1.
Otley
–
Otley is a market town and civil parish at a bridging point on the River Wharfe in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the population was 13,668 at the 2011 census, the town is in lower Wharfedale on the A660 which connects it to Leeds. The parish church has 7th-century origins, Thomas Chippendale, the cabinetmaker, was born in the town and the painter J. M. W. Otleys name is derived from Othe, Otho or Otta, a Saxon personal name and leah and it was recorded as Ottanlege in 972 and Otelai or Othelia in the Domesday Book of 1086. The name Chevin has close parallels to the early Brythonic Welsh term Cefn meaning ridge, there are pre-historic settlement finds alongside both sides of the River Wharfe and it is believed the valley has been settled at this site since the Bronze Age. There are Bronze Age carvings on rocks situated on top of The Chevin, West Yorkshire Geology Trust has reference to Otley Chevin and Caley Crags having a rich history of human settlement stretching back into Palaeolithic times. Flint tools, Bronze Age rock carvings and Iron Age earthworks have been found, in medieval times the forest park was used as common pasture land, as a source of wood and sandstones for buildings and walls. The majority of the development of the town dates from Saxon times and was part of an extensive manor granted by King Athelstan to the see of York. The Archbishops of York had a residence and were lords of the manor and their palace was located on the site occupied by the Manor House. Otley is close to Leeds and may have formed part of the kingdom of Elmet, remains of the Archbishops Palace were found during the construction of St Josephs School. The town grew in the first half of the 13th century when the archbishops laid out burgage plots to attract merchants, the burgage plots were on Boroughgate, Walkergate and Kirkgate. Bondgate was for tenants who did not have burgage privileges, a leper hospital was founded on the road to Harewood beyond Cross Green. Documented history for the market begins in 1222 when King Henry III granted the first Royal Charter, the town had two cattle markets, Wharfedale Farmers Auction Mart on East Chevin Road and the Bridge End Auction Mart which has closed and was subsequently demolished. Market days are Tuesday, Friday and Saturday, and there is a Farmers Market on the last Sunday of every month, Turner, the painter, visited Otley in 1797, aged 22, when commissioned to paint watercolours of the area. He was so attracted to Otley and the area that he returned time and time again. His friendship with Walter Ramsden Fawkes made him a regular visitor to Farnley Hall, the stormy backdrop of Hannibal Crossing The Alps is reputed to have been inspired by a storm over Otleys Chevin while Turner was staying at Farnley Hall. The woollen industry developed as an industry but during the Industrial Revolution. A cotton mill and weaving shed for calicoes were built by the river in the late 18th century, later woolcombing and worsted spinning were introduced
Otley
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The River Wharfe at Otley
Otley
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Weir on the River Wharfe at Otley
Otley
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A view over Otley.
Otley
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the Old Prince Henry's Grammar School
2.
Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield
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Queen Elizabeth Grammar School is an independent, public school for boys in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. The school was founded by Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1591 at the request of leading citizens in Wakefield 75 in total and some of whom formed the first governing body. In 1854 QEGS moved to its present site in Northgate, Wakefield, into premises designed by the architect Richard Lane, the attached Junior school for boys aged 7 to 11 was founded in 1910. QEGS is a member of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference, john Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury and The Rt Revd and Rt Hon The Lord Hope of Thornes, former Archbishop of York. Queen Elizabeth Grammar School dates back to 1591, on 19 November 1591 the charter was granted to fourteen men to act as Governors of the new school. The Charter read, Five of the fourteen men designated to be governors bore the name Saville, the availability of bequests and grants enabled the school to attract pupils from a wide catchment area and a broad range of social backgrounds. This trend continues today through Foundation Awards, Scholarships and Bursaries, the School Arms came into existence soon after the school was founded and features a lion, an owl and a bible. The golden lion on a red field refers to the foundation, the silver owl on black is taken from the arms of the Savile family. The school motto – Turpe Nescire – means “It is a disgrace to be ignorant”. Around 1900, H. G. Abel, then the Senior Classics Master, composed Floreas, Wakefieldia and Matthew Peacock, Headmaster and Honorary Choirmaster at the Cathedral and it was seen as fitting that the song should be written in Latin, thereby evoking echoes of traditional scholasticism. The song is sung today – at Founders Day, Speech Day. A new building was opened in 2005 by Ted Wragg, the famous educationalist, the new building provides a new 6th Form Centre, English Department, state-of-the-art Theatre, and Learning Resources Centre for the pupils of QEGS. The school is noted for its sporting ability, having achieved frequent success in a number of sports. Over 83% of the schools boys represent QEGS in one sporting event or another, the most popular sport is Rugby Union, followed by Hockey, Cricket, Athletics and Basketball. Hockey in particular has experienced growth in the school throughout the last decade. In 2006,2013,2014 and 2015 the under-15s Rugby side reached the Daily Mail Cup final, winning the competition in a tight 15-6 win over three tim rivals Warwick. In 2009 every age group won the hockey Yorkshire Cup for the first time in the history with the under 16s going on to reach the national semi-finals. As well as plenty of sporting opportunities, the School also gives students the opportunity to participate in the Duke of Edinburghs Award Scheme, the picture shown is the Sixth Form Centre for sixth formers
Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield
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Queen Elizabeth Grammar School
Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield
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The War Memorial at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield
Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield
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The view looking out of the 6th Form Centre in the Saville Building
3.
Zara Phillips
–
Zara Anne Elizabeth Tindall MBE is a British equestrian and the second child and only daughter of Anne, Princess Royal, and her first husband, Captain Mark Phillips. She is the second-eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Tindall is married to former England rugby union player Mike Tindall. Tindall won the Eventing World Championship in Aachen in 2006, the same year she was voted 2006 BBC Sports Personality of the Year by the British viewing public. She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 2007 New Year Honours List for her services to equestrianism, in 2012, she carried an Olympic flame at Cheltenham Racecourse on her horse Toytown. As a member of the Great Britain Eventing Team, she won a Silver Medal at the London 2012 Olympics and was presented with her medal by her mother and she is currently 16th in line to succeed her grandmother. Zara Tindall was born on 15 May 1981 at St Marys Hospital and she was baptised Zara Anne Elizabeth on 27 July 1981, and her first name was suggested by her uncle, the Prince of Wales. Her godparents are her uncle, Prince Andrew, the Countess of Lichfield, Helen, Lady Stewart, Andrew Parker Bowles. Phillips herself is godmother to Prince George of Cambridge, Tindall has an older brother, Peter Phillips and two half-sisters, Felicity Tonkins and Stephanie Phillips, born 2 October 1997 from her fathers second marriage to Sandy Pflueger. During her schooldays, Tindall excelled at many sporting activities, representing her schools in hockey and she was also successful academically, scoring 11 GCSEs from A* to C and a B and C in her A-levels. She later studied at University of Exeter and qualified as a physiotherapist, following in both her parents footsteps, Tindall is an accomplished equestrian. In June 2003, she announced that she had secured a deal with Cantor Index. She finished runner up at Burghley Horse Trials in 2003 in her first four-star event, despite winning team gold at the 2007 European Eventing Championships in Italy, she failed to defend her individual title after a problem in the show-jumping phase of the competition. The British Olympic Association announced that Zara would be riding Toytown for the British equestrian team at the Beijing Olympic Games 2008 in Hong Kong, however, an injury sustained by Toytown during training led to her being forced to withdraw from the team. Zara previously missed the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, when Toytown suffered an injury during training. On 25 October 2008, Tindall fell from her horse, Tsunami II, at the 15th fence of an event at Pau, France. The horse broke its neck after it had tipped over the hedge and was put down, in 2009, it was announced that Zara would be designing her own range of equestrian clothing for Musto Outdoor Clothing. The range is named ZP176 after the number she was given when she first represented her country. The range was launched in July 2010
Zara Phillips
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At
Burghley Horse Trials in 2007
Zara Phillips
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Zara and High Kingdom competing at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London
4.
Centre (rugby union)
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In the game of rugby union, there are 15 players on each team, comprising eight forwards and seven backs. In addition, there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench, players are not restricted to any single position on the field, although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types. Players that specialise in three positions are called utility players. The scrum, however, must consist of eight players, the front row, the row. The players outside the scrum are called the backs, scrum-half, fly-half, the backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster. Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking, full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers, and have the ability to catch a kicked ball. The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team, the centres key attacking roles are to try and break through the defensive line and link successfully with wingers. The fly-half can be a kicker and generally directs the backline. The scrum-half retrieves the ball from the forwards and needs a quick, forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs. Props push in the scrums, while the hooker tries to hook the ball, locks are tall and jump for the ball at the line-out after the hooker has thrown it in. The flankers and number eight should be the first forwards to a tackle, there are a maximum of 15 players from each team on a rugby field at one time. The players position at the start of the game is indicated by the number on the back of their shirts,1 to 15, the positions are divided into two main categories, forwards and backs. In international matches, there are eight substitutes that can replace a team member. The substitutes, numbered 16 to 23, can take up the position of the player they replace or the on-field players can be shuffled to make room for this player in another position. Typically, the replacement players will have a number that corresponds with their intended replacement position with the numbers from 16 to 20 being forwards and 21 to 23 being backs. There are no personal squad numbers and a players position. Players can also change positions with players on the field during the match, common examples are the fly-half playing the full-backs position in defence or a prop taking the hookers position at line-outs. Different positions on the field suit certain skill sets and body types, each position has certain roles to play on the field, although most have been established through convention rather than law
Centre (rugby union)
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The forwards are in the scrum while the backs are lined up across the field.
Centre (rugby union)
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A normal rugby union team formation illustrating each of the positions and their respective numbers.
Centre (rugby union)
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A
scrummage in a
traditional football game in
Lower Normandy, France, 1852
Centre (rugby union)
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A full-back,
Pat McCabe, fields the ball from a kick.
5.
Bath Rugby
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Bath Rugby is an English professional rugby union club in Bath, Somerset. They play in the English Premiership, the club has won Englands domestic competition, the Anglo-Welsh Cup, the Heineken Cup, and the European Challenge Cup. Founded in 1865 as Bath Football Club, they are one of the oldest and most successful rugby clubs, the club plays at the Recreation Ground. Bath Football Club is one of the oldest clubs in existence and this is the reason why the club colours of the two clubs are identical. With an original home base at North Parade, Bath then led a nomadic existence during the 1800s playing at Claverton Down, Lambridge Meadows, Taylors Field and they then leased a plot of land at Pulteney Meadow where todays Rec stands. With most games played against local opposition, Weston-super-Mare, Gloucester, Clifton, by the 1890s, Welsh clubs were starting to become regular opponents, with Cardiff and Penarth regularly appearing in the fixture list. With a traditionally lightweight pack, they would suffer regular defeats, the trip was repeated the following year with wins against St. Claude, Dijon and Macon as Captain Peter Sibley was the first to develop the ethos for fast, attacking rugby in the Sixties. With six-foot four-inch players such as England international back row David Gay, Peter Heindorff, with the mercurial John Horton and the incisive Mike Beese, the side continued to develop Baths reputation in the early Seventies with wins over the top Welsh sides. However, the revolution began with the arrival of coach Jack Rowell in 1978, Rowell transformed the ethos of a club that had traditionally drawn its players from the immediate locality. When formalised competitions started in the 1980s Jack Rowell brought premature professionalism to Bath and began to assemble a side with power, the power, provided by Gareth Chilcott and Roger Spurrell was complemented by the precision of John Horton and winger David Trick. By 1984, the first of ten knock-out cup successes had been achieved, Bath dominated the John Player Cup winning it four years on a trot, from 1984 to 1987. The cup sponsor changed to Pilkington, and Bath after a blip in 1988 dominated that cup as well winning it a six times. The formal league structure started in 1987 and Bath dominated the years of the competition winning six times in eight years. Bath were a force in 1988–89 and ran away with the league title. Their only defeat was at Leicester in the last game of the season, the two sides met again a week later in the Pilkington Cup final at Twickenham which Bath won 10–6 to become the first English club to wrap up the double of winning both League and Cup. 1990 saw the last of six consecutive Twickenham final wins, defeating Gloucester 48–6, 1993–94 saw a unique Grand Slam of titles. In addition to the league, the won the Pilkington Cup, the Middlesex Sevens. In May 1996, Bath Rugby and Wigan RLFC made history by playing against each other at both codes
Bath Rugby
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Bath Rugby v
Toulouse,
Justin Harrison (
Heineken Cup)
Bath Rugby
–
Bath Rugby
Bath Rugby
–
Byron Kelleher and
Michael Claassens.
Bath Rugby
–
The
Recreation Ground.
6.
Gloucester Rugby
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Gloucester Rugby is a professional English rugby union club situated in the West Country city of Gloucester, and formed in 1873. It now plays in the domestic Premiership, the Anglo-Welsh Cup, the home stadium in the district of Kingsholm, just outside Gloucester City Centre. The club has no official nickname but are referred to as the Cherry and Whites by supporters. Matches with local rivals Bath, Worcester Warriors and Bristol are referred to as West Country derbies, a team was then organised to play the College school which was actually played on the ground of the current Kingsholm. There were 11 games played during the clubs 1876–77 season, the winning six. Gloucester Rugby Football Club had a run in the coming seasons. In the 1879–80 season Gloucester RFC played 17 games and lost just two, the following season was less successful, winning six of their 13 fixtures. In the 1882–83 season the team won 11 of their 14 games, the club was playing more fixtures as the decade continued, contesting 20 games in the 1884–85 season, and up to 34 in the 1891–92 season. The club left the Spa after an argument with the club that they were ground sharing with. During the winter the Rugby Club had used a mixture to remove frost from the pitch. Gloucester RFC were no longer welcome at the Spa ground. They then acquired lands from the Castle Grim Estate for £4,000 in 1891 and have resided in this place, known since as Kingsholm. Gloucester RFC were suspended by the RFU for professionalism as a result of the club recruiting players, the club responded by adopting a more puritanical adherence to the amateur regulations, and were reinstated. However, when the Northern clubs split from the RFU to form the Northern Rugby Union a number of Gloucester RFC players went North, Gloucester RFC defeated Newport 12 to 9 in front of 8,000 spectators. The following season was infamous for the number of footballers that were sent from the field by officials,14 for fighting, seven for arguing, six for language, Leicester actually cancelled their Gloucester RFC fixture because of this. Around the mid 1920s the media began to refer to the club as the Red, in 1972 Gloucester RFC won the first ever National Knock-Out Competition. Having overcome Bath, Bristol, London Welsh and Coventry in earlier rounds, they beat Moseley in a Twickenham final that was marred by violence and the sending off of Moseleys Nigel Horton. In 1978 Gloucester RFC won the first ever John Player Cup, despite the two cup wins of the 1970s and a shared trophy in 1982, Gloucester RFC were soon to find themselves in the shadow of Bath, the rising force from down the A46. Bath finished runners-up in the league in 1989, but the end to the 1989–90 campaign was to be a prelude to lean years
Gloucester Rugby
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Gloucester
7.
England national rugby union team
–
The England national rugby union team represents England in rugby union. They compete in the annual Six Nations Championship with France, Ireland, Scotland, Italy and they are ranked second in the world by the International Rugby Board as of 20 June 2016. England were the first, and to date, the team from the northern hemisphere to win the Rugby World Cup. They were also runners-up in 1991 and 2007, the history of the team extends back to 1871 when the English rugby team played their first official Test match, losing to Scotland by one goal. England dominated the early Home Nations Championship which started in 1883, following the schism of rugby football in 1895, England did not win the Championship again until 1910. England first played against New Zealand in 1905, South Africa in 1906, England was one of the teams invited to take part in the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987 and went on to appear in the final in the second tournament in 1991, losing 12–6 to Australia. Following their 2003 Six Nations Championship Grand Slam, they went on to win the 2003 Rugby World Cup – defeating Australia 20–17 in extra time and they again contested the final in 2007, losing 15–6 to South Africa. England players traditionally wear a shirt with a Rose embroidered on the chest, white shorts. Their home ground is Twickenham Stadium where they first played in 1910, the team is administered by the Rugby Football Union. Four former players have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame, Englands first international match was against Scotland on Monday 27 March 1871. Not only was this match Englands first, but it proved to be the first ever rugby union international. Scotland won the match by a goal and a try to a try, in front of a crowd of 4,000 people at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh. A subsequent international took place at the Oval in London on 5 February 1872 which saw England defeat Scotland by a goal, in those early days there was no points system, it was only after 1890 that a format allowing the introduction of a points system was provided. Up until 1875 international rugby matches were decided by the number of goals scored, in 1875, England played their first game against the Irish at the Oval, winning by one goal, one drop goal and one try to nil, the match was Irelands first ever Test. England defeated Scotland in 1880 to become the first winners of the Calcutta Cup and their first match against Wales was played on 19 February 1881 at Richardsons Field in Blackheath. England recorded their largest victory, defeating the Welsh by seven goals, six tries, in 1889, England played their first match against a non-home nations team when they defeated the New Zealand Natives by one goal and four tries to nil at Rectory Field in Blackheath. In 1890 England shared the Home Nations trophy with Scotland, England first played New Zealand in 1905. The All Blacks scored five tries, worth three points at this time, to win 15–0, England first played France in 1905, and Australia in 1909 when they were defeated 9–3
England national rugby union team
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England before they played in the first international; versus
Scotland in Edinburgh, 1871.
England national rugby union team
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England
England national rugby union team
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England versus
The Original All Blacks in 1905; the New Zealanders won 15–0.
England national rugby union team
–
Celebrations at
Trafalgar Square after England's
2003 World Cup victory.
8.
Barbarians F.C.
–
The Barbarian Football Club, a rugby union team usually referred to as the Barbarians and nicknamed the Baa-Baas, is an invitational team based in Britain. The Barbarians play in black and white hoops, though players retain the socks from their home club strip. Membership is by invitation and the only considered when issuing an invitation are the standard of a players skills. Being asked to become a Barbarian is an honour that isnt restricted to British or Irish players, consequently, players from 27 other countries have worn Barbarian colours. Traditionally at least one uncapped player is selected for each match, in 1948, the Barbarians were invited to face Australia as part of that teams tour of Britain, Ireland and France. Although initially designed as a fund raiser towards the end of the tour, the became a popular fixture for most touring nations to Britain. The Barbarian Club was formed by William Percy Carpmael, who had played rugby for Cambridge University, at the time practically every club ceased playing in early March and there were no tours and players just packed up until the following season. In 1890 he took the Southern Nomads – mainly composed of players from Blackheath – on a tour of some counties of England. His idea – collecting a touring side from all sources to tackle a few leading clubs in the land – received strong support from leading players, particularly ex-university players. On 8 April 1890, in Leuchters Restaurant and later at the Alexandra Hotel in Bradford, the team toured later that year and beat Hartlepool Rovers 9–4 on 27 December in their first fixture. The concept took hold over the years and the nearest thing to a home came to be the Esplanade Hotel at Penarth in South Wales. The annual Good Friday game against the Barbarians was the highlight of the Penarth clubs year and was attended by enthusiastic capacity crowds. The first match took place in 1901, and over the next 75 encounters, Penarth won eleven games, drew four, between 1920 and the first Athletics Field game in 1925, the Good Friday games were hosted on Penarth County Grammar Schools sports field. The final Penarth v Barbarians game was played in 1986, by time the Penarth club had slipped from its former prominent position in Welsh rugby. Gary Teichmann, captain of both the South African International squad and the Barbarians, unveiled a plaque at the clubhouse to mark the event. After the Second World War, in 1948, the Barbarians were asked by the British and Irish Unions to raise a side to play the touring Australian side. This started the tradition of the Final Challenge – played as the last match in a tour of Britain and Ireland by Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The Barbarian Final Challenge match with the All Blacks at Cardiff Arms Park on 27 January 1973 is celebrated as one of the best games of rugby ever played
Barbarians F.C.
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Barbarians team that faced Huddersfield, December 1891
Barbarians F.C.
–
Barbarians
9.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
Order of the British Empire
–
Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
Order of the British Empire
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MBE as awarded in 1918
Order of the British Empire
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Close up of an MBE from 1945 showing the "For God and the Empire"
Order of the British Empire
–
Lieutenant General Sir
Robert Fulton, KBE
10.
2003 Rugby World Cup
–
The 2003 Rugby World Cup was the fifth Rugby World Cup and was won by England. The tournament began with host nation Australia defeating Argentina 24–8 at Telstra Stadium in Sydney, Australia went on to defeat New Zealand 22–10 in the semifinal, to play England in the final. The following 20 teams, shown by region, qualified for the 2003 Rugby World Cup, a record 81 nations from five continents were involved in the qualification process designed to fill the remaining 12 spots, which began on 23 September 2000. The overall stadium capacity was 421,311 across 11 venues and this was a reduction from the 1999 Rugby World Cup in Wales which had a total capacity of 654,677 across 18 venues. Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane was a new A$280 million venue designed specifically for rugby league, rugby union and soccer, the Central Coast Stadium was also a newly built rectangular venue built for union, league and soccer. It was built on the site of the old Grahame Park ground and was opened in February 2000 at a cost of A$30 million, the Sydney Football Stadium was one of two venues in Sydney that were used for football during the 2000 Olympic Games. The other venue in Sydney was Stadium Australia, which was the centrepiece of the 2000 Olympic Games, by 2003 Stadium Australia was known as Telstra Stadium. It was built as the stadium of the 2000 Olympics at a cost of A$690 million. The only stadium with a retractable roof used was the Docklands Stadium in Melbourne, with forty matches to be played in the pool stage on top of the knock-out matches would make the event the largest Rugby World Cup tournament to be played to date. For the first time, a point system was implemented in pool play. The ARUs main promotion for the event was Show Your True Colours, the Australian media criticised the competition early in the tournament as the smaller nations were crushed by the rugby superpowers by 60 points or more. However, some of smaller, third tier nations, such as Japan. In pool C, Samoa gave England a fright with an approach that allowed them to take an early lead, however. This match was marked by controversy, as England fielded 16 players at one point during the game, coinciding with a last-gasp try-saving tackle, the big clashes ran mainly to form. A disappointing South Africa limped through the pool, eventually capitulating to England to relegate them to a quarter final against New Zealand. Australia however only beat Ireland by one point to top their pool, whilst Wales pushed the All Blacks to the wire, France beat Scotland to round out the quarter-finals. The quarter-final stage produced the widely predicted set of semi-finalists, although England again made heavy weather of defeating a resurgent Wales, France destroyed an Irish side who had gone into the match hopeful of a win, scoring 31 early points to put the game out of reach. In the other quarter-finals, a disappointing South Africa fell to New Zealand, the first semi-final produced an upset, when Australia defeated the fancied New Zealand to become the first defending champions to reach the following championship final
2003 Rugby World Cup
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England 2003 World Cup winners
2003 Rugby World Cup
–
2003 Rugby World Cup
2003 Rugby World Cup
–
The opening game at
Telstra Stadium between Australia and Argentina
2003 Rugby World Cup
–
Celebrations in
Trafalgar Square
11.
Zara Tindall
–
Zara Anne Elizabeth Tindall MBE is a British equestrian and the second child and only daughter of Anne, Princess Royal, and her first husband, Captain Mark Phillips. She is the second-eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Tindall is married to former England rugby union player Mike Tindall. Tindall won the Eventing World Championship in Aachen in 2006, the same year she was voted 2006 BBC Sports Personality of the Year by the British viewing public. She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 2007 New Year Honours List for her services to equestrianism, in 2012, she carried an Olympic flame at Cheltenham Racecourse on her horse Toytown. As a member of the Great Britain Eventing Team, she won a Silver Medal at the London 2012 Olympics and was presented with her medal by her mother and she is currently 16th in line to succeed her grandmother. Zara Tindall was born on 15 May 1981 at St Marys Hospital and she was baptised Zara Anne Elizabeth on 27 July 1981, and her first name was suggested by her uncle, the Prince of Wales. Her godparents are her uncle, Prince Andrew, the Countess of Lichfield, Helen, Lady Stewart, Andrew Parker Bowles. Phillips herself is godmother to Prince George of Cambridge, Tindall has an older brother, Peter Phillips and two half-sisters, Felicity Tonkins and Stephanie Phillips, born 2 October 1997 from her fathers second marriage to Sandy Pflueger. During her schooldays, Tindall excelled at many sporting activities, representing her schools in hockey and she was also successful academically, scoring 11 GCSEs from A* to C and a B and C in her A-levels. She later studied at University of Exeter and qualified as a physiotherapist, following in both her parents footsteps, Tindall is an accomplished equestrian. In June 2003, she announced that she had secured a deal with Cantor Index. She finished runner up at Burghley Horse Trials in 2003 in her first four-star event, despite winning team gold at the 2007 European Eventing Championships in Italy, she failed to defend her individual title after a problem in the show-jumping phase of the competition. The British Olympic Association announced that Zara would be riding Toytown for the British equestrian team at the Beijing Olympic Games 2008 in Hong Kong, however, an injury sustained by Toytown during training led to her being forced to withdraw from the team. Zara previously missed the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, when Toytown suffered an injury during training. On 25 October 2008, Tindall fell from her horse, Tsunami II, at the 15th fence of an event at Pau, France. The horse broke its neck after it had tipped over the hedge and was put down, in 2009, it was announced that Zara would be designing her own range of equestrian clothing for Musto Outdoor Clothing. The range is named ZP176 after the number she was given when she first represented her country. The range was launched in July 2010
Zara Tindall
–
At
Burghley Horse Trials in 2007
Zara Tindall
–
Zara and High Kingdom competing at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London
12.
Anne, Princess Royal
–
Anne, Princess Royal, KG KT GCVO GCStJ QSO GCL CD is the second child and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of her birth, she was third in the line of succession, behind her mother – then Princess Elizabeth – and elder brother and she rose to second after her mothers accession, but is currently 12th in line. Anne is known for her work, and is patron of over 200 organisations. Princess Anne has held the title of Princess Royal since 1987 and is its seventh holder, Anne was married to Captain Mark Phillips in 1973, they divorced in 1992. They have two children and three grandchildren, in 1992, within months of her divorce, Anne married Vice Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence, whom she had met while he served as her mothers equerry between 1986 and 1989. Anne was born at Clarence House on 15 August 1950 at 11,50 am, as the child and only daughter of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh. She was the grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Anne was baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 21 October 1950, by Archbishop of York, after the death of George VI, Annes mother ascended the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. Given her young age at the time, she did not attend the coronation, the Company was active until 1963, when Anne went to boarding school. Anne enrolled at Benenden School in 1963, in 1968 she left school with six GCE O-Levels and two A-Levels. In the next couple of years, Anne started dating, in 1970 her first boyfriend was Andrew Parker Bowles, who later became the first husband of Camilla Shand. Following the wedding, Anne and her husband lived at Gatcombe Park and he was made acting captain by the start of 1974 when he was appointed a personal aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II. By 1989, however, Princess Anne and Mark Phillips announced their intention to separate, the couple divorced on 23 April 1992. The Queen had offered Phillips an earldom on his wedding day, the couple had two children, Peter Phillips and Zara Phillips. As female-line descendants of royalty, the children have no title despite being the grandchildren of a monarch, Anne became a grandmother on 29 December 2010 when Peter and his wife Autumn had a daughter, Savannah. On 29 March 2012, the couple had daughter, Isla. Annes third granddaughter, Mia Grace, was born on 17 January 2014 to Zara and her husband Mike Tindall. As Princess Anne and Mark Phillips were returning to Buckingham Palace on 20 March 1974, from a charity event on Pall Mall, the driver of the Escort, Ian Ball, jumped out and began firing a pistol
Anne, Princess Royal
–
The Princess Royal at
Chatham House, October 2015
Anne, Princess Royal
Anne, Princess Royal
–
Princess Anne with her parents and elder brother in October 1957
Anne, Princess Royal
–
Anne and Charles at the
White House with
Tricia Nixon and
Julie &
David Eisenhower in June 1970
13.
Elizabeth II
–
Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
Elizabeth II
–
The Queen in March 2015
Elizabeth II
–
Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Elizabeth II
–
Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by
Philip de László, 1933
Elizabeth II
–
Elizabeth in
Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
14.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
–
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh is the husband of Queen Elizabeth II. A member of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Philip was born into the Greek and he was born in Greece, but his family was exiled from the country when he was an infant. After being educated in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, he joined the Royal Navy in 1939, from July 1939, he began corresponding with the 13-year-old Princess Elizabeth, whom he had first met in 1934. During the Second World War he served with the Mediterranean and Pacific fleets, after the war, Philip was granted permission by King George VI to marry Elizabeth. After an engagement of five months, he married Elizabeth on 20 November 1947, just before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh. Philip left active service when Elizabeth became Queen in 1952. He was formally made a Prince of the United Kingdom in 1957, Philip has four children with Elizabeth, Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, and Prince Edward. He has eight grandchildren and five great-grandchildren, a keen sports enthusiast, Philip helped develop the equestrian event of carriage driving. He is a patron of over 800 organisations and serves as chairman of the Duke of Edinburghs Award scheme for people aged 14 to 24 and he is the longest-serving consort of a reigning British monarch and the oldest-ever male member of the British royal family. Philips four elder sisters were Margarita, Theodora, Cecilie, and he was baptised into the Greek Orthodox Church. His godparents were Queen Olga of Greece and the Mayor of Corfu, shortly after Philips birth, his maternal grandfather, Prince Louis of Battenberg, then known as Louis Mountbatten, Marquess of Milford Haven, died in London. Louis was a naturalised British citizen, who, after a career in the Royal Navy, had renounced his German titles and adopted the surname Mountbatten during the First World War. After visiting London for the memorial, Philip and his mother returned to Greece where Prince Andrew had remained behind to command an army division embroiled in the Greco-Turkish War, the war went badly for Greece and the Turks made large gains. On 22 September 1922, Philips uncle, King Constantine I, was forced to abdicate, the commander of the army, General Georgios Hatzianestis, and five senior politicians were executed. Prince Andrews life was believed to be in danger, and Alice was under surveillance, in December, a revolutionary court banished Prince Andrew from Greece for life. The British naval vessel HMS Calypso evacuated Prince Andrews family, with Philip carried to safety in a cot made from a fruit box. Philips family went to France, where settled in the Paris suburb of Saint-Cloud in a house lent to them by his wealthy aunt, Princess George of Greece. Because Philip left Greece as a baby, he not have a strong grasp of Greek
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
–
Prince Philip in March 2015
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
–
Mon Repos, the birthplace of Philip
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
–
Philip studied at
Gordonstoun school, Scotland.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
–
Philip served aboard
HMS Valiant in the
Battle of the Mediterranean.
15.
Social work
–
Social work is an academic and practice-based professional discipline that seeks to facilitate the welfare of communities, individuals, families, and groups. Social work tries to promote change and grassroots empowerment of people and aids in socioeconomic development, social cohesion. A practicing professional with a degree in social work is called a social worker, the practice and profession of social work has a relatively modern and scientific origin, and is generally considered to have developed out of three strands. The first was individual casework, a strategy pioneered by the Charity Organization Society in the mid-19th century, the second was social administration, which included various forms of poverty relief – relief of paupers. Statewide poverty relief could be said to have its roots in the English Poor Laws of the 17th century and this approach was developed originally by the Settlement House Movement. This was accompanied by an easily defined movement, the development of institutions to deal with the entire range of social problems. All had their most rapid growth during the century, and laid the foundational basis for modern social work. Because poverty was the focus of early social work, it was intricately linked with the idea of charity work. With the decline of feudalism in 16th century England, the indigent poor came to be seen as a direct threat to the social order. The first complete code of poor relief was made in the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597 and it created a system administered at parish level, paid for by levying local rates on rate payers. Relief for those too ill or old to work, the impotent poor, was in the form of a payment or items of food or clothing also known as outdoor relief. The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 completely overhauled the system in Britain. This included the forming together of small parishes into Poor Law Unions, the 19th century saw a great leap forward in technological and scientific achievement. There was also a migration to urban areas throughout the Western world. This galvanised the socially active, prosperous middle and upper classes to search for ways to ameliorate the physical and spiritual conditions of the poor underclasses. A new philosophy of scientific charity emerged, which stated charity should be secular, rational and empirical as opposed to sectarian, sentimental, COS had its main focus on individual casework. It supported the concept of self-help and limited government intervention to deal with the effects of poverty, the organisation claimed to use scientific principles to root out scroungers and target relief where it was most needed. Octavia Hill is regarded by many as the founder of social work
Social work
–
A
Marylebone slum in the nineteenth century.
Social work
–
Social work involves ameliorating social problems such as poverty and homelessness.
Social work
–
Toynbee Hall settlement house,
Whitechapel was founded in 1884 as part of the
Settlement movement. Pictured here in 1902.
Social work
–
William Beveridge 's
Beveridge Report of 1942 laid the foundations for the welfare state.
16.
Tyndall
–
The family is spread today throughout the British Isles and the English speaking world. The first member of the known by this name was Uchtred, Lord of Tyndale. His name, the period of his life and his lands and position suggest a kinship with the Anglo Saxon Earls of Northumbria, one of whom was Uchtred the Bold and these Earls, in turn, were descended from the Saxon Kings of Northumbria. Nevertheless, the Tyndales married and integrated into the Norman nobility within the earliest period of their recorded history, the earliest feudal records indicate that an Adam de Tindale was the feudal Baron of South Tyne-dale and of Langeley/Langley Castle, both in the county of Northumberland. The pipe rolls are written in Latin, which explains the use of i rather than y in the name, the Barony had been held by his father or grandfather by the service of one knights fee, in the time of Henry I. Considering the dates, his position and territorial designation, it is probable that this Baron was either the son or grandson of Uchtred, Lord of Tyndale and Princess Bethoc of Scotland. Adam was succeeded by his son, Adam, who held the Barony during the reign of Richard I of England, paid 100 pounds for his relief, with livery of his land, in 1194 and appears to have died in 1224. He left two daughters, who became co-heirs to the Tindale Barony and to Langley Castle, the elder, Philippa, married Adam Nicholas de Bolteby and conveyed to her husband the Barony of South Tyne-dale. It passed through inheritance in the line to the family of Lucy and, later. This title was put under attainder, upon his execution for treason in 1685, there is, however, a legend that King James II did not have him executed but exiled to France, where he became known as the Man in the Iron Mask. Another Barony of Tyndale was created in 1688 as the title of the Radclyffe Earl of Derwentwater. The second son of the first Baron Adam de Tindale, Robert, some of the genealogies and secondary sources for the family from this period are written in English and use Tyndale, for the reasons posited above. The more contemporary Visitation of Essex uses Tyndall, a spelling used below, the first that is known of the family after their migration to Northamptonshire was the enlargement of their estates through marriage into the Deane family. The Deanes were, from the earliest generations, intimately connected with the Tyndall family, the elder son of Robert de Tyndall of Talsover married the heiress of that family and inherited the lands of Deane, which remained in the family for many generations. The Deane arms have been quartered with those of Tyndall ever since and were adopted as the arms of the Tindal branch of the family from the 17th century. Subsequent Tyndalls married well, inheriting the estates of Hockwald in Norfolk and Mapplestead Magna in Essex in marriages with heiresses of the de Montford, several heads of the family were knighted and many appear to have been prominent at court. A William Tyndall was Lancaster Herald under King Edward IV and he was a Herald of the King, first as Guisne Pursuivant and later as Rouge Dragon. His son, Sir Thomas Tyndall, was admitted to the Order of the Bath following the coronation of Queen Anne Boleyn, through marriage to the Felstead family, he became co-heir to the Barony of Scales, the daughter of the last Baron Scales having died without issue
Tyndall
–
The arms of the Tyndall family of Deane and Hockwald.
Tyndall
–
Langley Castle, seat of Baron Adam de Tindale before being extended and rebuilt
Tyndall
–
William Tyndale
Tyndall
–
Rev Nicolas Tindal. The Tindal arms shown are those of Deane, whom the Tindal/Tyndale family represent, together with the ancient crest of Tyndall
17.
Barclays
–
Barclays /ˈbɑːrkliz/ is a British multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in London. It is a bank with operations in retail, wholesale and investment banking, as well as wealth management, mortgage lending. It has operations in over 50 countries and territories and has around 48 million customers, Barclays is organised into four core businesses, Personal & Corporate, Barclaycard, Investment Banking and Africa. Barclays traces its origins to a banking business established in the City of London in 1690. James Barclay became a partner in the business in 1736, in 1896 several banks in London and the English provinces, including Backhouses Bank and Gurneys Bank, united as a joint-stock bank under the name Barclays and Co. Over the following decades Barclays expanded to become a nationwide bank, in 1967, Barclays deployed the worlds first cash dispenser. Barclays has a listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. According to a 2011 paper by Vitali et al, Barclays traces its origins back to 1690 when John Freame, a Quaker, and Thomas Gould started trading as goldsmith bankers in Lombard Street, London. The name Barclays became associated with the business in 1736, when James Barclay, in 1728 the bank moved to 54 Lombard Street, identified by the Sign of the Black Spread Eagle, which in subsequent years would become a core part of the banks visual identity. In 1896 several banks in London and the English provinces, notably Backhouses Bank of Darlington and Gurneys Bank of Norwich, united under the banner of Barclays, between 1905 and 1916 Barclays extended its branch network by making acquisitions of small English banks. In 1925 the Colonial Bank, National Bank of South Africa, in 1938 Barclays acquired the first Indian exchange bank, the Central Exchange Bank of India, which had opened in London in 1936 with the sponsorship of Central Bank of India. In May 1958, Barclays was the first UK bank to appoint a female bank manager, hilda Harding managed Barclays Hanover Square branch in London until her retirement in 1970. In 1965, Barclays established a US affiliate, Barclays Bank of California in San Francisco, Barclays launched the first credit card in the UK, Barclaycard, in 1966. On 27 June 1967, Barclays deployed the worlds first cash machine, the British actor Reg Varney was the first person to use the machine. In 1969, a merger with Martins Bank and Lloyds Bank was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. Also that year, the British Linen Bank subsidiary was sold to the Bank of Scotland in exchange for a 25% stake, Barclays DCO changed its name to Barclays Bank International in 1971. In August 1975, following the secondary banking crash, Barclays acquired Mercantile Credit Company, in 1980, Barclays Bank International expanded its business to include commercial credit and took over American Credit Corporation, renaming it Barclays American Corporation
Barclays
–
One Churchill Place, Barclays' main headquarters in
Canary Wharf,
London Borough of Tower Hamlets.
Barclays
–
The Barclays Bank branch in
Sutton, London, which was originally a branch of London and Provincial prior to acquisition by Barclays
Barclays
–
A plaque in
Enfield, United Kingdom commemorating the installation of the world's first
cash machine by Barclays in 1967
Barclays
–
A Barclays branch in
Stratford-upon-Avon, United Kingdom
18.
Otley R.U.F.C.
–
Otley Rugby Union Football Club is an English rugby union club representing Otley in the City of Leeds district of West Yorkshire. The club runs three senior teams - the first XV, the Saracens and the mighty Viscounts - and the range of junior teams. The first XV plays in National League 2 North, Otley RUFC was founded in 1865 but broke away from rugby league in 1895 and restarted as a rugby union club in 1908. Two seasons later the club was relegated again, this time to National League 2 North, in 1979 Cross Green was the site of a famous victory by the North of England against the mighty All Blacks. The Wallabies suffered the fate in October,1988. Cross Green hosted a game of the 1991 Rugby World Cup. The all-time leading try scorer is James Twomey, with 74 in 107 appearances between 2009 and 2013
Otley R.U.F.C.
–
Cross Green, Otley's home ground.
Otley R.U.F.C.
–
Otley
19.
Jeremy Guscott
–
Jeremy Clayton Guscott is a former rugby union outside centre who played for Bath, England and the British and Irish Lions. On rare occasions, he has appeared for England on the wing. Guscott was born in Bath, Somerset, one of two born to hospital porter Henry Guscott and his wife Sue, and educated at Ralph Allen School. He played for his city throughout his career, most of which was during the amateur era. Guscott was originally a bricklayer, briefly drove buses for Badgerline in Bath, during the English off season of 1987, Guscott travelled to Australia and played for Wollongong Waratahs RFC in the Illawarra District Rugby Union competition. Later in his career he secured work as a fashion model. Known for his running style, Guscott was often considered one of the finest ball-players of any rugby age. He travelled to New Zealand in 1993 with the Lions, playing in all three Tests, though in this tour the Lions lost 2 matches to 1. When Will Carling stepped down as England captain in 1996, Phil de Glanville was appointed his successor, as de Glanville was thereby guaranteed a place in the team, Carling was moved from inside centre to outside centre and Guscott was relegated to the bench. Such was Guscotts talent and form at the time that even Carling noted in his autobiography that it was a decision for then England Coach, Jack Rowell. He started the third and final test in this series but broke his arm, an increasingly debilitating thigh injury forced Guscott to call time on his career and take an early exit from 1999 World Cup competition. England would go on to lose to South Africa, without Guscott, in all, Guscott represented England in three World Cups –1991,1995, and 1999 – helping England to a Final appearance in 1991. At club level Guscott played for Bath from 1984 to 2000 and he also started for Bath in the victorious 1998 Heineken Cup Final as they defeated Brive. Guscott now works full-time for the BBC as a pundit on their Rugby Special, Guscott is married to Saz, with whom he owns a cosmetics business. He has 3 daughters, Imogen, Holly and Saskia, from his previous marriage to Jayne. In 1999, he was accused of assaulting a shop keeper during a road rage incident in which the mans ankle was shattered. In 2000 he spent the night in a cell after being arrested for being drunk. List of top English points scorers and try scorers At the centre – autobiography ISBN 1-85793-084-3 Jeremy Guscott at the Internet Movie Database Rugby heroes
Jeremy Guscott
–
Jeremy Guscott
20.
1999 Rugby World Cup
–
The 1999 Rugby World Cup was the fourth Rugby World Cup, the quadrennial international rugby union championship. It was principally hosted by Wales, and was won by Australia and this was the first Rugby World Cup to be held in the sports professional era. Although the majority of matches were played outside Wales the opening ceremony, the first match, qualification for the final 16 places took place between 63 other nations. The 1999 tournament saw the introduction of a repechage, effectively a chance for teams that had finished runners-up in each qualifying zone. The tournament began with the ceremony in the newly-built Millennium Stadium, with Wales beating Argentina 23–18. The overall attendance for the tournament was 1.75 million, the following 20 teams, shown by region, qualified for the 1999 Rugby World Cup. Of the 20 teams, only four of those places were automatically allocated and these went to the champions, runners-up and the third-placed nations at the 1995 and the tournament host, Wales. A record 65 nations from five continents were involved in the qualification process designed to fill the remaining 16 spots. Wales won the right to host the World Cup in 1999, other venues in Wales were the Racecourse Ground and Stradey Park. An agreement was reached so that the unions in the Five Nations Championship also hosted matches. Venues in England included Twickenham and Welford Road, rugby union venues, as well as Ashton Gate in Bristol and the McAlpine Stadium in Huddersfield, venues in Ireland included Lansdowne Road, the traditional home of the Irish Rugby Football Union, Ravenhill and Thomond Park. France used five venues, the most of any nation, including the French national stadium, Stade de France, the five pool runners-up and the best third-placed side qualified for the quarter-final play-offs. The unusual format meant that two winners in the quarter-finals would have to play each other. From the quarter-final stage it became a knockout tournament. The semi-final losers played off for third place, the draw and format for the knock-out stage was set as follows. The tournament began on 1 October 1999 in the newly built Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, the Pool stage of the tournament played out as was widely expected with the Tri Nations teams of New Zealand, South Africa and Australia all winning their pools easily without losing a single game. For the then Five Nations Championship teams who all played their matches in their own countries it was a case of mixed fortunes with France winning their pool without losing a game. Host Wales also won their pool, though they suffered 31–38 defeat at the hands of Samoa in front of a crowd at the Millennium Stadium
1999 Rugby World Cup
–
1999 Rugby World Cup
21.
Mike Catt
–
Michael John Mike Catt OBE is a South African-born former English rugby union rugby player who played for London Irish and Bath. He earned 75 international caps for England and played in two World Cup Finals, in 2003 and 2007, with his appearance in the October 2007 final, at age 36 years 1 month, he became the oldest ever player to play in a Rugby World Cup final. Catt was born on 17 September 1971 in Port Elizabeth, South Africa and he attended Grey High School in Port Elizabeth until 1989 and represented Eastern Province at rugby union. His mother Anne was English, through whom he qualified to play for England later on, at the time, South Africa was banned from international competition because of the countrys apartheid policy. He moved to England after leaving school, Catt joined Bath in 1992 as understudy to Stuart Barnes and made his debut as a 21-year-old against Nottingham R. F. C. He started for Bath in the victorious 1998 Heineken Cup Final as they defeated Brive and he had a testimonial year with Bath in 2004, but at the end of the 2003–04 season, Bath decided not to renew his contract and he moved to London Irish. At the start of the 2007–08 season, he announced he was going to be coach for London Irish as well as a player. With the Exiles, he has enjoyed a fruitful twilight of his career and he holds the honour of being the oldest ever player to play in a Guinness Premiership final, aged 37, when he was a player / coach at London Irish. On 8 May 2010 he played the final competitive match of his career. Already a Member of the Order of the British Empire, he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to rugby. A utility back, Catt played for England at fullback, fly-half, inside centre and even wing and his international debut came against Wales as a replacement for Rob Andrew. His breakthrough performance, however, came in Englands following match against Canada at Twickenham Stadium, Englands emphatic victory, Hulls untimely injury, and Catts impact in the late stages of the game cemented Catt as the new darling of English rugby that season. Playing at full back, Catt was part of Englands 1995 Grand Slam winning side, and played in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In that event, he was memorably posterised by a young Jonah Lomu, Catt was called up as an injury replacement in the 1997 British Lions tour to South Africa and played in the final test. At the time the England squad were touring Argentina, where Catt was showing excellent form, for some of his international career, his inclusion was questioned in some quarters. He was booed when he missed a penalty against Australia in 1998 at Twickenham that could have won the match, ultimately though his natural ability as a rugby player has provided more positive career notes than negatives. In 2000, with the retirement of centres after the 1999 World Cup, acting as an inside centre, with Jonny Wilkinson his kicking and distribution was responsible for the high try counts of that year. Catt was selected for the 2001 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia but was injured and replaced by Scott Gibbs, Catt was selected in the squad that won the 2003 World Cup, a move some saw as the one surprise selection in Clive Woodwards squad
Mike Catt
–
Mike Catt
22.
Stuart Barnes
–
Stuart Barnes is a former English rugby union footballer, and now rugby commentator for Sky Sports. Barnes played fly-half for Newport RFC, Bristol, Bath, and represented England, although born in Essex, he was to captain Wales Schools. Barnes studied at St Edmund Hall, University of Oxford, where he won three rugby Blues and he played for Oxford against Cambridge Universitys Rob Andrew in the Varsity match. He graduated from Oxford with an honours degree in history. While at University, Barnes played club rugby for Newport RFC, Barnes later played for Bristol Rugby, including in the 1984 RFU final against Bath Rugby. After being on the side for Bristol in that final. He arrived at Bath aged 22, disaffected with England and, with my volatile character, Barnes made his England debut against Australia in November 1984. He gained ten caps for England and played his last international match in 1993 against Ireland, Barnes played for the Barbarians against Wales in October 1990, converting three tries in the Barbarians victory. Barnes last game was the Bath versus Leicester Pilkington Cup Final on 7 May 1994 and he resigned from the Bristol and West building society shortly afterwards. Barnes became a writer and reporter for the Telegraph. He later became involved in broadcasting, firstly with the BBC and he was nicknamed The Bath Barrel. Statistics at Scrum. com 1994 Interview post his retirement Lions profile
Stuart Barnes
–
Stuart Barnes
23.
2005 Six Nations Championship
–
The 2005 RBS6 Nations Championship was the sixth series of the Six Nations Championship to be held since the competition expanded in 2000 to include Italy. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, unlike most contemporary rugby union competitions, the 2005 Six Nations did not use a bonus point system. Match winners receive two points, with one for a draw and none for a loss, the first tiebreaker is point differential. In this year, Wales won the Grand Slam, becoming the first team ever to win a Grand Slam playing more away than at home. The teams involved were, RBS6 Nations 2005 Six Nations Championship Coverage at the Guardian
2005 Six Nations Championship
–
Murrayfield, 13 March 2005
24.
2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand
–
The Lions lost all three games of the test series, the first time in 22 years that the Lions lost every test match on tour. This tour followed the 2001 tour to Australia and preceded the 2009 tour to South Africa, the team was managed by former England international Bill Beaumont, coached by former England coach Sir Clive Woodward, and originally captained by Ireland captain Brian ODriscoll. ODriscoll suffered a controversial tour-ending injury two minutes into the first test, and Wales captain Gareth Thomas took over as captain for the four games of the tour. This proved to be the case against New Zealand Māori and Auckland, but the match against Manawatu was a one-sided affair, the Lions winning by a score of 109–6. Eight minutes into the game, Daniel Carter opened the scoring for the All Blacks with a penalty, Three minutes later, the Lions suffered a further blow when Paul OConnell was sin-binned for a professional foul, and Carter kicked the penalty. Already a player short, the Lions then lost Richard Hill to injury, ali Williams scored the first All Blacks try shortly after OConnell returned, and the half ended with the Lions down 11–0. The 21–3 win was considered by almost every commentator to be even more one-sided than the score indicated, the Lions sloppy set-piece play included ten losses of their own line-outs. It was announced post-match that three injured Lions were out for the rest of the tour—ODriscoll and Hill from incidents in the match, also, Danny Grewcock was suspended for two months after he was cited for biting All Blacks hooker Keven Mealamu. The First Test, and the available Lions personnel for remaining games, was marked by controversy, New Zealand captain Tana Umaga and hooker Keven Mealamu were accused of a spear tackle in the incident that ended Lions captain ODriscolls tour. At a ruck early in the match, Mealamu and Umaga each attempted to clear ODriscoll from the ruck, the two All-Black players each lifted one of ODriscolls legs before driving him towards the ground, ODriscolls shoulder was dislocated upon landing. While ODriscoll was being lifted, the judge was heard telling Mealamu and Umaga to let ODriscoll go. New Zealand commentators and fans were largely of the view that the two All Blacks were merely clearing out the ruck and that there had no intention to injure ODriscoll. The incident raised several issue, both about the legality of clearing out and about the citing process, the Laws also prohibit dangerous tackles, though they make no specific mention of the spear tackle. In the light of the footage, laws, and referee reports. While not directly related to the issue of legality, the incident also raised questions about the process itself. Under the protocol applying to the Lions Tests, the commissioner had to make any decisions on whether to cite players within 12 hours of the end of the game. This, it was suggested, did not allow time for him to gather video evidence. Subsequently, the window has been extended to 24 hours for most matches
2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand
–
The logo of the 2005 Lions tour
2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand
–
The Lions forwards are held in a maul by the New Zealand Māori
2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand
–
Auckland v Lions
25.
Andrew Brownsword
–
Andrew Douglas Brownsword CBE DL is an English entrepreneur and philanthropist, developing his fortune through the greeting cards and gifts of Forever Friends. He has regularly featured on the Sunday Times Rich List, with a fortune of £190 million. Brownsword attended The Harvey Grammar School in Folkestone and then trained as a chef and he started the Andrew Brownsword Collection, a publishing business founded in Bath in 1971. Brownsword started by selling greeting cards to retailers like WH Smith from boxes, I based Forever Friends specifically on the teddy bear that Sebastian Flyte carried around in Brideshead Revisited. It became the bear found in the attic, the Andrew Brownsword Collection, Andrew Brownsword Gifts and the Gordon Fraser Gallery, were acquired by Hallmark Cards in 1994 for an estimated £195 million. Brownsword became Chief Executive of Hallmark in Europe, a position which he held for four, in April 2010, Brownsword sold Bath Rugby to businessman Bruce Craig. The Andrew Brownsword Art Foundation is a charity which buys. The collection includes works by Thomas Gainsborough and he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to the arts, heritage, and health in Bath and South-West England. Married to Christina, Brownsword has two daughters and lives in the week in London, and at the weekend in their various homes in the West Country. Brownswords main second home is in Bath, and he has helped sponsor numerous local charities and organisations, Bath Preservation Trust, Bath Festival, RUH, Holburne Museum, and Bath Abbey. His renovated holiday home, Kittery Court in Kingswear, Devon, was destroyed in a fire caused by a plumber in April 2007
Andrew Brownsword
–
Brownsword Hall, the marketplace in
Prince Charles 's new town development of
Poundbury, funded by and named after Brownsword
26.
West Country
–
Some usages of the term include wider areas, while others are more specific, though with little consistency of definition. The West Country is mostly rural, with only a few sizeable towns, tourism and agriculture, especially dairy farming, play a significant role in the economy. The landscape is principally granite moorland in the west, and chalk and limestone downland, historically, tin mining and the fishery were sources of income and employment in the west of the area, but less so today, although the latter still contributes to the economy. The region is famous for its production of cider, clotted cream, and pasties. Apart from the Bristol Channel and English Channel, the West Countrys boundaries are not precisely defined, some definitions are roughly synonymous with the administrative South West Region, while others use it more specifically to refer to just the southwestern part. The term is used, for example, to refer to sports matches between such cities as Bristol and Bath or Gloucester and Bath. West Country Carnival events take place in Somerset, Devon, Wiltshire, ITV Westcountry is an ITV franchise covering Devon, Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly and areas of Somerset and Dorset. Local news and sport website This is the Westcountry, part of the Newsquest group, similarly covers Devon, Cornwall, the West Country Clothing District was an area that made woollen cloth, but only part of the region described above. It covered east Somerset and parts of the counties of Gloucestershire and Wiltshire, the clothing district around Tiverton and Exeter in Devon and west Somerset tended to make different kinds of cloth and is best regarded as distinct. Scrumpy and Western music South West Peninsula Wessex West of England West Country English West Country derby
West Country
–
One interpretation of the West Country, shown on this map as identical to the
South West region of England.
27.
Pound sterling
–
It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
Pound sterling
–
The Hatter 's hat shows an example of the old pre-decimal system: the hat costs half a guinea (10 shillings and 6 pence)
Pound sterling
–
All frequently used coins. The coins shown are those after the extensive
2008 redesign.
Pound sterling
–
A pound = 20
shillings = 240
silver pennies (formerly)
Pound sterling
–
£1 coin (Welsh design, 2000)
28.
Jamie Noon
–
Jamie Darren Noon is a rugby union footballer who plays at centre. Playing for Fyling Hall School and Whitby RFC at the time, once the Falcons had seen his talents first hand, whilst at Newcastle he started in both the 2001 and 2004 Anglo-Welsh Cup finals as Newcastle emerged victorious from both. A supremely consistent performer, in 2003 Noon smashed the record for consecutive Premiership appearances when he started his 50th league game in a row. In 2003 he played in Englands warm-up matches for the 2003 Rugby World Cup and he did, however, go on to be named Falcons player of the year for the 2003-04 Zurich Premiership. Married to wife Rachel, both she and new baby boy Lewis were there in the stands to witness it first hand and his England caps continued to come throughout the 2006 Six Nations Championship and the summer tour to Australia. Noon went on the tour to New Zealand, which was marred by controversy involving England players off-field antics. Newcastle profile England profile Jamie Noon photo by sportingheroes
Jamie Noon
–
Jamie Noon
29.
Webb Ellis Cup
–
The Webb Ellis Cup is the trophy awarded to the winner of the Rugby World Cup, the premier competition in mens international rugby union. The Cup is named after William Webb Ellis, who is credited as the inventor of rugby football. The trophy is silver gilt and has presented to the winner of the Rugby World Cup since the first competition in 1987. It has been held thrice by New Zealand, twice by Australia and South Africa, the 38 centimetre trophy weighs 4.5 kg, is gilded silver and is supported by two cast scroll handles. On one handle there is a head of a satyr, on the there is the head of a nymph. On the face of the trophy, the words International Rugby Football Board, the Webb Ellis Cup is also referred to as the Webb Ellis Trophy or colloquially as Bill, a nickname coined by the 1991 Rugby World Cup winners, the Wallabies. There are two official Webb Ellis Cups, which are used interchangeably, one cup is a 1906 trophy made by Carrington and Co. of London, which was a Victorian design of a 1740s cup by Paul de Lamerie, while the other is a 1986 replica. Director Richard Jarvis, brought the cup down from the vault. It was chosen for use in February 1987, ronnie Dawson of Ireland, Keith Rowlands of Wales, Bob Stuart and Dick Littlejohn of New Zealand and the Australians Nick Shehadie and Ross Turnbull approved of the choice of the trophy. The trophy is being cared for and restored after each game by silversmiths Thomas Lyte and it was soon named The Webb Ellis Cup. New Zealand became the first nation to win the Webb Ellis Cup when they won the 1987 Rugby World Cup, the Webb Ellis Cup has been held by four nations, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa and England. The current holders are New Zealand after beating Australia 34–17 in the 2015 Final in England, the trophy was on display in Newlands, South Africa until 2007, where it had stayed for two years following their victory. Later it was returned to the home of World Rugby, Ireland, Paul Barrière Trophy The History of the William Webb Ellis Cup Rugby Trophys
Webb Ellis Cup
–
Webb Ellis Cup
30.
Wasps RFC
–
Wasps is an English professional rugby union team. The mens first team, which forms Wasps, was derived from Wasps Football Club who were formed in 1867 at the now defunct Eton, although originally London based, Wasps are now located in Coventry, West Midlands and own and play at the Ricoh Arena. Wasps has won at least one of each of the major European competitions or knock-out tournaments in the past decade. The team compete in the English Premiership, the Anglo-Welsh Cup and, depending on their results in the prior season, the European Rugby Champions Cup or European Rugby Challenge Cup. They won the Heineken Cup in 2003–04 and 2006–07, the Anglo-Welsh Cup in 1999,2000 and 2006, hampstead Football Club was founded in 1866. A split in the membership resulted in the formation of two different clubs, Harlequin F. C. and Wasps, as a reasonably well-established club, the Wasps were eligible to be founder members of the Rugby Football Union. On 26 January 1871 the meeting was scheduled to take place, however a mix-up led to them sending their representative to the wrong venue at the wrong time on the wrong day. Another version of the story was that he went to a pub of the same name, Wasps were, therefore, not present at the inauguration ceremony and forfeited their right to be called foundation members. Wasps first home was in Finchley Road, North London, later, grounds were rented in various parts of London until in 1923 the Wasps found a permanent home at Sudbury, Middlesex, eventually buying the ground outright. The side had somewhat of a renaissance during the 1930s, in the part of the decade they were seen as one of the better English clubs. In 1967, the Wasps club celebrated their centenary, celebrations took the form of two matches that were held at the Rugby school grounds, where William Webb Ellis is thought to have originated the rugby union game. One match was played against the Barbarian F. C. the other, against another London rugby union club, the 1980s saw what was, at that point, an all-time high representation of Wasps players in the England national side. In 1986, Wasps Football Club made their first appearance at the final of the John Player Cup knock-out competition, Wasps were defeated by Bath in a close game, where Bath emerged as winners,25 points to 17. The following year Wasps continued their success in the knock-out competition and they were however again defeated by Bath in a close game, Bath winning 19 points to 12. Wasp Rob Andrew captained England against Romania in 1989, in 1990, Andrew captained Wasps to their first Courage League title, as they narrowly pipped Orrell R. U. F. C. to be English champions. In 1995 Wasps lost 16–36 to Bath in the final of the Pilkington Cup and it was their first appearance in the final since 1987 and 1986, when their opponents — and the eventual winners — on both occasions were also Bath. After winning the title, Wasps regularly finished in the top three of the Courage league title, although they were never good enough to overcome Bath. Then in 1995–96, with many pundits predicting Wasps could make a run for the title and he recruited several other leading Wasps, including, most notably, Club Captain Dean Ryan
Wasps RFC
–
Wasps v. Perpignan in 2006
Wasps RFC
–
Wasps
Wasps RFC
–
Wasps celebrate after their win in 2007.
Wasps RFC
–
The
Ricoh Arena, Wasps's home ground since December 2014
31.
Six Nations Championship
–
The Six Nations Championship is an annual international rugby union competition involving six European sides, England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. The current champions are England, having won the 2017 tournament, the Six Nations is the successor to the Home Nations Championship, played between teams from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, which was the first international rugby union tournament. With the addition of France, this became the Five Nations Championship, the winners of the Six Nations Championship are sometimes unofficially referred to in the media as the European Champions or Northern Hemisphere Champions. Since the Six Nations era started in 2000, only Italy and Scotland have failed to win the Six Nations title, although Scotland were the last outright winners of the Five Nations. Played annually, the format of the Championship is simple, each team every other team once. Prior to the 2017 tournament, two points were awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss, unlike many other rugby union competitions the bonus point system has not previously been used. On 30 November 2016, the 6 Nations Committee announced that the point system will be trialled for the 2017 Championship. The system will be similar to the one used in most rugby championships, a review on how well the system worked will take place following the tournament. If a team wins all its games, they are said to have won a Grand Slam, victory by any Home Nation over the other three Home Nations is a Triple Crown. Although this achievement has long been a feature of the tournament, also, the team that finishes at the bottom of the league table is said to have won the Wooden Spoon, although no actual trophy is given to the team. A team which has lost all five matches is said to have been whitewashed, since the inaugural Six Nations tournament in 2000, only England and Ireland have avoided the Wooden Spoon award. Italy are the holders of the most Wooden Spoon awards in the Six Nations era with eleven, however, each of the other five nations has accumulated more than that through competing in previous eras. Several individual competitions take place under the umbrella of the tournament, the oldest such regular competition is for the Calcutta Cup, contested annually between England and Scotland since 1879. It is named the Calcutta Cup as it is made from melted-down Indian Rupees donated by the Calcutta Club, prior to 1994, teams equal on match points shared the championship. Since then, ties have been broken by considering the difference of the teams. The rules of the championship further provide that if teams tie on both points and points difference, the team which scored the most tries wins the championship. Were this decider to be a tie, the teams would share the championship. To date, however, match points and points difference have been sufficient to decide the championship, the winners of the Six Nations are presented with the Championship Trophy
Six Nations Championship
–
The Original Six Nations Championship Trophy (1993-2014) and The Triple Crown Trophy
Six Nations Championship
–
The official RBS 6 Nations logo
Six Nations Championship
–
The
Aviva Stadium,
Dublin
32.
Twickenham Stadium
–
Twickenham Stadium is a rugby union stadium in Twickenham, south west London, England. Owned by the body of rugby union in England, the Rugby Football Union. The RFU headquarters are based in the stadium and it is the second largest stadium in the UK, after Wembley Stadium, and the fourth largest in Europe. Twickenham is often referred to as the home of rugby union, the stadium, owned and operated by the RFU, hosts rugby union fixtures year round. It is the home of the English rugby union team, who nearly all their home games at the stadium. Twickenham hosts Englands home Six Nations matches, as well as inbound touring teams from the Southern Hemisphere, apart from its relationship with the national team, Twickenham is the venue for a number of other domestic and international rugby union matches. It is also the venue for the final of the Aviva Premiership as well as the season-opening London Double Header, Big Game, anglo-Welsh Cup, Heineken Cup and Champions Cup finals have also been held here in the past. Sold out Tests against New Zealand and South Africa at Crystal Palace saw the RFU realise the benefit of owning their own ground. Committee member William Williams and treasurer William Cail led the way to purchasing a 10.25 acre market garden in Twickenham in 1907 for £5,500 12s 6d, the first stands were constructed the following year. Before the ground was purchased, it was used to grow cabbages, after further expenditure on roads, the first game, between Harlequins v. Richmond, was played on 2 October 1909, and the first international, England v. Wales, on 15 January 1910. At the time of the English-Welsh game, the stadium had a capacity of 20,000 spectators. During World War I the ground was used for cattle, horse, king George V unveiled a war memorial in 1921. In 1926, the first Middlesex Sevens took place at the ground, in 1927 the first Varsity Match took place at Twickenham for the first time. On 19 March 1938, BBC Television broadcast the England – Scotland match from Twickenham, in 1959, to mark 50 years of the ground, a combined side of England and Wales beat Ireland and Scotland by 26 points to 17. Coming into the last match of the 1988 season, against the Irish, the Twickenham crowd had only seen one solitary England try in the previous two years, and at half-time against Ireland they were 0–3 down. During the second half a remarkable transformation took place and England started playing a game many had doubted they were capable of producing. A 0–3 deficit was turned into a 35–3 win, with England scoring six tries and this day also saw the origins of the adoption of the negro spiritual Swing Low, Sweet Chariot as a terrace song. In the 35–3 win against Ireland, three of Englands tries were scored by Chris Oti, a player who had made a reputation for himself that season as a speedster on the left wing
Twickenham Stadium
–
Aerial view of Twickenham Stadium
Twickenham Stadium
–
Starting An Attack, unusual painting of the England v Wales rugby union match at Twickenham in 1931
Twickenham Stadium
–
The interior Twickenham Stadium in 2012
Twickenham Stadium
–
The South Stand before redevelopment
33.
Rugby League
–
Rugby league football, usually called rugby league, is a full contact sport played by two teams of thirteen players on a rectangular field. One of the two codes of football, it originated in England in 1895 as a split from the Rugby Football Union over the issue of payments to players. Its rules gradually changed with the aim of producing a faster, in rugby league, points are scored by carrying the ball and touching it to the ground beyond the opposing teams goal line, this is called a try, and is the primary method of scoring. The opposing team attempts to stop the side scoring points by tackling the player carrying the ball. In addition to tries, points can be scored by kicking goals, after each try, the scoring team gains a free kick to try at goal with a conversion for further points. Kicks at goal may also be awarded for penalties, and field goals can be attempted at any time. Rugby league is a sport in Northern England, the states of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia, New Zealand. The European Super League and Australasian National Rugby League are the club competitions. Rugby league is played internationally, predominantly by European, Australasian and Pacific Island countries, the first Rugby League World Cup was held in France in 1954, the current holders are Australia. The first of these, the Northern Rugby Football Union, was established in 1895 as a faction of Englands Rugby Football Union. Similar breakaway factions split from RFU-affiliated unions in Australia and New Zealand in 1907 and 1908, renaming themselves rugby football leagues, in 1922, the Northern Union also changed its name to the Rugby Football League and thus over time the sport itself became known as rugby league football. In 1895, a schism in Rugby football resulted in the formation of the Northern Rugby Football Union, within fifteen years of that first meeting in Huddersfield, more than 200 RFU clubs had left to join the rugby revolution. In 1897, the line-out was abolished and in 1898 professionalism introduced, in 1906, the Northern Union changed its rules, reducing teams from 15 to 13 a side and replacing the ruck formed after every tackle with the play the ball. A similar schism to that which occurred in England took place in Sydney, There, on 8 August 1907 the New South Wales Rugby Football League was founded at Batemans Hotel in George Street. Rugby league then went on to rugby union as the primary football code in New South Wales. On 5 May 1954 over 100,000 spectators watched the 1953–54 Challenge Cup Final at Odsal Stadium, Bradford, England, also in 1954 the Rugby League World Cup, the first for either code of rugby, was formed at the instigation of the French. In 1966, the International Board introduced a rule that a team in possession was allowed three play-the-balls and on the tackle a scrum was to be formed. This was increased to six tackles in 1972 and in 1983 the scrum was replaced by a handover,1967 saw the first professional Sunday matches of rugby league played
Rugby League
–
An attacking player attempts to evade two defenders
Rugby League
–
Leeds playing at the 2008
Boxing Day friendly against
Wakefield Trinity at
Headingley
Rugby League
–
Rugby league is noted for its hard physical play
Rugby League
–
The
2006 NRL Grand Final between
Brisbane Broncos and
Melbourne Storm at
Olympic Stadium, Sydney
34.
2007 Rugby World Cup
–
The 2007 Rugby World Cup was the sixth Rugby World Cup, a quadrennial international rugby union competition inaugurated in 1987. Twenty nations competed for the Webb Ellis Cup in the tournament, France won the hosting rights in 2003, beating a bid from England. The competition consisted of 48 matches over 44 days,42 matches were played in ten cities throughout France, as well as four in Cardiff, Wales, the top three nations from each pool at the end of the pool stage qualified automatically for the 2011 World Cup. The competition opened with a match between hosts France and Argentina on 7 September at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, outside Paris. The stadium was also the venue of the final, played between England and South Africa on 20 October, which South Africa won 15–6 to win their second World Cup title, both England and France bid to host the tournament. The tender document for the 2007 bidding process was due out on 31 October 2001, both England and France were invited to re-submit their plans. The International Rugby Board stated that countries must comply with tender document terms in one bid, but in their second option. The IRB said Englands original proposal contained three plans for hosting the tournament with a traditional, new and hybrid format all on offer. The French bid, while complying with the document in all other respects. Englands bids included a tournament and altering the structure of the qualifying tournament. It was announced in April 2003 that France had won the right to host the tournament, the tournament was moved to the proposed September–October dates with the tournament structure remaining as it was. It was also announced that ten French cities would be hosting games, the eight quarter-finalists from the 2003 World Cup all received automatic entry, with the other 12 nations coming from qualifying series around the world. Ten of the 20 positions available in the tournament were filled by regional qualifiers, the qualifying tournament was divided into five regional groups, Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania. Qualifying matches began in 2004 and were completed in early 2007, including the automatic qualifiers, over 90 nations were in qualifying contention for the final tournament. In July 2005, both Samoa and Fiji were confirmed as the qualifiers from Oceania, as Oceania 1 and 2 respectively, in July of the following year, Argentina qualified as Americas 1 by defeating Uruguay 26–0 in Buenos Aires. Americas 2 was filled in August when Canada defeated the United States 56–7 in Newfoundland, the United States went on to qualify as Americas 3 after beating Uruguay in a two-legged tie in early October. Namibia qualified for their third consecutive World Cup after they earned their spot in France by defeating Morocco over two legs in November, in late 2006, it was announced that the IRB had withdrawn Colombo as the venue of the final Asian qualifying tournament due to security problems. Japan won the only Asian allocation after the tournament was moved to Hong Kong, georgia was 14 points the better of Portugal over two legs to claim the last European place
2007 Rugby World Cup
–
The opening ceremony of the 2007 Rugby World Cup
2007 Rugby World Cup
–
2007 Rugby World Cup
2007 Rugby World Cup
–
The
Eiffel Tower in Paris decorated with a giant rugby ball for the 2007 Rugby World Cup.
2007 Rugby World Cup
–
The 2007 World Cup was hosted by France, with additional venues at Edinburgh and Cardiff.
35.
2008 Six Nations Championship
–
Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the 114th series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Fifteen matches were played over five weekends from 2 February to 15 March, resulting in Wales winning the Grand Slam, their second in the last four championships and tenth overall. In winning the Grand Slam, Wales also won the Triple Crown for beating each of the other Home Nations for the nineteenth time, Wales also conceded only two tries in the championship, beating Englands previous record of four tries conceded. Wales Shane Williams was named as the RBS Player of the Championship, the teams involved were, Although Italys try was credited to Sergio Parisse during the game, he later stated that it had in fact been scored by Martin Castrogiovanni. This win was Wales first over England at Twickenham for twenty years, Jonny Wilkinson drew level with Wales Neil Jenkins as the all-time leading point scorer in international rugby history. Including both mens points for the British and Irish Lions, the two have scored 1,090 career points and this result left Wales as the only remaining team that could win the Grand Slam. This was Englands first Six Nations away win over France since their 15–9 win in 2000, Shane Williams draws level with Gareth Thomas as the all-time try leader for Wales with his 40th try. Englands Jonny Wilkinson becomes the scoring leader in international rugby history. Wilkinsons new record now stands at 1,099 points and this figure was reached due to a decision by the IRB to count the Lions match against Argentina in 2005 as a Test match. France win their second consecutive Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy, despite victory over the Scots, Italy win the wooden spoon, having failed to win by the necessary five point margin required to avoid finishing at the bottom of the table. England win the Millennium Trophy for the first time in 5 years, Shane Williams takes sole possession of the all-time try scoring lead for Wales with his 41st try. Wales win the Grand Slam for the time in four championships. By virtue of Wales beating France by more than three points, England finished second in the table – their best Six Nations finish since 2003, Wales conceded just two tries all championship, the tightest ever defence in the Six Nations. The official RBS6 Nations website 2008 Six Nations Championship Coverage at the Guardian
2008 Six Nations Championship
–
The Welsh team that won the
Grand Slam
2008 Six Nations Championship
–
For the second year running, Ireland play their home games at
Croke Park, while
Lansdowne Road is being redeveloped.
36.
Wales national rugby union team
–
The Wales national rugby union team represent Wales in international rugby union. They compete annually in the Six Nations Championship with England, France, Ireland, Italy, Wales have won the Six Nations and its predecessors 26 times outright. Wales most recent championship win came in 2013, the governing body, the Welsh Rugby Union, was established in 1881, the same year that Wales played their first international against England. Wales performances in the Home Nations Championship continued to improve, experiencing their first golden age between 1900 and 1911 and they first played New Zealand, known as the All Blacks, in 1905, when they defeated them 3–0 in a famous match at Cardiff Arms Park. Welsh rugby struggled between the two World Wars, but experienced a golden age between 1969 and 1980 when they won eight Five Nations Championships. Wales played in the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987 where they achieved their best ever result of third, following the sport allowing professionalism in 1995, Wales hosted the 1999 World Cup and, in 2005, won their first Six Nations Grand Slam. That was the first Grand Slam won by a team playing most of the matches away from home, Wales won two more Grand Slams in 2008 and in 2012, and in 2011 came fourth in the Rugby World Cup. Their home ground is the Millennium Stadium, currently known for reasons as Principality Stadium. Eight former Welsh players have been inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame, Rugby union took root in Wales in 1850, when Reverend Rowland Williams became Vice-Principal at St Davids College, Lampeter, where he introduced the sport. Wales played their first international on 19 February 1881, organised by Newports Richard Mullock, Wales played against England, losing by seven goals, one drop goal, on 12 March 1881, the Welsh Rugby Union was formed at The Castle Hotel, Neath. Two years later, the Home Nation Championship – now the Six Nations Championship – was first played, however, rugby in Wales developed and, by the 1890s, the Welsh had developed the four three-quarters formation. This formation – with seven backs and eight forwards, instead of six backs and nine forwards – revolutionised the sport and was adopted almost universally at international. With the four three-quarter formation Wales became Home International Champions for the first time in 1893, Wales next won the Championship in 1900, heralding the first golden age of Welsh rugby which was to last until 1911. They won two more Triple Crowns in 1902 and 1905, and were runners up in 1901,1903 and 1904, when Wales faced New Zealands All Blacks at Cardiff Arms Park in late 1905 they had not lost at home since 1899. The referee ruled a scrum to Wales and the score did not change, the loss was the All Blacks only loss on their 35-match tour. In 1906, Wales again won the Home Championship, and later that played the South African national side. Wales were favourites to win the match, but instead South Africa dominated in the forwards, two years later, on 12 December 1908, Wales played the touring Australians, the Wallabies, who they defeated 9–6. In 1909, Wales won the Home Championship and then, in 1910 – with the inclusion of France – the first Five Nations and it would be nearly forty years before they achieved a Grand Slam again
Wales national rugby union team
–
The 1895 Wales team before playing England in the Home Nations Championship
Wales national rugby union team
–
Wales
Wales national rugby union team
–
Wales' 1905 team that defeated
New Zealand
Wales national rugby union team
–
A scrum in the Wales victory over New Zealand's
Original All Blacks in 1905
37.
Minchinhampton
–
Minchinhampton is an ancient market town, located on a hilltop,4 miles south-south-east of Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, in the Cotswolds. The Crown Inn closed unexpectedly in March 2014, the main square has a War Memorial, and a 17th-century Market House, given to the town in 1919 by the Lord of the Manor Lt. Col. H. G. Ricardo and restored in 1944. A market is held every Thursday, there is a twice-yearly craft fair at Gatcombe, and a summer visit by Giffords Circus every year. The town has an active rugby club, Minchinhampton RFC. Minchinhamption RFC play in Gloucester 3, Minchinhampton Golf Club has 3 courses. The Cherington and Avening Courses are located near the villages of the same name, the Old Course is located on Minchinhampton Common. An electoral ward in the name exists. This ward stretches east from Minchinhampton to Aston Down, the total ward population taken at the 2011 census was 4,357. The town is twinned with Nkokoto, in Tanzania, there are two churches in Minchinhampton – Holy Trinity and Minchinhampton Baptist Church. The spire of the church of the Holy Trinity was pulled down for safety reasons in 1863. James Bradley, the Astronomer Royal, was buried in the churchyard of Holy Trinity in 1762, nearby is Minchinhampton Common, a Site of Special Scientific Interest. It offers an area of 580 acres for the recreation of walkers and golfers and is managed by the National Trust, the Common is also used as grazing land for the cows of local farmers in the summer. On the Common are long parallel ditches and mounds which formed part of a large Iron Age fort, there are outstanding views from the Common, west over the Severn estuary into Wales, and east to the Golden Valley and further into the Cotswolds. Minchinhampton is close to the former Royal Air Force airfield, Aston Down, formerly a large employer in the area, now closed down, in 2005, following a Freedom of Information request, the local newspaper revealed that Aston Down is contaminated with arsenic, hydrocarbons and radium. Minchinhampton was both the birthplace and country residence of novelist Joanna Trollope and the place of the English writer Flora Annie Steel. The religious writer and poet Mary Deverell was born and buried here, the actor Keith Allen lives in the parish. Media related to Minchinhampton at Wikimedia Commons Minchinhampton Parish website Minchinhampton Market House Stroud Voices – oral history site
Minchinhampton
–
Market Square
Minchinhampton
–
Minchinhampton Market House and War Memorial
Minchinhampton
–
The parish church, Minchinhampton, with its unusual "
coronet " tower
38.
Queenstown, New Zealand
–
Queenstown is a resort town in Otago in the south-west of New Zealands South Island. It has an population of 14,300, making it the 27th largest urban area in New Zealand. In 2016, Queenstown overtook Oamaru to become the second largest urban area in Otago, the Queenstown-Lakes District has a land area of 8,704.97 square kilometres not counting its inland lakes. The region has a resident population of 34,700. Its neighbouring towns include Arrowtown, Glenorchy, Kingston, Wanaka, Alexandra, the nearest cities are Dunedin and Invercargill. Queenstown is known for its tourism, especially adventure and ski tourism. The area was discovered and first settled by Māori before non-Māori arrived, the first non-Māori to see Lake Wakatipu was European Nathanael Chalmers who was guided by Reko, the chief of the Tuturau, over the Waimea Plains and up the Mataura River in September 1853. Evidence of stake nets, baskets for catching eels, spears and it is likely Ngāi Tahu Māori visited Queenstown en route to collect Pounamu. European explorers William Gilbert Rees and Nicholas von Tunzelmann were the first non-Maoris to settle the area, many Queenstown streets bear names from the gold mining era and some historic buildings remain. Williams Cottage, the Lake Lodge of Ophir, Queenstown Police Station, the miners and especially the Irish had taken an interest in the ceremony held for a small town called The Cove in Ireland which was renamed to Queenstown in honour of Queen Victoria in 1850. They may have had their own ceremony at the intersection of Rees, by 9 and 10 January 1863 the town was being reported with the name of Queenstown from several reports written by a correspondent in the Otago Witness on Monday the 5th and Tuesday the 6th. It was during the meeting there may have been a reference by a miner of the town being fit for a Queen, the Māori name for Queenstown of Tāhuna means shallow bay. A resort town, Queenstown boasted 220 adventure tourism activities in 2012, skiing and snowboarding, jet boating, whitewater rafting, bungy jumping, mountain biking, skateboarding, tramping, paragliding, sky diving and fly fishing are all popular. Queenstown is a centre for snow sports in New Zealand, with people from all over the country. Cross country skiing is available at the Waiorau Snowfarm, near Cardrona village. The 100-year-old twin screw coal fired steamer TSS Earnslaw traverses Lake Wakatipu, Queenstown lies close to the centre of a small wine producing region, reputed to be the worlds southernmost. The Two Paddocks vineyard is owned by local actor Sam Neill, neighbouring, historic Arrowtown features restaurants and bars. In 2013, examples include Bike Festival, Winter Festival, jane Campions six-part drama mystery Top of the Lake was shot during 2012 for pay TV release in 2013
Queenstown, New Zealand
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Queenstown from
Bob's Peak
Queenstown, New Zealand
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The Queenstown Mall in winter
Queenstown, New Zealand
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Queenstown and the
Remarkable Mountains
Queenstown, New Zealand
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The Ledge Bungy
39.
2011 Rugby World Cup
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The 2011 Rugby World Cup was the seventh Rugby World Cup, a quadrennial international rugby union competition inaugurated in 1987. The International Rugby Board selected New Zealand as the host country in preference to Japan, the tournament was won by New Zealand, who defeated France 8–7 in the final. The defending champions, South Africa, were eliminated by Australia 11–9 in the quarter-finals, the result marked the third time that the tournament was won by the country that hosted the event. It was the largest sporting event ever held in New Zealand, eclipsing the 1987 Rugby World Cup,1990 Commonwealth Games,1992 Cricket World Cup, overseas visitors to New Zealand for the event totalled 133,000, more than the 95,000 that the organisers expected. However, there was a drop in non-event visitors, meaning the net increase in visitors over the year was less than 80,000. The games ran over six weeks, commencing on 9 September 2011 with the Opening Ceremony showcasing New Zealands history, the final was played on Sunday 23 October 2011, a date chosen because it fell on a long weekend of New Zealands Labour Day holiday. The final was played at Eden Park in Auckland, after speculation that the number of participating teams would be reduced to 16, the IRB announced on 30 November 2007 that the 2011 tournament would again feature 20 teams. Twelve teams qualified as a result of finishing in the top three in each pool in the 2007 tournament, the remaining eight berths were determined by regional qualifying tournaments. Of the 20 countries that competed in the previous World Cup in 2007, host selection Three nations bid to host the 2011 Rugby World Cup — New Zealand, Japan, and South Africa. The 2011 New Zealand bid contained plans to enlarge the size of Eden Park, Japan was bidding to become the first Asian nation to host the first Rugby World Cup. Japan had the infrastructure already in place, by virtue of its co-hosting the 2002 FIFA World Cup. South Africa had hosted the tournament in 1995, the 2011 South African bid, led by former national captain Francois Pienaar, had strong support from their national government. South Africa had also won the right to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the IRB Council meeting in Dublin on 17 November 2005 announced that New Zealand had been selected after IRB inspections of each applicant host nation during June and July 2005. The event was expected to cost about NZ$310 million to run, in Auckland, the city where many of the most important games took place, the costs to the local ratepayers alone was estimated at $102 million. 4% of the quarterly GDP. Concerns were raised about the process of upgrading Eden Park to expand the capacity to the 60,000 required by the IRB. In late 2008 Rugby World Cup Minister Murray McCully said the remaining consent process might need to be overridden by legislation for the work to be completed on time. The construction of Dunedins Forsyth Barr Stadium, known during the tournament as Otago Stadium, was a source of concern as the project was operating in a time frame. If the project had not been completed on time, organisers would have reverted to Carisbrook as the backup option, Forsyth Barr Stadium was officially opened on 6 August 2011
2011 Rugby World Cup
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Auckland
2011 Rugby World Cup
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2011 Rugby World Cup
2011 Rugby World Cup
2011 Rugby World Cup
40.
Ireland national rugby union team
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The Ireland national rugby union team represents the island of Ireland in rugby union. The team competes annually in the Six Nations Championship, which they have won twelve times outright, the team also competes every four years in the Rugby World Cup, where they reached the quarter-final stage in all but two competitions. Ireland is also one of the four unions that make up the British and Irish Lions – players eligible to play for Ireland are also eligible for the Lions, Irelands highest ever position in the World Rugby Rankings is second, which they reached for the first time in 2015. Dublin University was the first organised football club in Ireland. The club was organised by students who had learnt the game while at public schools in Great Britain, carlow, UCC, and Ballinasloe which amalgamated with Athlone to form Buccaneers. In 1874, the Irish Football Union was formed, Ireland lost their first test match against England 7–0 at the Oval on 15 February 1875. Both teams fielded 20 players in match, as was customary in the early years of rugby union. Irelands first home game was also against England in the year held at the Leinster Cricket Club in Rathmines as Lansdowne Road was deemed unsuitable. The first match at Lansdowne Road was held on 11 March 1878 and it was not until 1881 that Ireland first won a test, beating Scotland at Ormeau in Belfast. Ireland turned up two men short for their game in Cardiff in 1884 and had to borrow two Welsh players, the first victory Ireland had at Lansdowne Road took place on 5 February 1887. It was also their first win over England, by two goals to nil, on the third of March 1888, Ireland recorded their first win over Wales with a goal, a try and a drop goal to nil. In 1894, Ireland followed the Welsh model of using seven backs instead of six for the first time, after victory over England at Blackheath, Ireland won back-to-back matches for the first time when recording their first win over Scotland on 24 February 1894. Ireland went on to beat Wales in Belfast and win the Triple Crown for the first time, in the 1890s, Rugby was primarily a game for the Protestant middle class, the only Catholic in Edmund Forrests 1894 team was Tom Crean. Of the eighteen players used in the three games, thirteen were from three Dublin clubs – Wanderers, Dublin University and Bective Rangers – and the five were from Ulster. Such was the level of interest in the visit of the first All Blacks team to Dublin in November 1905 that the IRFU made the match the first all-ticket rugby international in history, Ireland played only seven forwards, copying the then New Zealand method of playing a rover. The game ended New Zealand 15 Ireland 0, on 20 March 1909, Ireland played France for the first time, beating them 19–8. This was Irelands biggest victory in international rugby at that time, their highest points tally,30 November 1912 was the first time the Springboks met Ireland at Lansdowne Road, the 1906 tour game having been played at Ravenhill. Ireland with seven new caps were overwhelmed by a margin of 38–0
Ireland national rugby union team
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First Ireland rugby team: played England on 19 February 1875 and lost by 2 goals and a try to nil
Ireland national rugby union team
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Ireland
Ireland national rugby union team
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1920 illustration of the Ireland versus Wales rugby match
Ireland national rugby union team
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Ireland playing at
Croke Park.
41.
Kingsholm Stadium
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Kingsholm Stadium is a rugby union stadium located in the Kingsholm area of Gloucester, England, and is the home stadium of Gloucester Rugby. The stadium has a capacity of 16,115 and it is sometimes nicknamed Castle Grim after the estate where the stadium is built. The new main grandstand, opened in 2007, is an all seated 7,500 capacity stand along the south touchline and it is currently sponsored by Mira Showers. Kingsholm was used as a stadium for England before they settled at Twickenham. In common with many grounds of English professional Rugby Union clubs, the North Stand is such an area and is known colloquially as The Shed. It runs down the length of the pitch and holds around 3,000 people. The Shed is known within Rugby Union for its proximity to the pitch, the West Stand terrace holds around 1,615 spectators and has a row of hospitality boxes located above. It is sponsored by Stowford press, the East Stand is an all seater stand located directly on Kingsholm Road. It is sponsored by JS Facilities Group, a proposal by the then Gloucester Football Club to acquire the grounds where Kingsholm Stadium is built was first put together in July 1891. The purchase was made and the first match took place in October 1891, a pavilion was built in 1892, initially with seating capacity for 424 spectators. A wooden stand was added in 1923, in September 1933, a fire destroyed this stand, a larger replacement was completed before the end of the year in its place. The original pavilion was demolished in 1934 and, in its place, was built the stand that is known as The Shed. In May 2008, the Barbarian F. C. and Ireland national rugby team played a match at Kingsholm. Kingsholm was also one of the venues for the 2000 Rugby League World Cup where, on 29 October, the New Zealand team included future rugby union converts and Gloucester Rugby players, Henry Paul and Lesley Vainikolo. Kingsholm regularly hosts pop concerts, generally when the season has ended, the stadium has hosted acts ranging from Tom Jones, Mc Fly, Ronan Keating and The Wanted. In 2015 it hosted Madness and Elton John and in 2016 Jess Glynne, Kingsholm Stadium hosted several football matches for Gloucester City A. F. C. in the 1910s. In October 2003, Gloucester Rugby launched Project Kingsholm, the idea was to be similar to the development at Franklins Gardens, home of Northampton Saints, although on a bigger scale, incorporating both seating and terracing. Despite the KSM meeting the targets, Gloucester Rugby abandoned all plans
Kingsholm Stadium
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Aerial view of Kingsholm from Gloucester Cathedral
Kingsholm Stadium
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The view from the shed
42.
Gloucester
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Gloucester is a city and district in southwest England, the county city of Gloucestershire. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, on the River Severn, Gloucester was founded in AD97 by the Romans under Emperor Nerva as Colonia Glevum Nervensis, and was granted its first charter in 1155 by King Henry II. Economically, the city is dominated by the industries, and has a strong financial and business sector. The origins of the name Gloucester can be traced to Caerloyw in the modern Welsh, there are various appellations in history such as Caer Glow, Gleawecastre, Gleucestre as an early British settlement is not confirmed by direct evidence. However, Gloucester was the Roman municipality of Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or Glevum, parts of the walls can be traced, and a number of remains and coins have been found, though inscriptions are scarce. In Historia Brittonum, an account of the early rulers of Britain, Vortigerns grandfather. Part of the foundations of Roman Gloucester can be today in Eastgate Street, while Roman tombstones. After the withdrawal on the Roman Empire in the late 4th Century the town returned to the control of Celtic Dubonni tribe. By the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Gloucester is shown as part of Wessex from the Battle of Deorham in 577 until 584, Gloucester was captured by the Saxons in 577. In the early 10th century the remains of Saint Oswald were brought to a church in Gloucester. The core street layout is thought to date back to the reign of Ethelfleda in late Saxon times. In 1051 Edward the Confessor held court at Gloucester and was threatened there by a led by Godwin, Earl of Wessex. A unique coin, dated to 1077–80, was discovered, just north of the city and it features the name of the moneyer Silacwine and its place of minting. The Portable Antiquities Scheme said that, until the coin was discovered, after the Norman Conquest, William Rufus made Robert Fitzhamon the first baron or overlord of Gloucester. Fitzhamon had a base at Cardiff Castle, and for the succeeding years the history of Gloucester was closely linked to that of Cardiff. During the Anarchy, Gloucester was a centre of support for the Empress Matilda who was supported in her claim to the throne by her half-brother, Fitzhamons grandson, Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester. The story of the Anarchy is vividly told in a series of paintings by William Burges at the Castle. King Henry II granted Gloucester its first charter in 1155, which gave the burgesses the same liberties as the citizens of London, a a second charter of Henry II gave them freedom of passage on the River Severn
Gloucester
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Gloucester and its cathedral
Gloucester
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Kip 's West prospect of Gloucester, c. 1725, emphasises the causeway and bridges traversing the water meadows of the floodplain.
Gloucester
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Gloucester in 1805
Gloucester
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Gloucester Docks at night
43.
Millennium Stadium
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The Millennium Stadium, currently known for sponsorship purposes as the Principality Stadium, is the national stadium of Wales, located in Cardiff. It is the home of the Wales national rugby team and has also staged games of the Wales national football team. It also hosted six FA Cup finals and several other high-profile football fixtures while Wembley Stadium was being redeveloped, the stadium is owned by Millennium Stadium plc, a subsidiary company of the Welsh Rugby Union. The stadium was designed by a led by architects Bligh Lobb Sports Architecture. WS Atkins were the engineers, and the building contractor was Laing. The total construction cost of the stadium was £121 million, of which the Millennium Commission funded £46 million, with a total seating capacity of 74,500, it is the third-largest stadium in the Six Nations Championship behind the Stade de France and Twickenham. It is also the second-largest stadium in the world with a retractable roof and was the second stadium in Europe to have this feature. Listed as a category four stadium by UEFA, the stadium was chosen as the venue for the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final, due to take place on 3 June 2017. In 2015, the Welsh Rugby Union announced a 10-year sponsorship deal with the Principality Building Society that saw the renamed as the Principality Stadium from early 2016. Until 1969, Cardiff RFC and Wales both played their matches on the same pitch at Cardiff Arms Park, but all this changed in the 1969–70 season. By 7 April 1984 the National Stadium was officially opened, however, in 1994, a redevelopment committee was set up to consider redeveloping the National Stadium, and by 1995 the WRU had been chosen to host the 1999 Rugby World Cup. France was also about to build the Stade de France, which would have a capacity of more than 80,000 for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. The original capacity of the National Stadium was 65,000,11,000 of 53,000 capacity was on the East Terrace and the conversion to an all-seater stadium would have reduced the stadium capacity still further to just 47,500. It was only visible from across the River Taff in the west. Access to the ground was very restricted with the main entrance being a narrow opening in Westgate Street to the east which was shared by both vehicles and spectators alike. The options for the new stadium included adding a third tier to the existing National Stadium, the committee eventually chose a new stadium on the same site but with considerable increase in its capacity. It would also involve moving the alignment of the stadium from west-east to north-south and this was the option supported by the Millennium Commission. It would become the fourth redevelopment of the Cardiff Arms Park site and it was also decided that the new stadium should have a sliding roof to accommodate a multi-use venue, with a grass pitch for rugby and football
Millennium Stadium
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The West Stand of the Millennium Stadium
Millennium Stadium
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Millennium Stadium Stadiwm y Mileniwm
Millennium Stadium
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The West Stand of the National Stadium
Millennium Stadium
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The North Stand during demolition of the National Stadium, this would form part of the North Stand of the Millennium Stadium
44.
British and Irish Lions
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The British and Irish Lions is a rugby union team selected from players eligible for any of the Home Nations – the national sides of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Lions are a Test side, and generally select international players, the side tours every four years, with these rotating among Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The 2009 Test series was lost 2–1 to South Africa, while the 2013 Test series was won 2–1 over Australia, from 1888 onwards combined rugby sides from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland toured the Southern Hemisphere. The first tour was a venture, and was undertaken without official backing. The six subsequent visits enjoyed a degree of support from the authorities, before the 1910 South Africa tour. In 1949 the four Home Unions formally created a Tours Committee and for the first time, the 1950s tours saw high win rates in provincial games, but the Test series were typically lost or drawn. The winning series in 1971 and 1974 changed this pattern, the last tour of the amateur age took place in 1993. The multi-nation team that is named the British and Irish Lions first came into existence in 1888 as the Shaw & Shrewsbury Team. It was then primarily English in composition but also contained players from Scotland, later the name British Isles became associated with the team. When the team first emerged in the century, it represented the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The team continued to exist after the Irish war of independence and civil war, from the 2001 tour of Australia, the official name British and Irish Lions has been used. The team is referred to simply as the Lions. As the Lions represent two states, they do not have a national anthem. For more than half a century, the Lions have been synonymous with the red jersey that sports the amalgamated crests of the four unions, however, prior to 1950 the strip went through a number of significantly different formats. In 1888, the promoter of the first expedition to Australia and New Zealand, Arthur Shrewsbury, demanded something that would be good material, the result was a jersey in thick red, white and blue hoops, worn above white shorts and dark socks. The tours to South Africa in 1891 and 1896 retained the red, white and blue theme but this time as red and white hooped jerseys and dark blue shorts and socks. The 1899 trip to Australia saw a reversion to red, white and blue jerseys, but with the used in thick hoops. The shorts remained blue, as did the socks although a white flash was added to the latter, in 1903, the South Africa tour followed on from the 1896 tour, with red and white hooped jerseys
British and Irish Lions
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Shaw & Shrewsbury Team, 1888, The first British or Irish touring rugby team, a private-enterprise trip to Australia and New Zealand.
British and Irish Lions
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British and Irish Lions
British and Irish Lions
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Despite its label as an England side, the team which toured South Africa in 1891 contained several Scots.
British and Irish Lions
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England v Cape Colony, 1891. The first match of the Bill MacLagan undefeated tour of South Africa.
45.
Australia national rugby union team
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The Australian national rugby union team is the representative side of Australia in rugby union. Australia have competed in all eight Rugby World Cups, and have won the World Cup on two occasions, in 1991 beating England in the final, and in 1999 when their opponents in the final were France. Australia also lost in the final after extra time to England in the 2003 competition, Australia are governed by the Australian Rugby Union. Eleven former Australian players have been inducted into either the International Rugby Hall of Fame or the IRB Hall of Fame, three are members of the International Hall only, four are members of the IRB Hall only, and four are members of both Halls of Fame. In 1882 the Southern Rugby Football Union toured New Zealand, the New Zealand national team toured New South Wales in 1884 – defeating New South Wales in all three matches, and winning all nine matches on tour. The first tour by a British team took place in 1888, a British Isles team toured Australia and New Zealand, though no Test matches were played. Although they had representatives from all four nations, the players were drawn mainly from England. The tour was not sanctioned by the Rugby Football Union as it was organised by entrepreneurs, in 1899 the first officially sanctioned British Isles team toured Australia. Four Tests were played between Australia and the British Isles, the Australian team for the first Test match consisted of six players from Queensland and nine from New South Wales. The first Test was played at the Sydney Cricket Ground and won 13–3 by Australia, the first Test between Australia and New Zealand was played on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Despite Australia losing 22–3, this tour improved rugbys popularity in Australia and helped to increase attendances at matches in Sydney. In 1907 the New South Wales Rugby League was formed and star player Dally Messenger left the Rugby union for the rival code, the next year the first Australian team to tour the British Isles left Sydney. Newspapers in England initially gave the team the name Rabbits, the Australian players thought this nickname derogatory and replaced it with Wallabies. Australias last Test before First World War was against New Zealand in July 1914, the war had a very negative effect on rugby union in Australia. This resulted in all but closed down in New South Wales. In Queensland regular competitions did not commence again until 1928 and this caused many players to switch to rugby league – which did not cease playing during the war. War hero Sir Edward Weary Dunlop also played for Australia before World War II and he played on the side that was the first to win the Bledisloe Cup. The first Test to following World War Two was played at Carisbrook, Australia did not win on the three match tour, beaten 20–0 by New Zealand Maori, and then losing 14–10 to the All Blacks the following week
Australia national rugby union team
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The 1899 Australia team.
Australia national rugby union team
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Australia
Australia national rugby union team
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The squad that went on a tour in 1908.
Australia national rugby union team
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Wallaby captain Solomon chaired by the Springboks 1953
46.
Mark Phillips
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Captain Mark Anthony Peter Phillips CVO ADC is an English Olympic gold-medal-winning horseman for Great Britain and former husband of Anne, Princess Royal, with whom he has two children. He remains a figure in British equestrian circles, a noted eventing course designer. Mark Phillips is the son of Major Peter William Garside Phillips, Anne was educated at Downe House and served in the Womens Royal Naval Service in World War II. Her father was John Gerhard Edward Tiarks, who served in World War I and II, John Gerhard was Aide-de-Camp to King George VI from 1947–50. On 1 June 1922 he married Evelyn Florence, the youngest daughter of Percy Roland Cripps, of Winford Manor, actively interested in fox hunting, John was killed in an accident when hunting with the Gloucestershire Berkeley Hunt. His daughter, Anne, had married Major Peter William Garside Phillips in 1946, Mark Phillipss sister Sarah died in 2014. Phillips was educated at Stouts Hill Preparatory School near Uley, Gloucestershire, by the time of his wedding to Princess Anne in November 1973, Phillips was an acting Captain. In January 1974, Phillips was appointed a Personal Aide-de-Camp to Queen Elizabeth II, Phillips was substantively promoted to Captain in July 1975. Phillips retired from the Army on 30 March 1978 and he continued to style himself Captain Mark Phillips, as retired cavalry captains are allowed to use this honorific rank, if their job had mostly involved horses. Phillips was a member of the British equestrian team for the 1968 Olympics. He was part of the British three-day event teams that won a title in 1970. At the 1988 Olympics his horse sustained a muscle and could not complete the individual three-day event. Phillips was a champion at the Badminton Horse Trials, in 1971–72 on Great Ovation. It was through his activities that he met Princess Anne. Their daughter Zara won a medal in the three-day event with the British team in 2012. In 1998, Phillips designed the venue for the Red Hills Horse Trials. He is now a regular columnist in Horse & Hound magazine and he also remains a leading figure in British equestrian circles, and serves as Chef dEquipe of the United States Eventing Team. Phillips married Princess Anne on 14 November 1973, at Westminster Abbey and they have two children, Peter and Zara
Mark Phillips
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Phillips in 1980
47.
Canongate Kirk
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The Kirk of the Canongate, or Canongate Kirk, serves the Parish of Canongate in Edinburghs Old Town, in Scotland. It is a congregation of the Church of Scotland, the parish includes the Palace of Holyroodhouse and the Scottish Parliament. It is also the church of Edinburgh Castle, even though the castle is detached from the rest of the parish. The wedding of Zara Phillips, the Queens granddaughter, and Mike Tindall, the Canongate was a separate burgh before it was formally absorbed by Edinburgh in 1856. By the late 1970s, the part of the Royal Mile, including the Canongate, had become unfashionable. The Kirk was threatened with closure, which was resisted by the minister. Since then, circumstances have changed radically - notably with the construction of new flats in the vicinity as well as the new Scottish Parliament building, the church was founded in 1688 and completed in 1691. The master mason in charge was James Smith, a plaque on the front of the church bears witness to it having been built through a large bequest from a local merchant, In 1688 King James VII ordained that the Mortification of Thos. Architecturally, the Kirk has a Dutch-style end gable and a curious, the Kirks interior has a cruciform layout. The Kirks interior was remodelled in 1882, with the inclusion of a pipe organ. These unsympathetic alterations were removed in the early 1950s, along with the galleries, the resulting reordering considerably increased the levels of light, the original dignified simplicity of the Kirk was able to be appreciated once more. This was the 1000th organ to be built by the Frobenius company, following the Disruption of 1843, a Holyrood Free Church congregation was formed. A Royal Pew as well as a Castle Pew can be found in the front row of the church, bishop James Ramsay is also buried here. The Kirk has a congregation, conducting two worship services each Sunday. A family service at 10am lasting about half an hour conducted from the King David aisle, during this service, children of all ages enjoy their own stories and activities in the Sunday School. The more formal Parish Worship begins at 11. 15am and this service lasts just under an hour and follows a set liturgy. The Sacrament of Holy Communion is usually celebrated on the last Sunday of the month at the Parish Worship service, the building is also regularly used for concerts. During the annual Edinburgh Festival, the Kirk is extensively used as a venue for music, the Kirk was previously the regimental chapel of The Royal Scots Regiment of the British Army and is now the regimental chapel of The Royal Regiment of Scotland
Canongate Kirk
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The Canongate Kirk
Canongate Kirk
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The kirkyard viewed from
Calton Hill
Canongate Kirk
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The Royal Pew inside the kirk
Canongate Kirk
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The Castle Pew inside the kirk
48.
British Royal family
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The British royal family comprises the monarch of the United Kingdom and her close relations. There is no legal or formal definition of who is or is not a member of the British royal family. Different terms may be applied to the same or similar group of relatives of the monarch in his or her role as sovereign of any of the other Commonwealth realms, for example, in Canada, the family is known as the Canadian royal family. Some members of the family have official residences named as the places from which announcements are made in the Court Circular about official engagements they have carried out. The state duties and staff of some members of the family are funded from a parliamentary annuity. Since 1917, when King George V changed the name of the house from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, members of the royal family belong, either by birth or by marriage. In 2014, the family were regarded as British cultural icons. Today, they often perform ceremonial and social duties throughout the United Kingdom, in the other countries of the Commonwealth royalty do not serve as Counsellors of State, although they may perform ceremonial and social duties on behalf of individual states or the organisation. Wives of the said enjoy their husbands precedence, and husbands of princesses are unofficially but habitually placed with their wives as well and she did not alter the relative precedence of other born-princesses, such as the daughters of her younger sons. The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy and they Serve the Queen, A New and Authoritative Account of the Royal Household. The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England, symbol and Privilege, The Ritual Context of British Royalty. Britains Royal Families, The Complete Genealogy, Royal Family is a celebrated and reverential BBC documentary made by Richard Cawston to accompany the investiture of the current Prince of Wales. The documentary is frequently responsible for the greater press intrusion into the royal familys private life since its first broadcast. Official website of the royal family Official YouTube Channel House of Windsor Family Tree, archived from the original on 2010-12-02
British Royal family
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The Royal Family on the balcony of
Buckingham Palace after the annual
Trooping the Colour in 2013.
British Royal family
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United Kingdom
49.
Betway
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The Betway Group is a global online gambling company providing entertainment across a number of brands including Betway Sportsbook, Betway Casino, Betway Vegas, Betway Bingo and Betway Poker. The Group also operate a number of brands including Dream Bingo, Bingo on the Box. The Betway Group also has a partnership with the Professional Players Federation, Betway is also a supporter of the Responsible Gambling Trust. Betway has sponsored a number of high-profile UK-based sporting events through its flagship sportsbook brand Betway including boxing, darts, football, snooker, tennis, horse racing and eSports. On February 6,2015 it was announced that Betway had become the principal sponsor of West Ham United FC in an initial two and half year deal worth £20m. Betway entered into negotiations with the Premier League club after former sponsor Alpari filed for insolvency in January 2015, the landmark deal, West Hams biggest ever commercial agreement, included prominent shirt and in-stadium branding rights and would prove transformation for both parties. West Ham would soon after former player Slaven Bilic as manager who would lead the club to its highest league finishing position for 12 seasons. Although limiting its football activity in England to West Ham. Following the agreement with West Ham, Betway continued to add to its portfolio of sponsorships across snooker, darts, tennis, the International Tennis Federation announced in late 2015 that Betway was to be the international sponsor of the Davis Cup and Fed Cup international tennis competitions. Great Britain, led by Andy Murray, would go on to win the Davis Cup for the first time since 1936, in September 2016, Betway announced that they had become the headline sponsor of eSports team Ninjas in Pyjamas. In 2017, Betway furthered its presence in the racing industry with a three-year deal with Aintree Racecourse to become the official betting partner of the Grand National Festival. Other British horse racing sponsorship deals made in 2017 include the Grade 2 Betway Kingmaker Novices’ Chase at Warwick, Betway also secured deals to sponsor key races on the Flat in 2017. The leading online bookmaker now sponsors the Listed Betway King Charles II Stakes, previous ambassadors include England rugby World Cup winner Mike Tindall, ex-Irish and Munster rugby player David Wallace, and Sky Sports golf presenter Sarah Stirk. The Dream Bingo brand, operated by the Betway Group, was re-launched in April 2015, supported by a new website, brand, in June 2015, Betway Bingo was recognised as the best new online bingo site at the 2015 WhichBingo Awards. Live Chat Bestway have 24 hours live chat support for its customers according to their website. REFERENCE Official website Sports betting site Corporate site
Betway
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Organisation logo
50.
Right To Play
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Right To Play is a global organization that attempts to teach children in need with educational games. It was founded in 2000 by Olympic gold medalist Johann Olav Koss, Right To Plays programs are facilitated by more than 14,900 local volunteer coaches and more than 620 international staff. Right To Play is headquartered in Toronto, Canada and has offices in Canada, Germany, Norway, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom. The national offices raise funds, build awareness for Right To Play programs, between 1994 and 2000, Right to Play, formerly Olympic Aid, continued to raise funds for children in disadvantaged situations, building on the momentum of subsequent Olympic Games. In 1996, Olympic Aid formed a partnership with UNICEF and raised $13 million USD prior to, the funds assisted UNICEF in vaccinating approximately 12.2 million children and more than 800,000 women. This vaccination effort was extraordinary as it resulted in temporary Olympic Truces in Afghanistan, all fighting stopped in the regions so the UNICEF staff could safely immunize the children and women of these areas. With its incorporation in late 2000, Olympic Aid made the transition from “fundraising vehicle” to implementing Non-Governmental Organization, in March 2001, the first sport and play programs began in refugee communities in Angola and Côte dIvoire
Right To Play
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Founded
