1.
Rapid transit
–
Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land, variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. The worlds first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a railway in 1863. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, china has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world. The worlds longest single-operator rapid transit system by length is the Shanghai Metro. The worlds largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track (665 miles and number of stations is the New York City Subway. The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Subway, Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. One of these terms may apply to a system, even if a large part of the network runs at ground level. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway, in the US, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, whereas the term metro is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. In that vein, Chicagos commuter rail system, serving the area, is called Metra. Exceptions in naming rapid transit systems are Washington DCs subway system the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, and the Miami Metrorail, the opening of Londons steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant, experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam, in 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Both railways were merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset, budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services, hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems
2.
Milan Metro
–
The Milan Metro is the rapid transit system serving Milan, Italy, operated by Azienda Trasporti Milanesi. The network consists of 4 lines, identified by different numbers and colors, with a network length of 101 kilometres. It has a ridership of 1.15 million. The first line, the red one, opened in 1964, the line opened 5 years later in 1969, the yellow line in 1990. A fifth line is currently under construction, Milan Metro is currently the first system in Italy for length, number of stations and ridership. The architectural project, by Franco Albini, Franca Helg and Bob Noorda, was awarded in 1964 with a Compasso doro, the most prestigious award for Design in Italy. The first projects for a line in Milan were drawn up in 1914 and 1925, following the examples of underground transport networks in other European cities like London. Planning proceeded in 1938 for the construction of a system of 7 lines, the project was funded with ₤500 million from the municipality and the rest from a loan. The construction site of the first line was opened in viale Monte Rosa on 4 May 1957, stations on the new line were designed by Franco Albini and Franca Helg architecture studio, while Bob Noorda designed the signage. For this project both Albini-Helg and Noorda won the Compasso DOro prize, the first section from Lotto to Sesto Marelli was opened on 1 November 1964, after 7 years of construction works. The track was 12.5 km long, and the distance between the stations was 590 m. In the same year, in April, works on the line started. Passengers on the network grew constantly through the first years of service, the green line from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba opened five years later. During the 1960s and 1970s the network of 2 lines was completed, in 1978, the lines were already 17.6 km and 23 km long respectively, with 28 and 22 stations. The first section of the line, with 5 stations, was opened on 3 May 1990 after almost 9 years of construction works. The line opened just before the World Cup, the other 9 stations on Line 3 opened to the southeast in 1991, and northwest to Maciachini Station in 2004. In March 2005 the Line 2 Abbiategrasso station and the Line 1 Rho Fiera station opened, the intermediate station of Pero opened on December 2005. A north extension of Line 3 to Comasina and a new branch on the Line 2 to Assago opened in early 2011
3.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
4.
Azienda Trasporti Milanesi
–
Azienda Trasporti Milanesi is a public company, responsible for public transportation in Milan city and some surrounding municipalities, in Italy. ATM offers also other minor services mainly related to transportation around the city, public transport in Milan started on August 17,1840, with the opening of the Milan-Monza railway. Horse-drawn buses were introduced in 1841, services were run by the Società Anonima degli Omnibus, Omnibus Anonymous Company. The company was responsible for 11 bus lines between 1861 and 1865, few years later the first horse-drawn trams were introduced,3 lines were opened in 1881 followed in 1893 by the first electric tramway, built by Edison company. Two years later the company opened 18 more lines, all ruled by municipality offices. Edisons concession on new lines expired in 1917, leaving all the operations to the municipality, few years later the public offices responsible for public transport operations were made independent, becoming the Azienda Tranviaria Municipale in 1931. In the meantime, the first petrol powered bus lines were introduced in 1905, operated by SITA, after World War II resources were focused on bus lines and, since the mid-1950s, on the new metro. Milan Metro construction began in 1957 and in 1964 the first line was opened, five years later the Line 2 was inaugurated. On 1 January 1965, ATM changed its name to Azienda Trasporti Municipali, in these years a new generation of longer tram were introduced. In the 1960s Italy and Milan saw an increase in car owners. Several new stations of the two lines are opened in the following years. The new Line 3 was inaugurated in 1990, tram line 15 to Rozzano was the first to go beyond the city border in 1992. ATM changed its name again in 1999 to adopt the current one, Azienda Trasporti Milanesi, in these years, the first on-demand service, the Radiobus, was introduced to operate during the night. The first fast tram line was introduced on 7 December 2002 and this was followed by other 2 on 8 December 2003, Line 4 on the north and Line 15 on the south. New magnetic tickets and electronic pass cards were introduced in 2004, the complete upgrade process took 3 years. The system has a ridership of over 1 million and is the biggest in Italy. ATM also manages the Copenhagen Metro, the urban tram network comprises 16 lines fully within the city limits, plus 2 lines linking the city centre with the hinterland, plus 1 interurban line. The trolleybus network consists of 4 lines, lines 90 and 91 run around the city, ATM operates 68 urban bus lines and 51 interurban bus lines
5.
Track gauge
–
In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
6.
Linate Airport
–
Milan Linate Airport is the secondary international airport of Milan, the second-largest city of Italy, behind Malpensa Airport. It served 9,689,635 passengers in 2015 and is used as a base by Alitalia and Alitalia CityLiner. The airport was built next to Idroscalo of Milan in the 1930s when Taliedo Airport, Linate was completely rebuilt in the 1950s and again in the 1980s. Its name comes from the village where it is located in the town of Peschiera Borromeo. Its official name is Airport Enrico Forlanini, after the Italian inventor, Linate airport buildings are located in the Segrate Municipality, and the field is located for a large part in the Peschiera Borromeo Municipality. That year,2001, also saw an accident at Linate with many illegal and non-ICAO-regulation practices. Linate Airport features one passenger terminal building. The ground level contains the check-in and separate baggage reclaim facilities as well as service counters, the first floor features the main departure area with several shops, restaurants and service facilities. The second floor is used for office space, the terminal building features five aircraft stands, all of which are equipped with jet-bridges. Several more parking positions are available on the apron which are reached from several bus-boarding gates, the following airlines operate scheduled services to and from Linate Airport, The airport is located at Viale Enrico Forlanini next to its intersection with autostrada A51. A51 is part of the citys highway ring, so the airport can be reached from any direction, taxis and car hire are available. Linate Airport can be reached by bus service 73 from Piazza San Babila in Milan city centre as well as by coach services from other places within the city. Coaches from and to Monza, Brescia and Milan Malpensa Airport are also run and this collision later resulted in criminal legal proceedings against 11 staff including an air traffic controller, flight safety officials and management officials from the airport. All 114 people on aircraft were killed, as well as four people on the ground. The Linate Airport disaster remains the deadliest air disaster ever in Italian history, on 15 June 2005, a light aircraft safely landed on taxiway T after its pilot had mistaken it for runway 36R. Following that incident, a safety recommendation was issued and it suggested the use of different numbers to help differentiate between runways. This change was enacted at the beginning of July 2007, when 18R/36L became 17/35, media related to Milan Linate Airport at Wikimedia Commons Official website Accident history for LIN at Aviation Safety Network
7.
Milan Metro Line 1
–
The Milan Metro Line One is the first underground rapid transit line built in Milan, Italy. It is part of the Milan Metro and it is operated by ATM, works on the line began in 1957, and the first part was opened on 1 November 1964, running from Sesto Marelli to Lotto station. The line is also called Red Line, as it is identified by red signs. Due to its premiership, the line gave its red color to the Milan Metro logo and it is 27 km long and serves 38 underground stations. The project was funded with ₤500 million from the municipality, the construction site of the first line was opened in viale Monte Rosa on 4 May 1957. Stations on the new line were designed by Albini-Helg architecture studio, bob Noorda designed the famous signaling. At first, stations were designed without the mezzanine floor, however, these were added to the final design to allow street crossing and the use of gates to collect tickets. The line from Lotto to Sesto Marelli opened on 1 November 1964, there are 4 types of trains running on the line, the original first series trains, revamped original trains, AnsaldoBreda Meneghino trains and the new Leonardo train introduced in 2015. The track gauge is the 1,435 mm standard gauge, the entire line is electrified by means of a third or fourth rail at 750 V. Among the 63 trains running on the line,20 entered service between 1964 and 1970 and those trains are planned to be replaced by new Meneghino trains in the next few years. There are 17 Meneghino trains already operational as of March 2012, an extension on the north from Sesto Primo Maggio to Monza is currently under construction. It is expected to be completed by 2017, the new section will be 1.9 km long with 2 stations, entirely underground. The total cost will be €206 million, Milan Metro Map News and hystorical info about Milan Metro and is architecture
8.
Milan
–
Milan is a city in Italy, capital of the Lombardy region, and the most populous metropolitan area and the second most populous comune in Italy. The population of the city proper is 1,351,000, Milan has a population of about 8,500,000 people. It is the industrial and financial centre of Italy and one of global significance. In terms of GDP, it has the largest economy among European non-capital cities, Milan is considered part of the Blue Banana and lies at the heart of one of the Four Motors for Europe. Milan is an Alpha leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts Italys Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks, the city is a major world fashion and design capital, well known for several international events and fairs, including Milan Fashion Week and the Milan Furniture Fair. The city hosts numerous cultural institutions, academies and universities, with 11% of the national total enrolled students, Milans museums, theatres and landmarks attract over 9 million visitors annually. Milan – after Naples – is the second Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, the city hosted the Universal Exposition in 1906 and 2015. Milan is home to two of Europes major football teams, A. C. Milan and F. C. Internazionale, the etymology of Milan is uncertain. One theory holds that the Latin name Mediolanum comes from the Latin words medio, however, some scholars believe lanum comes from the Celtic root lan, meaning an enclosure or demarcated territory in which Celtic communities used to build shrines. Hence, Mediolanum could signify the central town or sanctuary of a Celtic tribe, indeed, the name Mediolanum is borne by about sixty Gallo-Roman sites in France, e. g. Saintes and Évreux. Alciato credits Ambrose for his account, around 400 BC, the Celtic Insubres settled Milan and the surrounding region. In 222 BC, the Romans conquered the settlement, renaming it Mediolanum, Milan was eventually declared the capital of the Western Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian in 286 AD. Diocletian chose to stay in the Eastern Roman Empire and his colleague Maximianus ruled the Western one, immediately Maximian built several monuments, such as a large circus 470 m ×85 m, the Thermae Herculeae, a large complex of imperial palaces and several other buildings. With the Edict of Milan of 313, Emperor Constantine I guaranteed freedom of religion for Christians, after the city was besieged by the Visigoths in 402, the imperial residence was moved to Ravenna. In 452, the Huns overran the city, in 539, the Ostrogoths conquered and destroyed Milan during the Gothic War against Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. In the summer of 569, a Teutonic tribe, the Lombards, conquered Milan, some Roman structures remained in use in Milan under Lombard rule. Milan surrendered to the Franks in 774 when Charlemagne took the title of King of the Lombards, the Iron Crown of Lombardy dates from this period
9.
Milan Metro Line 2
–
The Milan Metro Line 2, is a subway line serving Milan, Italy, operated by ATM and part of the Milan Metro. It is also called Green Line, as it is identified by green signs. The line runs from the southern to the north-eastern neighborhoods passing through the city centre, the line is 39.4 km long and has 35 stations. Line 2 is the longest line of the Milan Metro and is the one running partially overground. The branch to Cologno Nord runs mostly on viaducts, while those to Assago, the line has the southernmost and easternmost stations on the network. The first part of the line, from Caiazzo to Cascina Gobba, was opened on September 1969, the interurban sections of Line 2 were originally built as part of a fast tramway, the Linee celeri dellAdda, opened in 1968 from Cimiano up to Gorgonzola. After few years, in 1972, the section was included in the newly born Metro line, the same section was extended in 1985 up to Gessate, the present terminus. There are 2 types of trains in service on the line, the first type is the ET245, which was introduced in 1969 with the opening of the line and was the first train operated on Line 2. ET245 are formed by three-car consists, with Bo-Bo powered units at both ends and a car between them, normally, two consists are coupled to form a single train and this series came in two different versions for urban and suburban routes. The first had 8 doors per car and regular seats, while the latter was equipped with only 6 doors per car, original ET245 trains are still in service on the line. Of these, some have been renewed in latest years, the second type in operation is the new AnsaldoBreda Meneghino train. The first train was introduced in April 2009, and they are going to replace the old trains completely in few years, an extension on the north from Cologno to Vimercate is planned. The new section was expected to be completed by 2015, before the Expo, giorgio Meregalli, Gli impianti ferroviari della linea 2 della metropolitana di Milano. In, ″Ingegneria Ferroviaria″, May 1971, p. 469–492, Milan Metro Network Map Milan Metro in Figures
10.
Milan Metro Line 3
–
The Milan Metro Line 3, is a subway line serving Milan, Italy. The line is part of the Milan Metro and is operated by ATM, construction began in 1981 in order to be ready for the 1990 Football World Cup. It is also called the Yellow Line as it is identified by yellow signage, the line connects the south-eastern suburb of San Donato Milanese to the north-western area of the city passing through the city centre. It is 17.1 km long with 21 stations, a proposed south extension to Paullo is currently on hold due to lack of funds. The proposal for a metro line was approved by Milan municipality in 1977. The route was based on a study of main traffic routes in previous years. The final project was presented in early 1981 and works on the new line began on 8 September of the same year, the first section, from Centrale to Duomo was opened on 3 May 1990, just before the beginning of the World Cup. However, only a service was active between the two terminus. The line was extended to Porta Romana at the end of the year, new extensions to Sondrio on the north and to San Donato on the south opened on 12 May 1991. Works on the new line slowed down during the following years, zara station was inaugurated only on 16 December 1995 and Maciachini on 8 December 2003. The last extension opened in early 2011, there are 3 types of trains running on the line, the original 1989-1990 trains, revamped original trains and the new AnsaldoBreda Meneghino trains. Trains use a line providing a voltage of 1,500 V DC. The track gauge is the 1,435 mm standard gauge, a south extension of the line is planned. The new section will run from San Donato through the municipalities of San Donato Milanese, Peschiera Borromeo, Mediglia, Pantigliate, Settala, the extension will be 14.8 km long with 6 stations and will be mostly underground. Although the project was approved in 2010, it was put on hold at the beginning of 2011 due to lack of funds, works were planned to start in 2015. Official ATM website Milan Metro Map
11.
San Babila (Milan Metro)
–
San Babila is a station on the Line 1 of Milan Metro. The station was opened in 1964, the station is located in Piazza San Babila, in the city centre of Milan. In the future it also be one of the 21 stations of the Line 4. The station has, Accessibility for physically disabled passengers Lift Escalator
12.
Sant'Ambrogio (Milan Metro)
–
SantAmbrogio is a station on the Line 2 of Milan Metro. The station was opened in 1983, the station takes the name from near Saint-Ambrose Basilica. In the future it also be one of the 21 stations of the Line 4. The station is located on the corner between Via Giosuè Carducci and Via San Vittore, within the city centre of Milan and its near to the Catholic University and the Milan Science Museum. Among the stops on the green line subway in Milan, as with the Moscova and Loreto, the station has, Accessibility for physically disabled passengers Lift Escalator Media related to SantAmbrogio station at Wikimedia Commons
