the Chicago River and 6 miles south of downtown Chicago, in the 1850s, Chicago was still a walkable urban area well contained within a 2 miles radius of the center. It was common for development companies to locate hotels near rail depots to introduce visitors to new suburbs, in 1856, Paul Cornell invented the Chicago railroad suburb. He then marketed the neighborhood to wealthy Chicagoans as a resort area and he selected the name Hyde Park to associate the area with the elite high class neighborhoods of New York and London. At about the time, he built the Hyde Park House a 4 story hotel at 53rd Street. The hotel became the point of the community and drew affluent guests with leisure time. This site is now occupied by the Hampton House, the hotel also helped others to envision a thriving affluent community in the area. By 1861, the residents petitioned the Illinois General Assembly to create the Hyde Park Township, Paul Cornell specifically forbade heavy industry development in Hyde Park. This philosophy later became a part of the Burnham Plan and he maintained the character of Hyde Park, which was intended to be an elite suburb bordering Chicago, by selling only large lots that the affluent could afford. The neighborhood flourished for the two generations
Paul Cornell (Chicago)
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Paul Cornell
Paul Cornell (Chicago)
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Paul Cornell's Stone in front of the
Hampton House
Paul Cornell (Chicago)
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Cornell's
Hyde Park House at 53rd Street &
Lake Michigan
Paul Cornell (Chicago)
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Paul Cornell's Estate at the current corner of 51st Street (East Hyde Park Boulevard) and Harper
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