1.
La Fontaine, Indiana
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La Fontaine is a town in Liberty Township, Wabash County, in the U. S. state of Indiana. The population was 875 at the 2010 census and its name means The Fountain in French. It is pronounced by the inhabitants as, the community was named after Francis La Fontaine, a Miami Indian chief. According to early maps, the town was known as Ashland. The La Fontaine post office has been in operation since 1848, the LaFontaine Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. La Fontaine is located at 40°40′23″N 85°43′18″W, according to the 2010 census, La Fontaine has a total area of 0.61 square miles, of which 0.6 square miles is land and 0.01 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 875 people,328 households, the population density was 1,458.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 374 housing units at a density of 623.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 5% White,0. 1% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 1% of the population. 29. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.93. The median age in the town was 41.9 years. 23. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 9% were from 25 to 44,22. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 24. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 45. 6% male and 54. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 900 people,352 households, and 237 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,470.2 people per square mile, there were 379 housing units at an average density of 619.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 89% White,0. 22% African American,0. 67% Native American,0. 22% Asian,1. 00% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 00% of the population. 29. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.80. In the town, the population was out with 22. 3% under the age of 18,7. 1% from 18 to 24,27. 0% from 25 to 44,20. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 87.9 males
2.
Manchester University (Indiana)
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Manchester University is a liberal arts university with a campus located in North Manchester, Indiana, and a second campus in Fort Wayne, Indiana, home to the Universitys College of Pharmacy. Total enrollment is approximately 1,500 students, Manchester University was founded in Roanoke, Indiana, as the Roanoke Classical Seminary in 1860 by the United Brethren Church. Howe served as the last president of Roanoke Classical Seminary, which was moved to North Manchester to become North Manchester College and he served as Manchester Colleges first president from 1889–1894 and is known as the founder. The school was renamed Manchester College in 1889 when it moved to North Manchester, in 1932, Manchester merged with Mount Morris College of Mount Morris, Illinois, a Methodist seminary founded in 1839. Manchester is a college of the Church of the Brethren, the Peace Studies Institute and Program for Conflict Resolution—the first undergraduate peace studies major in the U. S. was established at Manchester in 1948. The program was chaired by Kenneth Brown from 1980 until 2005, the Manchester College Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. In 2012, Manchester changed its name from Manchester College to Manchester University, Manchester University operates on a 4-1-4 academic calendar in its College of Undergraduate Studies. Students working toward a degree can choose from thirty-eight major fields of study. Students working toward a degree can choose from four major fields of study. Manchester also offers degrees in two fields of study and a doctorate degree in Pharmacy. Manchester University as a whole has been accredited by The Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges, the Department of History and Political Science is one of the oldest and most prestigious programs of study at Manchester, housing the Mock Trial and Model United Nations organizations. Well-known graduates include G. John Ikenberry, Albert G, all students classified as first-years, sophomores, or juniors must live on campus unless they live within 40 miles of Manchester University with their parents or are married. There are no fraternities or sororities at Manchester, and the University is a dry campus, Manchester University has five residence halls, East Hall houses up to 224 men and women. Garver Hall houses up to 275 men and women, helman Hall houses up to 129 men and women. Oakwood Hall houses up to 129 men and women, schwalm Hall houses up to 200 men and women. The Universitys chapter of Indiana Reading Corps is one of the largest in the state, habitat for Humanity also is a major recipient of campus service. Washington Monthly magazine ranks Manchester 14th among the nation’s baccalaureate colleges for its “contribution to the public good, Manchester University teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Associations Division III. The Spartans are a member of the Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference, adams, professor emeritus of art,2002 U. S
3.
Miami University
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Miami University, is a public research university located on a 2, 138-acre campus in Oxford, Ohio,35 miles north of Cincinnati. Founded in 1809, although classes were not held until 1824, Miami University is the 10th oldest public university, the university also has regional campuses in Hamilton, Middletown and West Chester, as well as the Dolibois European Center in Luxembourg. Miami University is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a university with a high research activity. It is affiliated to the University System of Ohio, in its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked the university 79th among national universities and the 30th top public university in the United States. Additionally, Miami University is ranked 2nd best national university for undergraduate teaching, Miami University is considered one of the original eight Public Ivy schools that provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League. Miami University has a tradition of Greek life, five social Greek-letter organizations were founded at the university earning Miami the nickname “Mother of Fraternities. ”Today, Miami University hosts over 50 fraternity and sorority chapters. Miami is renowned for its campus beauty, having been called The most beautiful campus that ever there was by Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Robert Frost, additionally, Forbes ranked the city of Oxford first on its 2016 list of the best college towns in the United States. Miamis athletic teams compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and are known as the Miami RedHawks. They compete in the Mid-American Conference in all varsity sports except ice hockey, the land was located within the Symmes Purchase, Judge John Cleves Symmes, the owner of the land, purchased the land from the government with the stipulation that he lay aside land for an academy. The Ohio Legislature appointed three surveyors in August of the year to search for a suitable township, and they selected a township off of Four Mile Creek. The Legislature passed An Act to Establish the Miami University on February 2,1809, and a board of trustees was created by the state, the township originally granted to the university was known as the College Township, and was renamed Oxford, Ohio, in 1810. The University temporarily halted due to the War of 1812. Cincinnati tried to move Miami to the city in 1822 and to divert its income to a Cincinnati college, Miami created a grammar school in 1818 to teach frontier youth, but, it was disbanded after five years. Robert Hamilton Bishop, a Presbyterian minister and professor of history, was appointed to be the first President of Miami University in 1824, the first day of classes at Miami was on November 1,1824. At its opening, there were 20 students and two faculty members in addition to Bishop, the curriculum included Greek, Latin, Algebra, Geography, and Roman history, the University offered only a Bachelor of Arts. An English Scientific Department was started in 1825, which studied modern languages, applied mathematics and it offered a certificate upon completion of coursework, not a full diploma. Miami students purchased a press, and in 1827 published their first periodical. It promptly failed, but it laid the foundation for the weekly Literary Register, the current Miami Student, founded in 1867, traces its foundation back to the Literary Register and claims to be the oldest college newspaper in the United States
4.
Bowling Green State University
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Bowling Green State University is a large, primarily residential, public research university located in Bowling Green, Ohio, United States. The 1, 338-acre main academic and residential campus is located 15 miles south of Toledo, over the universitys history, it developed from a small rural normal school into a comprehensive public university. As of 2012 Bowling Green offered over 200 undergraduate programs, as well as masters and its academic programs have been nationally ranked by Forbes magazine, U. S. News & World Report, and Washington Monthly. The 2011 Carnegie Foundation classified BGSU as having high research activity, Research projects in the areas of psychology, sociology, education and human development, energy and sustainability are among the most prominent. BGSU had a residential student population of 6,500 students. The university also maintains a campus, known as BGSU Firelands, in Huron. Although the majority of students attend classes on BGSUs main campus, about 2,500 students attend classes at Firelands, about 85% of Bowling Greens students are from Ohio. The university hosts a student life program, with over 300 student organizations. The campus is home to events including the Dance Marathon, Winterfest. During the period, people of northwestern Ohio campaigned for a school in their region to better quality education. Bowling Green offered four possible sites and became one of four finalists including Fremont, Napoleon, despite the town being the home of John Lowry, Napoleon was ruled out because the commission found it had numerous saloons. Fremont was eliminated due to the specific stipulations imposed by the President Rutherford B. Hayes Memorial Commission. Bowling Green was chosen on November 10,1910 over Van Wert in a 3–2 vote by the commission, at the same time, the commission chose Kent for a school in Northeastern Ohio. Over the years 1911 and 1912, the Board of Trustees was appointed by the Governor, a campus plan was created and $150,000 was appropriated to develop the campus and construct the first buildings. The school opened on September 15,1914 as Bowling Green State Normal School in two locations at the Bowling Green Armory and at a branch school in Toledo for the 1914–1915 academic year. It initially enrolled 304 students from Ohio, Michigan, and New York who were taught by 21 faculty members, the school graduated its first class in 1915, consisting of 35 certified teachers. University Hall and Williams Hall opened that year, the schools first two permanent buildings, two years later the first baccalaureate degrees for teacher education were awarded. On March 28,1920 a tornado, part of the 1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak, the tornado touched down near Bowling Green and strengthened as it moved into Ottawa County where it killed two people in Genoa
5.
Genre
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Genre is any form or type of communication in any mode with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time. Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented, often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. Stand alone texts, works, or pieces of communication may have individual styles, some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible. Genre began as a classification system for ancient Greek literature. Poetry, prose, and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story. Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy, in later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators. Genre became a tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art. Because art is often a response to a state, in that people write/paint/sing/dance about what they know about. Genre suffers from the ills of any classification system. Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized and to works on their unique merit. While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions, proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation, recombination, and evolution of the codes. The term genre is used in the history and criticism of visual art. These are distinguished from staffage, incidental figures in what is primarily a landscape or architectural painting, Genre painting may also be used as a wider term covering genre painting proper, and other specialized types of paintings such as still-life, landscapes, marine paintings and animal paintings. The concept of the hierarchy of genres was a one in artistic theory. It was strongest in France, where it was associated with the Académie française which held a role in academic art. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content. Genre should not be confused with age category, by which literature may be classified as adult, young adult. They also must not be confused with format, such as novel or picture book
6.
Sports commentator
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In sports broadcasting, a sports commentator gives a running commentary of a game or event in real time, usually during a live broadcast, traditionally delivered in the historical present tense. The comments are normally a voiceover, with the sounds of the action, in the case of television commentary, the commentators are on screen rarely if at all during the event. The main commentator, also called the play-by-play announcer or commentator in North America and they are valued for their articulateness and for their ability to describe each play or event of an often fast-moving sporting event. Other main commentators may, however, only one sport. The analyst or color commentator provides expert analysis and background information, such as statistics, strategy on the teams and athletes and they are usually former athletes or coaches in their respective sports, although there are some exceptions. The term color refers to levity and insight provided by analyst, the most common format for a sports broadcast is to have an analyst/color commentator work alongside the main/play-by-play announcer. Vin Scully, longtime announcer for the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team, is one of few examples of this practice still existing today, a sideline reporter assists a sports broadcasting crew with sideline coverage of the playing field or court. Sideline reporters are often granted inside information about an important update, such as injury, in cases of big events, teams consisting of many sideline reporters are placed strategically so that the main commentator has many sources to turn to. In British sports broadcasting, the presenter of a sports broadcast is usually distinct from the commentator, in North America, the on-air personality based in the studio is called the studio host. During their shows, the presenter/studio host may be joined by analysts or pundits. In North American English, sportscaster is a term for any type of commentator in a sports broadcast. It may also refer to a talk show host or a newscaster covering sports news. In 1975, the National Hockey League made headlines when two coaches from the N. H. L, all-Star Game in Montreal allowed Robin Herman and Marcel St. Cyr. access into the mens locker room. Both were believed to have been the first women allowed to enter a professional mens locker room to conduct a post-game interview. Sport organizations began to follow in the N. H. L. s footsteps, Baseball commissioner Bowie Kuhn and other officials chose to discriminate her based on her sex. Knowing that this would put Sports Illustrated in a disadvantage from other publishers, Time Inc. and Ludtke filed a lawsuit against Kuhn. The lawsuit was taken to the U. S. District Court in 1978 where Judge Constance Baker Motley ruled the act as violating the 14th amendment of the U. S. Constitution. The court ruled that the Yankees organization devise a plan to protect the players of their privacy while female sportswriters conducted interviews, society viewed the issue as women sportswriters only wanting access to the mens locker room to see players naked
7.
Ice hockey
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Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponents net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six each, one goaltender. A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America, Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League is the highest level for mens hockey, the Kontinental Hockey League is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation is the governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking, worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries. Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and these games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as shinny and ice polo. The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion, in international competitions, the national teams of six countries predominate, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in mens competition at the Olympics, in the annual Ice Hockey World Championships,177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. In Russia and the Ukraine, where hockey can also refer to bandy, the name hockey has no clear origin. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves. A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage. According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck. Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times, in Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey. IJscolf, a game resembling colf on a surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a curved bat, a wooden or leather ball
8.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
9.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
10.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
11.
NHL on NBC
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The NHL on NBC is a presentation of National Hockey League games that are produced by NBC Sports, and televised on NBC and NBCSN in the United States. Its current contract with the league runs until 2021, nBCSNs coverage includes 90 regular season games that are mostly aired on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday evenings, and later in the season on Sunday evenings. Coverage of the Stanley Cup Playoffs is split between NBC and NBCSN, with CNBC and the USA Network airing selected playoff games during the first two rounds, about 300 people in the New York City area saw the Rangers win, 6-2. Over the next few years, W2XBS carried some New York Rangers home games on a local basis, regularly scheduled American network broadcasts of NHL games would not begin until the late 1950s, when CBS began carrying regular season games, but no playoff games. The deal was terminated in 1960, due to a combination of a dispute over the players receiving a share of the rights fee, in 1966, NBC became the first television network in the United States to air a national broadcast of a Stanley Cup Playoff game. The network provided coverage of four Sunday afternoon playoff games during the 1965–66 postseason, on April 10 and April 17, NBC aired semifinal games between the Chicago Black Hawks and the Detroit Red Wings. On April 24 and May 1, NBC aired Games 1 and 4 of the Stanley Cup Finals between the Montreal Canadiens and the Detroit Red Wings, win Elliot served as the play-by-play man while Bill Mazer served as the color commentator for the games. NBCs coverage of the 1966 Stanley Cup Finals marked the first time hockey games were broadcast on network television in color. The CBC would follow suit the following year, NBCs Stanley Cup coverage preempted a sports anthology series called NBC Sports in Action, hosted by Jim Simpson and Bill Cullen, who were between-periods co-hosts for the Stanley Cup broadcasts. NHL broadcast rights returned to CBS the next season, however due to programming commitments. From 1972–73–1974–75, NBC not only televised the Stanley Cup Finals, NBC also aired one regular season and a couple of playoff games in prime time during the first couple of seasons. Tim Ryan and Ted Lindsay served as the commentators for NBCs NHL coverage during this period, NBCs NHL coverage during the 1970s was probably most notable for the introduction of Peter Puck. The animated character, whose cartoon appeared on both NBCs Hockey Game of the Week and CBCs Hockey Night in Canada, explained hockey rules to the home viewing audience. Besides Peter Puck, the 1970s version of The NHL on NBC had a feature titled Showdown. The concept of Showdown involved 20 of the NHLs greatest players going head-to-head in a penalty shot competition. After the NHL left NBC in 1975, Showdown continued to be seen on Hockey Night in Canada, note, The December 29 and March 16 games were on Friday nights, all other regular season games were on Sunday afternoons. All start times at 3,00 pm Eastern Standard Time unless noted, note, The January 4 game was on a Friday night, all other regular season games were on Sunday afternoons. All start times were at 2,00 p. m. Eastern Time unless noted, note, All start times were at 4,00 p. m. Eastern Time
12.
Lester Patrick Trophy
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The Lester Patrick Trophy has been presented by the National Hockey League and USA Hockey since 1966 to honor a recipients contribution to ice hockey in the United States. It is considered a non-NHL trophy because it may be awarded to players, coaches, officials, the trophy is named after Lester Patrick, player and longtime coach of the New York Rangers, who was a developer of ice hockey. The Lester Patrick Trophy was presented by the New York Rangers in 1966 and it honors the late Lester Patrick, who was a general manager and coach of the club. It is presented annually for outstanding service to hockey in the United States, players, coaches, referees, and executives are eligible to receive the trophy. S. Hockey Hall of Fame, a member of the NHL Broadcasters Association, each member of the committee changes annually except for the NHL commissioner, who is now Gary Bettman. The trophys first winner was Jack Adams, more than one winner may be chosen per year. There have been 108 individuals who have won it, and three teams, granato was also a member of the 1998 U. S. Olympic Womens Ice Hockey Team that won the trophy in 1998. † - Trophy was awarded posthumously
13.
Hockey Hall of Fame
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The Hockey Hall of Fame is located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dedicated to the history of ice hockey, it is a museum and it holds exhibits about players, teams, National Hockey League records, memorabilia and NHL trophies, including the Stanley Cup. Founded in Kingston, Ontario, the Hockey Hall of Fame was established in 1943 under the leadership of James T. Sutherland, the first class of honoured members was inducted in 1945, before the Hall of Fame had a permanent location. It moved to Toronto in 1958 after the NHL withdrew its support for the International Hockey Hall of Fame in Kingston and its first permanent building opened at Exhibition Place in 1961. In 1993, the hall was relocated to a former Bank of Montreal building in Downtown Toronto, an 18-person committee of players, coaches and others meets annually in June to select new honourees, who are inducted as players, builders or on-ice officials. In 2010, a subcategory was established for female players, the builders category includes coaches, general managers, commentators, team owners and others who have helped build the game. As of 2016,271 players,105 builders and 16 on-ice officials have been inducted into the Hall of Fame, the Hall of Fame has been criticized for focusing mainly on players from the National Hockey League and largely ignoring players from other North American and international leagues. The Hockey Hall of Fame was established through the efforts of James T. Sutherland, Sutherland sought to establish it in Kingston, Ontario as he believed that the city was the birthplace of hockey. In 1943, the NHL and CAHA reached an agreement that a Hall of Fame would be established in Kingston, originally called the International Hockey Hall of Fame, its mandate was to honour great hockey players and to raise funds for a permanent location. The first nine honoured members were inducted on April 30,1945, although the Hall of Fame still did not have a permanent home. The first board of governors consisted of Red Dutton, Art Ross, Frank Sargent, Lester Patrick, Abbie E. H. Coo, Wes McKnight, Basil E. OMeara, J. P. Fitzgerald and W. A. Hewitt. Kingston lost its most influential advocate as permanent site of the Hockey Hall of Fame when Sutherland died in 1955, by 1958, the Hockey Hall of Fame had still not raised sufficient funds to construct a permanent building in Kingston. Clarence Campbell, then President of the NHL, grew tired of waiting for the construction to begin and withdrew the NHLs support to situate the hall in Kingston. The temporary Hockey Hall of Fame opened as an exhibit within the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame in August 1958, due to the success of the exhibit, NHL and CNE decided that a permanent home in the Exhibition Place was needed. The NHL agreed to fund the building of the new facility on the grounds of Exhibition Place. The first permanent Hockey Hall of Fame, which shared a building with the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, was opened on August 26,1961, over 750,000 people visited the Hall in its inaugural year. Admission to the Hockey Hall of Fame was free until 1980, by 1986, the Hall of Fame was running out of room in its existing facilities and the Board of Directors decided that a new home was needed. The Hall vacated the Exhibition Place building in 1992, and its half was taken over by the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, the building was eventually demolished — a portion of the buildings facade was preserved as an entrance to BMO Field stadium
14.
Emmy Award
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An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
15.
United States Hockey Hall of Fame
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It is located in Eveleth, Minnesota, an iron mining town in northern Minnesota. New members are inducted annually based on their contributions to hockey in the United States during the course of their careers. Each year, nominations are solicited by USA Hockey from those willing to substantiate the candidacy of an individual or team for induction from Jan.1 through March 31. All nominations are forwarded to the U. S, Hockey Hall of Fame Selection Committee for review. After a thorough evaluation of candidate, the selection committee conducts a vote to select the newest members of the Hall of Fame. The United States Hockey Hall of Fame Museum, the National Shrine of American Hockey, is dedicated to honoring these legends of the game, opened in 1973 in Eveleth, Minn. the unique facility is driven by the mission to preserve and interpret Americas proud hockey heritage. Downtown Eveleth you will find the worlds largest authentic hockey stick and it is a Christian Brothers hockey stick that measures over 110 ft. and 10,000 lbs. Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto, Ontario, Canada International Hockey Hall of Fame in Kingston, Ontario, Canada IIHF Hall of Fame in Toronto, Ontario, Canada Official website
16.
Bachelor's degree
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A bachelors degree or baccalaureate is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years. In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelors degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, by the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the word came to be associated with bacca lauri in reference to laurels being awarded for academic success or honours. An honours degree generally requires an academic standard than a pass degree. In most African countries, the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power, for example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French. The degree is typically identical to the program of Frances universities, bachelors degree programs cover most of the fields in Algerian universities, except some fields, such as Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science. Bachelors degrees at the University of Botswana normally take four years, the system draws on both British and American models. Degrees are classified as First Class, Second Class Division One, Second Class Division Two and Third as in English degrees, but without being described as honours. The main degrees are named by British tradition, but in recent years there have been a numbers of degrees named after specific subjects, such as Bachelor of Library, in Morocco, a bachelors degree is referred to as al-ʾijāzah. The course of study takes three years, which are divided into two cycles. The first cycle comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year, after successfully completing their first two years, students can pursue either theoretical specialization or professional specialization. The second cycle is one long, after whose completion students receive the licence détudes fondamentales or the licence professionnelle. This academic degree system was introduced in September 2003, University admission is extremely competitive, with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes four to five years to complete a bachelors degree, in cases of poor performance, the time limit is double the standard amount of time. For example, one may not study for more than 10 years for a five-year course, students are normally asked to leave if they must take longer. B. Arch. and other specialized undergraduate degrees, such as B. Eng, Science undergraduate degrees may require six months or a semester dedicated to SIWES but it is usually mandatory for all engineering degrees. A semester for project work/thesis is required, not excluding course work, the classifications of degrees, first-class, second-class, third-class and a pass
17.
Public speaking
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Public speaking is the process or act of performing a speech to a live audience. This type of speech is deliberately structured with three general purposes, to inform, to persuade and to entertain, Public speaking is commonly understood as formal, face-to-face speaking of a single person to a group of listeners. It is closely related to presenting, but presenting is more associated with commercial activity. There are 1 million basic elements of public speaking that are described in Lasswells model of communication, in short, the speaker should be answering the question who says what in which channel to whom with what effect. Public speaking can serve the purpose of transmitting information, telling a story, Public speaking can also take the form of a discourse community, in which the audience and speaker use discourse to achieve a common goal. Public speaking for business and commercial events is often done by professionals and these speakers can be contracted independently, through representation by a speakers bureau, or by other means. Public speaking plays a role in the professional world, in fact. Although there is evidence of public speech training in ancient Egypt and this work elaborated on principles drawn from the practices and experiences of ancient Greek orators. Aristotle was one of the first recorded teachers of oratory to use definitive rules and his emphasis on oratory lead to oration becoming an essential part of a liberal arts education during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The classical antiquity works written by the ancient Greeks capture the ways they taught, in classical Greece and Rome, rhetoric was the main component of composition and speech delivery, both of which were critical skills for citizens to be able to use in public and private life. In ancient Greece, citizens spoke on their own rather than having professionals, like modern lawyers. Any citizen who wished to succeed in court, in politics or in life had to learn techniques of public speaking. Rhetorical tools were first taught by a group of teachers called Sophists who are notable for teaching paying students how to speak effectively using the methods they developed. Separately from the Sophists, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle all developed their own theories of public speaking, Plato and Aristotle taught these principles in schools that they founded, The Academy and The Lyceum, respectively. Although Greece eventually lost political sovereignty, the Greek culture of training in speaking was adopted almost identically by the Romans. In the political rise of the Roman Republic, Roman orators copied and modified the ancient Greek techniques of public speaking, instruction in rhetoric developed into a full curriculum, including instruction in grammar, preliminary exercises, and preparation of public speeches in both forensic and deliberative genres. The Latin style of rhetoric was heavily influenced by Cicero and involved a strong emphasis on an education in all areas of humanistic study in the liberal arts. Other areas of study included the use of wit and humor, the appeal to the emotions
18.
Master's degree
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A masters degree normally requires previous study at the bachelors level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course. The original meaning of the degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank of master in one university should be admitted to the same rank in other universities. This gradually became formalised as the licentia docendi, initially, the Bachelor of Arts was awarded for the study of the trivium and the Master of Arts for the study of the quadrivium. The nineteenth century saw an expansion in the variety of masters degrees offered. By 1861 this had been adopted throughout Scotland as well as by Cambridge and Durham in England, when the Philadelphia College of Surgeons was established in 1870, it too conferred the Master of Surgery, the same as that in Europe. In the United States, the first masters degrees were awarded at Harvard University soon after its foundation, at Harvard the 1700 regulations required that candidates for the masters degree had to pass a public examination, but by 1835 this was awarded Oxbridge-style 3 years after the BA. In Scotland, Edinburgh maintained separate BA and MA degrees until the mid nineteenth century, in Scotland all the statutes of the Universities which enforced conditions on the grant of degrees were a dead letter. Probably the most important masters degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of Science, at the University of Michigan this was introduced in two forms in 1858, in course, first awarded in 1859, and on examination, first awarded in 1862. The in course MS was last awarded in 1876, in Britain, however, the degree took a while longer to arrive. The same two degrees, again omitting the masters, were awarded at Edinburgh, despite the MA being the undergraduate degree for Arts in Scotland. In 1862, a Royal Commission suggested that Durham should award masters degrees in theology and science and this scheme would appear to have then been quietly dropped, with Oxford going on to award BAs and MAs in science. The Master of Science degree was introduced in Britain in 1878 at Durham. At the Victoria University both the MA and MSc followed the lead of Durhams MA in requiring an examination for those with an ordinary bachelors degree. The Bologna declaration in 1999 started the Bologna Process, leading to the creation of the European Higher Education Area, as the process continued, descriptors were introduced for all three levels in 2004, and ECTS credit guidelines were developed. This led to questions as to the status of the masters degrees. In 1903, the London Daily News criticised the practice of Oxford and Cambridge, calling their MAs the most stupendous of academic frauds, in 1900, Dartmouth College introduced the Master of Commercial Science, first awarded in 1902. This was the first masters degree in business, the forerunner of the modern MBA, the idea quickly crossed the Atlantic, with Manchester establishing a Faculty of Commerce, awarding Bachelor and Master of Commerce degrees, in 1903. Over the first half of the century the masters degrees for honours graduates vanished as honours degrees became the standard undergraduate qualification in the UK
19.
Radio
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When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form, Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it, for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation. Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves, an antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected, the electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz, a radio communication system sends signals by radio. The term radio is derived from the Latin word radius, meaning spoke of a wheel, beam of light, however, this invention would not be widely adopted. The switch to radio in place of wireless took place slowly and unevenly in the English-speaking world, the United States Navy would also play a role. Although its translation of the 1906 Berlin Convention used the terms wireless telegraph and wireless telegram, the term started to become preferred by the general public in the 1920s with the introduction of broadcasting. Radio systems used for communication have the following elements, with more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialised for different communications purposes. Each system contains a transmitter, This consists of a source of electrical energy, the transmitter contains a system to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle such as amplitude, frequency, phase. Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the signal in proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker. It was the used for the first audio radio transmissions. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM has the capture effect whereby a receiver only receives the strongest signal, Digital data can be sent by shifting the carriers frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. FM is commonly used at Very high frequency radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music, analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Angle modulation alters the phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal
20.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
21.
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
22.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
23.
Geneva College
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Geneva College is a Christian liberal arts college in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, United States, north of Pittsburgh. It is the undergraduate institution affiliated with the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America. In 1967, the board of trustees adopted the Foundational Concepts of Christian Education, the colleges undergraduate core curriculum emphasizes the humanities and the formation of a Reformed Christian worldview. Geneva College was founded in 1848 in Northwood, Ohio, by John Black Johnston, the college was founded as Geneva Hall, and was named after the Swiss center of the Reformed faith movement. After briefly closing during the American Civil War, the college continued operating in Northwood until 1880, by that time, the college leadership had begun a search for alternate locations that were closer to urban areas. After considering several locations in the Midwest, the denomination chose the College Hill neighborhood of Beaver Falls, the college constructed its current campus on land donated by the Harmony Society. Old Main, the oldest building on campus, was completed in 1881, the Rapp Technical Design Center was completed in 2002. A major project to reroute Pennsylvania Route 18, which runs through the campus, was completed in November 2007, improvements to Reeves Stadium and the construction of a campus entrance and pedestrian mall were completed in time for the fall semester in 2009. Both Boards drafted the philosophical basis on which the college rests, Geneva offers undergraduate degree programs in the arts and sciences, such as elementary education, business, engineering, student ministry, biology, and psychology. In 2006, the Educational Testing Service rated the Business and Accounting undergraduates in the 95th percentile amongst American colleges, Geneva offers a Degree Completion Program for degrees in Human Resource Management, Community Ministry or Organizational Development for adult students mainly at off-campus locations. Geneva also established the Center for Urban Theological Studies in Philadelphia and has sister colleges in Taiwan, Geneva also offers graduates studies in several fields. Geneva established the Center for Technology Development in 1986 for providing research, prototyping and technical support to local industries, the Center was awarded first prize in the Consolidated Natural Gas Company’s Annual Award of Excellence competition in 1990. Geneva College is an institution of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities, Council of Independent Colleges. Genevas sports teams are called the Golden Tornadoes, the college is a dual member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III and National Christian College Athletic Association Division I. The Golden Tornadoes compete as a member of the Presidents Athletic Conference, Geneva was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for many years, and competed in the now-defunct American Mideast Conference. The school offers a range of mens and womens varsity sports, including football, baseball, softball, basketball, volleyball, track & field, cross country, tennis, see List of Geneva Golden Tornadoes head football coaches Football competition began in 1890 under head coach William McCracken. Over the years, the team has amassed an all-time record of 496 wins,437 losses. The current football coach is Geno DeMarco, students must attend a designated number of weekly college-sponsored chapels to qualify for graduation
24.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
25.
Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania
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Beaver Falls is a city in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 8,987 at the 2010 census and it is located 31 miles northwest of Pittsburgh, and on the Beaver River, six miles from its confluence with the Ohio River. Originally called Brighton, Beaver Falls was chartered as a borough in 1868 and it adopted the commission form of government in 1913. In the 1870s, Beaver Falls was home to a Chinatown and had as many as 200 Chinese residents, travellers would often stop in Beaver Falls while transversing Western Pennsylvania, since there were many modes of transportation through the area. The city was linked to Ellwood City in 1914 by the Pittsburgh, Harmony, Butler and New Castle Railway. The line closed on 15 June 1931, the city is best known in fiction as the setting of the television situation comedy Mr. Belvedere. On May 31,1985, an F3 tornado hit just north of the city as it went across northern portions of Beaver County, Geneva College is located in the College Hill neighborhood on the north side of the city. The worlds first recorded college basketball game occurred in the city on April 8,1893 when the team from Geneva College defeated the New Brighton YMCA. The population declined nearly 50% between 1940 and 2000, which is attributed mostly to its location in the Rust Belt. Several manufacturing plants provided significant employment for residents in the twentieth century, like most rust belt cities, Beaver Falls has suffered a fair amount of economic malaise due to the decline in the steel-making capacity in the region. Beaver Falls is located at 40°45′32″N 80°19′11″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.3 square miles, of which 2.1 square miles is land and 0.2 square miles is water. As of the 2010 census, the city was 75. 3% White,19. 3% Black or African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 4% Asian,1. 2% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,920 people,3,798 households, the population density was 4,681.6 people per square mile. There are 4,380 housing units at a density of 2,067.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 78. 82% White,17. 53% African American,0. 13% Native American,0. 62% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 50% from other races, and 2. 37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 06% of the population,35. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the family size was 3.00. In the city, the population was out with 21. 9% under the age of 18,16. 7% from 18 to 24,25. 1% from 25 to 44,18. 8% from 45 to 64
26.
Pittsburgh Penguins
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The Pittsburgh Penguins are a professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League, the franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the first expansion teams during the leagues original expansion from six to twelve teams. The Penguins played in the Civic Arena, also known to Pittsburgh fans as The Igloo and they moved into their new arena, PPG Paints Arena, to begin the 2010–11 NHL season. They have qualified for five Stanley Cup Finals, winning the Stanley Cup four times – in 1991,1992,2009, and 2016. Before the Penguins, Pittsburgh had been the home of the NHLs Pirates from 1925 to 1930, in the spring of 1965, Jack McGregor, a state senator from Kittanning, began lobbying campaign contributors and community leaders to bring an NHL franchise back to Pittsburgh. The group focused on leveraging the NHL as an urban renewal tool for Pittsburgh. The senator formed a group of investors that included H. J. Heinz Company heir H. J. Heinz III, Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney. Norris, owner of the Chicago Black Hawks, and his brother Bruce Norris, the effort was successful, and on February 8,1966, the National Hockey League awarded an expansion team to Pittsburgh for the 1967–68 season. The Penguins paid $2.5 million for their entry and $750,000 more for start-up costs, the Civic Arenas capacity was then boosted from 10,732 to 12,500 to meet the NHL requirements for expansion. The Pens also paid a bill to settle with the Detroit Red Wings. The investor group named McGregor president and chief officer. A contest was held where 700 of 26,000 entries picked Penguins as the nickname for the team, mark Peters had the winning entry, a logo was chosen that had a penguin in front of a triangle, which symbolized the Golden Triangle of downtown Pittsburgh. The Pens, along with the rest of the teams, were hampered by restrictive rules which kept most major talent with the existing Original Six teams. Beyond aging sniper Andy Bathgate, All-Star defenseman Leo Boivin and Ranger veteran Earl Ingarfield, a number of the players had played for the Hornets the previous season, Bathgate, wingers Val Fonteyne and Ab McDonald, and goaltenders Hank Bassen and Joe Daley. George Sullivan was named the coach for the clubs first two seasons, and McDonald was named the teams first captain. On October 11,1967, league president Clarence Campbell and McGregor jointly dropped the ceremonial first puck of the Penguins opening home game against the Montreal Canadiens. On October 21,1967, they became the first team from the class to beat an Original Six team. However, the Penguins went 27–34–13 and finished in place in the West Division, missing the playoffs
27.
The Beaver County Times
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The Beaver County Times is a daily newspaper published in Beaver, Pennsylvania, United States and serving the north-western Pittsburgh suburbs. The Times is a descendant of many of Beaver Countys newspapers, starting with the Minerva, first published in 1807. The Beaver Times was founded by Michael Weyland and was published from 1851 to 1895 and it was changed again to The Daily Times, which was published from 1909 to 1946 and operated by John L. Stewart and E. L. Freeland. It was sold in 1946 to S. W. Calkins, who combined it with the Aliquippa Gazette, the paper was known as The Beaver Valley Times until 1956, when it became The Beaver County Times after its acquisition of the Ambridge Daily Citizen. In 1979, The Times purchased the other daily newspaper in the county. The Times currently produces over-the-top content including their news program The Times Today with Ryan OShea, Game On, History in a Minute, Get Out This Weekend. One of the papers biggest milestones was when the changed from evening to morning on April 7,1997. The newspaper is operated and run by Calkins Media, which also publishes newspapers in Uniontown, Doylestown, and Levittown, Pennsylvania, Willingboro, New Jersey. Archival issues of The Beaver County Times can be viewed online at Google News, Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online
28.
WHLS
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WHLS is an American radio station, licensed to Port Huron, Michigan at 1450 kHz and owned by Radio First. Since 2000 WHLS has simulcasted its programming on 1590 WHLX in Marine City, WHLS also has an FM translator, W288BT105.5 MHz, which is licensed to St. Clair, simulcasting the stations signal on the FM dial. The station currently broadcasts a rock format branded as Rock 105.5. Rock 105.5 currently competes with CHKS-FM106.3 MHz in Sarnia, WHLS signed on in August 1938 at 1370 kHz with 250 watts of power. It was for a time the principal Top 40 music station in the Port Huron and Sarnia area, the station was found by the late H. L. Stevens. Its first broadcast was the opening of the Blue Water Bridge, in 1941, WHLS moved to its present day dial position of 1450 kHz. The first manager was Angus Pfaff and the first program director was Fred A. Knorr, Knorr would go on to own stations in Jackson and Detroit. John F. Wismer started working for WHLS in the Fall of 1947 doing play by play sports announcing and advertising sales, Wismer was promoted to station manager in 1950 and became part owner in 1952. The company then known as Stevens Wismer Broadcasting Co. Numerous acquisitions were made by the company over the years, in 1953, WLEW in Bad Axe was purchased, followed by WCSR in Hillsdale in 1955 and then was sold in 1957 when Grand Rapids station WLAV was purchased. Legendary NHL hockey broadcaster Mike Emrick got his first big break at WHLS calling games for the Port Huron Flags minor hockey team with sales manager Larry Smith in the mid 1970s. Emrick would go on to broadcast Olympic hockey games and Stanley Cup playoffs for NBC Sports, in 1983, Wismer Broadcasting started the cable television system in Port Huron which was known as Port Huron T. V. That year was also when sister station WSAQ was launched, the station was sold to Liggett Communications in 2000 by Wismers estate. Liggett had also acquired Wismers crosstown competitor, WPHM and WBTI that same year from Hanson Communications, in 2000, WHLSs satellite Oldies was simulcasted over WHLX for the first time. Its format then changed to Adult Standards Americas Best Music format in 2001, the return to oldies came after CHOK in Sarnia flipped to a country format. As of July 2011, WHLS/WHLX have dropped the Dial Global Kool Gold format, the local format is branded as WHLS - The Cruise and is staffed by Radio First personalities. The station also aired locally oriented talk shows on Saturday mornings, the station airs the syndicated program American Standards By The Sea Saturday mornings. The Cruise format ended on April 20,2015 at 10, 55am, WHLS changed their format to active rock on April 20,2015 with the first song being Smells Like Teen Spirit by Nirvana
29.
American Hockey League
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The American Hockey League is a 30-team professional ice hockey league based in the United States and Canada that serves as the primary developmental league for the National Hockey League. Twenty-seven AHL teams are located in the United States and the three are in Canada. The league offices are located in Springfield, Massachusetts, and its current president is David Andrews, the annual playoff champion is awarded the Calder Cup, named for Frank Calder, the first President of the NHL. The reigning champions are the Lake Erie Monsters, the AHL traces its origins directly to two predecessor professional leagues, the Canadian-American Hockey League, founded in 1926, and the first International Hockey League, established in 1929. With both leagues down to the minimum in membership, the governors of each recognized the need for action to assure their member clubs long-term survival. Their solution was to play an interlocking schedule, while the Can-Am was based in the Northeast and the IHL in the Great Lakes and Midwest, their footprints were close enough for this to be a viable option. The two older leagues eight surviving clubs began joint play in November 1936 as a new circuit of mutual convenience known as the International-American Hockey League. The four Can-Am teams became the I-AHL East Division, with the IHL quartet playing as the West Division. The IHL also contributed its former championship trophy, the F. G. Teddy Oke Trophy, the Oke Trophy is now awarded to the regular-season winners of the AHLs Northeast Division. A little more than a month into that first season, the balance, the makeshift new I-AHL played out the rest of its first season with just seven teams. At the end of the 1936–37 season, a modified playoff format was devised and a new championship trophy. The Syracuse Stars defeated the Philadelphia Ramblers in the final, three-games-to-one, the Calder Cup continues on today as the AHLs playoff championship trophy. After two seasons of interlocking play, the governors of the two leagues seven active teams met in New York City on June 28,1938, maurice Podoloff of New Haven, the former head of the Can-Am League, was elected the I-AHLs first president. The former IHL president, John Chick of Windsor, Ontario, the Bears remain the only one of these eight original I-AHL/AHL franchises to have been represented in the league without interruption since the 1938–39 season. The newly merged circuit also increased its schedule for each team by six games from 48 to 54. After the 1939–40 season the I-AHL renamed itself the American Hockey League and it generally enjoyed both consistent success on the ice and relative financial stability over its first three decades of operation. The number of teams competing for players rose from six to thirty in just seven years. Player salaries at all levels shot up dramatically with the increased demand and this did not seem to affect the AHL at first, as it expanded to 12 teams by 1970
30.
Maine Mariners
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The Maine Mariners were an ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. They played in Portland, Maine, at the Cumberland County Civic Center, once the Cumberland County Civic Center began construction in 1976, there was discussion of the building hosting a minor league hockey franchise. Three franchises eventually made bids to play hockey in Portland, the WHAs Quebec Nordiques, the American Hockey Leagues Providence Reds, Quebec, who had already a farm team in Lewiston, was considering supporting affiliates in Portland as well. Rhode Island, who were an established AHL franchise, didnt want to relocate to Portland, Philadelphia was the only franchise that wanted to utilize Portland as their teams sole farm club, and in 1977, the agreement to create the Maine Mariners was struck. It proved to be bad news for the Maine Nordiques, who ceased operations after the 1977 season, bob McCammon was the teams first head coach. The first regular game in franchise history was played in Portland in front of 6,566 spectators on October 15,1977 against the Binghamton Dusters. Later, the feat was matched by the team that brought AHL hockey back to Portland, bob McCammon won his second AHL coach of the year award. In 1983–1984 the franchise was taken over by the New Jersey Devils of the NHL, however, it kept the Flyers colors of orange, black and white rather than switch to the Devils black, red and green. The same season Maine became only the team in AHL history to win a Calder Cup title with a losing regular season record. The Mariners defeated the Rochester Americans in a rematch of the previous year’s finals four games to one and it was the local’s third Calder Cup crown and their fifth finals appearance in seven years. Maine’s championship year was truly a team effort as no members of the made the all-star team, won a league award during the regular season. Bud Stefanski was the first recipient of the new AHL playoff MVP award, following the 1986–87 season, the original Mariners franchise was moved to Utica, New York, renaming themselves the Utica Devils. However, Portland was not without hockey, as the league approved an expansion team supplied by players from the Boston Bruins, the expansion team assumed the Mariners name and history and took on the Bruins black-gold-white scheme. After five seasons in Portland, the Mariners franchise was moved to Providence, Rhode Island following the 1991–92 season, the final Mariners home game took place on April 4,1992 against the Fredericton Express. Portland was not without AHL hockey for long, a season later and this market has also been served by, Maine Nordiques of the Portland Pirates † Two game combined total goals series. Ken Linseman - Went on to play 860 NHL games 1983-84 Stanley Cup Winner with the Edmonton Oilers Alain Vigneault - Current coach of the New York Rangers, won the Jack Adams Trophy as coach of the year with the Vancouver Canucks in 2006-07. Ken Daneyko -3 time Stanley Cup Champion,2000 Bill Masterton Trophy winner,1283 NHL games played The Internet Hockey Database - Maine Mariners
31.
Calder Cup
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The Calder Cup is the trophy awarded annually to the champions of the American Hockey League. It is the second oldest actively awarded professional ice hockey playoff trophy after the NHLs Stanley Cup, the Calder Cup was first presented in 1937 to the Syracuse Stars. The trophy is named after Frank Calder, who was the first president of the National Hockey League, the Calder Memorial Trophy, which is awarded annually to the Rookie of the Year in the National Hockey League, was also named after Calder. The cup is made of sterling silver mounted on a base of Brazilian mahogany, in its current shape, the trophy has a two-tiered square base with commemorative plaques for each of the AHLs 20 most recent champions -12 on the bottom tier and 8 on the top tier. Each time a new plaque is added, the oldest plaque is retired. The Hershey Bears have won the Cup more times than any other team, the Cleveland Barons come in second with nine, the Springfield Indians/Kings are third with seven. Eight teams have won championships, the Springfield Indians of 1960-62 is the only team to have won three straight Calder Cup championships
32.
New Jersey Devils
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The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark, New Jersey. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League, the club was founded as the Kansas City Scouts in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1974. The Scouts moved to Denver, Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies, in 1982, they moved to East Rutherford, New Jersey and took their current name. For their first 25 seasons in New Jersey, the Devils were based at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, beginning with the 2007–08 season, the Devils relocated to Newark and now play their home games at the Prudential Center. Their fortunes began to turn following the hiring of president. They have won the Atlantic Division regular season title nine times, most recently in 2009–10, the Devils have reached the Stanley Cup Finals five times, winning in 1994–95, 1999–00 and 2002–03. The Devils were known for their defense-first approach throughout their years of Cup contention, the Devils have a rivalry with their cross-Hudson River neighbor, the New York Rangers, as well as a rivalry with the Philadelphia Flyers. The Devils are one of three NHL teams in the New York metropolitan area, the two teams are the New York Islanders and New York Rangers. The franchise is the major league team in any sport that explicitly identifies itself as a New Jersey team. In 1972, the NHL announced plans to add two teams, including one in Kansas City, Missouri. Edwin G. Thompson led the group that purchased ownership of the team, with 41 points in their inaugural season, the Scouts finished last in the Smythe Division, only the Capitals had fewer points in the NHL. Kansas City fell to 36 points the season, and had a 27-game losing streak. The Scouts had difficulty drawing fans to games, and National Hockey League Players Association leader Alan Eagleson publicly expressed concerns about whether Scouts players would be paid. After two seasons in Kansas City, the moved to Denver and was renamed the Colorado Rockies it played at the McNichols Sports Arena. The team won its first game as the Rockies, 4–2, the Rockies were in position to qualify for the playoffs 60 games into the 1976–77 season, but a streak of 18 games without a win caused them to fall from contention. The Rockies ended the campaign last in the division with a 20–46–14 record and 54 points, despite having the sixth-worst record in the League, the Rockies beat-out the Vancouver Canucks for second in the Division by two points and gained a playoff berth. The Philadelphia Flyers eliminated the Rockies from the playoffs in the preliminary rounds, a lack of stability continually plagued the team. The franchise never won more than 22 games and did not return to the playoffs after 1977–78 in its six seasons in Colorado
33.
Hersheypark Arena
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Hersheypark Arena is a multi-purpose indoor arena located in Hershey, Pennsylvania, managed by Hershey Entertainment & Resorts Company. The arena has a capacity, for hockey, of 7,286 people and in excess of 8,000. When built in 1936 as the Hershey Sports Arena, the building was the largest monolithic structure in the United States in which not a single seat suffered from an obstructed view, for 66 years it was the home of the Hershey Bears hockey team from 1936 to 2002. The second sport at the arena was basketball, on March 2,1962, Philadelphia Warriors center Wilt Chamberlain recorded a record-setting 100 points in an NBA game against the New York Knicks, a record that still stands today. It hosted the PIAA basketball and wrestling championships, and it served as the home of the Hershey Impact. It has also hosted the Ice Capades, Disney on Ice, professional boxing, tennis competitions, on October 13,1953, the arena also hosted an extravagant birthday celebration for President Dwight D. Eisenhower whose farm and weekend White House was located in nearby Gettysburg. Phish performed and recorded their show, on December 1,1995, on September 22,2012, the arena played host to its only wedding. It was held at center ice, on July 5,2012, a fire damaged the arena, which was in the midst of refurbishment. At about 3,00 PM local time, the fire was upgraded to five alarms, the fire burned for about two hours before being extinguished. The roof was damaged, but reported to not be in danger of collapse, the cause of the fire is still unknown. Hersheypark Arena is the rink for the Lebanon Valley College ice hockey team. LVC competes in NCAA Division III as of 2016, and previously competed in the ACHA, in addition, the arena hosts the Hershey Junior Bears, a youth team sponsored by the Bears organization. On most weekends during the fall and winter months, the rink is open to the public for ice skating, annually, it hosts part of the Music in the Parks competition
34.
Gary Thorne
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Gary Thorne is the lead play-by-play announcer for MASN. He has also worked for ESPN and ABC, including National Hockey League, Major League Baseball, college football, and he also works for World Wrestling Entertainment, where he is the narrator for the WrestleMania Rewind program on its WWE Network streaming video service. S. But eventually, Thorne found courtrooms dull when compared to broadcasting, Thornes son-in-law, Damian DiGiulian, is a former assistant coach for the University of Vermont hockey team, Maine and Vermont are rivals in the Hockey East conference of Division I hockey. DiGiulian is now a commentator for ESPNUs college hockey broadcasts. In 1985, Thorne began a stint as a radio announcer for the New York Mets. Thorne was present in the booth at Shea Stadium, along with Bob Murphy, Thorne was one of the first people to criticize the Red Sox for leaving ill-fated Red Sox first baseman Bill Buckner out in the 10th inning over Dave Stapleton. He has been the play-by-play TV announcer for the Mid-Atlantic Sports Networks Baltimore Orioles games since 2007 and he is known for his signature calls of Goodbye. In 1989, Thorne was named a backup announcer for ABCs coverage of Thursday Night Baseball telecasts with Joe Morgan. Thorne also served as a reporter for the World Series. Like his ABC Sports colleagues, Al Michaels, Jim Palmer, Tim McCarver, in 1995, Thorne called the first two games of the American League Division Series between the New York Yankees and Seattle Mariners on NBC/The Baseball Network with Tommy Hutton. From 1996 until 2003, Gary Thorne served as the man for the World Series on Armed Forces Radio/Major League Baseball International-TV. In 2008, Thorne was named the lead announcer for ESPN Radios Sunday Night Baseball coverage. Thorne has also worked on one of ESPN Radios postseason Division Series crews each year, Thorne officially replaced Dave OBrien on the MLB International broadcasts of the All-Star Game, ALCS, NLCS, and the World Series from 2010-2014 alongside Rick Sutcliffe. Thorne and Sutcliffe were replaced in 2015 by the #2 Fox broadcast team of Matt Vasgersian, Thornes voice is heard in Pepsi commercials featuring New York Yankees Johnny Damon, the Minnesota Twins Joe Mauer and MLB umpire Laz Díaz. In addition, he announces various games of the College World Series every year during the month of June and he also is a play-by-play TV announcer for the Little League World Series on ESPN during the month of August. In 1977, Thorne called hockey games for Augusta, Maine radio, Thorne rose to prominence in Maine broadcasting, when he began calling play-by-play for the University of Maines hockey games for Bangor radio station WABI. As the voice of the Black Bears, he became one of the most recognizable radio voices in the state. Thorne was asked to call Maine hockey games during winter months until 1987 when the lure of doing play-by-play in the NHL became too strong for Thorne to ignore, from 1987–1993, Thorne served as the play-by-play voice of the New Jersey Devils of the NHL on SportsChannel New York
35.
Color commentator
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A color commentator is a North American term for a sports commentator who assists the main commentator, often by filling in any time when play is not in progress. In other regions this role is referred to as an analyst or summariser. The color analyst and main commentator will often exchange comments freely throughout the broadcast, the color commentator provides expert analysis and background information, such as statistics, strategy and injury reports on the teams and athletes, and occasionally anecdotes or light humor. Color commentators are often former athletes or coaches of the sport being broadcast, the term color refers to levity and insight provided by a secondary announcer. A sports color commentator customarily works alongside the play-by-play broadcaster, commentary teams typically feature one professional commentator describing the passage of play, and another, usually a former player or coach, providing supplementary input as the game progresses. Additionally, former players and managers appear as pundits, carrying out a role to the co-commentator during the pre-game show preceding a given contest. In American motorsports coverage, there may be as many as two color commentators in the booth for a given broadcast, in the United Kingdom, the term color commentator is relatively unknown, rather the role is called analyst, summarizer, or simply commentator. Cricket coverage on ESPNcricinfo uses similar terminology, in Australia, the term is not used. Those giving the analysis alongside the main commentator are sometimes said to be giving additional or expert analysis, or are special comments, there is no mention or translation to the term color. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden the term ekspertkommentator / expertkommentator is used for a sidekick to the play-by-play announcer. In Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries, the position is known as a comentarista and comentador, respectively, similarly, in Finland kommentaattori is used for the second commentator, and selostaja for the main one. In France, the term for a commentator is consultant. In Italy, the commentator is usually referred to as responsible for the commento tecnico whereas the play-by-play commentator is the main telecronista. In Italy, too, the commentator is usually a person formerly directly involved in the sport. Recent Formula 1 races have no fewer than three commentators, the telecronista, a pilot, and an engineer, the last two sharing the commento tecnico. In Turkey, the term spiker is used for the play-by-play announcer whereas the color commentator is referred to simply as yorumcu, in some countries, the two-person commentating team is not used as much as elsewhere. In Germany, most broadcasts of sports matches traditionally feature a single play-by-play announcer who provides commentary, background information. If the broadcast is on TV, the announcer will usually not comment on visually obvious things, in those cases, a current or former athlete or coach is often used as co-commentator or Experte
36.
NHL on Fox
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CBS, which had just lost its NFL package to Fox, was the networks primary competitor for the NHL package, hoping to replace some of the sports programming it had lost to the upstart network. Nevertheless, in a blow to the elder network, Fox outbid CBS for the NHL package as well. On September 9,1994, the National Hockey League reached a contract with Fox for the broadcast television rights to the leagues games. The network paid $155 million to televise NHL regular season and postseason games, nHLs initial deal with Fox was significant, as a network television contract in the United States was long thought unattainable during the presidency of John Ziegler. For 17 years after the 1975 Finals was broadcast on NBC, there would be no national over-the-air network coverage of the NHL in the U. S. and only spotty coverage on regional networks. This was due to the fact that no network was willing to commit to carrying a number of games, in turn. ABC would eventually resume broadcasting regular NHL games for the 1992–93 season, Fox inaugurated its NHL coverage on April 2,1995, towards the end of the 1994–95 regular season, with six games. Mike Emrick and John Davidson served as the main broadcast team for the national game broadcasts. For the first four years of the deal, James Brown hosted the show from the Fox Network Center in Los Angeles, for the fifth and final season, Suzy Kolber served as the studio host and Terry Crisp served as the studio analyst. Occasionally, active NHL players such as Mike Modano would serve as guest analysts and it was primarily used to visually highlight the puck on-screen and display a trail when the puck was moving rapidly. During the first two rounds of the playoffs, two games were televised each round. H. L, snubs its nose at the country that invented hockey and its fans. For the All-Star Game, Conference Finals and Stanley Cup Finals, the 1996 and 1997 All-Star Games were televised in prime time. Fox split coverage of the Stanley Cup Finals with ESPN, Game 1 of the 1995 Stanley Cup Finals was the first Finals game shown on network television since 1980 and the first in prime time since 1973. Games 1,5, and 7 were usually scheduled to be televised by Fox, and Games 2,3,4, however, from 1995 to 1998, the Finals matches were all four game sweeps, the 1999 Finals ended in six games. The consequence was that – except for 1995, when Fox did televise Game 4 – the decisive game was never shown on network television. Had there been a Game 7, then Mike Emrick would have called, John Davidson, alongside Suzy Kolber, Terry Crisp, the game would have started at 8 p. m. Eastern Time on Monday, June 19,1999 on Fox. Perhaps in recognition of this, Games 3 through 7 were always televised by ABC in the succeeding broadcast agreement between the NHL and ABC Sports/ESPN. Game 4 of the 1995 Final was notable not only did the New Jersey Devils win the Stanley Cup
37.
CBS Sports
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CBS Sports is the sports division of the American television network CBS. Its headquarters are in the CBS Building on West 52nd Street in midtown Manhattan, New York City and its premier sports properties are the NFL, Southeastern Conference football, NCAA basketball, and PGA golf, including The Masters, and the PGA Championship. The online arm of CBS Sports is CBSSports. com, CBS purchased SportsLine. com in 2004, and today CBSSports. com is part of CBS Interactive. On August 31,2013, CBS Sports rolled out its previous graphics, on November 30,2015, CBS Sports released a new logo in order to coincide with the networks coverage of Super Bowl 50. The network also created a new graphics package that debuted as part of the networks Super Bowl week programming. Following the game, the package began to be utilized across all of their programming events. The Masters, which retains heavy production control over their event, also, the networks Thursday Night Football game broadcasts will continue to use the graphical style originally used since its debut in 2014. CBS Sports Radio is a radio network that launched on September 4,2012 with hourly sports news updates. It began offering a full 24-hour schedule of talk programming on January 2,2013. CBS Sports Radio is owned and operated by CBS Radio, a division of CBS Corporation, with Cumulus Media Networks handling distribution and marketing of the network. Sports radio stations that are owned by CBS and Cumulus Media carry part of the schedule of programming. In addition to carriage on stations, CBS Sports Radio also streams its programming on the internet. ESPN ESPN2 ESPN on ABC Fox Sports Fox Sports 1 Fox Sports 2 NBC Sports NBCSN CBSSports. com CBS Sports Network CBS Sports Radio CBS Corporation CBS Sports CBS Corporation CBS Interactive
38.
NBC Sports
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Other programming from outside producers – such as coverage of the Ironman Triathlon – is also presented on the network through NBC Sports. With Comcasts acquisition of NBCUniversal, its own sports networks were aligned with NBC Sports into a part of the division known as the NBC Sports Group. In 2000, NBC declined to renew its broadcast agreement with Major League Baseball, in 2002, it was additionally outbid by ESPN and ABC for the NBAs new broadcast contract, ending the leagues twelve-year run on NBC. During this era, NBC experimented with broadcasting emerging sports, in 2003, NBC obtained the broadcast rights and a minority interest in the Arena Football League. The network televised weekly games on a basis, as well as the entire playoffs. The deal lasted four years, after which the league and NBC parted ways, beginning with the 1999 Pennzoil 400, NBC began its foray into NASCAR. NBC, along with Fox, FX and TNT, obtained the broadcast rights of the top two series – the Winston Cup and Busch Series – in a deal, beginning in 2001. NBC televised the second half of the season and alternated coverage of the Daytona 500 with Fox, in December 2005, NBC announced that it would not renew its agreement with NASCAR. In 2001, NBC obtained the broadcast rights to horse racings Triple Crown in a five-year deal, in 2004, NBC reached a broadcast agreement with the National Hockey League. The revenue-sharing deal called for the two sides to split advertising revenue after the network recouped the expenses. NBC televised regular season games at first on Saturday afternoons before moving the telecast to Sundays, Saturday and Sunday afternoon playoff games, and up to five games of the Stanley Cup Final. Additionally in 2008, NBC broadcast the first Winter Classic, an outdoor NHL game played on New Years Day at Ralph Wilson Stadium, the following years Winter Classic would become the most-watched regular season game in 34 years. In addition to regular season success, Game 7 of the 2009 Stanley Cup Final was watched by an average of 8 million viewers. In January 2011, Comcast finalized its acquisition of a majority share in NBC Universal, as a result of the merger, the operations of Comcasts existing sports networks, such as Golf Channel and Versus, were merged into an entity known as the NBC Sports Group. NBC Sports senior vice president Mike McCarley additionally became Golf Channels new head, on July 3,2011, ESPN obtained the exclusive broadcast rights to Wimbledon in a 12-year deal, ending NBCs television relationship with The Championships after 42 years. On August 10,2011, NBC Sports also announced a new three-year broadcasting contract with Major League Soccer to produce games for the 2012 season on NBC and the NBC Sports Network. S. On October 15,2012, NBC Sports announced that it had acquired broadcast rights to the Formula One World Championship in a deal with the series. The majority of its coverage would air on NBCSN, while NBC would air the Monaco Grand Prix, Canadian Grand Prix, all races will also be streamed online and through the NBC Sports Live Extra mobile app
39.
NBCSN
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NBCSN is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the NBC Sports Group division of NBCUniversal. It originally launched on July 1,1995, as the Outdoor Life Network, which was dedicated to programming primarily involving fishing, hunting, outdoor adventure programs, Comcast, the original owner of Versus, acquired a majority stake in NBC Universal in 2011. As a result, Comcast merged the operations of its channels with those of NBC. In particular, it aligned the operation of its sports channels with NBCs sports division, on January 2,2012, Versus was rebranded as the NBC Sports Network to reflect these changes. As of September 15,2014, the entirety of NBC Sports operations, including NBCSN, is based out of facilities in Stamford, as of February 2015, NBCSN is available to approximately 81,578,000 pay television households in the United States. The channel originally launched as the Outdoor Life Network on July 1,1995 and its programming consisted of hunting, fishing, and outdoor adventure shows. In its early days, the channel reached one million homes and found most of its carriage via the then-infant platforms of direct broadcast satellite services. In 1999, OLN acquired the U. S. broadcast rights to the Tour de France for US$3 million, coverage of the Tour on OLN brought substantially greater viewership to the then fledgling channel, due in part to the then-growing popularity of American rider Lance Armstrong. Some critics had jokingly referred to OLN as the Only Lance Network due to its overemphasis on the American rider, following the 2005 Tour, OLN debuted a new lineup of programming – anchored by repeats of the popular reality television series Survivor. Around the same period, OLN also acquired the rights to the Dakar Rally, Americas Cup, the Boston Marathon, and the Iditarod. OLN planned to cover these events in a similar style to how it covered the Tour. Due in part to Lances absence from the Tour in 2006, Comcast had already been involved in NHL broadcasting, at the time, it owned majority control of the Philadelphia Flyers, and four Comcast SportsNet regional sports networks. In August 2005, ESPN declined to match Comcasts offer, the new deal would include 58 regular season games on Monday and Tuesday nights, coverage of the NHL All-Star Game, conference finals, and the first two games of the Stanley Cup Finals. With the help of its new NHL package, by June 2006, however, due in part to OLNs lesser carriage in comparison to ESPN, the NHLs ratings that season had suffered in comparison. In 2006, OLN broadcast selected games in the Arena Football Leagues 2006 season, the channel televised a weekly regular-season game for 11 weeks as well as a wild card playoff game. However, the agreement was not renewed and was picked up by ESPN. In April 2006, Comcast announced that it would be renaming Outdoor Life Network to Versus in the fall of 2006, as the network had shifted beyond simply outdoor programming, the name Versus was intended to represent the common element of competition within its lineup. OLNs re-launch as Versus occurred on September 25,2006, among the new programming acquired by Versus was a number of combat sports, beginning with a series of boxing programs promoted by Bob Arums Top Rank group
40.
ESPN on ABC
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ESPN on ABC is the brand used for sports event and documentary programming televised on the American Broadcasting Company in the United States. ABC broadcasts use ESPNs production and announcing staff, and incorporate elements such as ESPN-branded on-screen graphics, SportsCenter in-game updates, the broadcast networks sports event coverage carried the ABC Sports brand prior to September 2,2006. When ABC acquired a controlling interest in ESPN in 1984, it operated the cable network separately from its sports division. The integration of ABC Sports with ESPN began after The Walt Disney Company bought ABC in 1996, the branding change to ESPN on ABC was made to better orient ESPN viewers with event telecasts on ABC and provide consistent branding for all sports broadcasts on Disney-owned channels. Like its longtime competitors CBS Sports and NBC Sports, ABC Sports was originally part of the division of the ABC network. When Roone Arledge came to ABC Sports as a producer of NCAA football games in 1960, the International Olympic Committee even wanted a bank to guarantee ABCs contract to broadcast the 1960 Olympics. At the time, Edward Scherick served as the de facto head of ABC Sports, Scherick had joined the fledgling ABC television network when he persuaded it to purchase Sports Programs, Inc. in exchange for the network acquiring shares in the company. Scherick had formed the company after he left CBS, when the network would not make him the head of its sports programming unit. Before ABC Sports even became a division of the network, Scherick. While Scherick was not interested in For Men Only, he recognized the talent that Arledge had, Arledge realized ABC was the organization he was looking to become part of. The lack of an organization would offer him the opportunity to claim real power when the network matured. With this, he signed on with Scherick as an assistant producer, network broadcasts of sporting events had previously consisted of simple set-ups and focused on the game itself. In his memo, Arledge not only offered another way to broadcast the game to the sports fan, in addition, he had the forethought to realize that the broadcasts needed to attract, and hold the attention of female viewers, as well as males. Despite the production values he brought to NCAA college football, Scherick wanted low-budget sports programming that could attract and he hit upon the idea of broadcasting track and field events sponsored by the Amateur Athletic Union. While Americans were not exactly fans of track and field events, in January 1961, Scherick called Arledge into his office, and asked him to attend the annual AAU board of governors meeting. While he was shaking hands, Scherick said, if the mood seemed right, might he cut a deal to broadcast AAU events on ABC and it seemed like a tall assignment, however as Scherick said years later, Roone was a gentile and I was not. Arledge came back with a deal for ABC to broadcast all AAU events for $50,000 per year, next, Scherick and Arledge divided up their NCAA college football sponsor list. They then telephoned their sponsors and said in so many words, Advertise on our new sports show coming up in April, or forget about buying commercials on NCAA college football this fall
41.
Turner Sports
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Turner Sports also operates NBA TV on behalf of the National Basketball Association. Turner also owns Peachtree TV, the former WTBS, which was the home of Atlanta Braves Baseball. This relationship ended after the 2013 season. com Starting with the 2010–11 academic year and continuing through 2031-32, under the deal, Turner also manages NCAA. com. This does not include championships of the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, NBA. com PGA. com Bleacher Report Time Warner acquired this sports news website in August 2012 for an estimated value of close to $200 million
42.
ESPN
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ESPN is a U. S. -based global cable and satellite sports television channel owned by ESPN Inc. a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company and the Hearst Corporation. ESPN broadcasts primarily from studio facilities located in Bristol, Connecticut, the network also operates offices in Miami, New York City, Seattle, Charlotte, and Los Angeles. John Skipper currently serves as president of ESPN, a position he has held since January 1,2012, as of February 2015, ESPN is available to approximately 94,396,000 paid television households in the United States. In 2011, ESPNs history and rise was chronicled by These Guys Have All the Fun, Bill Rasmussen conceived the concept of ESPN in late May 1978, after he was fired from his job with the World Hockey Associations New England Whalers. One of the first steps in Bill and his son Scotts process was finding land to build the channels broadcasting facilities, the Rasmussens first rented office space in Plainville, Connecticut. However, the plan to base ESPN there was put on hold because a local ordinance prohibiting buildings from bearing rooftop satellite dishes and this helped the credibility of the fledgling company, however there were still many doubters to the viability of their sports channel concept. ESPN launched on September 7,1979, beginning with the first telecast of what would become the flagship program. Taped in front of a live audience inside the Bristol studios. ESPNs next big break came when the acquired the rights to broadcast coverage of the early rounds of the NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament. It first aired the NCAA tournament in March 1980, creating the modern day television event known as March Madness. The channels tournament coverage also launched the career of Dick Vitale. In April of that year, ESPN created another made-for-TV spectacle, the next major stepping stone for ESPN came over the course of a couple of months in 1984. During this time period, the American Broadcasting Company purchased 100% of ESPN from the Rasmussens, for years, the NFL, NBA and Major League Baseball refused to consider cable as a means of broadcasting some of their games. However, with the backing of ABC, ESPNs ability to compete for major sports contracts greatly increased, later in 1984, the U. S. ESPNs Sunday Night Football games would become the highest-rated NFL telecasts for the next 17 years. In 1992, ESPN launched ESPN Radio, a sports talk radio network providing analysis. It became the fastest growing cable channel in the U. S. during the 1990s, ownership of ABC, and in effect control of ESPN, was acquired first by Capital Cities Communications in 1985, and then by The Walt Disney Company in 1996. In 2012, ESPN generated more revenue for Disney than any of its other properties combined, alongside its live sports broadcasts, ESPN also airs a variety of sports highlight, talk, and documentary-styled shows. 30 for 30 started airing in 2009 and continues airing to this day, each episode is through the eyes of a well known filmmaker and has featured some of the biggest directors in Hollywood
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Fox Sports (United States)
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Television rights to broadcast Super Bowl XXXI in 1997. The deal stripped CBS of football telecasts for the first time since 1955, the NFL television rights and affiliation deals firmly established Fox as the nations fourth major network. The networks relationship with the NFL would expand in 1997, when it began airing games from NFL Europe, with a sports division now established, Fox decided to seek broadcast rights agreements with other major sports leagues. Again, Fox outbid CBS, which wanted to secure the rights as a result of losing the NFL to Fox, Fox lost the NHL rights to ABC Sports and ESPN in 1999. On November 7,1995, Fox was awarded partial broadcast rights to Major League Baseball games, as part of a six-year renewal of this deal – valued at $2.3 billion. The rights later extended to sister motorsports-oriented cable network Speed Channel in October 2002, through a 2006 contract renewal, Fox became the exclusive U. S. broadcaster of the Daytona 500. In 2007, Fox began airing most of the games that were part of the Bowl Championship Series, including the BCS Championship Game, ESPN assumed the BCS rights beginning in 2010. In May 2010, Fox aired the final of the UEFA Champions League, in August 2011, Fox Sports announced it had reached a seven-year broadcast agreement with the Ultimate Fighting Championship, ending the mixed martial arts promotions relationship with Spike. On August 6,2013, Fox Sports announced a 12-year deal to broadcast the three open championships of the United States Golf Association, including the U. S. Open. Fox Sports 2 – a national sports network, which serves as a counterpart to FS1. Big Ten Network – a joint venture with the Big Ten Conference, airing various sporting events involving, Fox Soccer Plus – a subscription-based sports network, which broadcasts domestic and international soccer matches, including the UEFA Champions League among other competitions. Fox College Sports – a slate of three cable channels produced by regional Fox Sports Networks, which airs additional college sports content from across the country. Fox Deportes – a Spanish-language network, which airs coverage of UEFA Champions League, as well as the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup and the F. A. Cup. It also presents Spanish-language coverage of the Major League Baseball Game of the Week, the All-Star Game, Fox Sports Media Group formally announced the replacement of Speed with Fox Sports 1 on March 5,2013, with a target launch date slated for August 17. The network airs content from Major League Baseball, the UFC, NASCAR, soccer, notable personalities on FS1 include Regis Philbin, Mike Tyson, Michael Strahan, Erin Andrews, as well as many other Fox Sports personalities. The networks launched on August 17,2013, on September 2,2013, Fox Soccer was replaced by FXX, an entertainment-based sister network to FX with a focus on comedy programming. With the concurrent shutdown and replacement of the network, Fox Soccers sports programming was shifted over to Fox Sports 1, as a result, outside of very rare sports conflicts on both Fox Sports networks, FX no longer carries any sports programming. Fox Soccers companion premium service, Fox Soccer Plus, continues to exist and supplements soccer coverage on Fox Sports 1, Fox Sports Networks operates as a slate of regional sports networks with broadcasting agreements that follow league market distribution rules
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